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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,493)
  • Paris : OECD
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Skills strategy implementation guidance for Portugal : strengthening the adult-learning System (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298705
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (185 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skills strategy implementation guidance for Portugal
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Portugal ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Portugal ; Portugal ; Erwachsenenbildung
    Abstract: Raising skills is critical to Portugal’s economic success and social well-being. As globalisation and digitalisation are transforming how people work, how societies function and how individuals interact, Portugal needs to equip its entire population with strong skills so that they can benefit from new opportunities. Portugal has put education and skills at the forefront of the political agenda for many years, but more than half of adults have not completed upper secondary education. With the population ageing rapidly and a growing skills divide between generations, Portugal needs to further strengthen its adult-learning system. To make change happen, Portugal will need a clear vision for the adult-learning system and a strong partnership between all stakeholders – all levels of government, education and training providers, employers, trade unions, the non-profit sector and learners. This report outlines areas where the accessibility, flexibility and quality of the adult-learning system can be improved, where governance and financing mechanisms can be strengthened, and provides examples of international and national good practice to help achieve these objectives. The report provides a series of concrete actions to help Portugal improve the adult-learning system and in turn enhance economic growth and social cohesion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298705-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 102
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    Financing refugee-hosting contexts : an analysis of the DAC’s contribution to burden- and responsibility-sharing in supporting refugees and their host communities (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 48
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Protecting and supporting refugees is an important responsibility of the international community. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was proposed in 2018 to establish a more predictable and equitable sharing of burdens and responsibilities among United Nations Member States when it comes to fulfilling these obligations. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between July and September 2018. The survey investigated trends in official development assistance (ODA) and plans for future funding to programmes and projects that support refugees and their host communities, as well as other, non-funding efforts and responses that DAC members are making in support of refugees. The findings of this paper will establish a baseline for monitoring progress toward “funding and effective and efficient use of resources” as one of the key tools for meeting the commitments of the GCR. The paper examines some of the strengths and challenges of current donor practices, and recommends a set of priorities to guide future donor support and engagement in order to promote good donorship and to support the international community in meeting the GCR’s objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/24db9b07-en
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  • 103
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    Apprenticeship in England, United Kingdom (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298507
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kuczera, Małgorzata Apprenticeship in England, United Kingdom
    Keywords: Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Berufsbildung ; England ; Großbritannien ; Education ; United Kingdom ; England ; Berufsbildung ; Betriebliche Ausbildung
    Abstract: One of a series of studies on vocational education and training, this review focuses on the apprenticeship system in England and concludes with policy recommendations. England has launched a series of reforms that champion the institution of apprenticeship, and address some previous weaknesses. The reforms encourage more substantive apprenticeship programmes and a stronger funding framework. Despite these strengths, there is still some way to go to establish an apprenticeship system in England to match those of the strongest countries. This report suggests several ways in which reforms might be adapted to achieve higher quality and better outcomes. An effective apprenticeship system involves various elements such as the development of the apprentice in the workplace by the employer and the broader education of young apprentices. The report argues that England should consider introducing regulations and standards to ensure that these elements are part of all apprenticeship programmes, and that the recently introduced apprenticeship levy supports high-quality training. In comparison to other countries, England has relatively few young apprentices. The report suggests England could facilitate transition from school to work by making better use of apprenticeships targeting school leavers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298507-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 104
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    Investing in youth: Norway (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264283671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (149 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Investing in Youth
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Investing in youth
    Keywords: Bildungsinvestition ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Jugendliche ; Jugendpolitik ; Norwegen ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway ; Möbius, Michael 1955- Norwegen ; Jugend ; Berufsausbildung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: The present report on Norway is part of the series on "Investing in Youth" which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. This series covers both OECD countries and countries in the process of accession to the OECD, as well as some emerging economies. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of youth policies in the areas of education, training, social and employment policies. Its main focus is on young people who are not in employment, education or training (the "NEETs"). Earlier reviews in the same series have looked at youth policies in Brazil (2014), Latvia and Tunisia (2015), Australia, Lithuania and Sweden (2016), Japan (2017).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264283671-en
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  • 105
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    Getting skills right: Italy (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264278639
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (167 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Getting skills right: Italy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe: Getting skills right: Italy
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungspolitik ; Italien ; Education ; Employment ; Italy ; Italien ; Bildungspolitik ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Erwachsenenbildung
    Abstract: This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in Italy. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; the design of education and training systems and their responsiveness to changing skill needs; the re-training of unemployed individuals; and the improvement of skills use and skills matching in the labour market. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD Secretariat.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264278639-en
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  • 106
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    Getting skills right: France (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Getting skills right
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Frankreich ; Education ; Employment ; France
    Abstract: This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in France. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; policies stimulating skills demand and skills use; policies related to general and professional education and training; policies to help the unemployed develop the right skills and better match them to jobs; career guidance initiatives; and policies facilitating the entry of migrants with skills that are in demand. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284456-en
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  • 107
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    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Slovenia 2017 (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287709
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (167 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Slowenien ; Education ; Employment ; Slovenia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills will be fundamental to Slovenia’s success in achieving its ambitious vision for the future – a society in which people learn for and through life, are innovative, trust one another, enjoy a high quality of life and embrace their unique identity and culture. Slovenia’s success in achieving its vision will depend to a great extent on how well it develops, activates and uses people’s skills. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Slovenia identifies a number of overarching priority areas for action. These were identified by analysing common themes that emerged from stakeholder perspectives on the most important challenges facing Slovenia in this domain, and also through the OECD’s analysis of the nine challenges identified and examined in the report. The three priority areas for action identified are: 1) empowering active citizens with the right skills for the future; 2) building a culture of lifelong learning; and 3) working together to strengthen skills.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287709-en
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  • 108
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    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: The Netherlands 2017 (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (257 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Niederlande ; Education ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Netherlands today is prosperous, but its future success is not assured. The Netherlands owes its success in no small part to actions it has taken in the past to develop a highly skilled population. Given the profound economic and social transformation that the Netherlands is currently undergoing, skills will be even more important for success in the future. The Dutch education system and the skills of the Dutch population are strong overall. Therefore many of the opportunities for further improving the skills outcomes of the Netherlands are to be found in areas of society where the government has more limited influence, such as the workplace and community. As a consequence, achieving the Netherlands’ skills ambitions will require a whole-of-society approach. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Netherlands identifies the following three skills priorities for the Netherlands - fostering more equitable skills outcomes, creating skills-intensive workplaces, and promoting a learning culture. These priorities were identified through the analysis of common themes that emerged from stakeholder perspectives on the most important skills challenges facing the Netherlands, and through the OECD’s analysis of the nine skills challenges identified and examined in the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287655-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 109
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    Educational opportunity for all : overcoming inequality throughout the life course (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287440 , 9789264287457 , 9789264287464
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Educational opportunity for all
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe: Educational opportunity for all
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Lebensverlauf ; Sozialer Status ; Bildungschancen ; Bildungspolitik ; Lebensverlauf ; Sozialer Status ; Bildungschancen ; Bildungschancen ; Bildungspolitik ; Lebensverlauf ; Sozialer Status ; Education ; Bildung ; Chancengleichheit ; Sozialstatus
    Abstract: Equitable educational opportunities can help to promote long-lasting, inclusive economic growth and social cohesion. Successful education and skills policies can empower individuals to reach their full potential and enjoy the fruits of their labour, regardless of their circumstances at birth. However, as this report shows, far too many children, students and adults from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds fall behind. In many countries, substantial learning gaps exist between students at opposite ends of the socio-economic scale, and these differences tend to increase in the transition into adulthood. All countries have ample room for improvement to ensure better learning outcomes for all. Early childhood education has been identified as an important element in future success, and requires investment, as do family and community-based support and programmes for children from families that have not attained a high level of education and skills. In the schools, targeted support is necessary for low performers from disadvantaged backgrounds and for poorly performing schools. As for the adult population, learning should be focused on improving employability, through a combination of education and practical job training. Barriers to participation in learning need to be removed, and delivery methods need to be more innovative and flexible. Targeted support is needed for the most vulnerable members of society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287457-en
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    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 110
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    Good practice in adapting to changing skill needs : a perspective on France, Italy, Spain, South Africa and the United Kingdom (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264277892
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Series Statement: Getting skills right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Good practice in adapting to changing skill needs
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Good practice in adapting to changing skill needs
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Berufsbildung ; Bildungspolitik ; Frankreich ; Italien ; Spanien ; Südafrika ; Großbritannien ; Education ; Employment ; France ; Italy ; South Africa ; Spain ; United Kingdom ; Berufsausbildung
    Abstract: This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances, based on five country-specific policy notes for France, Italy, Spain, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It provides a comparative assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; the design of education and training systems and their responsiveness to changing skill needs; the re-training of unemployed individuals; and the improvement of skills use and skills matching in the labour market. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat in the five countries reviewed. Examples of good practice from other countries are also discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264277892-en
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  • 111
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    Getting skills right: United Kingdom (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280489
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Getting skills right
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungspolitik ; Großbritannien ; Education ; Employment ; United Kingdom ; Großbritannien ; Bildungspolitik
    Abstract: This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in the United Kingdom. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment between skills acquisition and labour market needs; education and training policies targeting skills development and investment for individuals and employers; job creation policies to develop skills through on-the-job learning; and policies facilitating the entry of migrants with skills that are in demand. The assessment is based on country visits, desk research and data analysis conducted by the OECD secretariat.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264280489-en
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  • 112
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    Computers and the future of skill demand (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284395 , 9789264285538
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Elliott, Stuart W. Computers and the future of skill demand
    DDC: 331.1142
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Informationstechnik ; Computer ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Computer ; Informationstechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Qualifikation ; Informationstechnik ; Qualifikation
    Abstract: Computer scientists are working on reproducing all human skills using artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotics. Unsurprisingly then, many people worry that these advances will dramatically change work skills in the years ahead and perhaps leave many workers unemployable. This report develops a new approach to understanding these computer capabilities by using a test based on the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to compare computers with human workers. The test assesses three skills that are widely used at work and are an important focus of education: literacy, numeracy and problem solving with computers. Most workers in OECD countries use the three skills every day. However, computers are close to reproducing these skills at the proficiency level of most adults in the workforce. Only 13% of workers now use these skills on a daily basis with a proficiency that is clearly higher than computers. The findings raise troubling questions about whether most workers will be able to acquire the skills they need as these new computer capabilities are increasingly used over the next few decades. To answer those questions, the report’s approach could be extended across the full range of work skills. We need to know how computers and people compare across all skills to develop successful policies for work and education for the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284395-en
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  • 113
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    Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Hungary (2017)
    Paris : OECD | Brüssel : European Union
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280892 , 9789264297890 , 9789264273344
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (141 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Hungary
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschulmanagement ; Gründungsausbildung ; Innovation ; Ungarn ; Education ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Hungary ; Ungarn ; Hochschule ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschulorganisation ; Innovation
    Abstract: This report presents evidence-based analysis of current strategies and practices in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Hungary towards a value-creating use of knowledge resources for innovation and entrepreneurship. The analysis and recommendations are highly relevant for policy makers and HEI leaders in other countries. Increased attention to innovation and entrepreneurship both from public policy actors and HEI leadership has triggered an incremental change process in the organisational culture of HEIs and a new approach to education and research for students and staff. HEInnovate is a joint initiative of the European Commission and the OECD to promote the innovative and entrepreneurial higher education institution across Europe and beyond (www.heinnovate.eu).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273344-en
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  • 114
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    Education in Chile (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284425
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (298 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Reviews of national policies for education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Education in Chile
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Chile ; Education ; Chile ; Chile ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik
    Abstract: Chile’s education system can foster stronger economic, democratic and social development in the country. There are significant macroeconomic benefits to education, such as increased productivity. That said, individuals tend to benefit the most from high-quality, equitable education systems. In 2004, the OECD performed a review of national education policies and an analysis of the Chilean education system. This review aims to identify key changes in the Chilean education system mainly from 2004-16, in order to analyse where education in Chile stands today and offer recommendations to help provide better education opportunities for all Chileans in the coming years. The review therefore examines different areas of education policy in Chile, from early childhood education and care (ECEC) to higher education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284425-en
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  • 115
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    PISA 2015 results; Volume 5: Collaborative problem solving / OECD (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    In:  Volume 5
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264285521
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (305 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als PISA 2015 results ; Volume 5: Collaborative problem solving
    Angaben zur Quelle: Volume 5
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines not just what students know in science, reading and mathematics, but what they can do with what they know. Results from PISA show educators and policy makers the quality and equity of learning outcomes achieved elsewhere, and allow them to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. PISA 2015 Results (Volume V): Collaborative Problem Solving, is one of five volumes that present the results of the PISA 2015 survey, the sixth round of the triennial assessment. It examines students’ ability to work with two or more people to try to solve a problem. The volume provides the rationale for assessing this particular skill and describes performance within and across countries. In addition, it highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status. The volume also explores the role of education in building young people’s skills in solving problems collaboratively.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264285521-en
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  • 116
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    Perspectives de l'OCDE sur les compétences 2017 : compétences et chaînes de valeur mondiales (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264203433
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (181 Seiten) , Diagramme
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  • 117
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    Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries : mind the gap (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264285668
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Development centre studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Entwicklungsländer ; Junge Arbeitnehmerin ; Junger Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung
    Abstract: Many governments in developing countries are realising that good quality jobs matter for development. However, little attention has been paid so far to explore what actually matters for young people in terms of job characteristics and employment conditions. Today, in many developing and emerging countries, a key development challenge is that existing jobs do not live up to youth aspirations. This study revisits youth labour market performance and the quality of jobs in developing countries. It places youth employment preferences at the forefront and answers the following questions. What is the nature of youth careers aspirations and job-related drivers of job satisfaction? What shapes such employment preferences? How likely will young people be able to meet their job aspirations? What policy makers can do to reduce the gap between youth preferences and the reality of jobs? The study draws on the comprehensive data from school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It suggests a number of priority areas for policy makers to enhance youth well-being, raise labour productivity, and contain the chilling effects that unmet youth aspirations can generate on society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264285668-en
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  • 118
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    Dare to share : Deutschlands Weg zur Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263420
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (236 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Edition: Überarbeitete Ausgabe
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dare to share
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf
    Abstract: Was sind die Hintergründe und entscheidenden Fragen bei der Förderung einer partnerschaftlichen Aufgabenteilung in Familie und Beruf in Deutschland? Dieser Bericht soll die Politikverantwortlichen in Deutschland darin bestärken, die wichtigen seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen weiterzuführen, um die Vereinbarkeit von beruflichen und familiären Pflichten für Väter und Mütter zu verbessern. Für die Familien heißt das: „Mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit wagen“. Die deutschen Erfahrungen werden dabei im internationalen Vergleich untersucht, u.a. mit Blick auf Frankreich und die nordischen Länder, die seit langem eine Politik zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf sowie zur Stärkung der Geschlechtergleichstellung verfolgen. Der Bericht beginnt mit einem Übersichtskapitel, in dem erklärt wird, warum und wie sich Partnerschaftlichkeit für Familien, Kinder sowie Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft insgesamt auszahlt. Vorgestellt werden aktuelle Daten, Politiktrends sowie detaillierte Analysen der ausschlaggebenden Faktoren für die Aufteilung von bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit, einschließlich der Frage, wie mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf zu höheren Geburtenraten führen kann. Außerdem werden Politikmaßnahmen zur Förderung der Partnerschaftlichkeit untersucht, wobei sich der Blick sowohl auf nach wie vor bestehende Unzulänglichkeiten als auch auf die Fortschritte richtet, die mit den seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen erzielt wurden. Der Bericht enthält eine Reihe von Politikempfehlungen, deren Ziel es ist, Eltern eine ausgewogenere Aufteilung beruflicher und familiärer Pflichten zu ermöglichen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263420-de
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  • 119
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    Engaging the private sector for green growth and climate action : an overview of development co-operation efforts (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 34
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Klimaschutz ; Umweltkosten ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The private sector plays an important role in supporting green growth in developing countries. As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors. The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policy relevant research.
    DOI: 10.1787/85b52daf-en
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  • 120
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    Emerging providers' international co-operation for development (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 33
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.33
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Transparenz ; Schwellenländer ; Südafrika ; China ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper shows that development co-operation from emerging providers – i.e. countries beyond the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) – significantly increased in recent years, reaching 17% of total global development co-operation in 2014. It also presents a rough estimate, of USD 300 billion, of broader international co-operation by emerging providers and it sets out what types of instruments are used to provide this broader international co-operation. Very little is known about broader international co-operation by emerging providers and the scarce information that is available on different countries cannot be compared. This paper concludes that more information on, and a global measure of, international co-operation for development are needed to enable developing countries to manage the external support they receive and to enable further analysis of the increasingly important role that emerging providers play in developing countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/15d6a3c7-en
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  • 121
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    Development co-operation for private sector development : analytical framework and measuring official development finance (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 32
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper provides an analytical framework of development co-operation for private sector development (PSD) and a measurement to capture relevant Official Development Finance (ODF). PSD is defined as development co-operation which addresses relevant policies and institutions, market functioning and enterprise resources. It aims to improve the investment climate and productive capacity of the local private sector—particularly of small- and medium-sized enterprises—including through developing physical infrastructure. The analysis shows that development partners disbursed roughly a third of total ODF each on helping improve the investment climate, productive capacity, and physical infrastructure. For the investment climate, large amounts were allocated to macro-economic stability and public governance. To boost productive capacity, support to financial services – particularly to commercial banks that on-lend to SMEs and investments in equity funds – was particularly high. Finally, for physical infrastructure, about half the ODF went to transport, particularly roads, and a third to energy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ded2028f-en
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  • 122
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    Data for development : DAC member priorities and challenges (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 35
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Theorie-Praxis-Verhältnis ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Statistische Daten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits the international community to support the modernisation and strengthening of national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries and to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely, reliable and disaggregated data to measure their progress against the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper, informed by a survey circulated among DAC members between February and April 2017, presents DAC members’ policies and practices to support national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries. It highlights some of the main challenges that DAC members face in relation to making data work for sustainable development, notably in co-ordinating their support for statistics to avoid duplication and find synergies, in mobilising more resources, and in using quality data for development co-operation decision-making, programming, monitoring and reporting. The findings presented in this paper will inform the analysis of the 2017 Development Co-operation Report on Data for Development which will be published in October 2017. The report will provide guidance to providers of development assistance on how to best support developing countries to have and use quality and timely data for enabling delivery of the SDGs.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e342488-en
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  • 123
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    The role of public debt managers in contingent liability management (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on sovereign borrowing and public debt management no. 8
    Keywords: government insurance programmes ; fiscal risk ; contingent liabilities ; public private partnerships ; public debt management ; government credit guarantees ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Contingent liabilities are major sources of fiscal risks due to the uncertain financial commitments they involve. Their effective management, therefore, is essential for increasing stability and predictability in public finance. This paper explores the role of public debt managers in contingent liability management based on the results of a background OECD survey and the information provided by seven task force countries. The results indicate that there are certain roles and responsibilities assumed by the public debt managers in this field, while the degree of involvement differs widely across countries. We also observed that the debt management offices’ (DMOs) involvement is more prominent in the management of government credit guarantees, while contingent liabilities arising from Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and government sponsored insurance programmes appear to be outside the domain of public debt managers in most cases. Drawing on leading country practices and lessons from the past, this paper advises public debt managers on possible motives and areas of involvement.
    DOI: 10.1787/93469058-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 124
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    Japan's Siting Process for the Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste : An International Peer Review (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265035
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: The Nuclear Energy Agency carried out an independent peer review of Japan’s siting process and criteria for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in May 2016. The review concluded that Japan’s site screening process is generally in accordance with international practices. As the goal of the siting process is to locate a site – that is both appropriate and accepted by the community – to host a geological disposal facility for high-level radioactive waste, the international review team emphasises in this report the importance of maintaining an open dialogue and interaction between the regulator, the implementer and the public. Dialogue should begin in the early phases and continue throughout the siting process. The international review team also underlines the importance of taking into account feasibility aspects when selecting a site for preliminary investigations, but suggests that it would be inappropriate to set detailed scientific criteria for nationwide screening at this stage. The team has provided extensive advisory remarks in the report as opportunities for improvement, including the recommendation to use clear and consistent terminology in defining the site screening criteria as it is a critical factor in a successful siting process.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265035-en
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  • 125
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    Netherlands 2016 : foundations for the future (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing | Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264258143 , 9789264257658
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (157 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Reviews of national policies for education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Netherlands 2016
    RVK:
    QX 810
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Niederlande ; Education ; Netherlands ; Niederlande ; Bildungspolitik ; Schule
    Abstract: How can the Netherlands move its school system “from good to great”? This report draws on international experience to look at ways in which the strong Dutch school system might go further still on the path to excellence. Clearly the Dutch school system is one of the best in the OECD, as measured by PISA and PIAAC and is also equitable, with a very low proportion of poor performers. The report therefore proposes an incremental approach to reform, building on strengths while responding to some emerging challenges. The Netherlands should strengthen the quality of early childhood education and care, revisit policies related to early tracking with more objective testing and track decisions, and enhance the permeability of the system. It should develop the professionalism of teachers and school leaders through enhanced collective learning and working, while at the same time strengthening accountability and capacity in school boards. This report will be valuable not only for the Netherlands, but also to the many other education systems looking to raise their performance who are interested in the example of the Netherlands.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264257658-en
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  • 126
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    Ten questions for mathematics teachers : ... and how PISA can help answer them (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265387
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ten questions for mathematics teachers
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe: Ten questions for mathematics teachers
    RVK:
    SM 605
    Keywords: Education ; Mathematikunterricht
    Abstract: Every three years, the Programme for International Student Assessment, better known as PISA, evaluates 15 year-old students around the world to determine how well their education system has prepared them for life after compulsory schooling. Once the results are published, the media rush to compare their countries’ positions in the international league tables. Government policy makers, journalists and academic researchers mine the report to find out how successful education systems elicit the best performance from their students while making access to high-quality education more equitable. But sometimes the key messages don’t make it back to the teachers who are preparing their country’s students every day. Ten Questions for Mathematics Teachers… and How PISA Can Help Answer Them aims to change that. This report delves into topics such as, “How much should I encourage my students to be responsible for their own learning in mathematics?” or “As a mathematics teacher, how important is the relationship I have with my students?”. It gives teachers timely and relevant data and analyses that can help them reflect on their teaching strategies and how students learn.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265387-en
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  • 127
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    Small Modular Reactors : Nuclear Energy Market Potential for Near-term Deployment (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264266865
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Recent interest in small modular reactors (SMRs) is being driven by a desire to reduce the total capital costs associated with nuclear power plants and to provide power to small grid systems. According to estimates available today, if all the competitive advantages of SMRs were realised, including serial production, optimised supply chains and smaller financing costs, SMRs could be expected to have lower absolute and specific (per-kWe) construction costs than large reactors. Although the economic parameters of SMRs are not yet fully determined, a potential market exists for this technology, particularly in energy mixes with large shares of renewables. This report assesses the size of the market for SMRs that are currently being developed and that have the potential to broaden the ways of deploying nuclear power in different parts of the world. The study focuses on light water SMRs that are expected to be constructed in the coming decades and that strongly rely on serial, factory-based production of reactor modules. In a high-case scenario, up to 21 GWe of SMRs could be added globally by 2035, representing approximately 3% of total installed nuclear capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264266865-en
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  • 128
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    Enseignement supérieur et marché du travail au Togo : Comment valoriser les compétences ? (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263901
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 Seiten) , Ilustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Development ; Togo
    Abstract: Les compétences occupent une place centrale dans le développement économique, social et humain des individus et des sociétés. Leur rôle est d’autant plus important pour une économie en développement comme le Togo, qui doit rapidement faire face à des difficultés majeures telles que l’ampleur de la pauvreté et de fortes inégalités alimentées par la prévalence d’activités peu productives dans le secteur informel et la faible création d’emplois décents. Cette étude examine les principaux défis auxquels le système éducatif du Togo est confronté. Elle s’appuie sur la méthodologie développée par l’OCDE dans le cadre des stratégies nationales de compétences, et se focalise sur l’enseignement supérieur tout en tenant compte de l’ensemble du système éducatif et du marché du travail. L’analyse couvre les enjeux principaux auxquels fait face le Togo quant à sa capacité à développer les compétences appropriées, à mobiliser les compétences sur le marché du travail, à utiliser les compétences efficacement et à renforcer la gouvernance de l’enseignement supérieur.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263901-fr
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  • 129
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    Making education count for development : data collection and availability in six PISA for development countries (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264255432 , 9789264255449
    ISSN: 1990-8539 , 1990-8539
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (142 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Programme for international student assessment
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making education count for development
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Making education count for development
    Keywords: Programme for International Student Assessment Programme for International Student Assessment ; Bildungsforschung ; Datenerhebung ; Kambodscha ; Ecuador ; Guatemala ; Paraguay ; Senegal ; Sambia ; Education ; Linked data ; Education ; Linked data ; Education ; PISA-Studie ; Datenerhebung ; Kambodscha ; Ecuador ; Guatemala ; Senegal ; Sambia
    Abstract: This report reviews the collection, availability and quality of system-level data and metadata on education from countries participating in the PISA for Development project: Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Senegal and Zambia. PISA for Development aims to increase low income countries’ use of PISA assessments for monitoring progress towards national goals for improving education and for analysing the factors associated with student learning outcomes, particularly among poor and marginalised populations. The project also helps track progress towards the international education targets defined in the Education 2030 Framework for Action, which the international community adopted in 2015 as the strategy for achieving the Education Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). The report suggests technically sound and viable options for improving data quality, completeness and international comparability in the six countries that are reviewed. It also provides insights into overcoming some of the challenges common to countries that participate in PISA for Development and to other middle income and low income countries.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (OECD iLibrary, viewed September 27, 2016)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264255449-en
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  • 130
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    Teaching excellence through professional learning and policy reform : lessons from around the world (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264252059
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International summit on the teaching profession
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schleicher, Andreas, 1964 - Teaching excellence through professional learning and policy reform
    RVK:
    DN 2000
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Lehrkräfte ; Qualifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungspolitik ; Lehrer ; Qualifikation
    Abstract: If the quality of an education system can never exceed the quality of its teachers, then countries need to do all they can to build a high-quality teaching force. Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from around the World, the background report to the sixth International Summit on the Teaching Profession, describes the knowledge, skills and character qualities common to the most effective teachers. It examines the education policies and practices that help teachers to acquire these tools, including through induction and mentoring programmes, ongoing professional development activities, student assessments, and collaboration with colleagues. The publication also discusses the importance of involving all stakeholders – especially teachers – in the process of education reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264252059-en
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  • 131
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    Official development finance for infrastructure : with a special focus on multilateral development banks (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 30
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.30
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsorganisation ; Entwicklungsbank ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper provides a broad picture of official financial flows for infrastructure development in developing countries by bilateral and multilateral development partners. Multilateral development banks are further examined in a special section. The paper offers an overview volumes and distributions of financial flows, including those channelled to private sector operations and those mobilised from the private sector by guarantees, syndicated loans and collective investment vehicles. This report, which builds on previous work on the topic, will contribute to research and policy dialogue on filling the financial gap in infrastructure in developing countries. It will also support the monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal 9 and the discussions of the G20 on infrastructure development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9e93790e-en
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  • 132
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    Innovating education and educating for innovation : the power of digital technologies and skills (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265080 , 9789264265097
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (154 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Series Statement: Centre for educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovating education and educating for innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe: Innovating education and educating for innovation
    Keywords: Lernmethode ; Innovation ; Digitale Medien ; Bildungsforschung ; Internetnutzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungswesen ; Innovation ; Neue Medien
    Abstract: OECD’s Innovation Strategy calls upon all sectors in the economy and society to innovate in order to foster productivity, growth and well-being. Education systems are critically important for innovation through the development of skills that nurture new ideas and technologies. However, whereas digital technologies are profoundly changing the way we work, communicate and enjoy ourselves, the world of education and learning is not yet going through the same technology-driven innovation process as other sectors. This report served as the background report to the second Global Education Industry Summit which was held on 26-27 September 2016. It discusses the available evidence on innovation in education, the impact of digital technologies on teaching and learning, the role of digital skills and the role of educational industries in the process of innovation. The report argues for smarter policies, involving all stakeholders, for innovation in education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265097-en
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  • 133
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    Mainstreaming adaptation in national development planning (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 29
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.29
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper explores progress in the integration or mainstreaming of adaptation and related objectives into national development planning. It first provides an overview of the international mechanisms, including finance, to support the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into development planning and policies in developing countries. Through a review of relevant planning documents in fifteen developing countries, it then examines key features in adaptation planning and mainstreaming of adaptation into development planning. These countries were because they have been amongst the highest recipients of adaptation-related bilateral development finance. The research provides a snapshot of current practice. Despite heightened international efforts to support developing countries, evidence of mainstreaming adaptation was only found in a few of the countries and in a few of the sectors studied here. It also found that where mainstreaming is occurring, linkages exist with other policy objectives including poverty reduction, promoting biodiversity and ecosystems, and urban and rural development. The findings may be a useful starting point to guide policy-relevant research, such as to what extent mainstreaming may be occurring on the ground (or not) and how well this progress is reflected in planning documents, as well as how to improve the effectiveness of development co-operation targeting adaptation. The paper may also help inform international efforts under the UNFCCC that are designed to support developing countries to mainstream adaptation priorities into development planning and policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlsv0689qs6-en
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  • 134
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    The role of development finance in climate action post-2015 (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 31
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.31
    Keywords: 2015 - 2030 ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Klimawandel ; Umweltkosten ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper reflects on the outcomes of the 2015 agreements on development and environment including the Sendai Framework, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Agreement. It identifies common themes emerging from the international agreements and their implications for development co-operation providers and their partners. The paper outlines existing synergies between climate and development finance and proposes factors to improve coherence for sustainable development with a particular focus on the role of development co-operation providers in the post-2015 context. The paper contributes to the discussion about how the international community can successfully deliver on the commitments to sustainable development and climate action made in 2015.
    DOI: 10.1787/18a859bf-en
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  • 135
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    Amounts mobilised from the private sector by official development finance interventions : guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 26
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: 2012 - 2014 ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 DAC Survey on mobilisation, USD 36.4 billion was mobilised from the private sector in 2012-14 through official development finance interventions in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (development-related investment funds). Overall flows followed an upward trend over the period covered by the survey, with guarantees mobilising the largest share (59%). Multilateral development banks took the lead in mobilising finance mostly through guarantees, followed by the national development finance institutions. Middle-income countries received the largest share of the amount mobilised, mainly targeting the energy, industry and banking sectors. Of the total amount mobilised, 19% was climate-related, most of it focusing on climate change mitigation. This working paper provides more details about the Survey results.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3xh459n37-en
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  • 136
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    What enables effective international climate finance in the context of development co-operation? (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 28
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Umweltkosten ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Umweltbewertung ; Umweltpolitik ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In response to on-going discussions on the relationship between international climate finance and development finance, this paper explores what enables effective international climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Through interviews, views were elicited from selected international climate finance stakeholders representing climate finance recipient and provider countries, as well as experts from international organisations and research institutions. Identified enabling conditions reveal common grounds and differences across stakeholder groups. This offers a possible starting point for further dialogue aiming to advance the international climate and development finance agendas in a harmonised manner.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en
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  • 137
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    Equations and inequalities : making mathematics accessible to all (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9264258485 , 9789264258488 , 9264258493 , 9789264258495 , 9264259341 , 9789264259348
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tous égaux face aux équations ?: Rendre les mathématiques accessibles à tous - Principaux résultats
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Equations and inequalities
    DDC: 371.262
    RVK:
    DP 4400
    Keywords: Mathematik ; Bildungspolitik ; Bildungschancen ; OECD-Staaten ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Education ; Mathematikunterricht ; Bildungspolitik ; Chancengleichheit
    Abstract: More than ever, students need to engage with mathematical concepts, think quantitatively and analytically, and communicate using mathematics. All these skills are central to a young person’s preparedness to tackle problems that arise at work and in life beyond the classroom. But the reality is that many students are not familiar with basic mathematics concepts and, at school, only practice routine tasks that do not improve their ability to think quantitatively and solve real-life, complex problems. How can we break this pattern? This report, based on results from PISA 2012, shows that one way forward is to ensure that all students spend more “engaged” time learning core mathematics concepts and solving challenging mathematics tasks. The opportunity to learn mathematics content – the time students spend learning mathematics topics and practising maths tasks at school – can accurately predict mathematics literacy. Differences in students’ familiarity with mathematics concepts explain a substantial share of performance disparities in PISA between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged students. Widening access to mathematics content can raise average levels of achievement and, at the same time, reduce inequalities in education and in society at large.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (OECD iLibrary, viewed June 28, 2016) , Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (OECD iLibrary, viewed June 28, 2016)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264258495-en
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  • 138
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public-private partnerships for statistics : lessons learned, future steps : a focus on the use of non-official data sources for national statistics and public policy (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 27
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Statistisches Amt ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Datenerhebung ; Geschäftsmodell ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Non-official sources of data, big data in particular, are currently attracting enormous interest in the world of official statistics. An impressive body of work focuses on how different types of big data (telecom data, social media, sensors and geospatial data, etc.) can be used to fill specific data gaps, especially with regard to the post-2015 agenda and the associated technology challenges. This paper focuses on different aspects of big data, but ones that are of crucial importance: what are the perspectives of the commercial operations and national statistical offices that respectively produce and might use this data; and which incentives, business models and protocols are needed to leverage non-official data sources within the official statistics community?
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3nqp1g8wf-en
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  • 139
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Integrationsfördernde Unternehmensgründung : Kompendium bewährter Verfahren (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789279576539
    Language: German
    Pages: 180 Seiten
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: Dieses Kompendium umfasst 20 Fallstudien mit politischen Maßnahmen und Programmen zum Thema inklusives Unternehmertum. Angestrebt wird damit, nachhaltige Unternehmensgründungen von sozialen Gruppen zu unterstützen, die in Bezug auf das Unternehmertum unterrepräsentiert oder am Arbeitsmarkt benachteiligt sind. Zu diesen Gruppen gehören insbesondere junge Menschen, Frauen, Ältere, Arbeitslose, Zuwanderer, ethnische Minderheiten und Menschen mit Behinderungen. Jede der beschriebenen Fallstudien enthält einen Überblick über Programmziele und bereits durchgeführte Aktivitäten. Zudem schildert jede Beschreibung die Herausforderungen, auf die man gestoßen ist, sowie Schlüsselfaktoren für eine erfolgreiche Übertragung des Ansatzes auf einen anderen Kontext. Geeignete Maßnahmen auf nationaler, regionaler und lokaler Ebene können einen wichtigen Beitrag zu sozialer Inklusion sowie zu wirtschaftlichem Wachstum leisten. Durch die Förderung des Unternehmertums wird es Menschen aus sozial benachteiligten Gruppen ermöglicht, Arbeitsplätze für sich selbst und andere zu schaffen. Das vorliegende Kompendium zeigt die Arten von politischen Ansätzen auf, die bei der Überwindung dieser Probleme Wirkung zeigen, und erörtert die Schlüsselfaktoren für ihre erfolgreiche Umsetzung.
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    DOI: 10.1787/9789264251496-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 140
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A skills beyond school review of Peru (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265400
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McCarthy, Mary Alice A skills beyond school review of Peru
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Peru ; Education ; Peru ; Peru ; Berufsbildung
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? The country reports in this series look at these and other questions. They form part of Skills beyond School, OECD policy reviews of vocational education and training.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265400-en
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  • 141
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    OECD factbook : economic, environmental and social statistics (from 2005-2016)
    Paris : OECD ; 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-3879 , 1814-7364 , 1814-7364
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Series Statement: OECD publishing
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Die OECD in Zahlen und Fakten
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    QG 010
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: OECD ; Statistische Grunddaten ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Umweltstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaft ; Umwelt ; Bevölkerung ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten
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  • 142
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD reviews of school resources : Lithuania 2016 (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264253315 , 9789264252547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (151 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of School Resources
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Shewbridge, Claire OECD reviews of school resources: Lithuania 2016
    Keywords: Schule ; Schulfinanzierung ; Lehrkräfte ; Litauen ; Education ; Lithuania ; Litauen ; Schulpolitik ; Schulentwicklungsplanung ; Schulfinanzierung ; Lehrer
    Abstract: The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education. The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources, such as learning time. This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264252547-en
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  • 143
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD reviews of school resources : Czech Republic 2016 (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262379 , 9789264262386 , 9789264262362
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (208 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of School Resources
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Shewbridge, Claire OECD reviews of school resources
    Keywords: Schule ; Schulfinanzierung ; Lehrkräfte ; Tschechien ; Education ; Czech Republic ; Tschechien ; Schulpolitik ; Schulentwicklungsplanung ; Schulfinanzierung ; Schulverwaltung ; Lehrer
    Abstract: The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education. The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources, such as learning time. This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262379-en
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  • 144
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Denmark 2016 (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9264262393 , 9789264262393 , 9264262431 , 9789264262430 , 9264262474 , 9789264262478
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (197 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of school resources
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nusche, Deborah Denmark 2016
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nusche, Deborah Denmark 2016
    Keywords: Schule ; Schulfinanzierung ; Lehrkräfte ; Dänemark ; Education Finance ; Denmark ; Educational equalization Denmark ; Academic achievement Denmark ; Academic achievement ; Education Finance ; Educational equalization Denmark ; Education ; Denmark ; Dänemark ; Schule ; Schulfinanzierung ; Schulpolitik ; Lehrer
    Abstract: The effective use of school resources is a policy priority across OECD countries. The OECD Reviews of School Resources explore how resources can be governed, distributed, utilised and managed to improve the quality, equity and efficiency of school education. The series considers four types of resources: financial resources, such as public funding of individual schools; human resources, such as teachers, school leaders and education administrators; physical resources, such as location, buildings and equipment; and other resources, such as learning time. This series offers timely policy advice to both governments and the education community. It includes both country reports and thematic studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262430-en
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  • 145
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Schools for 21st-century learners : strong leaders, confident teachers, innovative approaches (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264231191
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Summit on the Teaching Profession
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Des écoles pour les apprenants du XXIe siècle : Des chefs d'établissement énergiques, des enseignants confiants et des méthodes novatrices
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Schools for 21st-Century Learners: Strong Leaders, Confident Teachers, Innovative Approaches (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Šole za učence 21. stoletja: Močni vodje, samozavestni učitelji, inovativni pristopi
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schleicher, Andreas, 1964 - Schools for 21st-century learners
    DDC: 371.2
    Keywords: Schule ; Lehrkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Schulleiter ; Schulverwaltung ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Lehrer ; Selbstwirksamkeit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Successful education systems are those that promote leadership at all levels, thereby encouraging teachers and principals, regardless of the formal positions they occupy, to lead innovation in the classroom, the school and the system as a whole. This report summarises evidence from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey and the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment that underpins the three themes of the 2015 International Summit on the Teaching Profession: school leadership, teachers’ self-efficacy and innovation in education. It also offers examples from around the world of how some schools are introducing innovative ways of teaching and learning to better equip students with the skills they need to participate fully in 21st-century global economies.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264231191-en
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  • 146
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Korea 2015 (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300286
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (222 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Südkorea ; Education ; Employment ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to Korea’s future prosperity and the well-being of its people. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Korea identifies 12 skills challenges that need to be addressed to build a more effective skills system in Korea. These challenges were identified through: 1) the OECD’s recent data and research; 2) the national data and research; 3) a diagnostic workshop 4) fact-finding interviews with key stakeholders in Korea. The report has also benefited from ongoing dialogue and consultation with a wide range of Korean stakeholders. The first nine challenges refer to specific outcomes across the three pillars of developing, activating and using skills. The next three challenges refer to the “enabling” conditions that strengthen the overall skills system. Success in tackling these skills challenges will boost performance across the whole skills system. All of the challenges identified are strongly interlinked, and their connections with each other are identified throughout the report. Failure to look beyond policy silos will have implications for specific groups in Korea, such as youth, as well as for the economy and society’s ability to recover following the economic crisis and build a solid foundation for future prosperity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300286-en
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  • 147
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adults, computers and problem solving : what's the problem? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264236844
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (185 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Adults, computers and problem solving
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adults, computers and problem solving
    Keywords: Education ; Problemlösen ; Erwachsener ; Computer ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The report provides an in-depth analysis of the results from the Survey of Adult Skills related to problem solving in technology-rich environments, along with measures concerning the use of ICT and problem solving. The Nordic countries and the Netherlands have the largest proportions of adults (around 40%) who score at the higher levels in problem solving, while Ireland, Poland and the Slovak Republic have the smallest proportions of adults (around 20%) who score at those levels. Variations in countries’ proficiency in problem solving using ICT are found to reflect differences in access to the Internet and in the frequency with which adults use e-mail. The report finds that problem-solving proficiency is strongly associated with both age and general cognitive proficiency, even after taking other relevant factors into account. Proficiency in problem solving using ICT is related to greater participation in the labour force, lower unemployment, and higher wages. By contrast, a lack of computer experience has a substantial negative impact on labour market outcomes, even after controlling for other factors. The discussion considers policies that promote ICT access and use, opportunities for developing problem-solving skills in formal education and through lifelong learning, and the importance of problem-solving proficiency in the context of e-government services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264236844-en
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  • 148
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Schooling redesigned : towards innovative learning systems (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264245914
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schooling redesigned
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schooling redesigned
    Keywords: Education ; Schule ; Lernen ; Lernumwelt ; Lernpsychologie
    Abstract: What does redesigning schools and schooling through innovation mean in practice? How might it be brought about? These questions have inspired an influential international reflection on “Innovative Learning Environments” (ILE) led by the OECD. This reflection has already resulted in publications on core design principles and frameworks and on learning leadership. Now the focus extends from exceptional examples towards wider initiatives and system transformation. The report draws as core material on analyses of initiatives specially submitted by some 25 countries, regions and networks. It describes common strengths around a series of Cs: Culture change, Clarifying focus, Capacity creation, Collaboration & Co-operation, Communication technologies & platforms, and Change agents. It suggests that growing innovative learning at scale needs approaches rooted in the complexity of 21st century society and “learning eco-systems”. It argues that a flourishing middle level of change around networks and learning communities provides the platform on which broader transformation can be built. This report is not a compendium of “best practices” but a succinct analysis presenting original concepts and approaches, illustrated by concrete cases from around the world. It will be especially useful for those designing, researching or engaging in educational change, whether in schools, policy, communities or wider networks. “The OECD’s ILE work has mobilised and generated profoundly important knowledge about the nature of learning and opened understandings of learning environments within and beyond school. The ILE Framework has already proved to be an invaluable tool for the emerging future of learning leadership and systems development.” Professor Michael Schratz, Dean, School of Education, University of Innsbruck, Austria; President of the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement (ICSEI) “Innovation and creativity are the lifeblood of learning. Schooling Redesigned summarises beautifully one of the OECD's most fascinating projects - an attempt to look at the DNA of innovation in schools. Using a global range of actual examples it describes the conditions that education systems have to create if children and their parents, teachers and communities are to feel confident and optimistic about the future. For teachers, the messages are inspiring. Education systems have to focus on enhancing teachers' capacity and motivation. Standardisation cannot do that. Its messages to the profession and its organisations are profound. Teacher unions are, can and should be at the centre of creating the conditions for innovation.” John Bangs, Special consultant at Education International; Chair of TUAC’s international group on Education, Training and Employment Policy
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264245914-en
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  • 149
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Des écoles pour les apprenants du XXIe siècle : des chefs d'établissement énergiques, des enseignants confiants et des méthodes novatrices (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264232396
    Language: French
    Pages: 82 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Sommet international sur la profession enseignante
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Schools for 21st-Century Learners; Strong Leaders, Confident Teachers, Innovative Approaches
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’efficacité d’un système d’éducation tient à sa capacité de promouvoir le leadership à tous les paliers, encourageant ainsi les enseignants autant que les membres de la direction, peu importe leur poste officiel, à prendre les rênes de l’innovation dans la classe, dans l’école et dans l’ensemble du système. Ce rapport résume les éléments de l’Enquête internationale sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage et du Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) de l’OCDE, qui sous-tendent les trois thèmes du Sommet international sur la profession enseignante de 2015 : la direction des établissements, le sentiment d’efficacité chez les enseignants et l’innovation en éducation. Il donne par ailleurs en exemple des méthodes d’enseignement et d’apprentissage novatrices mises en oeuvre par diverses écoles d’un peu partout dans le monde afin d’aider leurs élèves à acquérir les compétences dont ils ont besoin pour participer pleinement à l’économie mondialisée du xxie siècle
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264232396-fr
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  • 150
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of international large-scale assessments in education : assessing component skills and collecting contextual data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264248373
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (239 Seiten)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cresswell, John A review of international large-scale assessments in education
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sozialer Indikator ; Bildungsstatistik ; Bildungspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungsniveau ; Bildungsstatistik ; Evaluation ; Vergleich
    Abstract: The OECD has initiated PISA for Development (PISA-D) in response to the rising need of developing countries to collect data about their education systems and the capacity of their student bodies. This report aims to compare and contrast approaches regarding the instruments that are used to collect data on (a) component skills and cognitive instruments, (b) contextual frameworks, and (c) the implementation of the different international assessments, as well as approaches to include children who are not at school, and the ways in which data are used. It then seeks to identify assessment practices in these three areas that will be useful for developing countries. This report reviews the major international and regional large-scale educational assessments: large-scale international surveys, school-based surveys and household-based surveys. For each of the issues discussed, there is a description of the prevailing international situation, followed by a consideration of the issue for developing countries and then a description of the relevance of the issue to PISA for Development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264248373-en
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  • 151
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ensuring quality in cross-border higher education : implementing the UNESCO/OECD guidelines (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264248465 , 9789264243538
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Garantir la qualité de l'enseignement supérieur transnational
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Ensuring quality in cross-border higher education
    Keywords: Studium ; International ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Qualität ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD ; Studium ; Internationale Kooperation ; Qualität
    Abstract: In the past decade, many countries have designed explicit internationalisation policies for their higher education systems, acknowledging the benefits of international exposure to prepare students for a globalising economy as well as the many opportunities of cross-border mobility for innovation, improvement and capacity development in higher education and in the economy. Cases of fraud and opportunistic behaviour have shown that these promises come with risks for students and other tertiary education stakeholders though. It is precisely to help all stakeholders to minimise these risks and strengthen the dynamics of openness, collaboration and transparency across countries that UNESCO and OECD jointly developed the Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-Border Higher Education. This book monitors the extent to which tertiary education stakeholders complied with the Guidelines in 2014. It will be of interest to policy makers, leaders of tertiary education institutions and quality assurance agencies, as well as to academics and other parties interested in higher education and its internationalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264243538-en
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  • 152
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Alcohol consumption and harmful drinking : trends and social disparities across OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 79
    Keywords: Alkoholkonsum ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Sozialstruktur ; Trend ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Harmful alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of ill health and premature mortality worldwide. This paper illustrates trends and social disparities in alcohol consumption and harmful drinking in 20 OECD countries. Analyses are based on individual-level data from national health and lifestyle surveys. Alcohol consumption, on average, remained relatively stable in OECD countries over the past 20 years, but with significant variations between countries. However, a closer look at trends and patterns of consumption in specific population groups reveals a more complex picture. Young people are increasingly taking up harmful drinking. Women with high education and high socio-economic status are more likely to engage in harmful drinking than their less educated and less well-off counterparts, while the opposite is observed in men. Levels and patterns of alcohol consumption have an impact on labour market. Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with less employment opportunities, high wage penalties, and lower productivity, whereas light and moderate consumption are associated with positive labour market outcomes. By shedding light on some of the dimensions of alcohol consumption in OECD countries, this paper aims at contributing to the design of appropriate health policies to prevent alcohol-related harms. The findings presented in the paper provide a basis for a quantitative assessment of the impacts of alternative policy options, and may contribute to a better targeting of such policies.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en
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  • 153
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Municipal fragmentation and economic performance of OECD TL2 regions (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2015/02
    Keywords: 1996 - 2011 ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The present work investigates the relationship between municipal fragmentation and regional per capita GDP growth rate, using a panel of OECD TL2 regions in the period 1996-2011. According to the fiscal decentralisation literature, fragmentation should enhance growth as local government closer to citizens can implement policies that better match their needs, thus providing services and public goods in a more efficient way. The presence of many local governments, however, may create problems in terms of overlapping functions, (dis)economies of scale, and policy fragmentation. The results of the empirical analysis show that municipal fragmentation has a negative impact on per capita GDP growth, thus supporting the view that costs prevail on benefits. The introduction of regional territorial characteristic – namely, the share of population living in rural areas – provides a different picture, however. The negative impact of fragmentation decreases with the share of population living in rural areas. Indeed, in extremely “rural” regions the effect turns mildly positive. This is because the costs and benefits of fragmentation have a different weight in urban and rural regions. The key insight is the different distribution of the population over the territory: more concentrated in urban than in rural regions. This implies that, for a given level of municipal fragmentation overlapping of function is more severe in urban regions (where people are likely to commute over municipal boundaries) than in rural area. In the same vein, for the same level of municipal fragmentation access to the local government is more difficult in rural areas (where people is sparsely located within municipal boundaries) than in urban areas. The policy implications of the analysis are twofold. Firstly, reducing municipal fragmentation may have a heterogeneous impact within the country, thus raising concern for one-size-fits-all policies of municipal agglomeration in favour of a place-based approach to institutional reform. For instance, the principle guiding municipal amalgamation should not be the average municipal size at the country level, but it should be weighted for the rural/urban characteristics of each region. Secondly, the analysis suggests that processes of agglomeration of people should be accompanied by a consistent amalgamation of the local administration, otherwise representing an obstacle to the full realisation of agglomeration economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxqs60st5h-en
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  • 154
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    Financing for development in support of biodiversity and ecosystem services (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 23
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Umweltdienstleistung ; Artenvielfalt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper considers the key financing challenges and opportunities for realising both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development objectives. It considers the full range of possible sources, from public and private, domestic and international sources, but has a focus on public resources. The first part of this paper examines trends in bilateral commitments of official development assistance (ODA) targeting biodiversity objectives, drawing on OECD development assistance committee (DAC) creditor reporting system (CRS) statistics. The paper also discusses the effectiveness of these finance flows in achieving long-lasting results. The second part of the paper explores how development co-operation can support partner countries to mobilise and access other sources of finance for biodiversity, through mechanisms such as environmental fiscal reform, payments for ecosystem services, market creation mechanisms for green products, and conservation trust funds. Support can target the development of knowledge, technical skills, and strengthen governance and legal institutions. The paper concludes with suggested areas for further research to gain a deeper understanding of biodiversity-related development finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03h0nwxmq-en
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  • 155
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    Effects of pro-growth policies on the economic stability of firms, workers and households (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777tdqjf-en
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  • 156
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    Finance and inclusive growth (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js06pbhf28s-en
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  • 157
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    The experience of middle-income countries participating in PISA 2000-2015 (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264246195
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 Seiten)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lockheed, Marlaine E. The experience of middle-income countries participating in PISA 2000-2015
    Keywords: Schule ; Bildungsniveau ; Sozialer Indikator ; Bildungsstatistik ; Bildungspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; PISA-Studie ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Geschichte 2000-2015
    Abstract: This report provides a systematic review and empirical evidence related to the experiences of middle-income countries and economies participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2000 to 2015. PISA is a triennial survey that aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students. To date, students representing more than 70 countries and economies have participated in the assessment, including 44 middle-income countries, many of which are developing countries receiving foreign aid. This report provides answers to six important questions about these middle-income countries and their experiences of participating in PISA: What is the extent of developing country participation in PISA and other international learning assessments? Why do these countries join PISA? What are the financial, technical, and cultural challenges for their participation in PISA? What impact has participation had on their national assessment capacity? How have PISA results influenced their national policy discussions? And what does PISA data tell us about education in these countries and the policies and practices that influence student performance? The findings of this report are being used by the OECD to support its efforts to make PISA more relevant to a wider range of countries, and by the World Bank as part of its on-going dialogue with its client countries regarding participation in international large-scale assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264246195-en
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  • 158
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    Stocktaking of anti-corruption and business integrity measures for Southern African SOEs (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 18
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Anti-Korruption ; Corporate Governance ; Südafrika ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report aims to provide an overview of business integrity and anti-bribery legislation, policies and practices applicable to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) operating across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Part 1 provides a rationale for considering the impact that corruption-prevention and business integrity measures have had in some jurisdictions, based on available academic literature on this subject. Part 2 summarises the framework in seven SADC countries for combating corruption and for encouraging responsible business practices. It also focuses on the application of this framework to SOEs by governments, as well as measures taken by SOEs to limit their exposure to the risks of corruption. The report was undertaken on behalf of the OECD Network on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises in Southern Africa and is based on voluntary responses to a questionnaire and supplemented with desk research.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtd6fghvf1-en
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  • 159
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    Estimating mobilised private climate finance : methodological approaches, options and trade-offs (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 83
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Private Investition ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Quantifying the effect of public interventions aimed at mobilising private finance for climate activities is technically complex and challenging. As a step towards addressing this complexity, the report presents a framework of key decision points for estimating publicly mobilised private finance. This framework outlines different methodological options and choices needed to make these estimates. It assesses trade-offs and implications of these choices in terms of their accuracy, the incentives they provide, their potential to be standardised across entities, and their practicality (data availability, expertise and resource demands). The report further identifies and suggests practical options available in the short-term for estimating mobilised private finance, while underlining the need to provide transparency about underlying definitions, assumptions and limitations. It also recommends longer-term actions to improve these methods, including the need to converge on definitions, to build data systems and to improve and standardise estimation methods. The primary objective of this report is to inform the development of methods to measure in a transparent manner progress towards the fulfilment of the financial commitments made by developed countries in the context of international negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It also aims to encourage careful examination of the links between public interventions and private climate finance. This is to ensure that methods to estimate mobilisation help encourage the efficiency and effectiveness of public interventions aimed at mobilising such finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4x001rqf8-en
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  • 160
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    Modelling of distributional impacts of energy subsidy reforms : an illustration with Indonesia (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 86
    Keywords: 2012 - 2020 ; Verteilungswirkung ; Haushaltseinkommen ; Fossile Energie ; Subvention ; CGE-Modell ; Indonesien ; Environment ; Indonesia ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report develops an analytical framework that assesses the macroeconomic, environmental and distributional consequences of energy subsidy reforms. The framework is applied to the case of Indonesia to study the consequences in this country of a gradual phase out of all energy consumption subsidies between 2012 and 2020. The energy subsidy estimates used as inputs to this modelling analysis are those calculated by the International Energy Agency, using a synthetic indicator known as “price gaps”. The analysis relies on simulations made with an extended version of the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. The phase out of energy consumption subsidies was simulated under three stylised redistribution schemes: direct payment on a per household basis, support to labour incomes, and subsidies on food products. The modelling results in this report indicate that if Indonesia were to remove its fossil fuel and electricity consumption subsidies, it would record real GDP gains of 0.4% to 0.7% in 2020, according to the redistribution scheme envisaged. The redistribution through direct payment on a per household basis performs best in terms of GDP gains. The aggregate gains for consumers in terms of welfare are higher, ranging from 0.8% to 1.6% in 2020. Both GDP and welfare gains arise from a more efficient allocation of resources across sectors resulting from phasing out energy subsidies. Meanwhile, a redistribution scheme through food subsidies tends to create other inefficiencies. The simulations show that the redistribution scheme ultimately matters in determining the overall distributional performance of the reform. Cash transfers, and to a lesser extent food subsidies, can make the reform more attractive for poorer households and reduce poverty. Mechanisms that compensate households via payments proportional to labour income are, on the contrary, more beneficial to higher income households and increase poverty. This is because households with informal labour earnings, which are not eligible for these payments, are more represented among the poor. The analysis also shows that phasing out energy subsidies is projected to reduce Indonesian CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by 10.8% to 12.6% and GHG emissions by 7.9% to 8.3%, in 2020 in the various scenarios, with respect to the baseline. These emission reductions exclude emissions from deforestation, which are large but highly uncertain and for which the model cannot make reliable projections.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4k0scrqq5-en
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  • 161
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    Monetary carbon values in policy appraisal : an overview of current practice and key issues (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 92
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Klimapolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cost-benefit analyses and other quantitative appraisals are used in many countries to support decision-making in different areas of public policy, including many investment projects in sectors such as transport and energy. These decisions can have significant effects – either negative or positive – on future emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and it is important whether, and how, countries incorporate estimates of the marginal value of changes in carbon dioxide emissions into these analyses. This paper discusses the range of approaches which can be employed to value changes in carbon emissions in policy appraisals, setting out the key issues in the choice of valuation principles, and presents some case studies and a survey of current practice in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs8st3ngvh-en
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  • 162
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    Air pollution and urban structure linkages : evidence from European cities (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 96
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Luftverschmutzung ; Suburbanisierung ; Bayes-Statistik ; Europa ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between local air pollution and urban structure with an emphasis on urban fragmentation. Using a unique dataset of 249 Large Urban Zones (LUZ) across Europe, a Bayesian Model Averaging selection method is employed to empirically identify the determinants of within-LUZ concentration of three air pollutants: NO2, PM10 and SO2 for the year 2006. Several indices of land use are considered among possible determinants. These are supplemented by a dataset on various economic, demographic and meteorological variables that can explain the variation of air pollution. The results of this econometric analysis support the hypothesis that urban structure has significant effects on pollution concentration. In particular, they suggest that fragmented urban areas experience higher concentrations of NO2 and PM10 and that densely populated urban areas suffer from higher SO2 concentration. The findings suggest that policies favouring continuous urban areas may result in environmental improvements.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp6w9xlbq6-en
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  • 163
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Sweden (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 82
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Sweden ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mental ill-health is a significant issue in Sweden, with both mild-to-moderate and severe disorders representing a significant burden of ill health. Mild and moderate mental health problems constitute the greatest number of cases, and such disorders have been on the rise over the past several decades. However, mental ill-health is also recognised as a vital national issue by Swedish authorities. Accordingly, Sweden has a relatively comprehensive approach to mental health as part of its universal health plan. Sweden was also at the forefront of such trends as deinstitutionalisation and official suicide prevention programs. Country-specific initiatives designed to tackle the most pressing psychological problems in Sweden are in place, including suicide, societal stigma and rising levels of mental problems amongst Swedish youth and workers.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxr7qx6ctb-en
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  • 164
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    The effects of vocational education on adult skills and wages : what can we learn from PIAAC? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 168
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Bildungsertrag ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this report we investigate the effects of vocational education and training (VET) on adult skills and labour market outcomes by using the PIAAC survey. Data comparability across countries, the breath of countries involved, and the almost unique presence of information on assessed skills, training, earnings and employment makes this survey especially valuable to study the different facets of VET as compared to more academic education.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en
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  • 165
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    Fiscal redistribution in middle income countries : Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 171
    Keywords: 2010 ; Finanzpolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Einkommensverteilung ; Brasilien ; Chile ; Kolumbien ; Indonesien ; Mexiko ; Peru ; Südafrika ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the redistributive impact of fiscal policy for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa using comparable fiscal incidence analysis with data from around 2010. The largest redistributive effect is in South Africa and the smallest in Indonesia. Success in fiscal redistribution is driven primarily by redistributive effort (share of social spending to GDP in each country) and the extent to which transfers/subsidies are targeted to the poor and direct taxes targeted to the rich. While fiscal policy always reduces inequality, this is not the case with poverty. Fiscal policy increases poverty in Brazil and Colombia (over and above market income poverty) due to high consumption taxes on basic goods. The marginal contribution of direct taxes, direct transfers and in-kind transfers is always equalizing. The marginal effect of net indirect taxes is unequalizing in Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia and South Africa. Total spending on education is pro-poor except for Indonesia, where it is neutral in absolute terms. Health spending is pro-poor in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa, roughly neutral in absolute terms in Mexico, and not pro-poor in Indonesia and Peru.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrrwdt037mv-en
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  • 166
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    Comparing happiness across the world : does culture matter? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/04
    Keywords: Zufriedenheit ; Sozialer Indikator ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The issue of cultural bias in subjective well-being data is often raised, but rarely well-documented. This paper reviews the main barriers to interpreting national differences in subjective well-being, noting the challenge of distinguishing between cultural bias (understood as measurement error) and cultural impact (where culture plays a more substantive role in shaping how people experience their lives). Several methods are then used to attempt to quantify the role of culture in subjective well-being, drawing on multiple waves of the Gallup World Poll, conducted in over 150 countries and territories. Regression analysis is used to identify country-specific fixed effects, which capture unexplained variance in subjective well-being at the country level, over and above a basic set of socio-economic and demographic controls. These country fixed effects then become the subject of three further investigations. The first examines whether survey measures of “cultural values” are able to explain the size and direction of country fixed effects; the second considers the evidence for international differences in “appraisal styles” (e.g. a more positive or negative outlook on life in general); and the third explores the “cultural transmission” of subjective well-being, focusing on the experiences of migrants to separate the effects of culture from those of broader life circumstances. The paper shows that, although life circumstances explain well the overall pattern of cross-country variation in subjective well-being, a gap is observed for some countries. Culture may account for some 20% of the country-specific unexplained variance. This combined effect of “cultural impact” and “cultural bias” is small when compared to the role of objective life circumstances in explaining subjective well-being outcomes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppzd9bs2-en
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  • 167
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    Explaining diversification in exports across higher manufacturing content : what is the role of commodities? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 327
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.327
    Keywords: Exportdiversifizierung ; Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Industrialisierung ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most low-income countries export mainly unprocessed commodities. Yet, in their pursuit of structural transformation, they also seek a more diversified economic structure, including developing a strong manufacturing sector to create jobs and spur innovation as in more advanced economies. What is the best way for them to promote economic diversification? Should countries aim straight for anufacturing? Should they focus on the products most in line with their already-known and used endowments? Should they follow some sort of ladder of activities towards a well-diversified economy? Or should they simply lean back and let the markets sort it out? Finally, do the answers vary depending on the country? A body of recent research suggests that a country’s diversification process would tend to move along pathways of “nearby” products: the “new” products it specialises in would build on the existing productive capabilities and knowledge used to produce the “old” ones. It would follow then that low-income, raw commodity exporting countries should build on their naturalresource endowments. This would not always imply moving downstream and transforming those resources locally. Depending on learning processes, capabilities and the types of endowments, value addition at the local level may or may not make economic sense.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs8sq91p9x-en
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  • 168
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    Internet literacy in Japan (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsverhalten ; Japan ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rise in Internet usage among young people has seen a corresponding increase in international concern regarding their online safety. In February 2012, the OECD Council adopted a “Recommendation on the Protection of Children Online”. The Recommendation called for governments to support evidence-based policies for the protection of children, including surveys to better understand Internet usage by children and the evolving risks, and programmes to increase awareness of this issue. In line with this Recommendation, the Japanese government has inititated efforts to develop improved indicators to measure Internet literacy among youth. This report describes the results of the Internet literacy indicator development project and constitutes a feasibility study for the development of Internet literacy among youth in different countries. The project formulated an Internet Literacy Assessment Indicator for Students (ILAS), which targeted 15-year-old students to measure their ability to utilise the Internet safely and securely. In 2011, a formative evaluation was conducted for a sample of 569 first-year high-school students from 14 high schools. In 2012, the study conducted a revised nationwide test on a broader sample of 2 464 students from 23 high schools. Evaluation of the results of the ILAS test system confirmed its reliability and validity, attesting to its value as a useful and practical assessment system for measuring youth Internet literacy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0cqpxr6bq-en
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  • 169
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    The structure of steel exports : changes in specialisation and the role of innovation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Stahlindustrie ; Edelstahl ; Export ; Außenhandelsstruktur ; Produktentwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines changes in the steel-related export structure of the ten largest steelmaking economies between 2004 and 2014, in terms of the steel products exported and the market destination for those exports. To shed light on how exporters’ patterns of specialisation have changed in the period since 2004, indices of “Revealed Comparative Advantage” (RCA) are developed for a number of low, medium and high value-added steel products, indicating that export specialisation patterns may be changing noticeably as some steel producers in emerging economies move up the value chain and begin exporting more sophisticated steel products. The paper also assesses the role of innovation, as measured by patents, in determining the export structure of countries, and finds a positive correlation between innovation activity and export specialisation in higher value-added steel segments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxfmstf0xt-en
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  • 170
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    Contribution of trade facilitation measures to the operation of supply chains (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 181
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Vorleistungen ; Transparenz ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses how specific border procedures impact on the operation of supply chains and the resulting policy implications, using data from the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) database and from the OECD-WTO database on trade-in-value-added. The assessment focusses on the impact of trade facilitation measures in three areas: on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in final domestic demand; on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in the gross exports of a reference country; and on the amount of domestic value-added embodied in foreign final demand for agriculture and primary products, low tech industries, medium-low tech industries, and high and medium-high tech industries. A small increase of 0.1 in TFIs performance could potentially generate increases in a country’s value-added “imports” in a range of between 1.5 and 3.5%, while in the case of “exports” these increases could range between 1 and 3%. Measures that enhance the predictability and the speed of movement of goods are critical factors that shape the sourcing decisions of companies. The impact is strongest when the value-added originates in medium-low tech industries, such as mining and quarrying or basic metals sectors, or in high and medium-high tech industries, such as transport equipment, chemicals and electrical and optical equipment, and is destined to high and medium-high tech industries. Key words: Customs, global value chains, GVCs, intermediate inputs, trade facilitation, trade flows, trade policy, transparency, simplification
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0bslh9m25-en
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  • 171
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    Trade, global value chains and wage-income inequality (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 182
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Einkommensverteilung ; Globalisierung ; Auslandsverlagerung ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rise in global value chain (GVC) participation has coincided with significant changes in the distribution of wage income both within and across countries. This paper sets out to identify the linkages between these phenomena. It shows that GVC participation has a small effect on the distribution of wages and, when it has, it can reduce wage inequality when it concerns participation related to low-skilled segments of the labour force. This suggests that the potential tensions between equity and aggregate economic outcomes of GVC participation hold only in particular cases, namely when participation relates to high-skilled segments of the labour force. For policy-makers seeking to maximise the benefits of GVC participation, questions of a more equitable distribution of returns to workers might focus on skill-upgrading of low-skilled labour by promoting further tertiary education and development of skills.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en
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  • 172
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    International trade and investment by state enterprises (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 184
    Keywords: Unternehmensstatistik ; Außenhandel ; Auslandsinvestition ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Subvention ; Handelspräferenzen ; Corporate Governance ; WTO-Verhandlungen ; Handelsabkommen ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent surge in competition between state and private firms in global markets calls for a reflection on how to minimise any potentially distortionary effects on international trade and investment created by state enterprises while at the same time restraining any undue protectionist policy responses directed at them. This paper provides an assessment of the extent and nature of existing and potential problems as well as a stocktaking of regulatory approaches that can be used to alleviate them. The new empirical evidence on the extent and nature of existing problems presented in this paper comes from the OECD Business Survey on State Influence on Competition in International Markets conducted on 157 firms in 2014. The characterisation of the regulatory landscape draws on the information contained in the OECD Database on National Practices and Regulations with Respect to State Enterprises which comprises 41 indicators covering relevant practices and regulations across 43 countries. In conclusion, cross-border effects of state enterprises remain an important policy issue but views on how to obtain a more level international playing field differ across countries. Further consideration of the definition of entities which should be the focus of guidance of potential international disciplines would be an important area for future exploration and, crucially, would require greater transparency both from the governments and the entities under their influence. These discussions should not be limited only to state-owned entities, but should be extended to a broader spectrum of state firms. In the meantime, it is important that governments neither use state enterprises to influence competition in international markets, nor unduly discriminate against foreign state enterprises that trade and invest according to market principles.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtcr9x6c48-en
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  • 173
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    Managing the minerals sector : implications for trade from Peru and Colombia (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 186
    Keywords: Bergbau ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Korruption ; Peru ; Kolumbien ; Trade ; Colombia ; Peru ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Managing and regulating the extractive industries can pose substantial challenges to minerals-rich countries. Aiming to overcome the “resource curse”, some countries attempt to generate greater gains from their natural resources by using trade policy instruments such as export restrictions. Others look to create a balanced regulatory framework to maximise gains from sustainable extraction and minimise the negative spillover effects. Colombia and Peru have aimed to do the latter. This study examines their experiences as regards some aspects of the management of their extractive industries. In particular, it examines the design of the tax system as it applies to non-renewable resources, the reform of the distribution of revenues from the sector, and strategies for tackling illegal mining. These policy areas are important to ensure that the extraction of natural resources benefits the economies and societies of the two Andean nations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp6wrc2r7l-en
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  • 174
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    Financial education for long-term savings and investments : review of research and literature (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 39
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Long-term savings and investments (LTSI) by individuals enhances their financial security while also supporting growth and financial development. Evidence shows that financial knowledge and skills are positively related to LTSI behaviour, and indicates a strong correlation between levels of financial literacy and retirement wealth accumulation. However, both the quantity and quality of LTSI are often worryingly low, pointing to an important role for financial education to increase levels of financial literacy and thus improve LTSI among individuals. Evaluations of various types of financial education aimed at increasing LTSI have identified some promising results. Initial findings suggest the need for additional, targeted evaluation of education programmes to compare the effects of different delivery channels and the intensity of provision in order to identify optimal approaches. More detailed research is also important to fully understand why some evaluations indicate mixed outcomes from certain programmes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtgzfl6g9w-en
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  • 175
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    Agricultural specific trade facilitation indicators : an overview (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers 74
    Keywords: perishable product ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Pflanzenschutz ; Landhandel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade facilitation matters. Estimates of trade friction costs from border and custom procedures are relatively high. Trade facilitation to allow for the speedy movement of traded goods may be more important for agricultural, especially perishable, products than for other goods because of their time sensitivity, especially for developing countries. Data suggest that many countries across the geographic and income spectrum have improved their performance on several trade facilitation variables. Concurrently, agricultural trade has grown substantially, especially from low and lower middle income countries. The data suggest that further improvements to trade facilitation in many low and lower middle income countries are needed for them to catch up with best practices. Impediments to trade remain, as indicated by the relatively high tariff equivalent of trade costs, especially on agricultural products.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4wzp09q6f-en
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  • 176
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    Assessing the impacts of alcohol policies : a microsimulation approach (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (127 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 80
    Keywords: Alkoholkonsum ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Alkoholpolitik ; Mikrosimulation ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Alcohol policies have significant potential to curb alcohol-related harms, improve health, increase productivity, reduce crime and violence, and cut government expenditure. The WHO Global Strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol provides a menu of policy options based on international consensus, which the OECD has used as a starting point in identifying a set of policies to be assessed in an economic analysis based on a computer simulation approach. This working paper provides a comprehensive illustration of the modelling approach, input data and underlying assumptions that have been used to carry out the analyses. The policies assessed in three country settings – Canada, the Czech Republic and Germany – include price policies, regulation and enforcement policies, education programmes and health care interventions. The results of the OECD analyses show that brief interventions in primary care, typically targeting high-risk drinkers, and tax increases, which affect all drinkers, have the potential to generate large health gains. The impacts of regulation and enforcement policies as well as other health care interventions are more dependent on the setting and mode of implementation, while school-based programmes show less promise. Alcohol policies have the potential to prevent alcohol-related disabilities and injuries in hundreds of thousands of working-age people in the countries examined, with major potential gains in their productivity. Most alcohol policies are estimated to cut health care expenditures to the extent that their implementation costs would be more than offset. Health care interventions and enforcement of drinking-and-driving restrictions are more expensive policies, but they still have very favourable cost-effectiveness profiles.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qwkvx36d-en
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  • 177
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    Students, computers and learning : making the connection (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    ISBN: 9789264239555
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 S.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Students, computers and learning
    RVK:
    DP 2600
    Keywords: Education ; Unterricht ; Computer ; Lernen
    Abstract: Are there computers in the classroom? Does it matter? Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection examines how students’ access to and use of information and communication technology (ICT) devices has evolved in recent years, and explores how education systems and schools are integrating ICT into students’ learning experiences. Based on results from PISA 2012, the report discusses differences in access to and use of ICT – what are collectively known as the “digital divide” – that are related to students’ socio-economic status, gender, geographic location, and the school a child attends. The report highlights the importance of bolstering students’ ability to navigate through digital texts. It also examines the relationship among computer access in schools, computer use in classrooms, and performance in the PISA assessment. As the report makes clear, all students first need to be equipped with basic literacy and numeracy skills so that they can participate fully in the hyper-connected, digitised societies of the 21st century.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264239555-en
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  • 178
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    Official development finance for infrastructure : support by multilateral and bilateral development partners (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 25
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to offer an overall picture of support by multilateral and bilateral development partners to development country infrastructure. By presenting an overview of the scale, distribution, and modality of development co-operation for infrastructure, the report is expected to contribute to discussions and further research in international fora on how to fill the financing gap, particularly by mobilising the private sector. However, the report does not generally make assessments against development objectives nor provide policy recommendations. The methodology mainly involved analysing the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)’s Creditor Reporting System data on Official Development Finance (ODF) for the infrastructure sectors (water and sanitation, transport, energy, and communications). Desk research was also conducted on gaps in infrastructure financing as well as support by major development partners that do not report to the DAC at the activity level.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3sbcrvzx-en
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  • 179
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    The distributional effects of energy taxes (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 23
    Keywords: Energiesteuer ; Steuerwirkung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: New evidence for 21 OECD countries shows that the distributional effects of energy taxes differ by energy carrier. On an expenditure basis, taxes on transport fuels are not regressive on average, as households in lower expenditure deciles spend a lower proportion of their expenditure on taxes on transport fuels. While the unweighted 21-country average of the proportion of income spent on transport fuel taxes is highest for households in the lowest and in the middle deciles, there is heterogeneity across countries. Some countries show progressive effects of taxes on transport fuels both on an expenditure and an income basis, while others show more proportional effects or tend to place the highest burden on middle expenditure deciles. Taxes on heating fuels are slightly regressive, i.e., the percentage of expenditure spent on them decreases with expenditure. Taxes on electricity are more regressive than taxes on heating fuels.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qwkqqrbv-en
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  • 180
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    Big data for advancing dementia research : an evaluation of data sharing practices in research on age-related neurodegenerative diseases (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (109 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 246
    Keywords: Alterskrankheit ; Medizin ; Datenverarbeitung ; Data Mining ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Dementia is increasing in prevalence, and to date has no cure or treatment. One element in improving this situation is using and sharing data more widely to increase the power of research. Further, moving beyond established medical data into big data offers the potential to tap into routinely collected data from both within and outside the health system. In this report, we examine four exemplar data sharing initiatives to better understand data sharing practices in dementia research and recommend the next steps required to move forward, which will require addressing structural issues including aligning incentives and mindsets toward data sharing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4sbddf7jk-en
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  • 181
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    Assessing government initiatives on public sector information : a review of the OECD Council Recommendation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 248
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better access to and use of public sector information (PSI), including open government data, are inter-related parts of the shift towards knowledge-based economies, and drivers of innovation, growth and employment. PSI can be used directly to generate products and services, and it contributes in a wide variety of ways to improving efficiency and productivity across the economy (including within the public sector). Aggregate OECD economic impacts of PSI-related applications and use were estimated to be around USD 500 billion and there could be close to USD 200 billion of additional gains if barriers to use were removed, skills enhanced and the data infrastructure improved. Exploiting the potential PSI market thus requires lower pricing and less restrictive licensing agreements. There is also evidence that increasing access and lowering prices have large positive impacts on the number of users and new uses without significantly increasing costs. This report presents the results of the review of the OECD Council Recommendation for Enhanced Access and More effective Use of PSI. The review is based on the analyses of the information gathered through a survey of PSI strategies in 20 countries as well as the European Commission. The review also benefited from a complementary online survey on Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives undertaken by the Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development (GOV) in coordination with the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). In doing so, the reports illustrates different strategic approaches to PSI policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js04dr9l47j-en
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  • 182
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    The economic feedbacks of loss of biodiversity and ecosystems services (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 93
    Keywords: Ökosystem ; Artenvielfalt ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Welt ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The topic of biodiversity loss has been the subject of a vast and growing scientific and economic literature. Species are estimated to be going extinct at rates 100 to 1000 times faster than in geological times. Globally, terrestrial biodiversity is projected to decrease by a further 10% by 2050. As with biodiversity, the planet has also experienced major losses in the services derived from ecosystems. During the last century, for example, the planet has lost 50% of its wetlands, 40% of its forests and 35% of its mangroves. Around 60% of global ecosystem services have been degraded in just 50 years. While there is a large and growing literature on the values associated with the services that ecosystems provide, much less has been done in analysing the causality in the other direction – i.e. in assessing the linkages from changes in ecosystem services to the functioning of the economy. This report contributes to an effort to identify environmental pressures under different structural and environmental policy assumptions and the associated damages that will result under different economic scenarios to 2050. Based on these it aims, inter alia, to examine how the environmental pressures may affect economic growth paths. This report contributes to that goal by looking at the consequences of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It does so by reviewing the main findings in the literature and key issues involved in the valuation of biodiversity and ecosystems services, as well as key issues involved in linking loss of biodiversity and ecosystems services to economic activity. The report finishes by identifying the main opportunities and obstacles in including biodiversity and eco-system services into a dynamic general equilibrium framework.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqgv610fg6-en
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  • 183
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    Developing an inventory and typology of land-use planning systems and policy instruments in OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 94
    Keywords: Landnutzung ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Bodenpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of spatial and land-use planning systems in OECD countries1 focusing on: (i) the governance systems across countries, (ii) the institutional and legal frameworks for spatial planning, and (iii) the various policy instruments used at different levels of territorial governance to articulate spatial development objectives, manage physical development and protect the environment. The report draws on available academic literature and policy documents. The analysis shows a strong relationship between governance models and authority and competences for spatial planning. Spatial plans at various spatial scales are used to create the preconditions for harmonising socio-economic development goals with environmental protection imperatives. Environmental assessment constitutes another key regulatory instrument. National plans, programmes, regional development and land-use plans as well as sector plans and policies are subjected to Strategic Environmental Assessment. Individual projects resulting from these policy instruments are subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment in most countries. In all countries, environmentally-related permits work together with environmental assessments to ensure that environmental considerations are taken into account in the siting of industrial installations and mega-infrastructure projects that would have significant impacts on the environment. The main challenges associated with environmental assessment in most countries include the political nature of the assessment process, the cost (time and money) of assessment particularly to businesses, limited consultation periods, limited technical capacity of institutions, the endeavour for independence and quality of the assessment and the absence of robust legislative frameworks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp6wgxp09s-en
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  • 184
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    Public expenditure projections for health and long-term care for China until 2030 (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 84
    Keywords: 2015 - 2030 ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Häusliche Pflege ; China ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; China, People’s Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In recent years, China has seen an unprecedented expansion of health insurance for its population in its quest to achieve universal health coverage. By 2011, 95% of the Chinese population was insured up from less than 50% in 2005 through public or employer-based insurance schemes. As part of this move, the structure of health care financing has shifted significantly, such that public sources in 2013 funded well over half of all health spending, compared with just over a third in the early 2000s. In that context, it is important to determine the main drivers of future growth in health spending in the medium term, to assess the possible impact on public budgets. Using a component-based health expenditure model developed at the OECD, future projections of public spending on health care and long-term care are made for OECD and key emerging economies, including China. The uniform cross-country framework allows for consistent international comparisons under different cost-pressure and cost-containment scenarios.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3c274vq3-en
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  • 185
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    How demanding are eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, quantitative indicators for OECD and EU countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 166
    Keywords: Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Lohnersatzleistungen ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, which require recipients to actively look for work, take up suitable job offers or take part in active labour market programmes (ALMPs), or risk benefit sanctions, can play an important role in offsetting the negative impact of generous unemployment benefits on employment incentives. This paper presents information on the strictness of eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits for 40 OECD and/or EU member countries. It covers availability requirements during ALMPs and suitable work criteria, job search requirements and monitoring of independent job search effort, and sanctions for voluntary unemployment, refusing a job offer or participation in active labour market measures. These qualitative data are then used to compile a composite indicator of the strictness of eligibility criteria and some comparisons are made with the results of a similar exercise by the OECD in 2011. This indicator complements existing cross-country indicators relating to unemployment benefits, such as net replacement rate data from the OECD Taxes and Benefits Database and data on ALMP expenditure compiled annually by Eurostat and the OECD.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtk1zw8f2-en
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  • 186
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    How should one measure economic insecurity? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Sicherheit ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: People feel economically insecure when they perceive a significant hazard or danger looming in the future, which they are unable to insure against, avoid or ignore. While all OECD countries devote significant resources to mitigate economic insecurity, no consensus exists on the best way to measure it. The paper reviews the pros and cons of the main approaches proposed by the literature and identifies a number of criteria than an ideal measure of economic insecurity should satisfy. It advocates the construction of household level sub-indices for the hazards identified in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e. unemployment, illness, widowhood, disability and old age) and their aggregation to an over-all summary measure of economic insecurity, discussing what could be done with existing data and what additional information should be collected.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4t78q9lq7-en
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  • 187
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    Beyond GDP : is there a law of one shadow price? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/05
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Verfügbares Einkommen ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Sterblichkeit ; Opportunitätskosten ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds a welfare measure encompassing household disposable income, unemployment and longevity, while using two different sets of “shadow prices” for non-income variables. The valuations of vital and unemployment risks estimated from life satisfaction data (“subjective shadow prices”) and those derived from model-based approaches and calibrated utility functions (“model-based shadow prices”) are shown to be broadly consistent once a number of conditions are fulfilled. Subjective shadow prices appear to be inflated by the downward bias on the income variable in life satisfaction regressions conducted at the individual level, while the latter bias is largely removed when running regressions at the country level. On the other hand, model-based shadow prices are typically underestimated as: i) the valuation of the unemployment risk is assumed to take place under the veil of ignorance (i.e. for a representative agent that has no information on her current or future unemployment situation); ii) the standard model relies on a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function, which has no specific relative risk aversion parameter for unemployment and vital risks; iii) the Value of Statistical Life that is used in standard calibration pertains to the adult lifespan while life expectancy at birth covers the entire lifetime.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxzss47-en
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  • 188
    Online Resource
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    Measuring educational inequalities in mortality statistics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/08
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sterblichkeit ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: All OECD countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health status between socioeconomic groups within their populations. One aspect of these inequalities for which data are routinely available in many countries is inequalities in mortality by level of education: people with a lower level of education typically have considerably higher death rates and lower life expectancy than people with a higher level of education. The OECD recently started a project to generate measures of the distributions of ages at death by educational level, gender and cause of death for as many countries as possible. This working paper aims to highlight the most important methodological issues to be faced when trying to create valid statistics on mortality by level of education, and to highlight how different methodologies may affect results and comparisons. Topics covered include study designs (e.g. use of cross-sectional census-unlinked versus longitudinal census-linked data), data harmonization issues (e.g. use of a common educational classification scheme), and data analysis issues (e.g. choice of a summary measure of inequalities in mortality). The paper ends with a number of recommendations for data analysts.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx182zs-en
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  • 189
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    Online Resource
    Identifying and inducing breakthrough inventions : an application related to climate change mitigation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most of the projections of the cost of meeting climate change mitigation targets hinge crucially upon assumptions made about the cost and timing of the development of breakthrough technologies. However, very little is known about the conditions which are likely to give rise to breakthrough technologies. This paper seeks to uncover attributes of inventions – as reflected in patent data – which serve as “leading indicators” of subsequent technological and market development in climate change mitigation technologies. The role of industrial generality emerges as being robustly correlated with subsequent technological diffusion, whether measured as subsequent patent counts, commercial applicability, or attractiveness to risk finance. The indicator of closeness to science shows also a positive association with later technological diffusion. Originality and radicalness have more ambiguous results. This work can be seen as a foundation for the future development of a methodology providing guidance to policymakers in the choices made with respect to public support for different technological fields.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03zd40n37-en
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  • 190
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The use of patent statistics for international comparisons and analysis of narrow technological fields (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Umwelttechnik ; Innovation ; Patent ; Statistik ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Patent data provide an increasingly used means to analyse innovation performance worldwide including in countries with incomplete data coverage, such as some developing countries. This paper discusses the specific issues associated with using patent data for measuring and analysing innovation in narrow technological fields, such as many environment-related technologies. To improve cross-country comparability of patent statistics, the paper advocates the use of indicators based on patent family size because they are more flexible and can be adapted to various applications. The paper also examines certain idiosyncratic characteristics of patent databases and proposes approaches to mitigate potential biases in empirical cross-country analyses. While doing so is particularly important for analyses of narrow technological fields such as many environment- and climate-related technologies, some of these issues are relevant for patent analysis more broadly.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03z98mvr7-en
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  • 191
    Online Resource
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    Cross-country estimates of employment and investment in organisational capital : a task-based methodology using PIAAC data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/08
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Humankapital ; Bildungsinvestition ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work proposes a task-based methodology for the measurement of employment and investment in organisational capital (OC) in 20 OECD countries. It builds on the methodology of Squicciarini and Le Mouel (2012) and uses information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). OC is defined as firm-specific organisational knowledge resulting from the performance of tasks affecting the long-term functioning of firms, such as developing objectives and strategies; organising, planning and supervising production; and managing human resources. Cross-country heterogeneity in OC-related occupations emerges: while 20 occupational classes of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 2008) are on average identified as being OC-related, country-specific values range between 14 (in Korea) and 24 occupations (in Poland). A core group of managerial occupations are consistently identified as OC occupations across countries, whereas differences arise in the selection of professionals and associate professionals in science and engineering, health, education, and business administration. Estimates suggest the share of OC occupations in total employment to amount to 16% on average, with country-specific values that vary between 9.5% (Denmark) and 26% (United Kingdom); and that total investment in OC, as a share of value-added, ranges from 1.4% in the Czech Republic to 3.7% in the United Kingdom, with an average 2.2% across all countries. Managers appear to account for less than half of total employment and investment in OC. Total investment in OC results higher in services than in manufacturing. In the services sector, on average half of investment in OC comes from small firms, while in manufacturing, 45% of investment in OC comes from large firms. Finally, the importance of OC investment in the public sector is investigated. With only few exceptions, investment in OC is higher in the public sector than in the private sector. These estimates of OC investment can be used to analyse its role with respect to skill use and mismatch, its impact on the routinisation of tasks and resulting polarisation of wage distribution, and its role in firms' integration and upgrading along global value chains (GVC).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3smfgcjb-en
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  • 192
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    Water in the GATS : methodology and results (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 185
    Keywords: Dienstleistungssektor ; GATS ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The water in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) refers to the difference between the bound level of trade restrictiveness permitted by the GATS and the actual trade regime. Using the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), this report provides estimates of the water in 15 service sectors for 40 countries. The level of water in GATS commitments varies across sectors. It is highest in sectors where most countries have no commitments (unbound), such as audio-visual services or transport services, as well as sectors where countries tend to make commitments only for selected types of activities, such as legal services. The lowest level of water is observed in sectors such as telecoms, construction, computer and distribution services that are also characterised by a more liberal trade regime. Generally speaking, current services trade policies are much more open than what countries have committed in the GATS and sectors that are “unbound” can be fairly open.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs6k35nnf1-en
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  • 193
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    A new profile of migrants in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 160
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wanderungsstatistik ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growing international migration and diverse characteristics of migrant populations make internationally comparable high-quality data on migrants essential. Regular update of these data is crucial to capture the changes in size and composition of migrant populations. This document presents the first results of the update of the Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC) for 2010/11. It describes immigrant and emigrant populations by socio-demographic characteristics and labour market outcomes in the OECD, and shows their evolution in the past decade. It also provides updated emigration rates and brain drain figures...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt2t3nnjr5-en
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  • 194
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    Urban spatial structure in OECD cities : is urban population decentralising or clustering? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: 2001 - 2011 ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtstruktur ; Stadtwachstum ; Trend ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of urban spatial structure and its trends in the OECD between 2001 and 2011. It does so by using a standardised definition of urban areas in 29 OECD countries as composed of high density cores and their respective commuting zones. While urban population is growing everywhere, the way in which populations locate throughout the urban space differs across OECD cities and countries. The prevalent trend is an increasing dispersion of the population, with growth taking place outside existing centres. However, in specific countries, there are cities experiencing a higher growth in their central cores, while others are strengthening their polycentric structures. Overall, the population has grown more in relatively low-density locations close to the main centre, but outside it. Closeness to sub-centres also proves to be a strong advantage for growth and suggests the emergence of new centralities shaping urban spatial structures.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3d834r3q7-en
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  • 195
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tapering payments in hospitals : experiences in OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 78
    Keywords: Krankenhausmanagement ; Pflegeberufe ; Vergütungssystem ; DRG-System ; Deutschland ; USA ; Tschechien ; Israel ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Fallstudie
    Abstract: This study covers “tapering scale” mechanism in hospital payments, i.e. mechanisms linking unit prices to the volume of services produced. This paper begins with an overview of hospital services and hospital payment methods in OECD countries, focusing more specifically on DRG-based payment. It then reviews studies published on economies of scales in hospitals, which is the economic rationale justifying tapering payments. Thereafter, four case studies from Germany, the US State of Maryland, the Czech Republic and Israel offer a detailed insight into the practicalities of introducing this method of controlling hospital volumes and the impacts it has had.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4h5rlkxxr-en
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  • 196
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    A skills beyond school review of Costa Rica (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264233256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alvarez Galvan, Jose Luis A skills beyond school review of Costa Rica
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Costa Rica ; Education ; Costa Rica ; Costa Rica ; Berufsausbildung
    Abstract: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? The country reports in this series look at these and other questions. They form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training. This report reviews vocational education and training systems in Costa Rica.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264233256-en
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  • 197
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing in crisis? : making humanitarian finance fit for the future (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22, [4] S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 22
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Coping-Strategie ; Entwicklung ; Risikomanagement ; Schock ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Building on the useful recommendations of the Future Humanitarian Financing initiative, this paper takes the view that ensuring enough quality money for humanitarian crises is not just about writing a bigger cheque. The money also needs to arrive in the right place, in the right way, and at the right time. The paper focuses on the following areas, learning from good practices by DAC members and attempting to find solutions to common challenges: - Predictable funding for predicable costs. - Funding for longer-term – protracted – crises that helps boost the resilience of crisis-affected communities; going beyond immediate life-threatening needs and supporting self-reliance. - Reworking funding tools and approaches for crises in middle income countries – learning from the challenges facing the Syrian Arab Republic affected region. - Thinking differently about funding disaster response and recovery, and about funding disaster affected states and local response actors. - Making the money go further; reducing the cost, and increasing the cost-benefit, of humanitarian operations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js04dl2pms1-en
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  • 198
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural reforms and income distribution (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 13
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Strukturpolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; Vergleich ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new empirical evidence on the effects of structural policies on household disposable incomes at different income levels. More specifically, it investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and on household incomes at different points of the distribution. One aim is to verify whether policy decisions may face tradeoffs between objectives of economic efficiency and equity. Many growth enhancing structural reforms are found to deliver stronger income gains for households at the lower end of the distribution compared with the average household, an indication that they may reduce inequality in disposable incomes. Such is the case of reducing regulatory barriers to domestic competition as well as to trade and FDI; stepping-up job-search support and activation programmes. Conversely, other reforms involve trade-offs between the efficiency and equity objective. This is the case of the tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed, which is found to lift GDP per capita and average household incomes, but also to reduce disposable incomes at the lower end of the distribution.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777lbxzn-en
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  • 199
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Industry self regulation : role and use in supporting consumer interests (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 247
    Keywords: Industrie ; Verhalten in Organisationen ; Selbstverpflichtung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2010, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy published a Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides a framework for developing and implementing effective consumer policies (OECD, 2010). The report notes that industry self-regulation (ISR) can play an important role in addressing consumer issues, particularly when business codes of conduct and standards are involved.[1] This report examines the roles that ISR can play in these and other areas more closely, examining conditions and situations where there are likely to be benefits, and the steps that need to be taken to help ensure that such initiatives succeed. The report draws on 23 case studies where consumer issues are addressed. The case studies are based on material provided by governments, businesses, civil society and other experts; for the most part the case studies have not been independently evaluated. They cover a range of sectors and activities, including advertising, financial services, telecommunications, video games and software applications (apps), toys, and direct selling. The case studies are illustrative of the ways that ISR has been used to address consumer issues; they do not cover areas where ISR has not been effective.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4k1fjqkwh-en
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  • 200
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    Tender instruments : programme participation and impact in Australian conservation tenders, grants and volunteer organisations (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 85
    Keywords: Umweltschutz ; Ausschreibung ; Umweltkosten ; Victoria (Staat) ; Australien ; Environment ; Australia ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A striking variety of policy instruments are used in Victoria, Australia to achieve conservation objectives. These include highly active voluntary programmes, a variety of conservation grants, and a reverse auction for the provision of ecosystem services, known as EcoTender. An open question regarding such payments for ecosystem services (i.e. grants and tenders) is whether they achieve ‘additionality.’ That is, do they lead to conservation above the status quo? Critics of these instruments allege that the majority of funds for such programmes are merely paying individuals for conservation work they are already doing. A related concern is that monetary incentives for conservation may skew landowners’ motives more towards monetary concerns, and erode nature conservation values. The practical implication of this ‘moral crowding out’ is that, if funding is ever suspended for conservation grants or EcoTenders, then conservation may decline below its original, pre-programme level. To investigate both of these concerns, a telephone survey was conducted with 266 farmers in Victoria. Analysis of the data suggests that there is a strong correlation between stated levels of own-property conservation effort and activity in local volunteer groups, as well as having received a conservation grant or tender. However, this does not address the additionality question, because landowners already engaged in such efforts may be more likely to be awarded grants or tenders. This presents an endogeneity problem. While panel data are ultimately necessary to answer this question definitively, application of instrumental variables methods provides some insight. The methods imply that grants and tenders may achieve ‘additionality’ only when they reach those otherwise uninvolved with conservation programmes, in particular those not volunteering. This suggests that conservation tenders can improve their cost-effectiveness by increasing participation among those not already volunteering in other conservation programmes. Meanwhile, there is fairly strong evidence in the data for the potential for moral-crowding-out; tender or grant receipt appears to shift stated motivations towards more monetary concerns. However, the practical implications of this finding – that is, whether this erosion of attitudes translates in blunted conservation efforts – remain unknown.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4k0t30hvc-en
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