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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (95)
  • Paris : OECD  (95)
  • Science and Technology  (95)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (95)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Going digital in Brazil (2020)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264938595
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (247 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of digital transformation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Going digital in Brazil
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Brasilien ; Digitalisierung ; Wirtschaft ; Politik
    Abstract: Going Digital in Brazil analyses recent developments in Brazil’s digital economy, reviews policies related to digitalisation and makes recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area. The report examines the availability and quality of communication networks and services in Brazil, as well as related policies and regulations. It also reviews trends in digital technology usage among individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. It discusses efforts to enhance trust in the digital economy, focusing on digital security, privacy and consumer protection. It also reviews policies to promote digital innovation and examines the policy implications of emerging business models in key sectors. The report reconsiders these policies in relation to their coherence across different domains and provides recommendations to foster synergies across government ministries, levels and institutions, based on the OECD Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/e9bf7f8a-en
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global teaching InSights : a video study of teaching (2020)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264747159 , 9789264795556 , 9789264652620
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (307 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global teaching InSights
    Keywords: Unterricht ; Education ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; China, People’s Republic ; Colombia ; Germany ; Japan ; Mexico ; Spain ; United Kingdom ; Unterricht ; Forschungsmethode ; Lernerfolg
    Abstract: What does teaching look like? What practices are most impactful? By directly observing teaching in the classroom, this study trialled new research methods to shed light on these key questions for raising student outcomes around the world. This report provides a detailed account of classroom management, social and emotional support, and instructional practices in the classrooms of eight countries and economies, drawing upon the observation of lesson videos and instructional materials, the analysis of teacher and student questionnaires, and the measurement of students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/20d6f36b-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fostering students' creativity and critical thinking : what it means in school (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264684003
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (356 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Fostering students' creativity and critical thinking
    Keywords: Unterricht ; Lernmethode ; Lernpsychologie ; Schüler ; Kreativität ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Creativity and critical thinking are key skills for complex, globalised and increasingly digitalised economies and societies. While teachers and education policy makers consider creativity and critical thinking as important learning goals, it is still unclear to many what it means to develop these skills in a school setting. To make it more visible and tangible to practitioners, the OECD worked with networks of schools and teachers in 11 countries to develop and trial a set of pedagogical resources that exemplify what it means to teach, learn and make progress in creativity and critical thinking in primary and secondary education. Through a portfolio of rubrics and examples of lesson plans, teachers in the field gave feedback, implemented the proposed teaching strategies and documented their work. Instruments to monitor the effectiveness of the intervention in a validation study were also developed and tested, supplementing the insights on the effects of the intervention in the field provided by the team co-ordinators. What are the key elements of creativity and critical thinking? What pedagogical strategies and approaches can teachers adopt to foster them? How can school leaders support teachers' professional learning? To what extent did teachers participating in the project change their teaching methods? How can we know whether it works and for whom? These are some of the questions addressed in this book, which reports on the outputs and lessons of this international project.
    DOI: 10.1787/62212c37-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring innovation in education 2019 : what has changed in the classroom? (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264311671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (335 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Measuring innovation in education 2019
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Bildung ; Innovation ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Schule ; Lernen ; Innovation ; Schulleistungsmessung
    Abstract: Measuring innovation in education and understanding how it works is essential to improve the quality of the education sector. Monitoring systematically how pedagogical practices evolve would considerably increase the international education knowledge base. We need to examine whether, and how, practices are changing within classrooms and educational organisations and how students use learning resources. We should know much more about how teachers change their professional development practices, how schools change their ways to relate to parents, and, more generally, to what extent change and innovation are linked to better educational outcomes. This would help policy makers to better target interventions and resources, and get quick feedback on whether reforms do change educational practices as expected. This would enable us to better understand the role of innovation in education. This new edition of Measuring Innovation in Education examines what has (or has not) changed for students over the past decade in OECD education systems. It reviews no fewer than 150 educational practices. The report casts light on systemic innovation in primary and secondary education, with a focus on pedagogical innovation. Has the use of technology spread? Have assessments become more important in pedagogical practices? Are students given more agency in their learning? Are they still asked to memorise facts and procedures? Do teachers increasingly engage students in peer learning activities? These are some of the questions this book seeks to answer. This report also presents some preliminary findings about the links between innovation and educational performance. This book will offer precious insights to policy makers, the education community and all those who seek to understand how educational practices are evolving.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264311671-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD reviews of digital transformation : going digital in Colombia (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264943483
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of digital transformation
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Kolumbien ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Colombia ; Digitalisierung
    Abstract: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Colombia analyses recent developments of the digital economy in the country, reviews policies related to digitalisation and makes recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area. The report examines recent developments in infrastructures for the digital economy, telecom markets and related regulations and policies in Colombia. It reviews trends in the use of digital technologies by individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. The report also examines opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation for production, innovation, jobs and skills. The report reconsiders these policies in relation to their coherence among different domains and in order to foster synergies across government ministries, levels and institutions, based on the integrated policy framework of the OECD's Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-being project.
    DOI: 10.1787/781185b1-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: The Netherlands 2017 (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (257 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Niederlande ; Education ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Netherlands today is prosperous, but its future success is not assured. The Netherlands owes its success in no small part to actions it has taken in the past to develop a highly skilled population. Given the profound economic and social transformation that the Netherlands is currently undergoing, skills will be even more important for success in the future. The Dutch education system and the skills of the Dutch population are strong overall. Therefore many of the opportunities for further improving the skills outcomes of the Netherlands are to be found in areas of society where the government has more limited influence, such as the workplace and community. As a consequence, achieving the Netherlands’ skills ambitions will require a whole-of-society approach. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Netherlands identifies the following three skills priorities for the Netherlands - fostering more equitable skills outcomes, creating skills-intensive workplaces, and promoting a learning culture. These priorities were identified through the analysis of common themes that emerged from stakeholder perspectives on the most important skills challenges facing the Netherlands, and through the OECD’s analysis of the nine skills challenges identified and examined in the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287655-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Computers and the future of skill demand (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284395 , 9789264285538
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Elliott, Stuart W. Computers and the future of skill demand
    DDC: 331.1142
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Informationstechnik ; Computer ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Computer ; Informationstechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Qualifikation ; Informationstechnik ; Qualifikation
    Abstract: Computer scientists are working on reproducing all human skills using artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotics. Unsurprisingly then, many people worry that these advances will dramatically change work skills in the years ahead and perhaps leave many workers unemployable. This report develops a new approach to understanding these computer capabilities by using a test based on the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to compare computers with human workers. The test assesses three skills that are widely used at work and are an important focus of education: literacy, numeracy and problem solving with computers. Most workers in OECD countries use the three skills every day. However, computers are close to reproducing these skills at the proficiency level of most adults in the workforce. Only 13% of workers now use these skills on a daily basis with a proficiency that is clearly higher than computers. The findings raise troubling questions about whether most workers will be able to acquire the skills they need as these new computer capabilities are increasingly used over the next few decades. To answer those questions, the report’s approach could be extended across the full range of work skills. We need to know how computers and people compare across all skills to develop successful policies for work and education for the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284395-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Hungary (2017)
    Paris : OECD | Brüssel : European Union
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280892 , 9789264297890 , 9789264273344
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (141 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Hungary
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschulmanagement ; Gründungsausbildung ; Innovation ; Ungarn ; Education ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Hungary ; Ungarn ; Hochschule ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschulorganisation ; Innovation
    Abstract: This report presents evidence-based analysis of current strategies and practices in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Hungary towards a value-creating use of knowledge resources for innovation and entrepreneurship. The analysis and recommendations are highly relevant for policy makers and HEI leaders in other countries. Increased attention to innovation and entrepreneurship both from public policy actors and HEI leadership has triggered an incremental change process in the organisational culture of HEIs and a new approach to education and research for students and staff. HEInnovate is a joint initiative of the European Commission and the OECD to promote the innovative and entrepreneurial higher education institution across Europe and beyond (www.heinnovate.eu).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273344-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Internet literacy in Japan (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsverhalten ; Japan ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rise in Internet usage among young people has seen a corresponding increase in international concern regarding their online safety. In February 2012, the OECD Council adopted a “Recommendation on the Protection of Children Online”. The Recommendation called for governments to support evidence-based policies for the protection of children, including surveys to better understand Internet usage by children and the evolving risks, and programmes to increase awareness of this issue. In line with this Recommendation, the Japanese government has inititated efforts to develop improved indicators to measure Internet literacy among youth. This report describes the results of the Internet literacy indicator development project and constitutes a feasibility study for the development of Internet literacy among youth in different countries. The project formulated an Internet Literacy Assessment Indicator for Students (ILAS), which targeted 15-year-old students to measure their ability to utilise the Internet safely and securely. In 2011, a formative evaluation was conducted for a sample of 569 first-year high-school students from 14 high schools. In 2012, the study conducted a revised nationwide test on a broader sample of 2 464 students from 23 high schools. Evaluation of the results of the ILAS test system confirmed its reliability and validity, attesting to its value as a useful and practical assessment system for measuring youth Internet literacy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0cqpxr6bq-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The structure of steel exports : changes in specialisation and the role of innovation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Stahlindustrie ; Edelstahl ; Export ; Außenhandelsstruktur ; Produktentwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines changes in the steel-related export structure of the ten largest steelmaking economies between 2004 and 2014, in terms of the steel products exported and the market destination for those exports. To shed light on how exporters’ patterns of specialisation have changed in the period since 2004, indices of “Revealed Comparative Advantage” (RCA) are developed for a number of low, medium and high value-added steel products, indicating that export specialisation patterns may be changing noticeably as some steel producers in emerging economies move up the value chain and begin exporting more sophisticated steel products. The paper also assesses the role of innovation, as measured by patents, in determining the export structure of countries, and finds a positive correlation between innovation activity and export specialisation in higher value-added steel segments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxfmstf0xt-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Big data for advancing dementia research : an evaluation of data sharing practices in research on age-related neurodegenerative diseases (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (109 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 246
    Keywords: Alterskrankheit ; Medizin ; Datenverarbeitung ; Data Mining ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Dementia is increasing in prevalence, and to date has no cure or treatment. One element in improving this situation is using and sharing data more widely to increase the power of research. Further, moving beyond established medical data into big data offers the potential to tap into routinely collected data from both within and outside the health system. In this report, we examine four exemplar data sharing initiatives to better understand data sharing practices in dementia research and recommend the next steps required to move forward, which will require addressing structural issues including aligning incentives and mindsets toward data sharing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4sbddf7jk-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing government initiatives on public sector information : a review of the OECD Council Recommendation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 248
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better access to and use of public sector information (PSI), including open government data, are inter-related parts of the shift towards knowledge-based economies, and drivers of innovation, growth and employment. PSI can be used directly to generate products and services, and it contributes in a wide variety of ways to improving efficiency and productivity across the economy (including within the public sector). Aggregate OECD economic impacts of PSI-related applications and use were estimated to be around USD 500 billion and there could be close to USD 200 billion of additional gains if barriers to use were removed, skills enhanced and the data infrastructure improved. Exploiting the potential PSI market thus requires lower pricing and less restrictive licensing agreements. There is also evidence that increasing access and lowering prices have large positive impacts on the number of users and new uses without significantly increasing costs. This report presents the results of the review of the OECD Council Recommendation for Enhanced Access and More effective Use of PSI. The review is based on the analyses of the information gathered through a survey of PSI strategies in 20 countries as well as the European Commission. The review also benefited from a complementary online survey on Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives undertaken by the Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development (GOV) in coordination with the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). In doing so, the reports illustrates different strategic approaches to PSI policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js04dr9l47j-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identifying and inducing breakthrough inventions : an application related to climate change mitigation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most of the projections of the cost of meeting climate change mitigation targets hinge crucially upon assumptions made about the cost and timing of the development of breakthrough technologies. However, very little is known about the conditions which are likely to give rise to breakthrough technologies. This paper seeks to uncover attributes of inventions – as reflected in patent data – which serve as “leading indicators” of subsequent technological and market development in climate change mitigation technologies. The role of industrial generality emerges as being robustly correlated with subsequent technological diffusion, whether measured as subsequent patent counts, commercial applicability, or attractiveness to risk finance. The indicator of closeness to science shows also a positive association with later technological diffusion. Originality and radicalness have more ambiguous results. This work can be seen as a foundation for the future development of a methodology providing guidance to policymakers in the choices made with respect to public support for different technological fields.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03zd40n37-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The use of patent statistics for international comparisons and analysis of narrow technological fields (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Umwelttechnik ; Innovation ; Patent ; Statistik ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Patent data provide an increasingly used means to analyse innovation performance worldwide including in countries with incomplete data coverage, such as some developing countries. This paper discusses the specific issues associated with using patent data for measuring and analysing innovation in narrow technological fields, such as many environment-related technologies. To improve cross-country comparability of patent statistics, the paper advocates the use of indicators based on patent family size because they are more flexible and can be adapted to various applications. The paper also examines certain idiosyncratic characteristics of patent databases and proposes approaches to mitigate potential biases in empirical cross-country analyses. While doing so is particularly important for analyses of narrow technological fields such as many environment- and climate-related technologies, some of these issues are relevant for patent analysis more broadly.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03z98mvr7-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cross-country estimates of employment and investment in organisational capital : a task-based methodology using PIAAC data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/08
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Humankapital ; Bildungsinvestition ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work proposes a task-based methodology for the measurement of employment and investment in organisational capital (OC) in 20 OECD countries. It builds on the methodology of Squicciarini and Le Mouel (2012) and uses information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). OC is defined as firm-specific organisational knowledge resulting from the performance of tasks affecting the long-term functioning of firms, such as developing objectives and strategies; organising, planning and supervising production; and managing human resources. Cross-country heterogeneity in OC-related occupations emerges: while 20 occupational classes of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 2008) are on average identified as being OC-related, country-specific values range between 14 (in Korea) and 24 occupations (in Poland). A core group of managerial occupations are consistently identified as OC occupations across countries, whereas differences arise in the selection of professionals and associate professionals in science and engineering, health, education, and business administration. Estimates suggest the share of OC occupations in total employment to amount to 16% on average, with country-specific values that vary between 9.5% (Denmark) and 26% (United Kingdom); and that total investment in OC, as a share of value-added, ranges from 1.4% in the Czech Republic to 3.7% in the United Kingdom, with an average 2.2% across all countries. Managers appear to account for less than half of total employment and investment in OC. Total investment in OC results higher in services than in manufacturing. In the services sector, on average half of investment in OC comes from small firms, while in manufacturing, 45% of investment in OC comes from large firms. Finally, the importance of OC investment in the public sector is investigated. With only few exceptions, investment in OC is higher in the public sector than in the private sector. These estimates of OC investment can be used to analyse its role with respect to skill use and mismatch, its impact on the routinisation of tasks and resulting polarisation of wage distribution, and its role in firms' integration and upgrading along global value chains (GVC).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3smfgcjb-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Industry self regulation : role and use in supporting consumer interests (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 247
    Keywords: Industrie ; Verhalten in Organisationen ; Selbstverpflichtung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2010, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy published a Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides a framework for developing and implementing effective consumer policies (OECD, 2010). The report notes that industry self-regulation (ISR) can play an important role in addressing consumer issues, particularly when business codes of conduct and standards are involved.[1] This report examines the roles that ISR can play in these and other areas more closely, examining conditions and situations where there are likely to be benefits, and the steps that need to be taken to help ensure that such initiatives succeed. The report draws on 23 case studies where consumer issues are addressed. The case studies are based on material provided by governments, businesses, civil society and other experts; for the most part the case studies have not been independently evaluated. They cover a range of sectors and activities, including advertising, financial services, telecommunications, video games and software applications (apps), toys, and direct selling. The case studies are illustrative of the ways that ISR has been used to address consumer issues; they do not cover areas where ISR has not been effective.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4k1fjqkwh-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating cross-country investment in training : an experimental methodology using PIAAC data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/09
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2011 - 2012 ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Berufsbildung ; Weiterbildung ; Bildungsinvestition ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The present work proposes a novel methodology for the measurement of investment in human capital in the form of training. Differently from existing studies, the expenditures-based approach pursued encompasses investment in formal and on-the-job training, as well as in informal learning and yields estimates that account for both the opportunity and the direct cost of the different forms of training considered. Using a wide array of data sources, including new and rich individual-level data collected through the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey as well as Labour Force Surveys (LFS) and System of National Accounts (SNA) data, the study proposes estimates of investment in training for the years 2011-2012. These cover 22 OECD countries and are provided at both the economy and industry levels. Estimates suggest that average total investment in training corresponds to 6.7% of gross value added (GVA), with investment in on-the-job training (amounting to 2.4% of GVA, on average) that are substantially in line with those of previous literature. Wide sector and country heterogeneity in the relative importance of investment in formal and on-the-job and informal learning also emerge. On average, production appears more intensive in on-the-job training (relative to other training types) than overall services, but not relative to business services only. Public-oriented services such as education and health services invest a greater (smaller) proportion of total training expenditure in formal (on-the-job) training than other sectors and the overall economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3sftp8nw-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Which factors influence the international mobility of research scientists? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 1996 - 2011 ; Wissenschaftler ; Forschung ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the factors that influence the international mobility of research scientists using a new measure of mobility derived from changes in affiliations reported by publishing scientists in a major global index of scholarly publications over the period 1996-2011. Using a gravity-based empirical framework, our research shows that measures of geographic and socioeconomic and scientific distance correlate negatively with scientist mobility between two countries. Scientific collaboration appears to be a major factor associated with the mobility of scientists. The analysis shows that the mobility of scientists particularly relies on flows of tertiary-level students in the opposite direction, from destination to origin country. This provides strong evidence that brain circulation is a complex and multi-directional phenomenon. For a majority of country pairs (dyads) in our sample, the mobility of scientists is generally better described by commensurate knowledge flows in both directions, rather than one dominating the other. The analysis also shows that mobility can be positively influenced by convergence in economic conditions and resources dedicated to R&D, as well as reduced visa-related restrictions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1tmrr2233-en
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  • 19
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    Online Resource
    Cross-country evidence on start-up dynamics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides a description of start-up dynamics exploiting the richness of the recently collected DynEmp v.2 database. The contribution of new firms in terms of new jobs to the existing workforce can be expressed as a combination of four different elements: the start-up rate; the average size of firms at point of entry; the survival rate; and the average growth rate of survivors. This decomposition shows that the four elements interplay in very different ways, even across economies with similar aggregate start-up contributions. The most homogenous component across countries is the survival rate, which is equal to just above 60% after three years from entry, to about 50% after five years, and to just over 40% after seven years. Furthermore, in most countries the probability of exiting is highest at the age of two, and decreases (linearly) beyond that age. When looking at employment growth of surviving businesses, it is found that the large majority of surviving micro start-ups do not grow; however, the tiny proportion of small start-ups which do grow creates a disproportionate amount of jobs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtkb9mxtb-en
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  • 20
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    Connected televisions : convergence and emerging business models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 231
    Keywords: Fernsehprogramm ; Internet ; Geschäftsmodell ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Connected televisions are defined for the purposes of this report as devices that have the capability to interact with the Internet to display audio-visual content. Connected television is an important development because it permits the provision of certain new and valuable services to end-users. These services will also have implications for the activities of all of the players in the content distribution ecosystem. In addition to identifying the new services that connected television enables, the report analyses in some detail their effects on networks (i.e. the physical communication links that carry content to end-users). The impact on content producers themselves, on content distributors (such as traditional pay television companies), on hardware vendors, and on providers of support services such as advertising and programme guides is considered much more briefly. More detailed examination of these matters could be the subject of future work. The report also includes a discussion of policy implications raised by connected televisions for the actual connected television devices and for network infrastructure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb36wjqkvg-en
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  • 21
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    The internet in transition : the state of the transition to IPv6 in today's internet and measures to support the continued use of IPv4 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 234
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Internet ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report considers the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 alongside the use of network technologies to prolong IPv4 use in the face of depletion of further IPv4 protocol addresses, but it does not aim to address all issues surrounding the transition to IPv6 or to detail the economic incentives faced by various Internet actors. It first provides a status update of address management issues and the run-out of IPv4. It then describes the advantages and limitations of increased use of network address translation as one response to sustain the use of IPv4 in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. It provides an overview of the IPv6 protocol; the advantages of IPv6 deployment as a response to IPv4 address exhaustion and the IPv6 transition plan compared to actual deployment to date. Finally, the report examines the choices facing individual actors, their potential consequences, and the policy implications on openness and innovation for the future of the Internet.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International traffic termination (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 238
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines measures taken in countries that have restricted the ability for markets to set termination charges for incoming international telecommunication traffic by mandating rates below which no market player can diverge. The report explores empirically the effects of the introduction of such policies and finds that an increase of these termination charges reduces traffic (measured by minutes or calls) in such a way that the expected increase in revenue, given the rise of the termination charge, may be countervailed. Thus, the report concludes that these practices are not in the best interest of the countries where they have been introduced or of countries paying the higher termination rates.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mnlvkc-en
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The development of fixed broadband networks (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 239
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the development of fixed networks and their ability to support the Internet economy. Enhancements to fixed broadband networks remain critical despite the growth in the use of wireless services. In fact, growth in the use of data over wireless networks actually increases demands on fixed networks. Upgrading fixed networks to ultra-fast speeds has the potential to generate significant spillovers; however, the evidence so far is mixed as to whether different types of public intervention are necessary to spur fibre deployment. The report provides an overview of the barriers to upgrading networks as well as the regulatory challenges encountered in spurring the deployment of fixed networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mlb1q2-en
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  • 24
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    Consumer policy guidance on intangible digital content products (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 241
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital content, such as e-books and apps that are available through streaming, downloads or cloud computing platforms, has become the fastest growing e-commerce product category. To support further growth, it is important that consumers, including children, understand what their rights and obligations are when acquiring and using such products. In particular, consumers need to know about the conditions under which they may copy and share products, and on which devices the products may be used. They also need to be informed about how their personal data may be collected and used, with whom it may be shared and why, and the type of redress that may be obtained when problems arise.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjq3gg6-en
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The economics of transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 244
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsökonomik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report makes the case that IPv6 represents an example of a platform; within the context of IPv6, the sides of the platform are Internet service providers, backbone providers, device manufacturers, content providers, and so forth. The net benefits to adopting the new platform are not distributed equally across sides. For some participants, such as backbone and transit providers and manufacturers of devices such as routers, the transition to IPv6 has been relatively swift. For these participants the benefits of adoption were clear, and adoption demonstrated the technical ability of the company and fitness of its network. For others, such as many content providers for the Web, enterprises contemplating deployment of IPv6 within internal firm networks, and providers of consumer electronics equipment such as DVD or Blu-Ray players or televisions, the transition has been slower. For them the benefits have not been as clear, and many legacy devices, networks, customers and suppliers have not transitioned.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en
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  • 26
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : computer and related services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 169
    Keywords: IT-Management ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for computer services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for computer services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.08 and 0.34, with a sample average of 0.18. Explicit barriers to trade in computer services are rare, but the sector is subject to a number of economy-wide restrictions facing all sectors. Among these, restrictions on movement of people (mode 4 in GATS terminology) make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by regulatory transparency issues. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4np1pjzt-en
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  • 27
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : telecommunication services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 172
    Keywords: Telekommunikationssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for telecommunications. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for telecommunications and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.61, with a sample average of 0.22. Barriers to competition, reflecting inadequate regulation of incumbents with significant market power, and state ownership in some countries make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by restrictions on foreign entry. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nk5j7xp-en
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  • 28
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : audio-visual services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 174
    Keywords: Kommunikationsmedien ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for motion pictures, television and broadcasting and sound recording. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for audio-visual services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.72 for motion pictures, 0.07 to 0.78 for television and broadcasting, and between 0.05 and 0.37 for sound recording. The sample averages are 0.18 for motion pictures, 0.28 for television and broadcasting and 0.16 for sound recording. Limitations on foreign entry, including foreign equity limits contribute to about two thirds of the index values in television and broadcasting. In motion pictures screen quotas contribute to the indices in many of the countries with scores above average. Sound recording, i.e. music, is the most open of the three audio-visual services sectors where limitations on movement of people account for more than 40% of the index value. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nj4fc22-en
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  • 29
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    Environmental policies and risk finance in the green sector : cross-country evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6wn918j37-en
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  • 30
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    New approaches to spectrum management (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 235
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Today more than ever, spectrum is identified by policy makers as a key asset to support growth in the digital economy. This report provides information and analysis on new approaches to radiofrequency spectrum management in OECD countries. The emergence of new technologies such as cognitive radio and geo-location databases enables licensed or unlicensed shared use of spectrum. These approaches aim at maximising spectrum efficiency by allowing a third party to use underutilised spectrum resources. An example of the success of unlicensed spectrum is that of Wi-Fi networks. The report also covers incentive auctions, an innovative approach to transfer spectrum resources from less to more valuable uses through market mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fnq066c-en
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  • 31
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    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 32
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    Skills and jobs in the internet economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 242
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Wissensgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Both generic and specialised ICT skills are becoming an important requirement for employment across the economy as the Internet becomes more engrained in work processes, but a significant part of the population lacks the basic skills necessary to function in this new environment. This paper examines the impact of the Internet on the labour market in this context. For example, between 7% and 27% of adults have no experience in using computers or lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. In addition, the groups with the least ICT skills tend to be among the demographic groups at the most risk of losing jobs. Data also highlight a potential skills mismatch among those with the strongest ICT skills (youth) and those who actually use them at work (prime age and older adults).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjm9bns-en
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  • 33
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    Cloud computing : the concept, impacts and the role of government policy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 240
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; Cloud Computing ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cloud computing is changing the way computing is undertaken. It provides the ability to access IT resources on demand without the need for significant capital expenditure, thereby lowering the entry barriers for new entrants in multiple sectors. Cloud computing has thus become a platform for innovation. This report presents the concept of cloud computing, the services it provides and deployment models, and thus give a clear overview of what it is and what it is not. It provides an overview of how cloud computing changes the way computing is carried out, and evaluates the impacts of cloud computing (including its benefits and challenges as well as its economic and environmental impacts). Finally, the report discusses the policy issues raised by cloud computing and the role of governments and other stakeholders in addressing these issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf4lcc7f5-en
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  • 34
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    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
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  • 35
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    International cables, gateways, backhaul and international exchange points (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 232
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; Organisationsstruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the development of backhaul and cross-border networks, which enable local networks to connect to the wider Internet. These local networks may cover a city, a region or even a country. To connect their networks to other networks around the world, operators need access to regional and international high-speed networks. The level of investment required in these networks varies and can be very different from region to region. In some parts of the world, the investment made around the turn of the century was characterised by a “boom and bust”, which fuelled an expansion in backhaul links and data centres. Since that time, investment has taken place at a more measured pace, reflecting growing demand from liberalised markets and leading to further expansion in areas such as mobile and broadband Internet access.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8m9jf3wkl-en
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  • 36
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    Unleashing the power of big data for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia research : main points of the OECD expert consultation on unlocking global collaboration to accelerate innovation for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 233
    Keywords: Alterskrankheit ; Medizin ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: More than 35 million people worldwide had dementia in 2010, when annual costs were estimated at USD 604 billion; the number of people with dementia is expected to exceed 115 million by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease is today considered the prototype problem for the Grand Global Challenge in healthcare. Despite decades of intensive research, the causal chain of mechanisms behind Alzheimer’s has remained elusive as reflected in recent failures of well-designed clinical trials on promising investigational new drugs. The multi-factorial nature of the disease requires the collection, storage and processing of increasingly large and very heterogeneous datasets (behavioural, genetic, environmental, epigenetic, clinical data, brain imaging, etc.). No one nation has all the assets to pursue this type of research independently. In an effort to tackle this huge challenge, the OECD held a consultation on "Unlocking Global Collaboration to Accelerate Innovation for Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia" which looked at ways to harness developments in life sciences and information technologies to accelerate innovation in the prevention and treatment of the disease. This paper reports on the opportunities offered by the informatics revolution and big data. Creating and using big data to change the future of Alzheimer’s and dementia requires careful planning and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Numerous technical, administrative, regulatory, infrastructure and financial obstacles emerge and will need to be hurdled to make this vision a reality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz73kvmvbwb-en
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  • 37
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    Access network speed tests (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 237
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the approaches being taken to measure broadband performance by reviewing information on official speed tests to date as well as their strengths and drawbacks in methodologies, emerging good practices and the challenges in undertaking a harmonised approach across OECD countries. Measurement projects for Internet connection performance face greater potential hurdles than for traditional telecommunication networks, while at the same time, new opportunities are emerging in terms of “crowd-sourced” data collected through applications installed by users. The report provides classification of those measurement approaches with suggestions on how they can be selected and implemented depending on different policy goals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mr66f5-en
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  • 38
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    Renewable energy policies and cross-border investment : evidence from mergers and acquisitions in solar and wind energy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Portfolio-Management ; Übernahme ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f3r9623-en
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  • 39
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    Wireless market structures and network sharing (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (89 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 243
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key issue for policy makers and regulators across the OECD area is the market structures that will best deliver efficient and inclusive mobile communication services. This has led to two issues addressed in this report, namely: the recent experience in selected countries, which have changed or held constant the number of facilities based operators; and the initial experience and key questions that have arisen with wireless network sharing. These questions are related because they converge around the issue of how many facilities-based networks are optimal in providing competitive services in the same geographical location. In all OECD countries there are at least three mobile network operators (MNOs), which broadly compete on a national basis, with some countries having four or five facilities-based networks operating nationally or in the same region. Historically, the coverage and capabilities of these networks have been important factors used by operators to differentiate their offers and attract customers. Nonetheless, sharing the expense of network facilities between multiple MNOs can significantly reduce costs, especially at a time when there are demands on operators to roll out new networks or extend coverage.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46dzl9r2-en
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  • 40
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    OECD consumer policy toolkit workshop on communication services : summary of proceedings (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 221
    Keywords: Telekommunikation ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2010, the OECD published its Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides insights into ways that government agencies responsible for safeguarding consumer interests could improve their policy approaches to ensure that any interventions they make are well-justified, timely and effective. To follow up, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy is conducting a series of multi-stakeholder workshops to see how policies in key markets could be strengthened, using the framework and approaches developed in the Toolkit. Communication services were the topic of the first workshop, held in October 2011. This paper provides a summary of the proceedings, which focused on marketing practices, contract terms, and billing issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k480t1g546j-en
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  • 41
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    International mobile roaming agreements (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 223
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Internationales Abkommen ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report explores principles that could form the basis for good practices in the establishment of international mobile roaming (IMR) agreements between two or more countries. Given the cross country nature of IMR services and, especially, the fact that wholesale prices are determined by foreign operators outside the jurisdiction of domestic regulators, international co-operation is vital to address the challenges in roaming markets. There is a growing number of IMR agreements, usually reflecting the most travelled international routes, such as in the European Union, the Gulf Cooperation Council in the Persian Gulf Region, Russia with Poland and with Finland, and the countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). In addition, there are ongoing discussions between Australia and New Zealand and in the South African and South American regions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4559fzbn5l-en
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  • 42
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    Mobile handset acquisition models (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 224
    Keywords: Mobiltelefon ; Telekommunikationssektor ; Vertrag ; Telekommunikationspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the relationship between the prices for mobile communication services and some of the most popular handsets used to access these services, focusing on smartphones. The objective is to better understand different business models and how they may affect comparisons of prices. It looks at the question of how the different models for handset acquisition in different countries, and across different operators in these countries, may affect comparisons of service prices. As benchmarking of mobile communication prices provides an important indicator that is used to inform policy makers, regulators, industry and consumers, this paper examines the challenges for such price comparisons associated with handset discounts bundled with mobile communication plans.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43n203mlbr-en
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  • 43
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    Ensuring the global participation in the internet economy for development (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 227
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP) has reviewed progress made in the implementation of the 2008 Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy as part of its 2011-12 programme of work. The review points policy makers to new issue areas that have arisen since the Seoul Ministerial and to issues for possible future work. This report addresses the theme “Ensuring the global participation in the Internet Economy for development”. It aims at analysing key parts of the Internet economy and how these contribute to an inclusive development in emerging and developing countries. It focuses on the following four areas: (i) increasing access to the Internet economy; (ii) promoting applications such as health, education and mobile banking applications and their use; (iii) developing skills for the Internet economy; and (iv) the role of innovation and new business models such as cloud computing for developing and emerging countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k437p2rp4bq-en
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  • 44
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    A cross-country characterisation of the patenting behaviour of firms based on matched firm and patent data (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2013/05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 1999 - 2010 ; Unternehmen ; Industrieforschung ; Patent ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work proposes a characterisation of the patenting behaviours of firms. It relies on patent data linked to firm data from a commercial dataset, regards firms of 20 or more employees located in 15 countries, and refers to the period 1999-2010. The way in which patent assignees’ names are linked to firm names is explained, and the coverage and representativeness of the firm database used is discussed using information from structural business statistics. The profile of patenting and non-patenting firms is delineated on the basis of characteristics such as firm size, ownership, firm age and industry, and of combinations thereof. Statistics related to the sector-specific patterns of patent renewals are also shown.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k40gxd4vh41-en
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  • 45
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    Building blocks for smart networks (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 215
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; Digitale Dienste ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the development of smart networks and services with particular attention to the implications for communication policy and regulation. The word “smart” has become a term that is frequently affixed to an area where the introduction of networked information and communication technologies (ICTs) is expected to have significant implications for economic and social development. In this document it is defined as: an application or service that is able to learn from previous situations and to communicate the results of these situations to other devices and users. Collection of data will be enabled by the expansion of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. Large scale processing will be delivered by “cloud computing” services. Analysis of these data will be undertaken around a process frequently called “big data”. These phenomenona together form the “building blocks of smart networks”. Each distinguishes itself from previous similar developments because the size of numbers of devices, data and elements is orders of magnitude larger than that of previous periods.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dkhvnzv35-en
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  • 46
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    Empowering and protecting consumers in the internet economy (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 216
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Verbraucherschutz ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report is part of a series of papers in the follow-up work to the 2008 Seoul Ministerial Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy. It shows that over the past five years, despite the financial crisis, business-to-consumer e-commerce has grown steadily across the OECD and beyond, spurred by increased Internet and broadband penetration, competition and innovation, which have in turn led to consumer access to a wider range of products at lower prices. The spread of mobile devices, easy-to-use payment mechanisms, as well as participative web tools such as price and product comparisons and consumer ratings and reviews has further provided consumers with a more convenient e-commerce experience. Trust in e-commerce, however, remains challenged by a number of problems requiring further attention. These include complex information disclosures, legislative gaps, fraudulent and misleading practices and privacy threats as well as inadequate redress mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c6tbcvvq2-en
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  • 47
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    Knowledge-based capital, innovation and resource allocation : a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 4
    Keywords: Immaterielle Werte ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Innovation ; Allokation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment in knowledge-based capital (KBC) – assets that have no physical embodiment, such as computerised information, innovative property and economic competencies – has been rising significantly. This has implications for innovation and productivity growth and requires new thinking on policy. The returns to investing in KBC differ significantly across countries and are partly shaped by structural policies, which influence the ability of national economies to reallocate scarce resources to firms that invest in KBC. In this regard, well-functioning product, labour and venture capital markets and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the expected returns to investing in KBC by improving the efficiency of resource allocation. While structural reforms offer the most cost-effective approach to raising investment in KBC, there is a role for innovation policies to raise private investment in KBC towards socially optimal levels. Indeed, R&D tax incentives and, as a finding that contrasts with previous research, direct support measures can be effective, but design features are crucial in order to minimise the fiscal cost and unintended consequences of such policies. Well-defined intellectual property rights (IPR) are also important to provide firms with the incentive to innovate and to promote knowledge diffusion via the public disclosure of ideas. However, such IPR regimes need to be coupled with pro-competition policies to ensure maximum effect while the rising costs of the patent system in emerging KBC sectors may have altered the trade-off inherent to IPR between the incentives to innovate and the broad diffusion of knowledge.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46bh92lr35-en
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  • 48
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    Broadband networks and open Access (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 218
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Netzregulierung ; Open Access ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines “open access” policies and approaches in various contexts, including fixed and mobile access networks, backhaul and backbone networks, undersea cables and Internet exchange points (IXPs). It finds that open access arrangements share some common elements: they refer to wholesale access to network infrastructure or services that is provided effectively on fair and reasonable terms, for which there is some degree of transparency and non-discrimination.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49qgz7crmr-en
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  • 49
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    Protecting and empowering consumers in the purchase of digital content products (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 219
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The spread of broadband, mobile devices and online and mobile payments usage are driving the expansion in digital content products. These can be downloaded, streamed or accessed through Internet Protocol (IP) TV on a range of channels including online retail platforms and social media. While consumer demand for these products has increased rapidly in recent years, a number of challenges undermine confidence in the market. Issues requiring policy attention include: inadequate disclosures about product usage or interoperability limitations; product access and quality problems; unclear rules on the collection, usage and sharing of data provided by consumers as a condition for purchasing products; and inadequate dispute resolution and redress mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49czlc7wd3-en
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  • 50
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    Exploring data-driven innovation as a new source of growth : mapping the policy issues raised by "big data" (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 222
    Keywords: Data Mining ; Informationsmanagement ; Wettbewerbsvorteil ; Immaterielle Werte ; Innovation ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Online-Marketing ; Werbewirtschaft ; Gesundheitswesen ; Versorgungswirtschaft ; Transportgewerbe ; Logistikdienstleister ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report explores the potential role of data and data analytics for the creation of significant competitive advantage and for the formation of knowledge-based capital. Five sectors are discussed in this report as areas in which the use of data can stimulate innovation and productivity growth. They include online advertisement, health care, utilities, logistics and transport, and public administration. The report then maps the areas where coherent public policies and practices are needed to unlock the potential of big data for promoting growth and well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k47zw3fcp43-en
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  • 51
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    Measuring the internet economy : a contribution to the research agenda (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 226
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Messung ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Internet began as a communication tool but has transformed into a universal technology supporting virtually all sectors across the economy, much in the same way as electricity and water networks. Given the importance of the Internet, there is a high level of interest in being able to measure the Internet economy as a way to understand the effects of various investment strategies, regulatory rulings and policy decisions. This report examines and categorises various approaches for measuring the Internet economy. It also introduces a methodology for measuring value added from Internet-related activities, and finds that at least 3.2% and up to 13.8% of business sector value added in the United States in 2011 could be attributed to Internet-related activities, depending on the scope of the definition. Data from 2010 and 2011 show that these percentages are growing over time, highlighting the increasing importance of the Internet in the overall economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43gjg6r8jf-en
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  • 52
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    Tackling long-term unemployment amongst vulnerable groups (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2013/11
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2013/11
    Keywords: Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ; Vulnerabilitätsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper reports on the work undertaken as part of the Tackling Long-term Unemployment Amongst Vulnerable Groups project. It includes the findings of a survey undertaken jointly by the OECD LEED Programme and the World Association of Public Employment Services in 2012, and also case studies and learning models from around the world on innovative practices to support the long-term unemployed into work. The report emphasises the important role a diverse range of actors can play in helping the long-term unemployed address the complex issues which may hinder their move into the labour market.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43jct8n2nv-en
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  • 53
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    Stimulating economic growth through knowledge-based investment (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2013/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wissen ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent studies have shown that knowledge-based capital (KBC) is an important source of economic growth in many of the world’s advanced economies (much more so than R&D alone) and is positively correlated with real GDP per capita in a cross-section of these economies. This literature is still in its infancy and there is, as yet, no systematic discussion of KBC policy. This paper makes an attempt to fill this gap.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46dbzqhj9v-en
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  • 54
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    Measuring patent quality : indicators of technological and economic value (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2013/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Patent ; Qualität ; Messung ; Theorie ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work contributes to the definition and measurement of patent quality. It proposes a wide array of indicators capturing the technological and economic value of patented inventions, and the possible impact that these might have on subsequent technological developments. The measures proposed build extensively upon recent literature, rely on information contained in the patent documents, and are calculated on patent cohorts defined by the combination of the technology field and the year of filing of patents. This is done to account for possible time- and technology-related shocks. The description of the indicators is accompanied by statistics compiled on patents from the European Patent Office, as well as tests aimed at addressing the sensitivity of the measures to alternative specifications and the correlations that may exist among them. The indicators proposed, which can be constructed on all patents, have the advantage of relying on a homogeneous set of information and of being comparable across countries and over time. To facilitate their compilation on data from other Intellectual Property (IP) offices, the SQL-based program codes used to calculate the indicators are also supplied. The paper is further accompanied by a dataset – to be obtained upon request – containing the indicators calculated on EPO patent documents published during the period 1978-2012, as well as some cohort specific statistics (i.e. main moments and key percentiles).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4522wkw1r8-en
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  • 55
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    Exploring the economics of personal data : a survey of methodologies for measuring monetary value (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 220
    Keywords: Kundendaten ; Wertanalyse ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report takes an initial look at methodologies to measure and estimate the monetary value of personal data. Personal data is creating economic and social value at an increasing pace, but measuring and estimating the value being generated is difficult. This is because not only a huge amount of data is being generated, but personal data is used in many different situations for numerous purposes. Studying the value of personal data begins with comparing methodologies for assigning the monetary values attached to it.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k486qtxldmq-en
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  • 56
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    Review of the Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy : synthesis report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 225
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of the review of the recommendations set out in the Seoul Declaration of 2008, and their implementation at the national and international levels. It focuses on seven main themes: access to the Internet via a high-speed infrastructure; review of the areas of digital content and green ICTs in the context of innovation and sustainable growth; understanding the data-driven Internet economy and the development of smarter applications; cybersecurity and privacy; empowering and protecting consumers; ensuring an open Internet economy; and ensuring global participation in the Internet economy for development.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43k95fr9s6-en
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  • 57
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    Electronic and mobile commerce (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 228
    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Schwellenländer ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Commerce is a fundamental mechanism supporting economic activity. Technological improvements that facilitate commerce can reduce transaction costs, provide more information to participants, boost access to a wider array of products, lead to efficiency gains, as well as result in welfare improvements for the entire economy. This research presents the current state of development of e-commerce and aims to inform policy makers about the need to continue to reduce barriers to e-commerce and highlights emerging market solutions to long-standing barriers..
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k437p2gxw6g-en
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  • 58
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    The app economy (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 230
    Keywords: Mobile Business ; Digitale Dienste ; Geschäftsmodell ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mobile applications, also known as “apps”, are a highly innovative and are an expanding sector of the economy, so policy makers are keen to maximise their innovative potential. Mobile platform markets are fiercely competitive, as highlighted by the recent rise and decline of platforms such as Blackberry, and governments are rightfully allowing market mechanisms to play out with minimal government intervention. However, as the app economy matures, there are increasing calls for transparency on how data is collected and used by apps. Leading mobile platform providers have recently taken steps to improve transparency on how apps access personal data but more can be done to inform users and give them the ability to limit access. This paper provides an overview of the app economy and identifies emerging policy issues related to competition, consumer protection and skills development.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3ttftlv95k-en
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  • 59
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    The relationship between local content, internet development and access prices (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 217
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Netzregulierung ; Internet ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This research study is the result of a collaboration between the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Internet Society (ISOC) and UNESCO. The study was initially presented at the sixth annual meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) on 27 September 2011 in Nairobi (Kenya). The study confirms that local content, Internet infrastructure and access prices are three inter-related elements. In particular: (i) better connectivity is significantly related to higher levels of local digital content creation; (ii) countries with more Internet infrastructure (at all income levels) are also countries which produce more local digital content as measured by Wikipedia entries and by web pages under a given country-code, top-level domain; (iii) countries with more international connectivity have lower domestic broadband prices, and countries with better domestic infrastructure have lower international bandwidth prices. The study concludes that three key lines of policy considerations evolve out of this research: (i) fostering content development, (ii) expanding connectivity, and (iii) promoting Internet access competition.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c1rq2bqvk-en
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  • 60
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    Innovation and inclusive development : a discussion of the main policy issues (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2013/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Bildungschancen ; Gemeinwesenarbeit ; Innovation ; Produktivität ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Informationstechnik ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schwellenländer ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Inclusive development is a key policy priority since growth processes have not always helped lowerincome groups. Innovation is a major driver of growth and its relationship with inequalities in income and opportunities raises some important policy questions: Do innovation and the resulting technological change necessarily lead to increased inequalities? Do policies aimed at supporting innovation foster inequalities? To what extent can innovation be mobilised to improve the life conditions of the lower income groups? These questions are the basis of this report, which, prepared for the OECD-DST Conference on Innovation for Inclusive Development, reviews the existing evidence in response.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dd1rvsnjj-en
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  • 61
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    Careers of doctorate holders : analysis of labour market and mobility indicators (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2013/04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbsverlauf ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the labour market and mobility indicators generated by the second large-scale data collection on Careers of Doctorate Holders, a joint project by the OECD, UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat. There has been a steady increase in the number of doctoral degrees being awarded across the OECD and the evidence points to a sustained labour market premium of doctorate holders relative to other highly qualified individuals in 2009, prior to the potential impact of the economic crisis. Women and younger doctoral graduates, however, fare relatively worse in terms of employment rates, but these results are less marked than for lower degree holders. While temporary positions are increasingly common in academics, coinciding with the rise of postdoctoral positions, they are less so in business. Natural scientists and engineers are those who are more likely to be engaged in research, while social scientists find more opportunities in non-research occupations. Doctorate holders in the medical and health sciences are generally better paid. Earnings are also typically higher in the business sector than in other sectors, but there are exceptions. Job mobility patterns differ markedly across countries, with mobility being more frequent among doctorates not working in research. Oftentimes mobility from the business sector to the higher education sector is higher than the other way around. International mobility, as well as migration of doctoral graduates, have kept increasing over the decade.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxgs289w-en
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  • 62
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    Open government data : towards empirical analysis of open government data initiatives (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance 22
    Keywords: E-Government ; Informationsmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives, and in particular the development of OGD portals, have proliferated since the mid-2000s both at central and local government levels in OECD and non OECD countries. Understanding the preconditions that enable the efficient and effective implementation of these initiatives is essential for achieving their overall objectives. This is especially true in terms of the role played by OGD in relation to Open Government policies in general. This paper highlights the main principles, concepts and criteria framing open government data initiatives and the issues challenging their implementation. It underlines the opportunities that OGD and data analytics may offer policy makers, while providing a note of caution on the challenges this agenda poses for the public sector. Finally, the overall analysis of key concepts and issues aims to pave the way for an empirical analysis of OGD initiatives. So far, little has been done to analyse and prove the impact and accrued value of these initiatives. The paper suggests a methodology comprising an analytical framework for OGD initiatives (to be applied to ex post and ex ante analysis of initiatives) and a related set of data to be collected across OECD countries. The application of the analytical framework and the collection of data would enable the acquisition of a solid body of evidence that could ultimately lead to mapping initiatives across OECD countries (i.e. a typography of initiatives) and developing a common set of metrics to consistently assess impact and value creation within and across countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46bj4f03s7-en
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  • 63
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    Privacy Expert Group report on the review of the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 229
    Keywords: Datenschutz ; Datensicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The work of the expert group played an essential role in a process which concluded in July 2013 with the adoption by the OECD Council of the first revisions to the OECD Privacy Guidelines since their original release in 1980. This document identifies a number of issues that were raised but not fully addressed as part of the review process and which could be considered as candidates for possible future study.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3xz5zmj2mx-en
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  • 64
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    Connected minds : technology and today's learners (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075221
    Language: English
    Pages: 170 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Pedró, Francesc Connected minds
    DDC: 371.33
    RVK:
    QX 850
    Keywords: Wissensgesellschaft ; Lernen ; Digitale Medien ; Internetnutzung ; Computer-assisted instruction ; Education Effect of technological innovations on ; Educational technology ; Internet and youth ; Internet in education ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Electronic books ; Neue Medien ; Schüler ; Lernen
    Abstract: Foreword; Table of contents; Executive summary; Introduction - Why connectedness matters; It's not about technology, it's about connectedness; Reasons for increased policy relevance; How this report is organised; Note; References; How connectedness is shaping the economy and society; Overall economic impact on growth and productivity; Implications for employment and skills; The social uses of technology; Beyond access: new digital divides; Notes; References; How relevant connectedness is for young people; Most young people in OECD countries are fully connected
    Abstract: The intensity and variety of uses of technology and connectednessYet not all young people are equally connected; Notes; References; Contrasting views about the digital generation; Alternative views: evangelists, catastrophists and sceptics; Is there room for yet another approach?; Notes; References; What are the effects of attachment to digital media and connectivity?; A research challenge; Cognitive skills development; Limits of available evidence; Social values and attitudes; Overall conclusion; Notes; References; Are learners' expectations changing?; A rationale for evolving expectations
    Abstract: Teachers' estimates of students' expectationsAre students more reluctant than expected to adopt technology in teaching?; What works for students then?; Notes; References; Emerging issues for education; Mapping out the issues; Entertainment; Information overload?; Knowledge and learning; Socialisation using digital tools; Psychological issues: new problems or new opportunities?; Notes; References; Key findings; References; Implications for educational policy, research and practice; The agenda for the public debate; Implications for policy makers
    Abstract: Implications for educational institutions and teachersImplications for parents; Implications for research; Concluding remarks
    Abstract: In all OECD countries, digital media and connectedness are integral to the lives of today's learners. It is often claimed that these learners are ""new millennium learners"", or ""digital natives"", who have different expectations about education. This book contributes to the debate about the effects of technology attachment and connectedness on today's learners, and their expectations about teaching. The book sets out to answer the following questions: Can the claim that today's students are ""new millenium learners"" or ""digital natives be sustained empirically? Is there consistent research
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111011-en
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  • 65
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    Measuring the impact of innovations in public IT infrastructure on the standard of living in OECD economies (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 34 S., 0.51 MB)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 196
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Informationstechnik ; Lebensstandard ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Advances in information technology (IT) in the first decade of the 21st century have highlighted the role of IT as an enabling technology throughout an economy. But although the influence of IT in transforming the way in which business and consumer transactions are done is clear to all participants in the production-consumption process, it is difficult to attribute a specific value to and precisely measure the importance of the role of IT in improving consumer welfare.The measurement of the economic value of public infrastructure has traditionally been problematic because of its ‘public good’ nature, which means that many users can benefit from use of public infrastructure at the very same time. This is especially true of ‘New Economy’ infrastructure such as IT, which links so naturally with developments in telecommunications so that the existence of many users, far from creating congestion in use, actually enhances the value of the infrastructure through network effects. In response to the measurement problem, the approach of the current paper is to utilise an economic model that looks at the end result – observations on changes in the pattern of consumer spending behaviour – and econometrically estimates the extent of the link between these behavioural changes and their drivers: traditional economic stimuli as well as changes in the economic environment due to advances in technology and improved provision of public sector IT infrastructure. Counterfactual simulations with the estimated model provide money-metric measures of the welfare benefits of innovations in Internet-based public sector IT infrastructure in a variety of OECD economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bf8ktf4kc-en
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  • 66
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    The impact of internet in OECD countries (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 29 S., 0.53 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 200
    Keywords: Internet ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper informs policymakers about ways the Internet impacts the economies, and about the levels and areas of impact. It is designed to structure and to assess the economic impacts areas of the Internet at the individual- firm-, and government-levels, as well as at the aggregate, macroeconomic level.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k962hhgpb5d-en
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  • 67
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    Developments in mobile termination (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 36 S., 0.74 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 193
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspreis ; Wechselverhalten ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Wholesale interconnection rates for mobile telephony service in the OECD area have decreased by 53% from 2006 to 2011. The charges, or mobile termination rates (MTRs), represent the fees that telecommunication network operators (fixed, mobile and VoIP) pay for delivering telephone calls to mobile wireless providers. Lower rates enable competition in the telecommunications market, encourage greater usage of mobile services through flexible unlimited call plans, and increase overall consumer welfare. Furthermore, it is only in countries where rates are lowest or even at zero that new innovative VoIP services like Google Voice are able to flourish. This report is timely because many regulatory bodies, including in the United States and the European Commission, are debating whether to phase out MTRs altogether.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9f97dxnd9r-en
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  • 68
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    Measuring the broadband bonus in thirty OECD countries (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 22 S., 1.10 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 197
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Internet ; Nationaleinkommen ; Konsumentenrente ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides estimates of the economic value created by broadband Internet using measures of new gross domestic product and consumer surplus. The study finds that the economic value created in 30 OECD countries correlates roughly with the overall size of their broadband economies. In addition, price and quality data from the United States suggest that widespread adoption of broadband Internet has occurred without a dramatic decline in prices, which reflects an unobserved increase in broadband quality that conventional government statistics do not capture.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bcwkg3hwf-en
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  • 69
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    Information and communication technologies and productivity growth : a survey of the literature (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 27 S., 0.39 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 195
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Produktivität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Übersichtsarbeit
    Abstract: This paper presents a review of existing studies on dynamic, macroeconomic effects of the ICT on productivity and growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bh3jllgs7-en
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  • 70
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    Proactive policy measures by internet service providers against botnets (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 24 S., 0.38 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 199
    Keywords: Internet ; IT-Recht ; Roboter ; Telekommunikationssektor ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Botnets are networks of compromised computers that are remotely controlled by malicious agents. They represent a threat to security and trust in online environments. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), by virtue of their ownership of the physical networks and consumer-facing position, are well placed to respond proactively to botnets. This report analyses initiatives in a number of countries through which end-users are notified by ISPs when their computer is identified as being compromised by malicious software and encouraged to take action to mitigate the problem. It reviews the core dimensions of these initiatives and provides high-level guidance for future policy development.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k98tq42t18w-en
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  • 71
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    Measuring the internet : the data challenge (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 16 S., 0.30 MB)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 194
    Keywords: Internet ; Soziale Folgen ; Technikfolgenabschätzung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper reviews a number of the challenges and opportunities confronting analysts interested in measuring the Internet and its economic and social impacts. It identifies several additional challenges to the measurement issue, in addition to all of the normal problems one expects when measuring information and communication technologies (ICTs). These challenges are related to: the rapidly changing nature of the Internet, the need for more granular data in order to understand the complex nature of the Internet, and the phenomenon of big data and the resulting ability to measure almost anything.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bhk5fzvzx-en
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  • 72
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    ICT skills and employment : new competences and jobs for a greener and smarter economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 59 S., 1.70 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 198
    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Qualifikation ; IT-Berufe ; Informationsverhalten ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet are increasingly viewed as a vital infrastructure for all sectors of the economy. Already, employment in the ICT industry and employment of ICT specialist skills each accounts for up to 5% of total employment in OECD countries and ICT intensive-users account for more than 20% of all workers. In addition, the emerging "green" economy is a "smarter" economy that has increased demand for ICT-skilled jobs not only in the ICT sector, but more rapidly across the wider non-ICT economy. The further creation of new jobs can only occur, however, if the right mix of skills and competences are available in the labour market. Shortages of required ICT-related skills have been observed in some OECD countries, and this is particularly true for skills related to green ICTs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
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  • 73
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    Organizational behavior and human resources management for public to private knowledge transfer : an analytic review of the literature (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Wissenstransfer ; Forschungskooperation ; Personalmanagement ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Übersichtsarbeit
    Abstract: This paper reviews the current academic thinking on knowledge transfer channels between universities and private industry, from a human resource perspective. It also offers a general framework for “re-organising” the literature, so as to identify gaps in the understanding of organisational behavior and human resource management for university-industry knowledge transfer. The review highlights that knowledge transfer channels with highest “relational intensity” are also most valued by industry, and that most knowledge transfer channels are not currently institutionalized or formalized. It concludes that knowledge transfer between universities and industry is characterized by important management challenges, which require an understanding of the extent and nature of individuals’ involvement. However, the existing literature emphasises the outcomes rather than processes of knowledge transfer. Future research looking at knowledge transfer processes at the individual and organizational level of analysis would provide valuable information for better policy-making.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9d4gt7mdbp-en
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  • 74
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    International comparative evidence on global value chains (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Internationale Produktion ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Globalisierung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The past decades have witnessed a rapid globalisation of economic activity which has significantly changed the outlook of the world economy. International production, trade and investments are increasingly organised within so-called global value chains (GVCs) where the different stages in the production process are located across different economies. Until now, GVCs have been largely discussed from a conceptual and theoretical view, but empirical work on international fragmentation has stayed a bit behind.The review of the available data and indicators on GVCs in this paper shows the increasing importance of GVCs in today's global economy, but at the same time clearly highlights some major shortcomings. While the empirical evidence based on trade data is less convincing, Input-Output data clearly reveal the growing spread of international production networks. Indicators on imported intermediates, offshoring and vertical specialisation all illustrate the growing fragmentation of production across more economies. Trade data seem to show the increasing importance of GVCs only in an indirect way but the existing trade data are not detailed enough and are not collected on the right level of analysis to analyse the international fragmentation and GVCs. Policy makers show an increasing interest in GVCs because of the pervasive effects GVCs have on national economies and are especially looking for more and better policy evidence. Important policy issues like the impact of GVCs on the competitiveness of countries and attractiveness for international investments can only be addressed by new and better metrics. The OECD is developing new empirical evidence studying the emergence of GVCs based on international trade data and Input-Output data. In addition, the OECD is currently cooperating with other international agencies and academic experts to develop new metrics for GVCs, for example data on trade in value added.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bb2vcwv5j-en
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  • 75
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    Laying the foundation for the internet economy : access to the internet via a high-speed infrastructure (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 201
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Nachrichtentechnik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since the Seoul Declaration, access to broadband networks and the Internet have constantly increased. In terms of fixed broadband, penetration levels are close to maturity. In addition, further deployments of fibre networks have taken place; however, overall deployment of fibre is still at an early stage. On the mobile broadband side, 3G coverage is high and data traffic is expected to grow significantly. In terms of policies, national broadband plans have contributed to increasing access to the Internet. Some countries have furthermore invested public funds in the deployment of fibre networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95z9cvmnr6-en
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  • 76
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    Fixed and mobile networks : substitution, complementarity and convergence (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 206
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the convergence of fixed and mobile (wireless) networks and services. It considers these developments against a long standing question of whether they are complementary or competitive. The report concludes that they are both. Mobile providers have garnered a very large share of traditional services, such as telephony, over the past decade. Nevertheless, mobile networks are dependent on fixed networks and could not efficiently meet the rapidly expanding demand of users without the contributions made by fixed broadband networks. Managing the differences between networks, and their respective strengths and limitations, is one reason there is still tremendous differences in the pricing of some communication services on these networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k91d4jwzg7b-en
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  • 77
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    Internet traffic exchange : market developments and policy challenges (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 207
    Keywords: Internet ; Marktmechanismus ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report finds that the Internet has developed an efficient market for connectivity based on voluntary contractual agreements. Operating in a highly competitive environment, largely without regulation or central organisation, the Internet model of traffic exchange has produced low prices, promoted efficiency and innovation, and attracted the investment necessary to keep pace with demand.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en
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  • 78
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    Online Resource
    The role of the 2002 security guidelines : towards cybersecurity for an open and interconnected economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , Ill.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 209
    Keywords: Internet ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; IT-Recht ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the history of the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security (“Security Guidelines”) since the adoption of their first version in 1992. It explains that the 2002 revision of the Guidelines introduced a fundamental paradigm shift in the way IT security was previously addressed, in order to take into account the emergence of the open Internet and the generalisation of interconnectivity.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq930xr5j-en
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cybersecurity policy making at a turning point : analysing a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies for the internet economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 211
    Keywords: Internet ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; IT-Recht ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses the latest generation of “national cybersecurity strategies” in ten OECD countries and identifies commonalities and differences. The analysis reveals that cybersecurity policy making has become a national policy priority and relies on holistic strategies supported by stronger leadership which aims to drive economic and social prosperity and protect cyberspace-reliant societies against cyber-threats.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq92vdgtl-en
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  • 80
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    Online Resource
    Improving the evidence base for information security and privacy policies : understanding the opportunities and challenges related to measuring information security, privacy and the protection of children online (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 214
    Keywords: Kinderschutz ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; Internetnutzung ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of existing data and statistics in the fields of information security, privacy and the protection of children online. It highlights the potential for the development of better indicators in these respective fields showing in particular that there is an underexploited wealth of empirical data that, if mined and made comparable, will enrich the current evidence base for policy making. Such indicators would help identify areas where policy interventions are most clearly warranted, and can provide guidance on designing policy interventions and determining their effectiveness.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dq3rkb19n-en
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The determinants of invention in electricity generation technologies : a patent data analysis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 45
    Keywords: 1978 - 2008 ; Klimawandel ; Elektrische Energietechnik ; Nachhaltige Energieversorgung ; Technologiepolitik ; Patent ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of invention in efficiency-enhancing electricity generation technologies that have the potential to facilitate climate change mitigation efforts, including fossil fuelbased technologies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, renewables and nuclear technologies. The evolution of inventive activity in these technologies is analysed by considering patent data for 11 OECD countries over the period 1978-2008. The analysis considers various drivers of inventive activity, including R&D expenditures and electricity consumption, but pay particular attention to the role of fossil fuel prices because they suggest the impact that price mechanisms such as emissions trading and carbon taxes are likely to have on invention in the electricity generation sector. The results show that the effect of fossil fuel prices varies according to the different types of technologies. As fossil fuel prices increase, inventive activity in renewable energy technologies increases while the effect of on fossil fuel-based technologies is positive but with decreasing increments. The results show that there is no effect of fossil fuel prices on patenting activity in nuclear energy technologies. These results illustrate that there may be a price-induced switching between renewable and fossil fuel-based technologies. As fossil fuel prices rise, an efficiency effect encourages inventive activity in both fossil fuelbased and renewable technologies. As fossil fuel prices increase further, invention in fossil fuel-based technologies starts declining suggesting that a substitution effect drives away innovation from fossil fuelbased towards renewable energy technologies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92v111shjc-en
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The export performance of countries within global value chains (GVCs) (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Export ; Internationale Produktion ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The growing importance of global value chains (GVCs) in the international organisation of production increasingly challenges the traditional way of measuring countries’ export performance and hence international competitiveness. As a result of growing production fragmentation, a country’s export bundle nowadays incorporates imports of intermediate goods representing a (large) part of its value. In this case, simply looking at the evolution of exports may misrepresent the international competitive position of a country. This paper discusses the export performance of countries along the value chain by distinguishing upstream activities (i.e. the production of intermediate inputs) and more downstream activities (e.g. the final assembly of products). The empirical analysis first shows how imports of intermediates increasingly determine the export competitiveness of countries in final products. Second, the paper analyses the developments at the intensive and extensive margins of trade and studies how structural changes in terms of geographical and sectoral composition, largely outside the influence of national policies, have contributed to countries’ export performance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bh3gv6647-en
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mixed modes of innovation : an empiric approach to capturing firms' innovation behaviour (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Innovationsmanagement ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study uses exploratory data analysis techniques to develop typologies of innovation modes or strategies for groups of firms. Analysing micro-level survey data from 18 countries we identify five innovation modes. The coherence and relevance of the innovation modes is tested by using them as explanatory factors in equations explaining economic performance. In most countries one or more innovation modes are positively associated with labour productivity. However, there is no consistent cross-country pattern as to which modes show significant associations with productivity. Even if common innovation patterns have been identified, there is no ‘single’ mode or form of innovation across countries that underlies the overall impact of innovation and there appear to be major national differences in patterns of competitive and comparative advantage with respect to levels of productivity as well as growth in turnover and employment. Importantly, sectoral innovation orientations are embedded in national systems, as well as exhibiting a degree of convergence at sectoral level.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x6l0bp3bp-en
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Review of the 2006 OECD recommendation on cross-border co-operation in the enforcement of laws against spam (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 202
    Keywords: E-Mail ; IT-Recht ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2006 the OECD Council adopted a recommendation setting forth a framework for cross-border co-operation in the enforcement of laws against spam. This report provides information on the progress in implementation measures, mainly based on a questionnaire of OECD member’s experiences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95tn9rmhq6-en
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Universal service policies in the context of national broadband plans (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 203
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report discusses the main areas in which national strategies to expand broadband networks affect universal service objectives, proposes criteria to rethink the terms of universal service policies, and shares the latest developments across a selected group of OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k94gz19flq4-en
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Report on consumer protection in online and mobile payments (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 204
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Elektronisches Geld ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An examination of payments issues is taking place in the context of the review of the OECD’s 1999 guidelines on e-commerce. This report looks at what might need to be amplified or revised to enhance consumer trust and adoption of new and emerging online and mobile payment mechanisms. It reflects contributions made by national delegations, business and civil society.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9490gwp7f3-en
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    E-books : developments and policy considerations (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 208
    Keywords: Elektronische Publikation ; Buchhandel ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Books have undergone a massive transformation from a physical object to something entirely different: the electronic book, or “e-book”. This report provides background on e-book markets and examines various policy issues related to e-books. These include differing tax rates in countries between physical books and e-books, consumer lock-in to specific platforms, limitations on how users can read and share their purchased content, and a lack of transparency about how data on their reading habits is being used.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k912zxg5svh-en
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Terms of reference for the review of the OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 210
    Keywords: Informationssystem ; Datenschutz ; Datensicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: These Terms of Reference set the context, objectives, scope and modalities for the second review of the 2002 Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks: Towards a Culture of Security.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq92zhqhl-en
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Non-governmental perspectives on a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 212
    Keywords: Internet ; Datensicherheit ; Datenschutz ; IT-Recht ; Gesellschaft ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document brings together views from business, civil society and the Internet technical community on the emergence of a new generation of national cybersecurity strategies. This input was used in developing the report on “Cybersecurity Policy Making at a Turning Point: Analysing a New Generation of National Cybersecurity Strategies for the Internet Economy” (OECD Digital Economy Paper 211).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zq92sx138-en
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modes of public funding of research and development : towards internationally comparable indicators (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of the data collection across 18 participating countries, demonstrating that it is possible to produce new policy relevant indicators on public funding of R&D in addition to those envisaged in the OECD Frascati Manual. The initial findings of the data collection highlight interesting differences across countries in terms of their approaches to funding R&D. But before conclusions can be drawn on the effectiveness of the different country funding profiles, further work is needed in order to increase the reliability and comparability of the different indicators.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k98ssns1gzs-en
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Defining and measuring investment in organisational capital : using US microdata to develop a taskbased approach (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Arbeitsnachfrage ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Humankapital ; Mikrodaten ; Humanressourcen ; USA ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work seeks to quantify investment in Organisational Capital (OC) by looking at the task content of occupations. It relies on the literature suggesting OC to be embodied in a firm’s workforce and defines OC as those tasks performed by employees – irrespective of their occupational titles – likely to affect a firm’s medium to long-term functioning. Using US Occupational Information Network (O*NET) data, it operationalises the task-based definition and identifies 84 occupations, including 22 managerial occupations, performing OC related tasks. Employment and earnings data from the US are used to calculate investment in OC at macro and 2-digit sectoral levels. Estimates suggest that previous measures seemingly underestimated investment in OC at the macro level, and that large sectoral differences exist. Manufacturing shows significant own-account investment in OC relative to the value added it generates. Services appear as larger purchasers of OC from external sources, relative to own-account investment. Building on the insights of the labour mobility literature about the disruptive effect of (voluntary) job separations, this work uses employee tenure and turnover data for the US to obtain sector specific depreciation rates. Estimates mainly range between 10% and 25% and suggest that OC depreciates more slowly than previously assumed.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92n2t3045b-en
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mapping careers and mobility of doctorate holders : draft guidelines, model questionnaire and indicators ; third edition (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2012/07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbsverlauf ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2004, the OECD launched a collaborative project with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat aimed at developing internationally comparable indicators on the labour market, career path and mobility of doctorate holders. This paper presents the third edition of the technical guidelines used in the framework of the Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH) project. The technical guidelines are composed of: i) the methodological guidelines; ii) a core model questionnaire and instruction manual; and iii) the output tables used for reporting data at the international level and related definitions. This edition builds on the experience resulting from the two first large scale data collections, which were based on the previous editions of the technical guidelines released in 2007 and 2010. In addition to a number of basic adjustments, it proposes improvements in the wording of the survey questions as well as new ways to measure competencies and skills of doctorate holders both at the time of their advanced research degree completion and in their current employment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dnq2h4n5c-en
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Methodology for constructing wireless broadband price baskets (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 205
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Funktechnik ; Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationspreis ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD has adopted a new basket methodology for benchmarking wireless broadband prices. It adds to the existing baskets for voice, leased lines and fixed broadband services and reflects the increasing importance of wireless broadband for laptops, tablets and smartphones.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92wd5kw0nw-en
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The development and diffusion of digital content (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 213
    Keywords: Internet ; Filmproduktion ; Digitale Dienste ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Viewers are watching a growing share of video via Internet-based distribution systems. New digital content distribution services are having appreciable impacts on established media industries and network service providers in many OECD countries. The competitive landscape in media, already complex, will become even more multifaceted. Public policy frameworks in the media and telecommunications sector must be reviewed in light of these developments. This paper argues that convergence should be taken as the rule, rather than the exception. Careful application of best practices can address most policy concerns.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x6kv51z0n-en
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strengthening innovation in the United States (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1001
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; USA ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The US innovation system has many strengths, including world class research universities and firms that thrive in innovation-intensive sectors. However, fissures have begun to appear, notably in the areas of human capital development, the patent system and manufacturing activity, while public investments in R&D and research universities are at risk of being curtailed by budget cuts. Revitalizing the dynamism of innovation has become a priority for US policymakers. To this end, it is important that federal and state governments sustain financial support for knowledge creation. The US workforce’s skills will need to be upgraded, especially in STEM fields, and measures taken to provide more favourable framework conditions for developing advanced manufacturing in the United States. While the recent patent reform is a big step in the right direction, patent reform needs to be taken further by ensuring that the legal standards for granting injunctive relief and damages awards for patent infringement reflect realistic business practices and the relative contributions of patented components of complex technologies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zl62hxmf6-en
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