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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.92
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le point sur les coûts des échanges : Le transport maritime et son effet sur les échanges
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.108
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 235
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The mining sector accounts for a substantial share of exports and GDP in some countries, but rarely creates many direct jobs. This paper examines the mining sector using a value chain perspective, looking at both direct and indirect inputs and outputs. It finds that inputs from other sectors, in particular services, represent an opportunity for some minerals-rich countries. This paper aims to shed light on what those opportunities might be, and on some of the policies that influence whether or not such sectors emerge and develop.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.24
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.24
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Increased global integration affects groups of individuals differently. This paper examines ways in which greater integration through trade impacts women and men differently, and ensuing implications for growth. The paper finds that trade creates jobs for women in export-oriented sectors. Jobs that bring more household resources under women’s control lead to greater investments in the health and education of future generations. Although women are more than ever formally employed, differences in wages earned by men and women persist in all countries. Women also have less access to productive resources, time and, particularly in many developing countries, education. Professional women continue to encounter discrimination in hiring and promotion, including in OECD countries. The impact of trade liberalisation on women is important not only because they represent over half of any population, but also because they face constraints which make them less able to benefit from liberalisation. Once different impacts are ascertained, well-designed policy responses may aid women in taking advantage of greater openness to trade.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 155
    Keywords: Exportbeschränkung ; Exportsteuer ; Ausfuhrverbot ; Cournot-Wettbewerb ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Bergbau ; Rohstoff ; Internationale Handelspolitik ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Governments intervene in non-renewable natural resources sectors more than in many others, including through the use of export taxes and quotas. Industrial raw materials sectors are characterized by a number of specificities: production is often geographically concentrated, firms are often large with substantial market power, production processes are highly capital intensive, products are relatively homogeneous and potentially substantial differences in costs of production are prevalent. This paper aims to increase understanding of the economic effects of export restrictions, in particular as they apply to the mining sector. It ascertains the prevalence of export restrictions on metals and minerals, proposes a Cournot-Nash model of export restrictions, suggests some of the economic effects due to the presence of export restrictions, and draws some implications for trade policy among producing and consuming countries of non-renewable natural resources.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.246
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Closing gender gaps makes good economic sense. Advancing the aim of women’s economic empowerment will require policy action across a wide range of areas, including increasing their participation in international trade. Although trade policies are not de jure discriminatory, they impact women and men differently due to dissimilar initial conditions. Mapping the channels and interactions between trade and gender for women as workers, consumers, and business owners shows that: (i) trade impacts women workers differently to men in part because they are employed in different sectors — in OECD countries, more often in services; (ii) trade lowers prices for consumers, which particularly increases the purchasing power of more vulnerable groups, where women are disproportionately represented; and (iii) higher trade costs impede smaller businesses’ access to international markets more than large firms, which impacts women who tend to own and lead smaller businesses. A framework is proposed for analysing the impacts of trade and trade policies on women that policy makers can use in order to ensure that trade and trade policies in their country support women’s economic empowerment.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.119
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 136
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wechselkurs ; Volatilität ; Handelseffekt ; Chile ; Neuseeland ; Trade ; Chile ; New Zealand ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade deficits and surpluses are sometimes attributed to intentionally low or high exchange rate levels. The impact of exchange rate levels on trade has been much debated but the large body of existing empirical literature does not suggest an unequivocally clear picture of the trade impacts of changes in exchange rates. In addition, much of the evidence on this subject considers currencies of large economies, and overwhelmingly the United States.This study examines the impact of exchange rates and their volatility on trade flows in two small, open economies – Chile and New Zealand – with three major trading partners, in two broadly defined sectors – agriculture on the one hand and manufacturing and mining on the other. It finds that exchange volatility impacts trade flows in the small, open economies more than was found for larger economies. Findings do not clearly indicate the direction of the impact, i.e. whether this volatility increases or decreases trade in all countries and sectors. Exchange rate levels, on the other hand, affect trade in both agriculture and manufacturing and mining sectors although their magnitude differs depending on the trading partner and sector. Moreover, this study indicates that a depreciation in the exchange rates in Chile and New Zealand would not lead to a strong change in their trade balances with three main trading partners across the board.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 145
    Keywords: Bergbau ; Regulierung ; Chile ; Trade ; Chile ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mineral resources present a formidable source of wealth but a formidable challenge to regulate in order to maximize social welfare from their extraction. Some resource-rich countries, such as Chile, have been successful in developing their economies and managing their revenue streams effectively. Strong institutions and regulatory oversight have helped to capitalize on the benefits of the mining sector for economy-wide growth and development in Chile. This paper identifies some of the good practice areas in mining regulation in Chile whose economy has shown strong growth over most of the last two decades. Some of the areas touched on in this paper are the taxation of the minerals sector, management of the tax revenue, and policies designed to foster spillovers into other sectors of the economy and make the most of Chile’s comparative advantage as a long-time global leader in the copper industry. The paper concludes that there is much to be learned from the Chilean experience in regulating its mining sector and many areas where it could be well used as a model for other mineral rich economies wishing to develop their mining sectors to enhance economy-wide growth.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.79
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