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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (64)
  • Paris : OECD  (64)
  • Development  (64)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (64)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global teaching InSights : a video study of teaching (2020)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264747159 , 9789264795556 , 9789264652620
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (307 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global teaching InSights
    Keywords: Unterricht ; Education ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; China, People’s Republic ; Colombia ; Germany ; Japan ; Mexico ; Spain ; United Kingdom ; Unterricht ; Forschungsmethode ; Lernerfolg
    Abstract: What does teaching look like? What practices are most impactful? By directly observing teaching in the classroom, this study trialled new research methods to shed light on these key questions for raising student outcomes around the world. This report provides a detailed account of classroom management, social and emotional support, and instructional practices in the classrooms of eight countries and economies, drawing upon the observation of lesson videos and instructional materials, the analysis of teacher and student questionnaires, and the measurement of students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/20d6f36b-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blended finance evaluation : governance and methodological challenges (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 51
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.51
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is an urgent need to better understand the role that the use of blended finance in development co-operation can play in achieving the SDGs. By adopting the “Blended Finance Principles for Unlocking Commercial Finance for the SDGs” in 2017, members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee have committed to “monitor blended finance for transparency and results”. The practical implications of monitoring and evaluating blended finance are currently being explored with a view to providing further policy guidance on the implementation of such Principles. This paper contributes to the ongoing consultation process s by discussing governance and methodological challenges in blended finance evaluation and proposing a few options to deal with them. In their review of the present practice of blended finance evaluation, as of end 2018, authors identify some key issues that need to be addressed and put forth initial ideas in order to ensure that evaluations improve the knowledge base on blended operations. The paper starts with a discussion of some key management and organizational challenges that influence how blending operations are monitored and evaluated. It continues with an overview of main evaluation methodologies that could be used for blended finance evaluation and challenges associated with applying them, and it outlines the challenges of assessing additionality. The paper concludes with a summary of identified issues from a review of a sample of completed evaluations of blended finance, highlighting the methodological challenges that they reveal.
    DOI: 10.1787/4c1fc76e-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    From analysis to action (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264900677
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Multi-Dimensional Review of Panama Volume 3
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Series Statement: Multi-dimensional review of Panama
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 3: From analysis to action
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; volume 3: From analysis to action
    Keywords: Panama Economic conditions ; Panama Economic policy ; Congresses ; Panama Social conditions ; Congresses ; Panama Economic policy ; Electronic books ; Education ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Panama
    Abstract: This MDCR is designed to help Panama formulate development strategies, and identify and support the policy reforms needed to achieve further sustainable and inclusive development. This review comes at a time when Panama is achieving high economic growth but further policy action is needed to expand socio-economic benefits across all economic sectors, regions and households.
    DOI: 10.1787/34075eca-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Learning from results-based management evaluations and reviews (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 53
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Management ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What have we learned from implementing results-based management in development co-operation organisations? What progress and benefits can be seen? What are the main challenges and unintended consequences? Are there good practices to address these challenges? To respond to these questions this paper reviews and analyses the findings from various evaluations and reviews of results-based management systems conducted by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the OECD/DAC Results Community Secretariat and other bodies in the past four years (2015-2018). It also draws on emerging lessons from new methods for managing development co-operation results. This analytical work aims to: identify recent trends in results-based management, explore challenges faced by providers when developing their results approaches and systems, select good practices in responding to these challenges that can be useful for the OECD/DACResults Community, considering new approaches, new technologies and evolving contexts. This body of evidence will inform the development of a core set of generic guiding principles for results-based management in development co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/3fda0081-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linking aid to the Sustainable Development Goals : a machine learning approach (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 52
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Künstliche Intelligenz ; Lernen ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Official Development Assistance amounted USD 146.6 billions in 2017 but do we know how much of this aid contributed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? And to what SDG in particular? This paper present a new methodology using machine learning designed to link project-based flows to the Sustainable Development Goals. It provide first estimates of DAC and non-DAC donors’ aid contribution for the goal and show that similar analysis can be done at the recipient level and for other type of textual database such as private sector reports; opening wide array for policy analysis. The methodology presented in this working paper uses semantic analysis of the text description of each project present in the Creditor Reporting System (CRS).
    DOI: 10.1787/4bdaeb8c-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transition finance : introducing a new concept (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 54
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In answer to the call expressed within the Addis Ababa Action Agenda to mobilise all available resources – domestic and foreign, public and private – in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Development Co-operation Directorate develops a new work stream on transition finance to explore the evolution and interaction of public (official development assistance and other official flows) and private (foreign direct investments and remittances) sources of finance across the development continuum – studying multiple stages of development: low income countries, middle income countries, fragile contexts, and different regions of the world. Its ultimate objective is to advise the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in preparing countries for transition (outlining the optimal financial mix and offering policy recommendations) and in building resilience. This paper introduces the concept of transition finance and initiates research to advise the DAC on its role as a major provider of development assistance among other public and private providers of financing for the 2030 Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/2dad64fb-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cabo Verde transition finance country pilot (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 46
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.46
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Kap Verde ; Development ; Cape Verde ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A transition finance country pilot was initiated by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in partnership with the government of Cabo Verde. The study aims to capture the challenges facing Cabo Verde following graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Lower Middle Income Category (LMIC), including the shifting financing for sustainable development landscape, the mounting risk of debt distress and the economic and environmental vulnerabilities as a Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In line with the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), the pilot study proposes a new “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (ODA, OOF, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), identify emerging SDG financing gaps and promote better alignment of resources with national financing for sustainable development strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/1affcac6-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Leave no one behind : how are Development Assistance Committee members answering the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development? : findings from a survey of DAC members (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 47
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.47
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2015, UN Member States and the international community more broadly endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Agenda’s commitment to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for everyone to leave no one behind. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between April and May 2018. The survey investigated the level and extent of commitment to leave no one behind in development co-operation policies, strategies and programming. It also gathered views and evidence from DAC members about the comparative advantage, opportunities, challenges and strategies for answering this pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The findings presented in this paper inform the analysis of the 2018 Development Co-operation Report: Joining Forces to Leave No One Behind.
    DOI: 10.1787/eadd2f8d-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transition finance challenges for commodity-based least developed countries : the example of Zambia : country pilot (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 49
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.49
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Rohstoff ; Vierte Welt ; Sambia ; Development ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Zambia country pilot study was conducted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to explore the challenges of transition finance for a commodity-based Least Developed Country (LDC). In particular, debt sustainability concerns are viewed within the context of the shifting financing for sustainable development landscape of Zambia following its re-classification to Lower Middle Income Category (LMIC). In line with the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), the pilot study proposes a new “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (official development finance, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), identify emerging SDG financing gaps and promote better alignment of resources with national financing for sustainable development strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/feb640fe-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nigeria's perspective on TOSSD (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 83 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 50
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.50
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Statistik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Nigeria ; Development ; Nigeria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study, including first orders of magnitude of TOSSD flows to Nigeria. Estimated TOSSD flows to Nigeria in 2016 amounted to approximately USD 3 billion of official development finance and USD 1.9 billion of private finance mobilised through official development interventions. These first orders of magnitude have been estimated using OECD DAC Statistics. However, these figures are likely to be largely underestimated due to information gaps, notably on the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) and emerging providers’ official support to Nigeria. The results of the pilot also indicate that the current organisational set up of Nigeria, both from an institutional and an IT system perspective, makes it challenging for the Government to access, collate, collect analyse and use data on external financing to the country using national data. The TOSSD pilot in Nigeria confirmed the usefulness of country pilots for testing the TOSSD methodology and for ensuring feedback by partner countries on TOSSD as a measurement framework. The findings also helped to ascertain that the International TOSSD Task Force developing the framework is in the right direction with regard to the main parameters of the measure. Findings contained in the present Working Paper will support the discussions to refine the emerging TOSSD Reporting Instructions in 2018 and 2019.
    DOI: 10.1787/619cb021-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In-depth Analysis and Recommendations (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264302549
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (179 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Multi-Dimensional Review of Panama volume 2
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Series Statement: Multi-dimensional review of Panama
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Keywords: Panama Economic conditions ; Panama Economic policy ; Congresses ; Panama Social conditions ; Congresses ; Panama Economic policy ; Electronic books ; Education ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Development ; Economics ; Panama
    Abstract: Panama has achieved socio-economic improvements in recent decades thanks to strong economic growth and consequent poverty reduction. Its growth model is characterised by a dual economy in which a small number of activities, including those related to the Canal and Special Economic Zones, have exhibited high productivity growth but limited job creation. Panama should now embark on a new reform agenda to become a sustainable and inclusive high-income country. This report urges greater productivity in sectors that contribute to job formalisation to reduce disparities in income and among regions. As developing these policies requires further resources, taxation system and private sector involvement through public-private partnerships should also be reinforced. Focusing on skills and jobs, regional development and development financing, the volume provides analysis and recommendations on three areas which are key for Panama.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264302549-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing refugee-hosting contexts : an analysis of the DAC’s contribution to burden- and responsibility-sharing in supporting refugees and their host communities (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 48
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Protecting and supporting refugees is an important responsibility of the international community. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was proposed in 2018 to establish a more predictable and equitable sharing of burdens and responsibilities among United Nations Member States when it comes to fulfilling these obligations. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between July and September 2018. The survey investigated trends in official development assistance (ODA) and plans for future funding to programmes and projects that support refugees and their host communities, as well as other, non-funding efforts and responses that DAC members are making in support of refugees. The findings of this paper will establish a baseline for monitoring progress toward “funding and effective and efficient use of resources” as one of the key tools for meeting the commitments of the GCR. The paper examines some of the strengths and challenges of current donor practices, and recommends a set of priorities to guide future donor support and engagement in order to promote good donorship and to support the international community in meeting the GCR’s objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/24db9b07-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries : mind the gap (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264285668
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Development centre studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Entwicklungsländer ; Junge Arbeitnehmerin ; Junger Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung
    Abstract: Many governments in developing countries are realising that good quality jobs matter for development. However, little attention has been paid so far to explore what actually matters for young people in terms of job characteristics and employment conditions. Today, in many developing and emerging countries, a key development challenge is that existing jobs do not live up to youth aspirations. This study revisits youth labour market performance and the quality of jobs in developing countries. It places youth employment preferences at the forefront and answers the following questions. What is the nature of youth careers aspirations and job-related drivers of job satisfaction? What shapes such employment preferences? How likely will young people be able to meet their job aspirations? What policy makers can do to reduce the gap between youth preferences and the reality of jobs? The study draws on the comprehensive data from school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It suggests a number of priority areas for policy makers to enhance youth well-being, raise labour productivity, and contain the chilling effects that unmet youth aspirations can generate on society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264285668-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Engaging the private sector for green growth and climate action : an overview of development co-operation efforts (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 34
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Klimaschutz ; Umweltkosten ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The private sector plays an important role in supporting green growth in developing countries. As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors. The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policy relevant research.
    DOI: 10.1787/85b52daf-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emerging providers' international co-operation for development (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 33
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.33
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Transparenz ; Schwellenländer ; Südafrika ; China ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper shows that development co-operation from emerging providers – i.e. countries beyond the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) – significantly increased in recent years, reaching 17% of total global development co-operation in 2014. It also presents a rough estimate, of USD 300 billion, of broader international co-operation by emerging providers and it sets out what types of instruments are used to provide this broader international co-operation. Very little is known about broader international co-operation by emerging providers and the scarce information that is available on different countries cannot be compared. This paper concludes that more information on, and a global measure of, international co-operation for development are needed to enable developing countries to manage the external support they receive and to enable further analysis of the increasingly important role that emerging providers play in developing countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/15d6a3c7-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development co-operation for private sector development : analytical framework and measuring official development finance (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 32
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper provides an analytical framework of development co-operation for private sector development (PSD) and a measurement to capture relevant Official Development Finance (ODF). PSD is defined as development co-operation which addresses relevant policies and institutions, market functioning and enterprise resources. It aims to improve the investment climate and productive capacity of the local private sector—particularly of small- and medium-sized enterprises—including through developing physical infrastructure. The analysis shows that development partners disbursed roughly a third of total ODF each on helping improve the investment climate, productive capacity, and physical infrastructure. For the investment climate, large amounts were allocated to macro-economic stability and public governance. To boost productive capacity, support to financial services – particularly to commercial banks that on-lend to SMEs and investments in equity funds – was particularly high. Finally, for physical infrastructure, about half the ODF went to transport, particularly roads, and a third to energy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ded2028f-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data for development : DAC member priorities and challenges (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 35
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Theorie-Praxis-Verhältnis ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Statistische Daten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits the international community to support the modernisation and strengthening of national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries and to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely, reliable and disaggregated data to measure their progress against the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper, informed by a survey circulated among DAC members between February and April 2017, presents DAC members’ policies and practices to support national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries. It highlights some of the main challenges that DAC members face in relation to making data work for sustainable development, notably in co-ordinating their support for statistics to avoid duplication and find synergies, in mobilising more resources, and in using quality data for development co-operation decision-making, programming, monitoring and reporting. The findings presented in this paper will inform the analysis of the 2017 Development Co-operation Report on Data for Development which will be published in October 2017. The report will provide guidance to providers of development assistance on how to best support developing countries to have and use quality and timely data for enabling delivery of the SDGs.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e342488-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enseignement supérieur et marché du travail au Togo : Comment valoriser les compétences ? (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263901
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 Seiten) , Ilustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Development ; Togo
    Abstract: Les compétences occupent une place centrale dans le développement économique, social et humain des individus et des sociétés. Leur rôle est d’autant plus important pour une économie en développement comme le Togo, qui doit rapidement faire face à des difficultés majeures telles que l’ampleur de la pauvreté et de fortes inégalités alimentées par la prévalence d’activités peu productives dans le secteur informel et la faible création d’emplois décents. Cette étude examine les principaux défis auxquels le système éducatif du Togo est confronté. Elle s’appuie sur la méthodologie développée par l’OCDE dans le cadre des stratégies nationales de compétences, et se focalise sur l’enseignement supérieur tout en tenant compte de l’ensemble du système éducatif et du marché du travail. L’analyse couvre les enjeux principaux auxquels fait face le Togo quant à sa capacité à développer les compétences appropriées, à mobiliser les compétences sur le marché du travail, à utiliser les compétences efficacement et à renforcer la gouvernance de l’enseignement supérieur.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263901-fr
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Official development finance for infrastructure : with a special focus on multilateral development banks (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 30
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.30
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsorganisation ; Entwicklungsbank ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper provides a broad picture of official financial flows for infrastructure development in developing countries by bilateral and multilateral development partners. Multilateral development banks are further examined in a special section. The paper offers an overview volumes and distributions of financial flows, including those channelled to private sector operations and those mobilised from the private sector by guarantees, syndicated loans and collective investment vehicles. This report, which builds on previous work on the topic, will contribute to research and policy dialogue on filling the financial gap in infrastructure in developing countries. It will also support the monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal 9 and the discussions of the G20 on infrastructure development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9e93790e-en
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  • 20
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    Mainstreaming adaptation in national development planning (2016)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 29
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.29
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper explores progress in the integration or mainstreaming of adaptation and related objectives into national development planning. It first provides an overview of the international mechanisms, including finance, to support the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into development planning and policies in developing countries. Through a review of relevant planning documents in fifteen developing countries, it then examines key features in adaptation planning and mainstreaming of adaptation into development planning. These countries were because they have been amongst the highest recipients of adaptation-related bilateral development finance. The research provides a snapshot of current practice. Despite heightened international efforts to support developing countries, evidence of mainstreaming adaptation was only found in a few of the countries and in a few of the sectors studied here. It also found that where mainstreaming is occurring, linkages exist with other policy objectives including poverty reduction, promoting biodiversity and ecosystems, and urban and rural development. The findings may be a useful starting point to guide policy-relevant research, such as to what extent mainstreaming may be occurring on the ground (or not) and how well this progress is reflected in planning documents, as well as how to improve the effectiveness of development co-operation targeting adaptation. The paper may also help inform international efforts under the UNFCCC that are designed to support developing countries to mainstream adaptation priorities into development planning and policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlsv0689qs6-en
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  • 21
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    The role of development finance in climate action post-2015 (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 31
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.31
    Keywords: 2015 - 2030 ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Klimawandel ; Umweltkosten ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltabkommen ; Welt ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper reflects on the outcomes of the 2015 agreements on development and environment including the Sendai Framework, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Agreement. It identifies common themes emerging from the international agreements and their implications for development co-operation providers and their partners. The paper outlines existing synergies between climate and development finance and proposes factors to improve coherence for sustainable development with a particular focus on the role of development co-operation providers in the post-2015 context. The paper contributes to the discussion about how the international community can successfully deliver on the commitments to sustainable development and climate action made in 2015.
    DOI: 10.1787/18a859bf-en
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  • 22
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    Amounts mobilised from the private sector by official development finance interventions : guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 26
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: 2012 - 2014 ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 DAC Survey on mobilisation, USD 36.4 billion was mobilised from the private sector in 2012-14 through official development finance interventions in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (development-related investment funds). Overall flows followed an upward trend over the period covered by the survey, with guarantees mobilising the largest share (59%). Multilateral development banks took the lead in mobilising finance mostly through guarantees, followed by the national development finance institutions. Middle-income countries received the largest share of the amount mobilised, mainly targeting the energy, industry and banking sectors. Of the total amount mobilised, 19% was climate-related, most of it focusing on climate change mitigation. This working paper provides more details about the Survey results.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3xh459n37-en
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  • 23
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    What enables effective international climate finance in the context of development co-operation? (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 28
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Umweltkosten ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Umweltbewertung ; Umweltpolitik ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In response to on-going discussions on the relationship between international climate finance and development finance, this paper explores what enables effective international climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Through interviews, views were elicited from selected international climate finance stakeholders representing climate finance recipient and provider countries, as well as experts from international organisations and research institutions. Identified enabling conditions reveal common grounds and differences across stakeholder groups. This offers a possible starting point for further dialogue aiming to advance the international climate and development finance agendas in a harmonised manner.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jlwjg92n48x-en
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  • 24
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    Public-private partnerships for statistics : lessons learned, future steps : a focus on the use of non-official data sources for national statistics and public policy (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 27
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Statistisches Amt ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Datenerhebung ; Geschäftsmodell ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Non-official sources of data, big data in particular, are currently attracting enormous interest in the world of official statistics. An impressive body of work focuses on how different types of big data (telecom data, social media, sensors and geospatial data, etc.) can be used to fill specific data gaps, especially with regard to the post-2015 agenda and the associated technology challenges. This paper focuses on different aspects of big data, but ones that are of crucial importance: what are the perspectives of the commercial operations and national statistical offices that respectively produce and might use this data; and which incentives, business models and protocols are needed to leverage non-official data sources within the official statistics community?
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3nqp1g8wf-en
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  • 25
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    Financing for development in support of biodiversity and ecosystem services (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 23
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Umweltdienstleistung ; Artenvielfalt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper considers the key financing challenges and opportunities for realising both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development objectives. It considers the full range of possible sources, from public and private, domestic and international sources, but has a focus on public resources. The first part of this paper examines trends in bilateral commitments of official development assistance (ODA) targeting biodiversity objectives, drawing on OECD development assistance committee (DAC) creditor reporting system (CRS) statistics. The paper also discusses the effectiveness of these finance flows in achieving long-lasting results. The second part of the paper explores how development co-operation can support partner countries to mobilise and access other sources of finance for biodiversity, through mechanisms such as environmental fiscal reform, payments for ecosystem services, market creation mechanisms for green products, and conservation trust funds. Support can target the development of knowledge, technical skills, and strengthen governance and legal institutions. The paper concludes with suggested areas for further research to gain a deeper understanding of biodiversity-related development finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03h0nwxmq-en
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  • 26
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    Explaining diversification in exports across higher manufacturing content : what is the role of commodities? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 327
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.327
    Keywords: Exportdiversifizierung ; Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Industrialisierung ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most low-income countries export mainly unprocessed commodities. Yet, in their pursuit of structural transformation, they also seek a more diversified economic structure, including developing a strong manufacturing sector to create jobs and spur innovation as in more advanced economies. What is the best way for them to promote economic diversification? Should countries aim straight for anufacturing? Should they focus on the products most in line with their already-known and used endowments? Should they follow some sort of ladder of activities towards a well-diversified economy? Or should they simply lean back and let the markets sort it out? Finally, do the answers vary depending on the country? A body of recent research suggests that a country’s diversification process would tend to move along pathways of “nearby” products: the “new” products it specialises in would build on the existing productive capabilities and knowledge used to produce the “old” ones. It would follow then that low-income, raw commodity exporting countries should build on their naturalresource endowments. This would not always imply moving downstream and transforming those resources locally. Depending on learning processes, capabilities and the types of endowments, value addition at the local level may or may not make economic sense.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs8sq91p9x-en
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  • 27
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    Official development finance for infrastructure : support by multilateral and bilateral development partners (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 25
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to offer an overall picture of support by multilateral and bilateral development partners to development country infrastructure. By presenting an overview of the scale, distribution, and modality of development co-operation for infrastructure, the report is expected to contribute to discussions and further research in international fora on how to fill the financing gap, particularly by mobilising the private sector. However, the report does not generally make assessments against development objectives nor provide policy recommendations. The methodology mainly involved analysing the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)’s Creditor Reporting System data on Official Development Finance (ODF) for the infrastructure sectors (water and sanitation, transport, energy, and communications). Desk research was also conducted on gaps in infrastructure financing as well as support by major development partners that do not report to the DAC at the activity level.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3sbcrvzx-en
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  • 28
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    Financing in crisis? : making humanitarian finance fit for the future (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22, [4] S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 22
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Coping-Strategie ; Entwicklung ; Risikomanagement ; Schock ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Building on the useful recommendations of the Future Humanitarian Financing initiative, this paper takes the view that ensuring enough quality money for humanitarian crises is not just about writing a bigger cheque. The money also needs to arrive in the right place, in the right way, and at the right time. The paper focuses on the following areas, learning from good practices by DAC members and attempting to find solutions to common challenges: - Predictable funding for predicable costs. - Funding for longer-term – protracted – crises that helps boost the resilience of crisis-affected communities; going beyond immediate life-threatening needs and supporting self-reliance. - Reworking funding tools and approaches for crises in middle income countries – learning from the challenges facing the Syrian Arab Republic affected region. - Thinking differently about funding disaster response and recovery, and about funding disaster affected states and local response actors. - Making the money go further; reducing the cost, and increasing the cost-benefit, of humanitarian operations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js04dl2pms1-en
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  • 29
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    Biodiversity and development co-operation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 21
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Artenschutz ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper considers how development co-operation is addressing the twin objectives of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use on the one hand, and development and poverty reduction on the other. It outlines how development co-operation can a) support mainstreaming biodiversity and ecosystem services into development; b) manage for results, particularly across trade-offs and synergies; c) incorporate monitoring and evaluating approaches into biodiversity-related development co-operation activities; and d) better align and harmonise providers’ activities with partner country priorities. The paper showcases examples of how development co-operation is supporting conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It also identifies areas where more research is needed, such as sharing experience with the tools and good practices available for successful mainstreaming, and developing indicators to improve monitoring and evaluation to boost understanding of the effectiveness of biodiversity-related development interventions and of the relative performance of different mainstreaming approaches.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1sqkvts0v-en
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  • 30
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    The accidental birth of “official development assistance” (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 24
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungstheorie ; Geschichte ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan. Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries. The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined. An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines. Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the “grant element” methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation. That Supplement introduced the idea of “official development assistance”, but without defining it. It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined. This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall “softness” of aid programmes. Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries. Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms. The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs552w8736-en
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  • 31
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    How do female migration and gender discrimination in social institutions mutually influence each other? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 326
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.326
    Keywords: Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Frauen ; Internationale Migration ; Süd-Süd-Beziehungen ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) from the OECD Development Centre, this paper provides evidence of the two-way relationship between gender inequality in social institutions and South-South migration. Discriminatory social institutions in both origin and destination countries are one additional determinant of female migration. Gender inequality appears to be both a pull and a push factor for migrant women. On one hand, higher gender discrimination at home reduces female emigration, since women’s restricted opportunities and low decision-power limit their possibility to move abroad. On the other hand, lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration. However, they have no significant impact on male migration, suggesting that male and female incentives to migrate differ.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3926d54d7-en
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  • 32
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    Imagining more effective humanitarian aid : a donor perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 18
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Welt ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper is intended to provoke debate, and stimulate further thinking and study, about humanitarian effectiveness, and what that will mean for donors and other stakeholders, in the run-up to the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Today’s humanitarian system is made up of many different moving parts. These different parts are guided by different standards and learning initiatives, all aimed at promoting an effective humanitarian response. However, the system itself does not yet have a core set of shared values, and it is not clear whether the overall humanitarian endeavour is fit for purpose or optimally configured, given the challenges of a changing global context, and the increasing complexity of crises. A common framework for humanitarian effectiveness, designed to promote collective responsibility and mutual accountability, would ensure that each actor would be held accountable for their contribution to the same characteristics of effectiveness – based on what they can control, what they can influence and where they advocate – no matter who was assessing them. No doubt, a shared understanding of humanitarian effectiveness will also stimulate change in the design, tools and approaches, and results measurement, within the humanitarian system.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx3d16snf7-en
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  • 33
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    Social protection and climate change (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 16
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qc8wc1s5-en
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  • 34
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    The political economy of tax incentives for investment in the Dominican Republic : “doctoring the ball” (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 322
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.322
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Anreiz ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Dominikanische Republik ; Development ; Dominican Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tax incentives can be a useful tool to stimulate investment in developing countries. However, in these countries interest groups often are able to exert considerable influence in its management, if not its design. From a power-based approach to the political economy of tax reform we find how interest groups work within the institutional framework to seek outcomes that best fit their objectives. When unsuccessful, they become powerful advocates of change. These power dynamics have important implications for the design and management of tax incentives in developing economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3wkh45kmw-en
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    On the effectiveness of exchange rate interventions in emerging markets (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 324
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.324
    Keywords: Wechselkurs ; Wechselkurspolitik ; Schwellenländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We analyse the effectiveness of exchange rate interventions for a panel of 18 emerging market economies during the period 2003-11. Using an error-correction model approach, we find that on average intervention is effective in moving the real exchange rate in the desired direction, controlling for deviations from the equilibrium and short-term changes in fundamentals and global financial variables. Our results are robust to different samples and estimation methods. We find little evidence of asymmetries in the effect of sales and purchases, but some evidence of more effective interventions for large deviations from the equilibrium. We also explore differences across countries according to the possible transmission channels and nature of some global shocks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfmxfdth-en
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    Food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 15
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Ernährungssicherung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social protection measures are policy instruments that are widely used across a broad range of developing countries in pursuit of many different development objectives. In many cases social protection measures such as food or cash transfers were first introduced to ensure minimum levels of food security for vulnerable households. However, as the policy objectives became more numerous and varied, the relationship between food security and social protection have become less prominent. This paper refocuses attention on the linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security and aims to contribute to better integrated policies on food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection, particularly among Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and their partners. The paper explores the conceptual linkages between social protection measures and food and nutrition security, examines the evidence of practical benefits that different social protection instruments can deliver and assesses the linkages between the two subjects in the international development policy agenda and concludes by proposing ways to better integrate the two issues within development policies and by identifying the main challenges and trade-offs that DAC members and their partners are likely to face.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en
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  • 37
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    Official support for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 19
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The objective of this study is to take stock of support by bilateral and multilateral donors for private sector participation in developing country infrastructure. It tries to draw out trends, opportunities and challenges, collective activities to address them, and possible further actions for the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). The exercise tries to contribute to the aim of using development co-operation more strategically in leveraging other development related flows. The methodology involved research on 22 donor policies and institutions, as well as data analysis of the DAC’s Creditor Reporting System. The results of the study indicate that official development finance (ODF) for infrastructure is increasing, with a sizable proportion disbursed to support the private sector directly, mostly through loans and equity by bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs). However, almost 70% is directed to infrastructure in upper middle income countries, where the domestic financial sector might be relatively developed, which raises the question of additionality of official support. In terms of sectors, 60% of support to the private sector goes to energy, particularly to renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar, and geothermal energy. This is followed by transport, telecommunications, and water. Export credit agencies also provide significant amount of financing to developing country infrastructure. Donors further provide about 15% of funding to help improve the enabling environment for investment by building the capacity of partner government ministries, public-private-partnership units, regional organisations, or local administrations. Conclusions include the need for better co-ordination among various agencies or units involved in supporting infrastructure development within donor countries or multilateral institutions as well as the establishment of a transparent monitoring mechanism of DFI activities to ensure additionality and development effectiveness.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd40nf0-en
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  • 38
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    A calculated risk : how donors should engage with risk financing and transfer mechanisms (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33, III, III S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 17
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better financial preparedness against risk is a central part of a comprehensive approach to disaster management. Risk financing and risk transfer are approaches to planning for risks that cannot be reduced or avoided practically or cost-effectively and may include a strategy and practical measures to ensure the availability of funds for post-disaster relief and reconstruction, commensurate with the scale and frequency of anticipated risks. Risk financing is of growing interest to a wide range of development and humanitarian actors searching for solutions to bridge a growing global post-disaster financing gap. This report describes key features of risk financing and risk transfer, examines some of the current challenges at the contextual and programmatic levels as well as institutional challenges donors might face in engaging in risk financing and recommends a set of principles and policy approaches to guide future donor support and engagement.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz122cn65s6-en
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  • 39
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    Public financial management in infrastructure in Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 323
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.323
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Haushaltsplanung ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzreform ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To what extent do budgetary processes and institutions hamper infrastructural development in Africa? To answer that question, this report analyses the answers of budget officials to questionnaires administered in 22 African countries: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Republic of Sudan, Tunisia and Zimbabwe.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjr4qlhb-en
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  • 40
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    Measuring well-being and progress in countries at different stages of development : towards a more universal conceptual framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 325
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A wide range of voices around the world have stressed the need to understand development as a multidimensional phenomenon that involves and affects many aspects of people’s lives. Increasingly, it is recognised that current well-being and its long-term sustainability are the ultimate goals of development and that these notions better capture the human experience of development. The objectives of this paper are to explain why well-being matters in countries at different levels of development and to address measurement challenges in the context of developing countries. These objectives are pursued in four main steps. First, the paper offers a conception of well-being and illustrates its relevance in different development contexts. Second, it describes briefly how the measurement of well-being is implemented under the OECD Better Life Initiative for OECD countries. Third, it proposes ways in which the OECD framework can be adapted to specific development contexts and thereby made more universal, by suggesting relevant well-being dimensions and indicators that could be used to measure well-being in developing countries. Finally, it discusses the possible implications of the adapted framework for OECD work in developing countries, in particular its possible use in the Multi-Dimensional Country Reviews conducted by the OECD Development Centre for a range of non OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxss4hv2d8n-en
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  • 41
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    Smallholder risk management in developing countries (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries working papers 61
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.61
    Keywords: Kleinbauern ; Risikomanagement ; Agrarpolitik ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper addresses various aspects of risk and risk management for smallholders in developing countries, and presents a quantitative assessment of farm-level risks and risk management strategies in three emerging economies: Brazil, China and Viet Nam. The analysis covers production, income, and poverty risks. Institutional and political settings in developing countries are frequently less developed and this contributes to a greater incidence of market imperfections in key areas such as credit and insurance, and which in turn lowers farmers’ access to risk management tools and strategies. The result is a widespread reliance on informal mechanisms and community strategies. The effects of risk and responses to risk are also different in developing countries, with smallholders often forced to rely on strategies that perpetuate poverty. When risk is an important consideration in a farm household’s decision on sector transition, insurance or safety-net mechanisms could assist these households to make that transition. The analysis of two regions in Viet Nam shows that those households able to successfully transit to the non-farm sector continued to maintain small plots of land for self-consumption, suggesting that agriculture remains a kind of safety net.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k452k28wljl-en
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  • 42
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    Out of the frying pan into the fire? : migration from fragile states to fragile states ; a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 9
    Keywords: Fragiler Staat ; Flüchtlinge ; Internationale Migration ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Fragile states contributed 18 million migrants and 8 million refugees in 2000. More than 20% of these migrants and more than half of the refugees settle in other fragile states. Thus, migration is likely to be both a consequence and a possible cause of conflict and fragility. This paper asks why people from fragile states would want to move to another fragile state. Is it simply a question of jumping out of the frying pan into the fire – that migrants from fragile states have no other options than to settle in another fragile state? To investigate this question I analyse a new set of global data on the sources and destinations of migrants. This analysis generates genuinely new research for INCAF, and reveals that economic factors, such as the pull of higher incomes in destination countries, are important. The paper concludes by discussing how migration from fragile states in search of higher incomes and greater wellbeing is an important development strategy that should be supported. The research suggests that a new concept of development may be needed which looks beyond national borders to the countries where the migrants end up. This will require policies to ensure public acceptability in the host countries, however, such as bilateral agreements, temporary status for immigrants and restricting immigration to specific jobs or perhaps regions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dffmjpmv-en
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  • 43
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    The rationale for higher education investment in Ibero-America (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 319
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.319
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Bildungsfinanzierung ; Bildungsertrag ; Bildungsfinanzierung ; Öffentliche Güter ; Hochschule ; Sozialkapital ; Lateinamerika ; Education ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key higher education policy question is about the financing of this sector. Who, why and how higher education should be paid for are debated around the world by governments, the academic community, students, experts and civil society. This is true of Ibero-America. The meetings of their heads of state or governments have, on various occasions, pronounced on this issue. And within the institutions themselves and on the streets of the principal cities in the region, students and professors have voiced their demands for greater funding. This document advocates the need for shared higher education funding – between the state and the private sector, (including students and their families), in a proportion that corresponds approximately to the private and social benefits generated. The proposed public/private cost allocation (1:1) is based on econometric calculations of the respective benefits generated by tertiary education, with approximately one half of the total being private benefits and the other half social benefits and public externalities. From this it follows that HEIs should be funded in the same proportion, diversifying their sources so that the state (taxpayers) and the private sector (households or families, students and graduates) provide 50% each. But the above only makes sense if higher education can ensure that it provides the anticipated private and social benefits and public externalities. The bottlenecks that stand in the way of achieving these expectations have to be removed. So the State should allocate resources in terms of reaching these objectives, and implement policies that encourage institutions to reach the proposed outcomes and standards.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k40d67l7l8x-en
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  • 44
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    The challenges of supporting effective security and justice development programming (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 10
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Politische Instabilität ; Öffentliche Sicherheit ; Gerichtsbarkeit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Early 2010, the DAC International Network on Conflict and Fragility (INCAF) Task Team on Peacebuilding, Statebuilding and Security commissioned an analysis of the critical impediments to effective donor engagement in the area of security and justice development in conflict-affected and fragile environments. This analysis seeks to inform a change agenda to help make donor support to justice and security more effective. It is intended to serve as the base of a larger piece of work, and builds on the World Bank‘s 2011 World Development Report and the OECD‘s 2011 Policy Guidance on Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dffl6bmq-en
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  • 45
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    The politics of transport infrastructure policies in Colombia (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 316
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.316
    Keywords: 2002-2010 ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Kolumbien ; Development ; Transport ; Colombia ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the Policy-Making Process (PMP) of transport infrastructure projects in Colombia for the period 2002-10. It aims to identify the main bottlenecks to improve the implementation of public policies in the main phases of the transport infrastructure policy cycle, namely planning, budgeting, execution, and monitoring and evaluation. The main results draw three conclusions. Firstly, there is a need to improve the planning and prioritisation stages of roads construction. Secondly, information problems affect monitoring and evaluation. Finally, the institutional weakness in the transport sector causes co-ordination failures between different transport modes (horizontal level) as well as inadequate separation of responsibilities and management of resources between national and sub-national governments (vertical level). This paper contributes to the research studying the PMP in Latin American economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46n3xqh1hf-en
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  • 46
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    Global value chains and developing country employment : a literature review (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 156
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Außenhandel ; Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Employment ; Development ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of the available literature on global value chains (GVCs) and employment markets in developing countries. Due to the difficulty of observing intra-GVC transactions, there is very little direct empirical work on GVCs and labour markets. However, it is possible to extrapolate from the extensive empirical work already undertaken on firm internationalisation and labour markets to draw inferences as to the likely impacts of GVCs. The review therefore focuses on the labour market impacts of three processes that lie at the core of GVC development: importing, exporting, and foreign direct investment (FDI). It examines their impact on labour demand and wages, and disaggregates the effects whenever possible by skill level. The available empirical evidence strongly suggests that the type of activities undertaken by GVC participants influence labour market outcomes. For instance, many GVC firms are vectors of technological upgrading that in turn increases the relative demand for skilled labour. In these cases, GVC participation is linked to higher relative wages for skilled workers, but also greater wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. The evidence on outcomes is more mixed as regards pure processing trade (assembly), however: the limited data available on firms engaged purely in these activities suggests that they do not systematically pay higher wages than domestic firms, which is the reverse of the finding for foreign-owned firms, exporters, and importers in general. The labour market effects of GVCs in developing countries are therefore likely to be broadly positive, but highly case specific. The review therefore concludes with two case studies—electronics in Asia and services in Chile—that demonstrate the complexity of the issues involved, and the role of complementary policies in areas such as human capital development.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46j0qw3z7k-en
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  • 47
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    Capital flows in Asia-Pacific : controls, bonanzas and sudden stops (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 320
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.320
    Keywords: 1995 - 2010 ; Kapitalmobilität ; Kapitalverkehrskontrolle ; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Asia-Pacific region has long been prone to volatile capital flows that have posed a challenge for authorities to cope with and occasionally led to payment difficulties dragging down exchange rates and spilling over to the real economy. The recent global crisis repeated past history, although most economies hard hit by the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis have learnt a lesson and are now better prepared to face volatile capital flows. Asian and Pacific countries have strengthened capital controls over 1995-2010, in particular those targeting portfolio flows. Now more countries impose some sort of control on outflows of all types of capital than 15 years ago and controls on outflows appear more stringent than on inflows. Notwithstanding the controls, most Asia-Pacific economies experienced at least one spell of large capital flows. To effectively curb capital inflow bonanzas, the measures need to be targeted. Portfolio inflow surges can be curbed by controlling bond inflows in general and in the case of very large surges, by limiting collective investment inflows. Controls on credit inflows appear effective in reducing the probability of cross-border lending booms. Furthermore, measures targeting residents appear more effective in reducing the probability of capital inflow bonanzas. Beside control measures, other conditions also appear to have a bearing on the probability of occurrence and on the length of the capital inflow spell. Previous inflows appear to be an important determinant of future booms in all asset categories, while global risk appetite increases the probability of overall inflows and cross border credit bonanzas. Domestic growth only explains the occurrence of equity portfolio inflow booms. A more lenient stance on outflows could shorten the duration of capital inflow bonanzas and hence reduce their cumulative impact on the economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k40d65jjx23-en
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  • 48
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    Guarantees for development (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 11
    Keywords: 2009 - 2011 ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandsinvestition ; Zahlungsbilanzstatistik ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper presents the results of a Survey on Guarantees for Development carried out in the context of the OECD DAC work to modernise statistics on external development finance post 2015. No comprehensive and internationally comparable data on guarantees for development and the volume of finance mobilised by them exist at present. This Survey aimed to fill this information gap by estimating the volume of private sector flows to developing countries mobilised by guarantee schemes. Guarantees for development purposes have mobilised over USD 15 billion of private sector flows to/in developing countries over the period of study (2009-11). This report analyses the data from the Survey (e.g. by sector and by country), includes a reflection on how the amount mobilised by guarantees can be captured at an international level and comments on the leverage ratio as a measure of efficiency of development finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k407lx5b8f8-en
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  • 49
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    The evolution of official development assistance : achievements, criticisms and a way forward (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 12
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Definition ; Entwicklungstheorie ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has for 40 years been the global standard for measuring donor efforts in supporting development co-operation objectives. It has provided the yardstick for documenting the volume and the terms of the concessional resources provided, assessing donor performance against their aid pledges and enabling partner countries, civil society and others to hold donors to account. Yet for all its value, the ODA definition has always reflected a compromise between political expediency and statistical reality. It is based on interpretation and consensus and therefore allows for flexibility. It has evolved over the decades, while preserving the original concepts of a definition based on principal developmental motivation, official character and a degree of concessionality. While agreement on the ODA concept was a major achievement, discussion of the appropriateness of this measure has never ended. The paper documents the evolution of the ODA concept and proposes a possible new approach to measuring aid effort.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3v1dv3f024-en
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  • 50
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    Green growth and poverty reduction : policy coherence for pro-poor growth (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 14
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Fischereipolitik ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Biokraftstoff ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the policy coherence for development (PCD) dimensions of green growth strategies pursued by OECD member states. The coherence challenge is to design OECD green growth policies in order to maximise the positive synergies and minimise the negatives effects on pro-poor growth in developing countries. Coherence issues across three cross-cutting themes, climate change, biodiversity and innovation policy, are considered, before a comprehensive set of PCD issues related to agricultural livelihoods, fisheries livelihoods and the energy and minor sectors in developing countries are discussed. In doing so three PCD case studies, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), the reform of EU biofuels policy and EU fisheries access, are presented and lessons for the green growth agenda are derived.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3ttg45wb31-en
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  • 51
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    Opening the black box of contract renegotiations : an analysis of road concessions in Chile, Colombia and Peru (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 317
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.317
    Keywords: 1993-2010 ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Straßenbau ; Chile ; Kolumbien ; Peru ; Development ; Chile ; Colombia ; Peru ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the renegotiations of road concessions in Chile, Colombia and Peru for the period 1993-2010. First, it analyses the legal framework, the institutional design and the types of concessions of these countries and second, it uses a novel data composed of a sample of 61 of the 62 road concession contracts to explore the renegotiation of these concessions. 50 out of 61 contracts have been modified at least once, resulting in more than 540 renegotiations. All modified contracts were changed for the first time less than 3 years after the initial signing of the concession. Empirical analysis suggests that State-led renegotiations, which were more common than firm-led renegotiations, were motivated by the opportunistic behaviour of governments. State-led renegotiations that added new stretches of roads and that included additional complementary works during governments’ last year in office were costlier than other renegotiations. Finally, governments deferred a larger share of renegotiation’s fiscal costs in State-led renegotiations that took place during their last year in office.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46n3wwxxq3-en
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  • 52
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    How redistributive is fiscal policy in Latin America? : the case of Chile and Mexico (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 318
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.318
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Finanzpolitik ; Chile ; Mexiko ; Taxation ; Development ; Chile ; Mexico ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper looks at the incidence of fiscal policy on the income distribution for Chile and Mexico. Notably by broadening the income concept to account for in-kind benefits and taxes, this paper provides a full picture of the effect of fiscal policy on reducing income inequality. The contrast between the estimates for Chile and Mexico and the rest of OECD countries provides an overall snapshot of income distribution of high inequality countries vis-à-vis advanced economies. The breakdown of the Gini coefficient at a detailed level of policy instruments also enables us to identify the main channels of income inequality reduction and shows how these results differ across countries. Our results for Chile and Mexico suggest that fiscal policy significantly benefits the poorest income groups, mainly through in-kind services such as education and health care. Nevertheless, when compared with outcomes in high-income countries, the effectiveness of fiscal policy in reducing inequality is still limited. Cash transfers (especially those for old-age programmes), direct taxation and, to some extent, a higher market inequality are the main factors behind this difference.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k424rnjl424-en
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  • 53
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    Productive capabilities : an empirical investigation of their determinants (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 321
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.321
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Komplexe Systeme ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Capability-Ansatz ; Export ; Bayes-Statistik ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent contributions to the growth literature have argued that the structure of an economy, as measured by its productive capabilities, is a key determinant for inter-country differences in development. Productive capabilities have been shown to be highly predictive of future economic growth, yet their country-level determinants have remained unknown. In this paper, we empirically explore their determinants using a model averaging framework that can handle a very large number of explanatory variables without the need for model selection. In order to estimate our dynamic panel specification, we propose a novel Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates procedure based on the simple and efficient bias-corrected LSDV estimator. Our baseline and robustness analysis consider a large number of variables, sample periods and model priors. We find that the existing stock of capabilities (as measured by the lagged dependent variable), commodity terms of trade, energy availability, government consumption, capital per worker, arable land and capital inflows show a strong and robust association with capabilities.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3tt0dh36zv-en
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  • 54
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    Risk and resilience : from good idea to good practice (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 13
    Keywords: Lebensmittelsicherheit ; Risikomanagement ; Coping-Strategie ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Resilience has gained significant prominence following the re-examination of the performance of the humanitarian and development aid systems in light of the two major food security crises in East and West Africa over the last two years, coupled with ongoing ‘post-2015’ negotiations on key global disaster risk reduction, climate change and development policy and resourcing. Resilience has largely been communicated by donor and other key actors as a political agenda, devoid of clear technical guidance as to its added value and how it changes programming on the ground. As a result, country staff are either cynical of its value, are confused as to what it means, or use it as another opportunity to attract funding or to justify their narrow institutional mandate. There are relatively few actors who engage with resilience armed with specific technical guidance informed by comprehensive risk and vulnerability analyses. The continued ‘improper’ application of resilience reinforces some views that this is another ‘buzzword’ or ‘fad’, devoid of real meaning for programming, and will mean that the approach will be eventually dropped from policy and programming when ‘the next big thing’ comes along. This study argues that resilience has sufficient technical added-value (distinct from resilience as a political agenda) and outlines how it can be applied to programming, and, in response to challenges on the ground how donors and key partners can incentivise integrating resilience into programming. There are also recommendations for further study to support further integration of resilience into programming.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3ttg4cxcbp-en
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  • 55
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    Connecting local producers in developing countries to regional and global value chains : update (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 160
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Bergbau ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Wettbewerb ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Wirtschaftsintegration ; Produktionspotenzial ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyzes the specific factors that affect the competitiveness of developing countries in global value chains (GVCs), and how these factors differ across four major economic sectors: agriculture, extractive industries, manufacturing and offshore services. Although integration into GVCs allows firms in developing countries to participate in international trade without developing the full range of capabilities required to produce a product or service, it will not automatically translate into positive development gains from trade without the appropriate policies to build productive capacity and ensure inclusive growth and upgrading capabilities. In order to inform these policies, it is necessary to identify the various local factors that affected the capacity of developing countries to meet GVC and RVC requirements, including their productive capacity, infrastructure and services, the business environment, trade and investment policies and industry institutionalization. The report identifies the need for further data and analysis in many areas, in particular the trade-related policy implications of TiVA-GVCs for developing countries, including emerging economies. This would provide a starting point for the discussion of the domestic policies and actions needed to promote and support developing countries’ beneficial participation in value chains and inform aid for trade interventions promoting effective integration into markets via GVCs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb95f1885l-en
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  • 56
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    Exporting from fragile states : challenges and opportunities ; a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 4
    Keywords: Fragiler Staat ; Export ; Entwicklung ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although fragile states account for 15% of the global population they only contribute about 2% of exports. Trade is widely believed to be an important determinant of development. This paper analyses the challenges and opportunities faced by fragile states in their bid to diversify their economies and to break into export markets. Currently most of these countries benefit from preferential market access agreements and can export to OECD countries duty free and quota free. However, the trade schemes differ across OECD member countries; fragile states would benefit from their harmonisation. The current schemes also do not provide access for all goods – some agricultural products are excluded. OECD countries should open their markets to all goods from fragile states. Compliance with stringent OECD standards on animal, food and plant safety can also be an obstacle for exporters. Specific aid and technical assistance could help to address this problem. However, the paper also finds that domestic policies in the fragile states themselves are often the binding constraint for potential exporters. Specific “soft” industrial policies can therefore also help to overcome the main challenges of breaking into export markets: these include focusing on one specific task in the production chain, creating clusters of industries in one area, and building the capacity needed to enter the global market.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dfg9fb6d-en
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  • 57
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    From spoilers to statebuilders : constructive approaches to engagement with non-state armed groups in fragile states ; a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 6
    Keywords: Fragiler Staat ; Politische Opposition ; Politischer Konflikt ; Verhandlungen ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The global policy discourse and the war on terror tend to ignore the wide variety of roles and agendas of non-state armed groups (NSAGs), viewing them primarily as threats to security, negative for peace and as important spoilers that can undermine successful peace building. They tend to be closely linked with other forms of transnational threats such as international terrorism, crime, narcotics, human trafficking, and the illicit trade in small arms. The paper argues that engaging with NSAGs on the basis of their positive or potentially positive impacts is more productive. It emphasises the importance of distinguishing different types of NSAG and understanding their motivation, mobilisation, financing and popular support in order to assess their claims to legitimacy. Potential entry points and policy guidelines for donors include the need for “bottom-up” statebuilding efforts in capacity trap countries like Afghanistan and DRC, the inclusion of legitimate groups in peace settlements and greater focus on the positive role of NSAGs in statebuilding. Finally, for statebuilding efforts to be successful they must be framed within a broader template of regional peacebuilding to prevent the externalisation or spillover of conflict and fragility.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dfg21dr4-en
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  • 58
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    On the relevance of relative poverty for developing countries (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 314
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.314
    Keywords: Armut ; Messung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poverty is typically measured in different ways in developing and advanced countries. The majority of developing countries measure poverty in absolute terms, using a poverty line determined by the monetary cost of a predetermined basket of goods. In contrast, most analyses of poverty in advanced countries, including the majority of OECD countries and Eurostat, measure poverty in relative terms, setting the poverty line as a share of the average or median standard of living in a country. This difference in how social outcomes are measured makes it difficult to share experiences in social policy design and implementation. This paper argues that policy analysis should rely on both relative poverty – measured as a share of the median standard of living – and absolute measures. As countries reduce extreme absolute poverty, concerns of social inclusion, better represented by relative poverty lines, become increasingly relevant. Anchoring the poverty line to median welfare makes the poverty line dependent on distributional parameters beyond the mean, thus allowing for poverty lines that differ across countries with the same level of income per capita. The paper derives and presents relative poverty headcount ratios from publicly available grouped data for 114 countries. An examination of the trends in absolute and relative poverty in Brazil, China and the United States uncovers commonalities that are not apparent if the analysis focuses on national poverty lines or different concepts across countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92n2x6pts3-en
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  • 59
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    International markets for security and military assistance : a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 3
    Keywords: Waffenhandel ; Sicherheitsgewerbe ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The end of the Cold War, globalisation, and the new global security paradigm following the 9/11 attacks have seen a rapid increase in arms production and producers across different geographic regions, as well as the growth of private security enterprises in areas that were previously primarily state-controlled. This paper explores the key dimensions of international markets in military and security assistance including conventional weapons and ammunition, related services such as training and maintenance and the provision of personnel and other services via private military and security companies. These are particularly relevant to fragile and conflict-affected contexts given the demand that emanates from these contexts for the equipment and services international markets in military and security assistance offer. The paper outlines how at best, international markets in military and security assistance can help state security services to provide responsive and accountable services to their populations. At worst, they can provide the tools, know-how and people to commit human rights violations and other crimes. Other aspects of this market also potentially affect state legitimacy, in particular the massive levels of corruption associated with the international arms trade. The paper suggests some entry points for the international community to mitigate the potential risks posed by international markets in mil/sec assistance to conflict and fragility, beginning with options for developing and consolidating the existing regulatory frameworks, linking controls on markets for equipment and services and then broadening out to link with other issue areas such as governance, peacebuilding and statebuilding.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dfgjj2r4-en
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  • 60
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    The power of radical Islamist ideas in fragile states in parts of sub-Saharan Africa : a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 8
    Keywords: Islam ; Ideologie ; Fragiler Staat ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, radical Islamists are targeting fragile and conflict-affected states and encouraging the formation of groups which act against the state (either violently or subversively). These processes exacerbate existing fragility and increase conflicts among communities in countries that already suffer from poor social cohesion and integration. This paper describes the ideas and methods with which radical Islamist groups are destabilising some fragile and conflict-affected states in sub-Saharan Africa, such as Sudan, Nigeria and Chad. It also evaluates the extent to which modern communication technologies help spread these ideas among Islamists in these states. In supporting fragile and conflict-affected states that are being infiltrated by radical Islamism, international donors should tackle two related phenomena: 1) regulating the telecommunication market and use of the Internet and social media; and 2) improving education. The non-violent aspects of Islamist radicalisation processes suggest that a dialogue with radical Islamists is still possible. In this sense, some of their projects, particularly their efforts at Arabisation, could be harnessed to increase literacy levels in order to favour general education and development and diminish fragility.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dffw7r7d-en
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  • 61
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    What drives tax morale? (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 315
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.315
    Keywords: Steuermoral ; Steuerpolitik ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the literature and contributes with some evidence based on the World Values Survey on the drivers of tax morale around the world, with an emphasis on developing countries. It shows that socio-economic factors such as age, religion, gender, employment status and educational attainment have a significant impact on people’s levels of tax morale. In terms of institutional determinants, it finds that the satisfaction with democracy, trust in government and the satisfaction with the quality of public services plays an important role in increasing tax morale. The paper also discusses future directions for research and policy action in this area.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zk8m61kzq-en
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  • 62
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    Growth, aid and policies in countries recovering from war : a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 2
    Keywords: Bürgerkrieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Politische Instabilität ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What happens to countries after civil war or other conflict comes to an end? This paper shows that post-war economies can experience a peace dividend involving higher than average growth rates, and that aid can increase this dividend. Since post-war countries face the twin challenges of avoiding further conflict and rebuilding their economies, enhancing the peace dividend is a high priority. While there is evidence that this peace dividend can be increased through aid it is not well understood why this may be the case. The paper considers policy reform and particular types of aid but finds no evidence that they hold the key to understanding why aid increases post-war growth. To rebuild their economies and thus prevent them reverting to conflict, there are distinct policies that post-war governments should pursue in the short term: high aid, low taxation, independent public service delivery and low inflation. Post-war societies face enormous needs while having very limited revenue. Aid should fill the gap in the short run, but in the long run aid dependence can be avoided by phasing in a cap on aid. This cap should be relative to tax revenue.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dfgl38wb-en
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  • 63
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    Transnational organised crime and fragile states : a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 5
    Keywords: Fragiler Staat ; Organisierte Kriminalität ; International ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Transnational organised crime (TOC) refers to a fluid and diversified industry that engages in illicit activities ranging from drug and human trafficking to drug smuggling, piracy and money laundering. Although it may affect strong states, conflict-affected and fragile states are especially vulnerable to the dynamics of TOC and may provide more favourable conditions for its development. The implications for those states are many and serious. This paper outlines the ways in which TOC has evolved in recent years and how policy might be adapted to take account of this evolution. It emphasises that TOC today is less a matter of organised cartels established in producer or end-user states, but increasingly characterised by fluid, opportunistic networks that may for example specialise in transport and logistics. The paper recommends tackling the problem through a comprehensive approach that considers TOC as but one element within a greater complex of cause and effect. This would entail a re-evaluation of many current assumptions about TOC and a reformulation of current policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dfg88s40-en
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  • 64
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    Building a “fragile consensus” : liberalisation and state fragility ; a thematic paper supporting the OECD DAC INCAF project "Global Factors Influencing the Risk of Conflict and Fragility" (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 7
    Keywords: Fragiler Staat ; Deregulierung ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Governance-Ansatz ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This research paper seeks to answer three central questions: (i) how can different forms of liberalisation be classified; (ii) how have liberalisation policies and measures affected conflict-affected and fragile states; and (iii) what are the essential institutional governance pre-conditions to manage the liberalisation-fragility interface? This research suggests that no single country conforms entirely to classical liberalism. Fragile states – many of which have long communist, socialist and patrimonial histories – exhibit a cocktail of economic personalities. They may best be referred to as “liberal-hybrids”. Research shows that while such states are highly exposed to global transmission channels for liberal market policies, many of these liberal hybrids fared better through the global financial crisis because of their adaptive mechanisms. There is, therefore, a great need to deepen understanding of the drivers of fragility and resilience in fragile states, and redefine proscriptive ideological approaches that drive economic and development policies in different directions. This paper focuses on four key pillars of liberal order policies: financial liberalisation, trade liberalisation, foreign direction investment and exchange rate management. These aspects are fundamental to growth, but “test” fragile institutions and societies too severely in many cases – aggravating fragility and creating inequitable growth patterns. Policy responses to mitigate risks and maximise benefits from adoption of these liberal order policies in fragile contexts have been stronger in theory (as the Post-Washington consensus era draws to a close) than in practice; fragile states are still subject to blueprint prescriptions and competitive political pressures. Drawing on country examples, this paper proposes future avenues for international research and action: (i) grouping fragile states according to a new set of vulnerability criteria on which to base support; (ii) developing a set of leading or proxy indicators to close the action-research time gap for fragile states; (iii) modelling fragile state responses to global risks towards early warning; (iv) integrating economic and development policies at national level; (v) staggering liberalisation policies to keep pace with institutional capacities; and (vi) prioritising internal economic cohesion. To create the analytical base, three fragile state case studies could be produced exploring liberalisation adoption from ideology and prescription to uptake pattern over time. Results could be synthesised by a newly established Global & Fragile Systems Contact Group, empowered to create the new metrics required to turn the New Deal into the “real deal” for fragile and conflict-affected states.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k49dfg07sxx-en
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