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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (784)
  • 2010-2014  (784)
  • Paris : OECD  (784)
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Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ageing and employment policies : = Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi (2003-)
    Paris : OECD
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Ageing and employment policies
    Former Title: 2.2003 Hauptsacht. franz.. - 2.2003 Parallelsacht. engl.
    Keywords: OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Sozialpolitik
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    PISA 2006 : science competencies for tomorrow's world (2007-)
    Paris : OECD
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. PISA 2006, science competencies for tomorrow's world
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enterprise policy performance assessment (2003-)
    Paris : OECD
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Enterprise policy performance assessment
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International standardisation of fruit and vegetables (2000-)
    Paris : OECD
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Language: English , French , Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. International standardisation of fruit and vegetables
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fighting corruption in transition economies (2005-)
    Paris : OECD
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Emerging economies transition
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Fighting corruption in transition economies
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD e-government studies (2003-)
    Paris : OECD
    Associated volumes
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Études de l'OCDE sur l'administration électronique
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. OECD e-government studies
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Physics of plutonium recycling : a report (1995-)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD documents
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Physics of plutonium recycling
    Note: Name des Urhebers später: Working Party on the Physics of Plutonium Fuels and Innovative Fuel Cycles
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    OECD factbook : economic, environmental and social statistics (from 2005-2016)
    Paris : OECD ; 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-3879 , 1814-7364 , 1814-7364
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Series Statement: OECD publishing
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Die OECD in Zahlen und Fakten
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    QG 010
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: OECD ; Statistische Grunddaten ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Umweltstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaft ; Umwelt ; Bevölkerung ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A skills beyond school review of Kazakhstan (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alvarez Galvan, Jose Luis A skills beyond school review of Kazakhstan
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alvarez Galvan, Jose Luis A skills beyond school review of Kazakhstan
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Kasachstan ; Education ; Kazakhstan
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on Kazakhstan looks at these and other questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221826-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Skills beyond school : synthesis report (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264214675
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (113 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Apprendre au-delà de l'école ; Rapport de synthèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Postsekundäre Berufsbildung; Synthesebericht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competencias más allá de la escuela ; Síntesis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skills beyond school
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Berufsausbildung ; Bildungspolitik
    Abstract: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? This report synthesises the findings of the series of country reports done on skills beyond school.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264214682-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A skills beyond school review of the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264221833
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Keywords: Education ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on the Netherlands looks at these and other questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264221840-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A skills beyond school review of South Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264223752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Field, Simon A skills beyond school review of South Africa
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Südafrika ; Education ; Employment ; South Africa ; Südafrika ; Berufsbildung
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on South Africa looks at these and other questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264223776-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Creative problem solving : students' skills in tackling real-life problems; programme for International Student Assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208063
    Language: English
    Pages: 250 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results vol. 5
    Series Statement: PISA
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. V: Creative problem solving
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This fifth volume of PISA 2012 results presents an assessment of student performance in problem solving, which measures students’ capacity to respond to non-routine situations in order to achieve their potential as constructive and reflective citizens. It provides the rationale for assessing problem-solving skills and describes performance within and across countries and economies. In addition, the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status. The volume also explores the role of education in fostering problem-solving skills.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208070-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ready to learn : students' engagement, drive and self-beliefs; programme for International Student Assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264201163
    Language: English
    Pages: 520 S.
    Edition: rev. vers.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results vol. 3
    Series Statement: PISA
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résultats de PISA 2012 ; Des élèves prêts à apprendre (Volume III) ; Engagement, motivation et confiance en soi
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. III: Ready to learn
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This third volume of PISA 2012 results explores students’ engagement with and at school, their drive and motivation to succeed, and the beliefs they hold about themselves as mathematics learners. The volume identifies the students who are at particular risk of having low levels of engagement in, and holding negative dispositions towards, school in general and mathematics in particular, and how engagement, drive, motivation and self-beliefs are related to mathematics performance. The volume identifies the roles schools can play in shaping the well-being of students and the role parents can play in promoting their children’s engagement with and dispositions towards learning. Changes in students’ engagement, drive, motivation and self-beliefs between 2003 and 2012, and how those dispositions have changed during the period among particular subgroups of students, notably socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged students, boys and girls, and students at different levels of mathematics proficiency, are examined when comparable data are available. Throughout the volume, case studies examine in greater detail the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264201170-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Secondary education in Kazakhstan (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264205215
    Language: English
    Pages: 368 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Reviews of national policies for education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Secondary education in Kazakhstan
    Keywords: Weiterführende Schule ; Kasachstan ; Education ; Kazakhstan ; Kasachstan ; Sekundarstufe ; Schulreform ; Evaluation
    Abstract: This report evaluates the education reform agenda of Kazakhstan – its feasibility and focus – by taking stock of present-day strengths and weaknesses of the secondary education system. The report also provides guidance on adjusting the reform implementation plans in line with international experiences and best practices regarding educational change, and consolidates much of the previously dispersed (national) data on primary and secondary schools in Kazakhstan into a common analytical base of evidence, validated by the education authorities. Chapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the country, it education system and reform plans. Subsequent chapters provide analysis of and recommendations on equity and effectiveness of schooling; assessment and evaluation practices; policies for teachers and principals; expenditure patterns and financing mechanisms; vocational education and training; and a summary of the recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264205208-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration as an adjustment mechanism in the crisis? : a comparison of Europe and the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 155
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Eurozone ; Europa ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The question of whether migration can be an equilibrating force in the labour market is an important criterion for an optimal currency area. It is of particular interest currently in the context of high and rising levels of labour market disparities, in particular within the Eurozone where there is no exchange-rate mechanism available to play this role. We shed some new light on this question by comparing pre- and post-crisis migration movements at the regional level in both Europe and the United States, and their association with asymmetric labour market shocks. We find that recent migration flows have reacted quite significantly to the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 and to changes in labour market conditions, particularly in Europe. Indeed, in contrast to the pre-crisis situation and the findings of previous empirical studies, there is tentative evidence that the migration response to the crisis has been considerable in Europe, in contrast to the United States where the crisis and subsequent sluggish recovery were not accompanied by greater interregional labour mobility in reaction to labour market shocks. Our estimates suggest that, if all measured population changes in Europe were due to migration for employment purposes – i.e. an upper-bound estimate – up to about a quarter of the asymmetric labour market shock would be absorbed by migration within a year. However, in the Eurozone the reaction mainly stems from migration of third-country nationals. Even within the group of Eurozone nationals, a significant part of the free mobility stems from immigrants from third countries who have taken on the nationality of their Eurozone host country.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb8p51gvhl-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pricing and competition in specialist medical services : an overview for South Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 70
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Ärzte ; Preismanagement ; Krankenhaus ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Südafrika ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Major disparities in the cost of health care have made the pricing of specialist and hospital services a contentious issue in South Africa, particularly in the private sector. To help inform policy debate, this paper profiles selected experiences on the pricing of health services, competition policy and models of buying specialist health care services from the private sector across the OECD. Firstly, South Africa is compared to OECD countries to identify countries where voluntary private health insurance – the major source of financing for private hospitals – plays a similar role. Second, this paper provides an overview of price setting across OECD health care systems. It then covers the economic rationale and the institutional arrangements which OECD countries have established to set prices, before moving to an overview of competition policy considerations surrounding these arrangements. Finally, the paper highlights a few models of buying services from the private sector for public patients, with a particular focus on Mexico and Turkey. It is argued that South Africa should separate the task of establishing a schedule of medical services from negotiations over overall payments to medical professionals.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2lpxcrhd5-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Growth policies and macroeconomic stability (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8t849335d-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Personal tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses : estimating the fiscal and environmental costs (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 20
    Keywords: 2012 ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Pendelverkehr ; Geldwerter Vorteil ; Einkommensteuer ; Umweltbelastung ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Company cars form a large proportion of the car fleet in many OECD countries and are also influential in determining the composition of the wider vehicle fleet. When employees provided with a company car use that car for personal purposes, personal income tax rules value the benefit in a number of different ways. How accurate these rules are in valuing the benefit has important implications for tax revenue, the environment and other social impacts such as congestion. This paper outlines the tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in 27 OECD countries and one partner country. It compares these tax settings with a stylised “benchmark” tax treatment that estimates the full value of the benefit received by employees with company vehicles. The paper demonstrates that the estimated tax expenditures associated with company car taxation in these countries in 2012 can be quite considerable. Significantly, from an environmental perspective, in most countries employees faced no additional increase in tax payable in response to an increase in the assumption of distance driven.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cg1s7vl-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A sub-national perspective on financing investment for Growth II : creating fiscal space for public investment ; the role of institutions (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/06
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sub-national governments (SNGs) are key players for public investment in OECD countries, responsible for nearly two-thirds of it. At the same time, both the well-being of the population and economic performance depend on an adequate provision of public services, which require public facilities and thus public investment. Ensuring that sub-national governments command the resources for necessary public investment is hence important. While in the immediate, the fiscal space of a SNG for public investment is basically determined by its current fiscal capacities, in a longer-term perspective the evolution of fiscal space comes to depend increasingly on the institutional context. This includes the national framework of fiscal relations across levels of government, the nature and characteristics of SNGs’ revenue sources and spending responsibilities, SNGs resilience to crises, and their structural ability to borrow. This paper explores the institutional ability of SNGs to influence their fiscal space for public investment. In this context, it also analyses the main challenges to be faced by SNG finances in the decades to come, as well as recent reforms implemented by SNGs to tackle these specific issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3zvxc53bt-en
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Changes in family policies and outcomes : is there convergence? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 157
    Keywords: Familienpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on trends in family and child outcomes and policies over the past decades, in order to assess whether there has been any convergence over time across OECD and EU countries. Important drivers of population structure such as life expectancy and fertility rates are becoming more similar across countries as are marriage and divorce rates. Increased educational attainment has contributed to greater female employment participation and convergence therein across countries. Child well-being outcomes show a more mixed pattern with improvements and convergence in infant mortality, but varying trends in child poverty across countries.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The internet in transition : the state of the transition to IPv6 in today's internet and measures to support the continued use of IPv4 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 234
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Internet ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report considers the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 alongside the use of network technologies to prolong IPv4 use in the face of depletion of further IPv4 protocol addresses, but it does not aim to address all issues surrounding the transition to IPv6 or to detail the economic incentives faced by various Internet actors. It first provides a status update of address management issues and the run-out of IPv4. It then describes the advantages and limitations of increased use of network address translation as one response to sustain the use of IPv4 in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. It provides an overview of the IPv6 protocol; the advantages of IPv6 deployment as a response to IPv4 address exhaustion and the IPv6 transition plan compared to actual deployment to date. Finally, the report examines the choices facing individual actors, their potential consequences, and the policy implications on openness and innovation for the future of the Internet.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International traffic termination (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 238
    Keywords: Telekommunikationspreis ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines measures taken in countries that have restricted the ability for markets to set termination charges for incoming international telecommunication traffic by mandating rates below which no market player can diverge. The report explores empirically the effects of the introduction of such policies and finds that an increase of these termination charges reduces traffic (measured by minutes or calls) in such a way that the expected increase in revenue, given the rise of the termination charge, may be countervailed. Thus, the report concludes that these practices are not in the best interest of the countries where they have been introduced or of countries paying the higher termination rates.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mnlvkc-en
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic implications of the IEA efficient world scenario (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 64
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Makroökonometrie ; CGE-Modell ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In its 2012 edition of the World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency (IEA) produced an Efficient World Scenario (IEA, 2012) to assess how implementing only economically viable energy efficiency measures would affect energy markets, investment and greenhouse emissions (GHG). The IEA analysis found that in order to halve global primary energy demand over 2010-2035, additional investments of USD 11.8 trillion in more efficient end-use technologies would be necessary. Using the OECD ENV-Linkages macro-economic model, this report simulates the economic and environmental impacts which the IEA Efficient World Scenario implies...
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcn29lbw-en
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring potential data sources for estimating private climate finance (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 69
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Private Investition ; Schätzung ; Datenerhebung ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper reviews a number of commercial and public data sources to examine their potential for increasing coverage and understanding of the volume and characteristics of private climate finance beyond renewable energy projects. Such information is needed to assess progress towards the global transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, as well towards the fulfilment of international commitments by developed countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The data sources investigated in this analysis are evaluated across four areas relating to their: (i) use of sectoral classification systems; (ii) coverage of private finance transactions and instruments; (iii) definitions and methods for categorising finance as private and identifying its geographic origin; and (iv) data access restrictions and methodological transparency. To provide a frame of reference, the paper distils corresponding definitions and methodologies used by key known data sources for tracking climatespecific finance as well as investments and finance more broadly...
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15qwz4hs1-en
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  • 26
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    Retour à l'emploi des chômeurs seniors français ayant bénéficié d'un accompagnement renforcé vers l'emploi en 2009 et 2010 : enquête auprès des salariés licenciés pour motif économique et des publics en difficulté d'insertion (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 156
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Altersvorsorge ; Frankreich ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This article analyses age differences in several labour market outcomes in France for participants of intensive case management programmes, delivered in 2009 and 2010 by the public employment service (PES) or private providers. These programmes are different from the intensive case management service introduced from 2013 by the PES in its new services offer (strategic plan « Pôle emploi 2015 »)...
    Note: Zsfassung in engl. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2fnj84vd4-fr
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  • 27
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    Women's social entrepreneurship and innovation (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2014/01
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Weibliche Führungskräfte ; Führungsstil ; Innovation ; Ungarn ; Russland ; Chile ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Chile ; Hungary ; Russian Federation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: After having explained the smaller gender gap in social entrepreneurship compared to commercial entrepreneurship, this paper provides information on female management style and on the innovation capacity of social enteprises led by women. This Report is based on SELUSI data and presents three specific case studies from Hungary, Russia and Chile.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzkq2sr7d4-en
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  • 28
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    Does regional economic growth depend on proximity to urban centres? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/07
    Keywords: 1995 - 2010 ; Bevölkerungsdichte ; Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Europa ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the spatial patterns of regional economic growth in Europe over the 1995 to 2010 period. It finds that regions, which contain large urban agglomerations, have been growing significantly faster than those that do not. Furthermore, proximity to large urban agglomerations has been positively correlated to economic growth. Halving travel time to a large urban agglomeration is associated with a 0.2 to 0.4 percentage points increase in annual per capita growth. More generally, the study also shows that measures of population density are positively correlated to growth. Among the different measures, by far the best predictor of growth between 1995 and 2010 is the maximum population density of a region.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0t7fxh7wc-en
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  • 29
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    A calculated risk : how donors should engage with risk financing and transfer mechanisms (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33, III, III S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 17
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better financial preparedness against risk is a central part of a comprehensive approach to disaster management. Risk financing and risk transfer are approaches to planning for risks that cannot be reduced or avoided practically or cost-effectively and may include a strategy and practical measures to ensure the availability of funds for post-disaster relief and reconstruction, commensurate with the scale and frequency of anticipated risks. Risk financing is of growing interest to a wide range of development and humanitarian actors searching for solutions to bridge a growing global post-disaster financing gap. This report describes key features of risk financing and risk transfer, examines some of the current challenges at the contextual and programmatic levels as well as institutional challenges donors might face in engaging in risk financing and recommends a set of principles and policy approaches to guide future donor support and engagement.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz122cn65s6-en
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  • 30
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    Investment treaty law, sustainable development and responsible business conduct : a fact finding survey (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: bribery ; investor state arbitration ; investment treaties ; environmental law ; labour law ; ISDS ; corruption ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment treaty law – which is scattered over 3 000 international investment agreements adopted over a period of 50 years – is a crucial but complex basis for regulating international investment flows. Investment treaties are often thought to be silent on investors’ responsibilities to host societies and on their contributions to sustainable development. The present paper establishes a factual and statistical basis for understanding the relationship between investment treaty law and governments’ ability to advance the sustainable development agenda and promote responsible business conduct. The paper presents survey results of 2 107 investment treaties and 1 113 treaty-based arbitration cases in order to shed light on how (if at all) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor-state arbitration cases based on them.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgx1zlt-en
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  • 31
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    Comparing hospital and health prices and volumes internationally : results of a EUROSTAT/OECD project (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 75
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Health services account for a large and increasing share of production and expenditure in OECD and Eurostat countries but there are also noticeable differences between countries in expenditure per capita. Whether such differences are due to more services being consumed or whether they reflect differences in the price of services is a question of significant policy relevance. Yet, cross-country comparisons of health services have typically not disentangled these effects. This paper presents the results of a joint effort between OECD and Eurostat in developing price comparisons for health goods and services. The main novel feature is the collection of comparable and output-based prices for hospital services that can then be applied to matching national accounts expenditure data so as to derive consistent price and volume comparisons of health products. The data is novel in that it reflects “quasi prices” (negotiated or administrative prices or tariffs) of the output of hospital services, instead of prices of inputs such as wages of medical personnel. The new methodology moves away from the traditional input perspective, thereby relaxing the assumption that hospital productivity is the same across countries...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxznwrj32mp-en
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  • 32
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    Uncovering trade secrets : an empirical assessment of economic implications of protection for undisclosed data (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (161 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 167
    Keywords: Geschäftsgeheimnis ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the protection of trade secrets for a sample of 37 countries, provides historical data for the period since 1985, and considers the relationship of the stringency of the protection of trade secrets to relevant economic performance indicators. The paper finds that there has been a notable increase in the stringency of trade secrets protection in a broad sample of countries during the period from 1985 to 2010. The paper also finds a positive association between the stringency of trade secrets protection and key indicators of innovation and international economic flows. Further details of the methodology and additional country data can be found in the background paper provided in phase I of the OECD trade secrets project [OECD Trade Policy Paper No. 162].
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzl5w3j3s6-en
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  • 33
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : telecommunication services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 172
    Keywords: Telekommunikationssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for telecommunications. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for telecommunications and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.61, with a sample average of 0.22. Barriers to competition, reflecting inadequate regulation of incumbents with significant market power, and state ownership in some countries make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by restrictions on foreign entry. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nk5j7xp-en
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  • 34
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    Corporate governance enforcement in the Middle East and North Africa : evidence and priorities (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 15
    Keywords: Aktionärsrechte ; Board of Directors ; Gerichtsbarkeit ; Minderheitsaktionäre ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Corporate Governance ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Börse ; Aktienrecht ; Gesellschaftsrecht ; MENA-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Corporate governance frameworks in the Middle East and North Africa region have undergone a substantial evolution in the past decade. Better enforcement of corporate governance rules and regulations has in the past three years emerged as both a policy challenge and a priority for the region. This emphasis on better enforcement reflects a number of trends including political changes in some countries of the region, the global call for better surveillance of the adoption of governance rules as well as low investor engagement in the region. This paper examines key developments in public and private corporate governance enforcement in the region. It highlights the growing level of public enforcement as expertise within the securities regulators is growing. The paper provides policy recommendations on specific aspects of governance frameworks such as the treatment of related party transactions and board member responsibilities which - if better regulated - could result in more effective governance enforcement in the region.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxws6scxg7c-en
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  • 35
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : computer and related services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 169
    Keywords: IT-Management ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for computer services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for computer services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.08 and 0.34, with a sample average of 0.18. Explicit barriers to trade in computer services are rare, but the sector is subject to a number of economy-wide restrictions facing all sectors. Among these, restrictions on movement of people (mode 4 in GATS terminology) make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by regulatory transparency issues. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4np1pjzt-en
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  • 36
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : distribution services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 173
    Keywords: Vertrieb ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for distribution services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for distribution services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.02 and 0.40, with a sample average of 0.13. It is observed that the regulatory profile differs across countries. Restrictions on foreign ownership and other market entry conditions significantly contribute to the results for almost half of the countries covered by the STRI. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4njvtfbx-en
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  • 37
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    Mental health and work : achieving well-integrated policies and service delivery (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 161
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsleistung ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mental ill-health can lead to poor work performance, high sickness absence and reduced labour market participation, resulting in considerable costs for society. Improving labour market participation of people with mental health problems requires well-integrated policies and services across the education, employment, health and social sectors. This paper provides examples of policy initiatives from 10 OECD countries for integrated services. Outcomes and strengths and weaknesses of the policy initiatives are presented, resulting in the following main conclusions for future integrated mental health and work policies and services: More rigorous implementation and evaluation of integrated policies is necessary to improve labour market outcomes. Implementation cannot be left to the discretion of stakeholders only; Better financial incentives and clearer obligations and guidelines need to be provided to stakeholders and professionals to participate in integrated service delivery; Each sector has a responsibility to assure integrated services in line with client needs, in turn requiring much better knowledge about the needs of clients with a mental illness; More integrated provision of services within each sector – e.g. through employment advice brought into the mental health system and psychological expertise brought into employment services – appears to be the easiest and most cost-effective approach.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxsvvn6pq6g-en
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  • 38
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    PISA 2012 Results: Students and Money (Volume VI) : financial literacy skills for the 21st century; programme for International Student Assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208094
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results vol. 6
    Series Statement: PISA
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. VI: Students and money
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This sixth volume of PISA 2012 results examines 15-year-old students’ performance in financial literacy in the 18 countries and economies that participated in this optional assessment. It also discusses the relationship of financial literacy to students’ and their families’ background and to students’ mathematics and reading skills. The volume also explores students’ access to money and their experience with financial matters. In addition, it provides an overview of the current status of financial education in schools and highlights relevant case studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208094-en
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  • 39
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    Measuring innovation in education : a new perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    ISBN: 9789264215689
    Language: English
    Pages: 331 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Measuring innovation in education
    DDC: 370.72/7
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Bildung ; Innovation ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungsforschung ; Innovation ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Do teachers innovate? Do they try different pedagogical approaches? Are practices within classrooms and educational organisations changing? And to what extent can change be linked to improvements? A measurement agenda is essential to an innovation and improvement strategy in education. Measuring Innovation in Educationoffers new perspectives on addressing the need for such measurement. This book’s first objective is informative: it gives readers new international comparative information about innovation in education compared to other sectors. And it documents change in a variety of dimensions of school practices between 1999 and 2011. Its second objective is methodological: it assesses two approaches to capturing the extent and type of innovation occurring within and across education systems. The third objective is exploratory: this book showcases a large-scale pilot that presents over 200 measures of innovation in education using existing international data. Last but not least, the fourth objective is prospective: this report proposes new approaches to measuring innovation in education in the future. This book is the beginning of a new journey: it calls for innovations in the field of measurement – and not just of education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264215696-en
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  • 40
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    OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207691
    Language: English
    Pages: 202 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Bewertung ; Großbritannien ; Nordirland ; Education ; Ireland ; Nordirland ; Schule ; Evaluation
    Abstract: This book finds that, in many ways, Northern Ireland stands out internationally with its thoughtfully designed evaluation and assessment framework. The major components are well developed, in particular policies for student assessment, school evaluation and school system evaluation. It has been developed using the majority of key design principles recommended by the OECD. The approach to evaluation and assessment combines: central control over policy development and standard setting; transparency over procedures and reporting of results; an increasing responsibility for the implementation of evaluation and assessment among teachers and schools; and central mechanisms to monitor the effectiveness of implementation. For example, while schools and their Boards of Governors are accountable for their educational quality and are accountable to their communities, school development planning processes are also monitored as part of external school evaluation by a central inspectorate. Teachers play a central role in student assessment and their assessment of pupil progress against central standards is moderated by a central agency which engages working teachers in the process. Teachers in primary schools are offered central diagnostic tests to support their assessment of pupil progress. Only teacher appraisal remains entirely school based, but there is a set of common competence standards for teachers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207707-en
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  • 41
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    State-owned enterprise governance : a stocktaking of reforms and challenges in Southern Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 13
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; Übernahme ; Corporate Governance ; Kapitalmarkttheorie ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; SADC-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report is the first known stocktaking of its kind to provide a regional overview of state-owned enterprise (SOE) governance reforms and challenges across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Part One summarises the challenges and governance practices related to state-ownership across SADC economies; it draws conclusions on how to address common regional priorities. Part Two of the report is organised around country profiles providing a fact-based assessment of SOE reform policies and practices in 14 economies. The report was prepared at the request of the Southern Africa Network on Governance of State-Owned Enterprises – a regional cooperation initiative aimed at improving the corporate governance of SOEs, and mainly covering the member economies of the SADC region. The stocktaking was prepared based on information self-reported by authorities in participating economies and supplemented by desk research.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb5zntk5r8-en
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  • 42
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    Connected televisions : convergence and emerging business models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 231
    Keywords: Fernsehprogramm ; Internet ; Geschäftsmodell ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Connected televisions are defined for the purposes of this report as devices that have the capability to interact with the Internet to display audio-visual content. Connected television is an important development because it permits the provision of certain new and valuable services to end-users. These services will also have implications for the activities of all of the players in the content distribution ecosystem. In addition to identifying the new services that connected television enables, the report analyses in some detail their effects on networks (i.e. the physical communication links that carry content to end-users). The impact on content producers themselves, on content distributors (such as traditional pay television companies), on hardware vendors, and on providers of support services such as advertising and programme guides is considered much more briefly. More detailed examination of these matters could be the subject of future work. The report also includes a discussion of policy implications raised by connected televisions for the actual connected television devices and for network infrastructure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb36wjqkvg-en
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  • 43
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    Social protection and climate change (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 16
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qc8wc1s5-en
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  • 44
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    The political economy of tax incentives for investment in the Dominican Republic : “doctoring the ball” (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 322
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.322
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Anreiz ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Dominikanische Republik ; Development ; Dominican Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tax incentives can be a useful tool to stimulate investment in developing countries. However, in these countries interest groups often are able to exert considerable influence in its management, if not its design. From a power-based approach to the political economy of tax reform we find how interest groups work within the institutional framework to seek outcomes that best fit their objectives. When unsuccessful, they become powerful advocates of change. These power dynamics have important implications for the design and management of tax incentives in developing economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3wkh45kmw-en
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  • 45
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    Global trade and specialisation patterns over the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Keywords: Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gpwfxq4-en
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  • 46
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    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
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  • 47
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    The diesel differential : differences in the tax treatment of gasoline and diesel for road use (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 21
    Keywords: Benzin ; Dieselkraftstoff ; Mineralölsteuer ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Diesel and gasoline account for around 95% of energy used for road transport in the OECD and for the largest share of revenue from taxes on energy. In 33 out of 34 OECD countries, diesel fuel is taxed at lower rates than gasoline both in terms of energy and carbon content. To assess whether this difference is warranted from an environmental perspective, this paper examines the rationales for taxing both fuels, considering the externalities (including local air pollution, carbon emissions and other social costs related to road transport) associated with the use of each fuel and the fuel efficiency advantage of diesel vehicles. The revenue, distributional and competitiveness consequences of increasing tax rates on diesel are also briefly considered and the revenue effects of the tax treatment of diesel are shown to be significant. We conclude that the externalities associated with each fuel show that the lower tax rates that currently apply to diesel fuel are not justifiable from an environmental perspective. Reduction of the diesel differential is warranted. A gradual approach to removing the differential would allow the adverse distributional and competitiveness impacts to be mitigated during the transitional phase.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd7hk6b-en
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  • 48
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    The Bitcoin question : currency versus trust-less transfer technology (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 37
    Keywords: Finanzintermediation ; Geldpolitik ; Geldsubstitut ; Goldstandard ; Vertrauen ; Bargeldloser Zahlungsverkehr ; Virtuelle Währung ; Payment technology ; Plenary power ; Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The financial crisis has led to a widespread loss of trust in financial intermediaries of all kinds, perhaps helping to open the way towards the general acceptance of alternative technologies. This paper briefly summarises the crypto-currency phenomenon, separating the ‘currency’ issues from the potential technology benefits. With respect to crypto currencies, the paper argues that these can’t undermine the ability of central banks to conduct monetary policy. They do, however, raise consumer protection and bank secrecy issues. The valuation of Bitcoins and price volatility issues are discussed, as well as electronic theft, contract failures, etc., all of which could result in large losses to users and hence ultimate costs to the taxpayer (e.g. the failure to provide adequate private pensions resulting in increased reliance on public pensions). The anonymity features of the crypto-currencies also facilitate tax evasion and money laundering, both of which are major public policy concerns. The technology associated with crypto-currencies, on the other hand, could ultimately shift the entire basis of trust involved in any financial transaction. It is an innovation that creates the ability to carry out transactions without the need for a trusted third party; i.e. a move towards trust-less transactions. This mechanism could work to eliminate the role of many intermediaries, thereby reducing transactions costs by introducing much needed competition to incumbent firms. The generic issues that policy makers need to examine are summarised.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwjd9t20-en
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  • 49
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    Small and medium-sized enterprises in global markets : a differential approach for services? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 165
    Keywords: 1985 - 2010 ; Industrie ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; KMU ; Globalisierung ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study empirically investigates key restrictions to the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing and across different types of services. The study explores the extent to which binding constraints faced by SMEs producing goods may differ from small firms operating in services sectors and takes stock of how existing policy initiatives address some of these differences. Our results suggest that while firm size clearly influences the trade performance of SMEs in manufacturing, it is an ambiguous predictor of export performance in the case of small-sized services firms. The findings show that firm size influences the choice of export channel and that small firms rely more on indirect and agglomeration networks. Finally, the results point to a strong degree of firm-level heterogeneity across services activities and enterprise size. It would seem that incorporating sectoral and size heterogeneity into existing policies might be desirable to address key constraints for SMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz17jtfkmzt-en
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  • 50
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    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 51
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    An evaluation of international surveys of children (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 146
    Keywords: Kinder ; Sozialer Indikator ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report evaluates sources of international child well-being data to assess their suitability for supplementing national and transnational data sources to inform policy. The review of the leading surveys of children (and surveys of households with children) summarises the information available from these sources and, as importantly, identifies the gaps in measuring child well-being outcomes not covered by data from these sources. The report then undertakes an in-depth evaluation of possible systematic bias in the underlying survey population to provide confidence in the reliability of outcomes measured from these international surveys. Based on the overall evaluation, the report concludes with recommendations for the use and improvement of international surveys for monitoring child well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjrqvntf-en
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  • 52
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    Trends in top incomes and their taxation in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 159
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The shares of top income recipients in total pre-tax income have increased in OECD countries in the past three decades, particularly in most of the English-speaking countries but also in some Nordic (from low levels) and Southern European countries. Today, the richest one percent receives between 7% of all pre-tax income in Denmark and the Netherlands up to almost 20% in the United States. This increase is the result of the top 1% capturing a disproportionate share of overall income growth over the past thirty years: around 20 – 25% in Australia and the United Kingdom, up to 37% in Canada and even 47% in the United States. At the same time, tax reforms in almost all OECD countries reduced top personal income tax rates as well as rates of other taxes affecting the highest income earners. Indeed, while top tax rates were equal to or above 70% in half of the countries in the mid-1970s, this rate has been halved in many countries by 2013.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43jhlz87f-en
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  • 53
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    An overview of the OECD ENV-linkages model : version 3 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 65
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Längsschnittanalyse ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; Makroökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document provides a detailed technical description of the ENV-Linkages model. The OECD ENV-Linkages Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is an economic model that describes how economic activities are inter-linked across several macroeconomic sectors and regions. It links economic activity to environmental pressure, specifically to emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The links between economic activities and emissions are projected for several decades into the future, and thus shed light on the impacts of environmental policies for the medium- and long-term future. In this paper specific attention is given to the equations that form the core of the model. The version of the model presented here is used for analysis carried out for the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (OECD, 2012). An updated version of the model is expected to play a key role in the new CIRCLE project (OECD, 2013).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qck2b2vd-en
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  • 54
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    Environmental and related social costs of the tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 70
    Keywords: Pendelverkehr ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds upon a recent OECD paper on the personal tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in OECD member-countries and aims to arrive at a better understanding of the environmental and related social costs of the tax treatment described therein. The paper begins with an analysis of the larger transport market, which is the primary storehouse of evidence on the nature and extent of the environmental impacts of the various transport modes, the relative importance of the proximate and underlying determinants of these impacts, and the elasticities and functional relationships at work. Non-linearities in the relevant elasticities and functional relationships mean that the tax treatment of company cars may have a greater or lesser impact than is suggested by the size of the company car market. And distortions in relative prices between competing modes in the larger transport market mean that subsidies can have very different impacts depending on the mode in question. The further analysis of the interaction of the current tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses with the transport market yields several findings. The current under-taxation of company cars is likely to result in a disproportionately large increase in total distance driven, composed of both an increase in the number of cars in use and an increase in distance driven per car. In turn, this is likely to result in disproportionately large impacts on most relevant environmental and related social costs. And a favourable tax treatment of commuting expenses generally, and of employer-paid parking in particular, is likely to impact on the choice of transport mode in favour of the car relative to public transport and non-motorised modes. In turn, this is likely to impact on most relevant environmental and related social costs. An Annex to this paper provides, for the OECD group of countries as a whole, some indicative estimates of the main relevant impacts of the under-taxation of company cars as well as an indicative estimate of its overall social cost. The largest quantified cost elements are additional congestion costs; additional local air pollution costs; and additional traffic accident costs. The overall social cost attributable to the current under-taxation of company cars is estimated at circa EUR 116 billion per year.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwrr5163zp-en
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  • 55
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Italy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 71
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Italien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. The recent history of mental health in Italy has been one of de-institutionalisation. The significant overhaul undertaken with regards to mental health over the last years is an example of this process: as it moved away from the century-long tradition of restrictive mental health asylums (manicomi) from the late 1970s with the recent process of closures of judicial psychiatric hospitals (Ospedali Psichiatrici Giudiziari – OPG), Italy progressively managed to integrate mental health services within community-based facilities. Focus was no longer on security and on isolating citizens suffering from mental disorders, but rather on patients’ needs and moving towards social integration and rehabilitation.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15922hmd4-en
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  • 56
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    Cloud computing : the concept, impacts and the role of government policy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 240
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; Cloud Computing ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cloud computing is changing the way computing is undertaken. It provides the ability to access IT resources on demand without the need for significant capital expenditure, thereby lowering the entry barriers for new entrants in multiple sectors. Cloud computing has thus become a platform for innovation. This report presents the concept of cloud computing, the services it provides and deployment models, and thus give a clear overview of what it is and what it is not. It provides an overview of how cloud computing changes the way computing is carried out, and evaluates the impacts of cloud computing (including its benefits and challenges as well as its economic and environmental impacts). Finally, the report discusses the policy issues raised by cloud computing and the role of governments and other stakeholders in addressing these issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf4lcc7f5-en
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  • 57
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    Consumer policy guidance on intangible digital content products (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 241
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital content, such as e-books and apps that are available through streaming, downloads or cloud computing platforms, has become the fastest growing e-commerce product category. To support further growth, it is important that consumers, including children, understand what their rights and obligations are when acquiring and using such products. In particular, consumers need to know about the conditions under which they may copy and share products, and on which devices the products may be used. They also need to be informed about how their personal data may be collected and used, with whom it may be shared and why, and the type of redress that may be obtained when problems arise.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjq3gg6-en
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  • 58
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    Wireless market structures and network sharing (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (89 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 243
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key issue for policy makers and regulators across the OECD area is the market structures that will best deliver efficient and inclusive mobile communication services. This has led to two issues addressed in this report, namely: the recent experience in selected countries, which have changed or held constant the number of facilities based operators; and the initial experience and key questions that have arisen with wireless network sharing. These questions are related because they converge around the issue of how many facilities-based networks are optimal in providing competitive services in the same geographical location. In all OECD countries there are at least three mobile network operators (MNOs), which broadly compete on a national basis, with some countries having four or five facilities-based networks operating nationally or in the same region. Historically, the coverage and capabilities of these networks have been important factors used by operators to differentiate their offers and attract customers. Nonetheless, sharing the expense of network facilities between multiple MNOs can significantly reduce costs, especially at a time when there are demands on operators to roll out new networks or extend coverage.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46dzl9r2-en
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  • 59
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    On the effectiveness of exchange rate interventions in emerging markets (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 324
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.324
    Keywords: Wechselkurs ; Wechselkurspolitik ; Schwellenländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We analyse the effectiveness of exchange rate interventions for a panel of 18 emerging market economies during the period 2003-11. Using an error-correction model approach, we find that on average intervention is effective in moving the real exchange rate in the desired direction, controlling for deviations from the equilibrium and short-term changes in fundamentals and global financial variables. Our results are robust to different samples and estimation methods. We find little evidence of asymmetries in the effect of sales and purchases, but some evidence of more effective interventions for large deviations from the equilibrium. We also explore differences across countries according to the possible transmission channels and nature of some global shocks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfmxfdth-en
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  • 60
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    Skills and jobs in the internet economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 242
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Wissensgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Both generic and specialised ICT skills are becoming an important requirement for employment across the economy as the Internet becomes more engrained in work processes, but a significant part of the population lacks the basic skills necessary to function in this new environment. This paper examines the impact of the Internet on the labour market in this context. For example, between 7% and 27% of adults have no experience in using computers or lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. In addition, the groups with the least ICT skills tend to be among the demographic groups at the most risk of losing jobs. Data also highlight a potential skills mismatch among those with the strongest ICT skills (youth) and those who actually use them at work (prime age and older adults).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjm9bns-en
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  • 61
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : audio-visual services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 174
    Keywords: Kommunikationsmedien ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for motion pictures, television and broadcasting and sound recording. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for audio-visual services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.72 for motion pictures, 0.07 to 0.78 for television and broadcasting, and between 0.05 and 0.37 for sound recording. The sample averages are 0.18 for motion pictures, 0.28 for television and broadcasting and 0.16 for sound recording. Limitations on foreign entry, including foreign equity limits contribute to about two thirds of the index values in television and broadcasting. In motion pictures screen quotas contribute to the indices in many of the countries with scores above average. Sound recording, i.e. music, is the most open of the three audio-visual services sectors where limitations on movement of people account for more than 40% of the index value. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nj4fc22-en
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  • 62
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : transport and courier services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 176
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for transport and courier services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for transport and courier services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that these services are subject to very different regulatory frameworks and, in some cases, to a relatively elevated degree of regulation. Indices for air transport covering measures affecting commercial establishment and accompanying movement of natural persons are on average quite high (0.43), with little variation across countries. A preliminary assessment of restrictiveness in cross-border trade in the sector shows that, while some progress in easing restrictions has been achieved through open skies agreements, significant limitations remain in place. The maritime transport sector is moderately open with an average STRI of 0.25. Foreign equity restrictions are still quite common in the sector and contribute significantly to the index. Most other sector-specific restrictions are found in the cabotage market and in ports. In road freight transport, the results confirm that the domestic road freight transport regime has been significantly liberalised over the years, and currently commercial establishment in the sector is largely affected by horizontal measures. The overall level of restrictiveness is relatively low with an average of 0.16, but exhibits pretty large variation. With respect to rail freight, the STRI also supports the view that considerable reforms have been undertaken in the sector in the past decades. The average level of restrictiveness is moderate at 0.22, although two countries maintain a statutory state-owned monopoly, which implies that the sector is completely closed to foreign suppliers. Finally, for courier services the results show that the overall level of restrictiveness is moderate with a sample average of 0.26. There is, however, large variation in STRI indices among countries. The elevated levels of restrictiveness are found in countries where foreign equity restrictions or statutory monopolies exist.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nd187r6-en
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  • 63
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    What students know and can do : student performance in mathematics, reading and science; programme for International Student Assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208773
    Language: English
    Pages: 560 S.
    Edition: rev. ed.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results vol. 1
    Series Statement: PISA
    Series Statement: PISA 2012 results
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résultats du PISA 2012 ; Savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves (Volume I) ; Performance des élèves en mathématiques, en compréhension de l'écrit et en sciences
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Ergebnisse; Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können (Band I, Überarbeitete Ausgabe, Februar 2014); Schülerleistungen in Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als PISA 2012 results ; Vol. I: What students know and can do
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This first volume of PISA 2012 results summarises the performance of students in PISA 2012. It describes how performance is defined, measured and reported, and then provides results from the assessment, showing what students are able to do in mathematics. After a summary of mathematics performance, it examines the ways in which this performance varies on subscales representing different aspects of mathematics literacy. Given that any comparison of the outcomes of education systems needs to take into consideration countries’ social and economic circumstances, and the resources they devote to education, the volume also presents the results within countries’ economic and social contexts. In addition, the volume examines the relationship between the frequency and intensity of students’ exposure to subject content in school, what is known as “opportunity to learn”, and student performance. The volume concludes with a description of student results in reading and science. Trends in student performance in mathematics between 2003 and 2012, in reading between 2000 and 2012, and in science between 2006 and 2012 are examined when comparable data are available. Throughout the volume, case studies examine in greater detail the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208780-en
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  • 64
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    OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education: Slovak Republic 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264117037
    Language: English
    Pages: 162 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Bewertung ; Slowakei ; Education ; Slovak Republic ; Slowakei ; Bildungswesen ; Evaluation
    Abstract: This book provides, from an international perspective, an independent analysis of major issues facing the educational evaluation and assessment framework, current policy initiatives, and possible future approaches in the Slovak Republic.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264117044-en
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  • 65
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    New insights from TALIS 2013 : teaching and learning in primary and upper secondary education; [teaching and learning international survey] (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264226173
    Language: English
    Pages: 326 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als New insights from TALIS 2013
    Keywords: OECD ; Lehrkräfte ; Bildungseinrichtung ; Schule ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD ; Lehrer ; Grundschule ; Sekundarstufe
    Abstract: The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) asks teachers and principals who they are, where they teach and how they feel about their work. The results on lower secondary schools were published in TALIS 2013 Results: An International Perspective on Teaching and Learning. A few countries chose to also conduct the survey in primary and/or upper secondary education. This report presents the results of these options and offers a broader view of teachers and school principals across all levels of compulsory education, and all the similarities and differences in the issues they are facing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264226319-en
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  • 66
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    OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education: Netherlands 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211933
    Language: English
    Pages: 216 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment in education
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Bewertung ; Niederlande ; Education ; Netherlands ; Niederlande ; Schule ; Evaluation
    Abstract: How can student assessment, teacher appraisal, school evaluation and system evaluation bring about real gains in performance across a country’s school system? This review report for the Netherlands provides, from an international perspective, an independent analysis of major issues facing the Dutch evaluation and assessment framework in education, current policy initiatives and possible future approaches. This series forms part of the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211940-en
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  • 67
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    Lessons from PISA for Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190665
    Language: English
    Pages: 199 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Strong performers and successful reformers in education
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lessons from PISA for Korea (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lessons from PISA for Korea
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Vergleich ; Südkorea ; Welt ; Education ; Korea, Republic of ; Südkorea ; Bildungsforschung ; PISA-Studie
    Abstract: The story of Korean education over the past 50 years is one of remarkable growth and achievement. Korea is one of the top performing countries in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey and among those with the highest proportion of young people who have completed upper secondary and tertiary education. Korea is continuously exploring ways to improve its education system and has dramatically increased government investment in education over the last decade. Nevertheless, further reforms are needed to spur and sustain improvements. Rapid globalisation and modernisation are also posing new and demanding challenges to equip young people of today and tomorrow with skills relevant to the 21st century. The report Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Korea aims at helping Korea to identify and address education policy challenges in an international perspective. To this end, it examines the Korean education system through the prism of PISA, considers recent policy developments and suggests specific policy options to foster improvements. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of the experience of other high-performing countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190672-en
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  • 68
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    TALIS 2013 results : an international perspective on teaching and learning; [teaching and learning international survey] (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211339
    Language: English
    Pages: 437 S.
    Edition: Rev. vers.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: TALIS
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résultats de TALIS 2013 ; Une perspective internationale sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als TALIS 2013 results
    DDC: 371.102
    Keywords: Lehrkräfte ; Bildungseinrichtung ; Schule ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD ; Lehrer ; Lernumwelt ; Unterricht ; Sekundarstufe ; Evaluation ; Fragebogen ; Vergleichende Bildungsforschung
    Abstract: How can countries prepare teachers to face the diverse challenges in today’s schools? The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) helps answer this question by asking teachers and school leaders about their working conditions and the learning environments at their schools. TALIS aims to provide valid, timely and comparable information to help countries review and define policies for developing a high-quality teaching profession. It is an opportunity for teachers and school leaders to provide input into educational policy analysis and development in key areas. This report presents the results of the second cycle of the TALIS survey conducted in 2013.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264196261-en
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  • 69
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    Same same but different : school-to-work transitions in emerging and advanced economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 154
    Keywords: Absolventen ; Arbeitsuche ; Karriereplanung ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Improving school-to-work transitions and ensuring better career opportunities for youth after labour market entrance are common goals in emerging and advanced economies as they can contribute to raising the productive potential of the economy and to increasing social cohesion. However, the challenges faced in achieving these objectives and the policies required vary between emerging and advanced economies. This paper analyses youth labour market outcomes in 16 countries: eight emerging countries and eight advanced economies. In light of this analysis, it also discusses differences and similarities in the policy measures countries have at their disposal to tackle the key emerging challenges.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbb2t1rcwc-en
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  • 70
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    Good governance and national well-being : what are the linkages? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance 25
    Keywords: 2005 - 2012 ; Good Governance ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Welt ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper was prepared by John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, Shawn Grover and Shun Wang in collaboration with Mario Marcel, Martin Forst and Tatyana Teplova. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to review existing studies of the links between good governance and subjective well-being. The second is to bring together the largest available sets of nationallevel measures of the quality of governance, and to assess the extent to which they contribute to explaining the levels and changes in life evaluations in 157 countries over the years 2005-2012, using data from the Gallup World Poll already analysed in some detail in the World Happiness Report 2013. The third objective is to use subjective well-being research to suggest ways in which governance can be changed so as to improve lives in all countries, as measured by peoples’ own evaluations. The paper starts with a summary of the evidence and policy implications. There follow the four main sections of the paper, a statistical appendix containing a broad range of data and results, and an extensive annotated bibliography of empirical literature linking good governance and subjective well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f651hvj-en
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  • 71
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    Can increasing inequality be a steady state? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: 1984 - 2032 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gleichgewichtstheorie ; Vergleich ; USA ; Kanada ; Australien ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en
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  • 72
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    The OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey : a quantitative description of governance structures in large urban agglomerations (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/04
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Even though metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and an even larger share of economic activity of OECD countries, almost no systematic information on governance structures in these areas exists. This study – based on a novel data set – gives an overview of governance arrangements in OECD metropolitan areas. It shows that organisations dedicated to metropolitan area governance are common, but often have little powers. Nevertheless, the existence of such organisations is related with better performance on a range of important outcome variables, such as public transport systems, environmental issues, and urban sprawl.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43zldh08p-en
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  • 73
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    Food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 15
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Ernährungssicherung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social protection measures are policy instruments that are widely used across a broad range of developing countries in pursuit of many different development objectives. In many cases social protection measures such as food or cash transfers were first introduced to ensure minimum levels of food security for vulnerable households. However, as the policy objectives became more numerous and varied, the relationship between food security and social protection have become less prominent. This paper refocuses attention on the linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security and aims to contribute to better integrated policies on food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection, particularly among Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and their partners. The paper explores the conceptual linkages between social protection measures and food and nutrition security, examines the evidence of practical benefits that different social protection instruments can deliver and assesses the linkages between the two subjects in the international development policy agenda and concludes by proposing ways to better integrate the two issues within development policies and by identifying the main challenges and trade-offs that DAC members and their partners are likely to face.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en
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  • 74
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    Environmental policies and risk finance in the green sector : cross-country evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6wn918j37-en
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  • 75
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    Policy challenges for the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gs5fckf-en
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  • 76
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    Approaches to metropolitan area governance : a country overview (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Länderbericht
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of country specific approaches to metropolitan area governance. It provides brief descriptions of the typical structures of metropolitan governance, with a particular focus on the involved organisations. It points out metropolitan areas that have unusual governance arrangements, but generally does not emphasise individual cases. The paper aims to give a descriptive overview of governance structures while abstaining from evaluating their performance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1q7s128-en
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  • 77
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    A sub-national perspective on financing investment for Growth I : measuring fiscal space for public investment ; influences, evolution and perspectives (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sub-national governments are key players for public investment, as they are responsible on average for 62% of total public investment in OECD countries. This article analyses the different factors affecting sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment. It proposes an indicator for measuring this fiscal space and analyses the evolution of its different components over 2007-2012. The article shows that the global financial crisis and the ensuring consolidation drive have reduced sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment, through a downward pressure on revenues, increased expenditure obligations, and constrained capacity to borrow or issue debt on financial markets.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1qk8fhg-en
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  • 78
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    Approaches to protection of undisclosed information (trade secrets) : background paper (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (327 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 162
    Keywords: Geschäftsgeheimnis ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the available legal protection for trade secrets (undisclosed information) in a broad sample of countries. Drawing on national and international material, the paper develops and presents an indicator of the stringency of protection of trade secrets (the Trade Secrets Protection Index) and provides an assessment of variation in the available protection. The result is a finding that while the sample countries have some similarities, notably with respect to definition and scope of trade secrets, they have many more substantial dissimilarities with respect to implementation of protection for trade secrets. For example, differences are particularly pronounced in evidence gathering and discovery, protection of trade secrets during litigation, technology transfer requirements and the effectiveness of legal systems with respect to enforcement. This diversity is reflected in the wide range of scores in the Trade Secrets Protection Index. Such variation in the stringency of protection for trade secrets may influence firm-level decision-making and may have implications for some aspects of economic performance (in particular, in relation to innovation).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz9z43w0jnw-en
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  • 79
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    The role of national ecosystem assessments in influencing policy making (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 60
    Keywords: Naturschutz ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An ecosystem assessment is a social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-bring, and the management and policy options are evaluated. Ecosystem assessments can play an important role in synthesising and communicating complex information and can both inform and influence decision-making processes. This paper draws insights from experience with National Ecosystem Assessments (NEAs) recently undertaken in the UK, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, as well as other ecosystem assessments undertaken at regional and international geographical scales, and highlights lessons learned so that the impact of NEAs on policy can be enhanced. The paper concludes by identifying key issues needed to develop practical guidance for successful ecosystem assessments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvl3zsbhkk-en
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  • 80
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    Inducing private finance for renewable energy projects : evidence from micro-data (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 67
    Keywords: 2000 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Investitionspolitik ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Private Investition ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of government policies on flows of private finance for investment in renewable energy (inducement effect). It also examines whether direct provision of public finance for a project increases the volume of private finance raised (“crowding in” effect). A unique dataset of financial transactions for renewable energy projects with worldwide coverage is constructed using the Bloomberg New Energy Finance database. The analysis covers 87 countries, six renewable energy sectors (wind, solar, biomass, small hydropower, marine and geothermal) and the 2000-2011 time-span. Main findings are that, in contrast to quota-based schemes, price-based support schemes are positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance. The paper suggests that, rather than the type of instrument (price vs. quota), it is the specific design of such schemes that is key to providing a predictable signal and an effective incentive to attract private investors. It is also found that public finance supports precisely those projects that have had difficulty raising private finance (co-financed projects), where neither quota-based measures nor price-based support schemes have a significant effect on private finance flows. This raises the concern that in the absence of well-designed policies which incentivise private finance investment, governments wishing to secure project completion have no other choice than to support projects directly through the use of public finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvg0k6thr1-en
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  • 81
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    Skills at work : how skills and their use matter in the labour market (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 158
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungsabschluss ; Qualifikation ; Anforderungsprofil ; Lohnstruktur ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Human capital is key for economic growth. Not only is it linked to aggregate economic performance but also to each individual’s labour market outcomes. However, a skilled population is not enough to achieve high and inclusive growth, as skills need to be put into productive use at work. Thanks to the availability of measures of both the proficiency and the use of numerous types of skills, the Survey of Adult Skills offers a unique opportunity to advance knowledge in this area and this paper presents and discusses evidence on both these dimensions with a particular focus on their implications for labour market policy. This paper explores the role played in the labour market by skill proficiency in the areas of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. It also shows how skills use, not only proficiency, affects a number of key labour market phenomena, such as the gender wage gap. Finally, the paper combines information on skill proficiency, educational attainment, skill use and qualification requirements to construct indicators of qualification and skills mismatch and to explore their causes and consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en
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  • 82
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    New approaches to spectrum management (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 235
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Today more than ever, spectrum is identified by policy makers as a key asset to support growth in the digital economy. This report provides information and analysis on new approaches to radiofrequency spectrum management in OECD countries. The emergence of new technologies such as cognitive radio and geo-location databases enables licensed or unlicensed shared use of spectrum. These approaches aim at maximising spectrum efficiency by allowing a third party to use underutilised spectrum resources. An example of the success of unlicensed spectrum is that of Wi-Fi networks. The report also covers incentive auctions, an innovative approach to transfer spectrum resources from less to more valuable uses through market mechanisms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fnq066c-en
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  • 83
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    The development of fixed broadband networks (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 239
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the development of fixed networks and their ability to support the Internet economy. Enhancements to fixed broadband networks remain critical despite the growth in the use of wireless services. In fact, growth in the use of data over wireless networks actually increases demands on fixed networks. Upgrading fixed networks to ultra-fast speeds has the potential to generate significant spillovers; however, the evidence so far is mixed as to whether different types of public intervention are necessary to spur fibre deployment. The report provides an overview of the barriers to upgrading networks as well as the regulatory challenges encountered in spurring the deployment of fixed networks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mlb1q2-en
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  • 84
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    Integrated assessment of climate change impacts : conceptual frameworks, modelling approaches and research models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 66
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a framework to include feedbacks from climate impacts on the economy in integrated assessment models. The proposed framework uses a production function approach, which links climate impacts to key variables and parameters used in the specification of economic activity. The key endpoints within climate impact categories are linked to the relevant connections for a range of sectors in the economy. The paper pays particular attention to the challenges of distinguishing between damages and the costs of adapting to climate change. The paper also reviews existing studies and available data that can be used to establish linkages between climate impacts and key variables within economic models. There is considerable heterogeneity across the timing and geographic distribution of changes in climatic variables, the consequent changes in key physical and biogeochemical “endpoints” that might occur over time and space, and the magnitude of the resulting damages that these effects are likely to impose on the range of sectors in the economy. The review underlines the uncertainty involved in each of these dimensions and the research needs for the future.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcjsrvzx-en
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  • 85
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    Tax preferences for environmental goals : use, limitations and preferred practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 71
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Steuerpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the use of tax preferences to achieve environmental policy objectives. Tax preferences involve using the tax system to adjust relative prices with a view to influencing producer or consumer behaviour in favour of goods or services that are considered to be environmentally beneficial. They take various forms, typically a partial or total exemption from a specified tax. Because tax preferences help to avoid or reduce costs for businesses or consumers, there are often pressures on governments to favour them over other instruments. As a result, they are sometimes used inappropriately, typically to address negative externalities for which they are not well suited. The paper suggests that the comparative advantage of tax preferences is in providing support for positive externalities, that is situations in which a subsidy would help to deliver more social benefits than would otherwise be the case. When designing tax preferences, care must be taken to ensure that they do not encourage technological lock-in, provide perverse incentives for environmentally harmful activities (the rebound effect), or reward producers or consumers for actions they would have taken anyway. Since tax preferences are a form of subsidy, they should be subject to the same degree of scrutiny and oversight as other forms of public expenditure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwrr4hkd6l-en
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  • 86
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    Metropolitan governance of transport and land use in Chicago (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/08
    Keywords: Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Stadtverkehr ; Kommunale Infrastruktur ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study aims to assess the degree of institutional fragmentation of transport and land use planning in Chicago and to assess the main challenges related to this institutional fragmentation. It provides an overview of local governments in metropolitan Chicago and mechanisms for metropolitan coordination, including organisations at the metropolitan scale, dealing with planning, land use and transport. Five main challenges related to institutional fragmentation in transport and land use planning are identified: a lack of (1) interconnectivity, (2) coherence across transit modes, (3) regional freight planning, (4) accountability and (5) implementation power of regional planning and transport objectives. These challenges are analysed. The concluding section suggests some avenues for reform that could be explored in order to overcome the challenges of metropolitan fragmentation in transport and land use in Chicago.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzjs6lp65k-en
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  • 87
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 73
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Niederlande ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MhAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MhAPs is possible and encouraged. The Dutch mental health system is highly institutionalised and has a large number of psychiatric beds compared to other OECD countries. Nonetheless, government reforms have aimed at shifting the axis of the system from bed-based hospital services to more integrated mental health services and community-based services. Structural changes to the Dutch mental health system, together with recent government policies that aim to improve access to mental health services, have led to decreasing the treatment gap for mental disorders but also to increasing the expenditures associated with mental health care up until 2011.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158z60dzn-en
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  • 88
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    Wage-setting in the hospital sector (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 77
    Keywords: Lohnbildung ; Gesundheitsberufe ; Krankenhaus ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines wage setting mechanisms for health workers in hospitals across eight different OECD countries. It describes similarities and differences and how fixed or fluid these approaches have been in recent years through health system reforms, labour market dynamics and economic pressures. Based on a review of grey literature and expert interviews with officials from the covered countries, it finds that prior to the economic downturn, several countries had signalled a shift to more local and flexible wage setting in the hospital sector but this ambition does not seem to have been realised in full for public sector hospitals in most OECD countries. Fiscal pressures have led to some “recentralisation” of wage setting, particularly in France, Portugal and the United Kingdom. While the extent of centralisation has been a question of considerable debate, the countries covered in this paper suggest that the benefits of centralised and/ or co-ordinated wage setting generally appear to have been given more attention by policy makers. The current research base on the effectiveness of different wage setting approaches is limited. Policy-making would benefit from developing a better understanding of the impact of wage setting on improved hospital performance and quality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx56b8hqhl-en
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  • 89
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 72
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finland ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. Mental health disorders comprise one of the highest burdens of disease in Finland. The share of disability pensions granted due to mental disorders is high and while the rates of suicide have decreased in recent years, they are still above the OECD average. Consequently, tackling mental ill health is a government priority for Finland. The mental health system has undergone a number of reforms in recent years, and several innovative initiatives have been introduced. Whilst a number of challenges remain, the evolution of the mental health system has been promising, and holds lessons for other OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1591p91vg-en
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  • 90
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Scotland (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 74
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Schottland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. Mental health is a priority area within the Scottish health care agenda. In the Scottish mental health system significant focus is given to recovery, service user involvement, anti-stigma initiatives, and suicide reduction strategies. Amongst the peculiarities, and strengths, of the Scottish mental health system are its focus on data collection, monitoring and evaluation, with a strong focus on improvement and delivery, as data collection and mental health indicators are turned into a management tool for policy makers. However, better indicators could be developed to monitor specialist mental health services delivered in the community.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158xmxkwj-en
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  • 91
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    Developments in regional trade agreements and the environment : 2013 update (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an update on recent developments in the field of Regional Trade Agreements and the environment. Issues arising in the implementation of RTAs with environmental considerations are examined as well as experience in assessing their environmental impacts. This is the seventh update prepared under the aegis of the Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) since the series began with the 2007 publication Environment and Regional Trade Agreements. The document covers developments from late 2012 to October 2013. It is based on publicly available information.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0v4qcg9zw-en
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  • 92
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    Investment treaties and shareholder claims for reflective loss : insights from advanced systems of corporate law (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: consistency of arbitral decisions ; stockholder remedies ; international economic law ; creditors ; separate legal personality ; arbitrators ; board of directors ; international investment agreements ; investor-state dispute settlement ; shareholder claims ; transferability of shares ; entity shielding ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; bilateral investment treaties ; loan covenant ; reflective loss ; level playing field ; shareholders ; shareholder rights ; corporate law ; judicial economy ; limited liability ; stockholders ; investment treaties ; company law ; consistency ; international arbitration ; access to justice ; derivative injury ; foreign investment ; derivative loss ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; settlement ; international investment ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; derivative action ; comparative law ; shareholder remedies ; international investment law ; reflective injury ; investment arbitration ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss – loss that arises from injury to "their" company (such as a decline in the value of shares). The claim for the loss belongs to the injured company and not to its shareholders. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have been widely permitted under typical investment treaties over the last 10 years. Ongoing OECD-hosted inter-governmental dialogue on investment law is considering whether there are policy reasons justifying the different approaches to shareholder claims for reflective loss. This paper examines shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties in light of comparative analysis of advanced systems of corporate law. The paper considers the impact of allowing shareholder claims for reflective loss on key characteristics of the business corporation. The paper also explores possible responses by different categories of investors to the availability of shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgngmr3-en
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  • 93
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    Environment and regional trade agreements : emerging trends and policy drivers (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines trends in the use of environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements and identifies factors which may explain the presence or absence of these provisions. The report builds on work of the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) and includes results of an informal survey of delegates. Analysis of the environmental provisions in RTAs reveals an encouraging upward trend. While basic provisions remain the most common types found in RTAs, the incidence of more substantive provisions has increased significantly in recent years. Among these, environmental co-operation has been the most common type. Several factors may have contributed to this evolution. These include countries extending their political mandates for RTAs, for example to include provisions for compliance with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), as well as a general accumulation of experience with the use of environmental provisions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0v4q45g6h-en
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  • 94
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    Public financial management in infrastructure in Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 323
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.323
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Haushaltsplanung ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzreform ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To what extent do budgetary processes and institutions hamper infrastructural development in Africa? To answer that question, this report analyses the answers of budget officials to questionnaires administered in 22 African countries: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Republic of Sudan, Tunisia and Zimbabwe.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjr4qlhb-en
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  • 95
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    Measuring well-being and progress in countries at different stages of development : towards a more universal conceptual framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 325
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A wide range of voices around the world have stressed the need to understand development as a multidimensional phenomenon that involves and affects many aspects of people’s lives. Increasingly, it is recognised that current well-being and its long-term sustainability are the ultimate goals of development and that these notions better capture the human experience of development. The objectives of this paper are to explain why well-being matters in countries at different levels of development and to address measurement challenges in the context of developing countries. These objectives are pursued in four main steps. First, the paper offers a conception of well-being and illustrates its relevance in different development contexts. Second, it describes briefly how the measurement of well-being is implemented under the OECD Better Life Initiative for OECD countries. Third, it proposes ways in which the OECD framework can be adapted to specific development contexts and thereby made more universal, by suggesting relevant well-being dimensions and indicators that could be used to measure well-being in developing countries. Finally, it discusses the possible implications of the adapted framework for OECD work in developing countries, in particular its possible use in the Multi-Dimensional Country Reviews conducted by the OECD Development Centre for a range of non OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxss4hv2d8n-en
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  • 96
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    The economics of transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 244
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsökonomik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report makes the case that IPv6 represents an example of a platform; within the context of IPv6, the sides of the platform are Internet service providers, backbone providers, device manufacturers, content providers, and so forth. The net benefits to adopting the new platform are not distributed equally across sides. For some participants, such as backbone and transit providers and manufacturers of devices such as routers, the transition to IPv6 has been relatively swift. For these participants the benefits of adoption were clear, and adoption demonstrated the technical ability of the company and fitness of its network. For others, such as many content providers for the Web, enterprises contemplating deployment of IPv6 within internal firm networks, and providers of consumer electronics equipment such as DVD or Blu-Ray players or televisions, the transition has been slower. For them the benefits have not been as clear, and many legacy devices, networks, customers and suppliers have not transitioned.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en
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  • 97
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    Exports and employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 166
    Keywords: 1995 - 2009 ; Export ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenskooperation ; China ; Japan ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Indonesia ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of exports on employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea. It draws on input-output data for the period from 1995 to 2009 to estimate the effects on each industry's employment (i.e. direct effects) and on other industries' employment through intra-industry linkages (i.e. indirect effects). There are four major findings. First, at the aggregate level, the implied employment from exports increased in China, Japan and Korea. Second, at the industry level, exports and the shares of implied employment from exports increased in machinery-related industries such as Machinery (NEC), Electrical and Optical Equipment, and Transport Equipment in China, Indonesia and Korea. Third, although more than 80% of exports in the four study countries are from manufacturing industries, the employment effects are not limited to manufacturing industries. A significant number of workers in non-manufacturing industries depend upon manufacturing exports through vertical inter-industry linkages. Non-manufacturing industries account for between 40% and 60% of the implied employment from exports. Finally, in 2009, the share of implied employment from Chinese final demand exceeded that from the US final demand in both Japan and Korea. An implication of the overall results is that even in cases where an industry is not particularly directly export-oriented, the industry may still be subject to potential effects – positive or negative – of changes in export demand.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzqqw84vmp-en
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  • 98
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : legal and accounting services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 171
    Keywords: Rechnungswesen ; Rechtsberatung ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for the regulated professions of legal and accounting services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for legal and accounting services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that legal and accounting services are subject to a relatively high level of regulation. Restrictiveness for legal services ranges from 0.11 to 0.73, with an average of 0.31. Accounting and auditing services show an average of 0.3 and STRI values ranging from 0.13 to 1. The results provide useful policy insights, particularly in order to identify priorities for reform at the national and international levels. Notably, in the case of legal and accounting services, easing a few prominent restrictions could result in a significantly more liberal and competitive market environment.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nkg9g24-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : financial services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 175
    Keywords: Finanzdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for financial services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for commercial banking and insurance services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores in commercial banking range between 0.06 and 0.55, with a sample average of 0.19. The scores in insurance services range between 0.05 and 0.63, with a sample average of 0.20. The results are mainly driven by restrictions on market entry, where significant impediments remain in the form of foreign equity limits, restrictions on legal form, discriminatory licensing criteria and restrictions on cross-border transactions. Barriers to competition, including regulation of products and prices and preferential treatment granted to state-owned financial institutions, also make a substantive contribution to the index values. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nhssd30-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Savoirs et savoir-faire des élèves : performance des élèves en mathématiques, en compréhension de l'écrit et en sciences; programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264208810
    Language: French
    Pages: 580 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Résultats du PISA 2012 vol. 1
    Series Statement: PISA
    Series Statement: Résultats du PISA 2012
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Results; What Students Know and Can Do (Volume I, Revised edition, February 2014); Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. PISA 2012 Ergebnisse; Was Schülerinnen und Schüler wissen und können (Band I, Überarbeitete Ausgabe, Februar 2014); Schülerleistungen in Lesekompetenz, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’enquête PISA 2012, dont le domaine majeur d’évaluation est la culture mathématique, mais qui évalue aussi les performances des élèves en compréhension de l'écrit et en sciences, a évalué la capacité des jeunes âgés de 15 ans à se livrer à des raisonnements mathématiques et à utiliser des concepts, procédures, faits et outils pour décrire, expliquer et prévoir des phénomènes, et se comporter en citoyens constructifs, engagés et réfléchis, c’est-à-dire poser des jugements et prendre des décisions en toute connaissance de cause. Ce livre récapitule les résultats.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264208827-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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