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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade policies to promote the circular economy : A case study of lithium-ion batteries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Trade
    Abstract: Affordable and sustainable lithium-ion batteries are key to the development of electric vehicles markets and to the green energy transition. Circular economy solutions for end-of-life batteries can help address primary inputs disruptions, while reducing environmental costs associated with the mining of these inputs or with battery production. Circular value chains would also help address waste and disposal problems as Li-ion batteries reach end of life. These chains are in their infancy, as complex battery designs, material chemistries and insufficient waste stocks hamper their viability, but the projected growth should support profitability. International trade in Li-ion batteries waste will remain essential in markets where domestic waste streams are insufficient to achieve the scale necessary for economically viable recycling, or where inadequate infrastructure imposes reliance on recycling capacities abroad. Promoting circular value chains for Li-ion batteries would require greater clarity on the status of these batteries as waste, consistency of transport and storage safety regulations, trade facilitation and harmonisation of standards for battery design, and regulatory targets for waste collection and recycling rates, coupled with stewardship and take-back schemes.
    DOI: 10.1787/d75a7f46-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Coûts de l'introduction et de la mise en oeuvre de mesures de facilitation des échanges : Rapport intérimaire (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost of Introducing and Implementing Trade Facilitation Measures: Interim Report
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Le présent rapport contient les résultats préliminaires d'une série d'études de pays sur les coûts de l'introduction et de la mise en œuvre de mesures de facilitation des échanges. Il a été établi en réponse aux préoccupations concernant les répercussions en matière de coûts d'un futur accord de l'OMC sur la facilitation des échanges. Il sera complété dans un avenir proche par des informations supplémentaires en provenance d'un éventail plus large de pays en développement et pays les moins avancés. Le rapport présente des observations sur la méthodologie utilisée pour évaluer les coûts de la facilitation des échanges et met l'accent sur les caractéristiques communes des différentes expériences nationales en matière de coûts.
    DOI: 10.1787/132214578727
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The costs and challenges of implementing trade facilitation measures (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 157
    Keywords: WTO-Verhandlungen ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study provides data on the costs and challenges of implementing trade facilitation measures currently under negotiation in the WTO. It updates an earlier study undertaken in 2005, presenting data and insights from nine additional developing countries. The study confirms earlier findings that the costs of putting in place and maintaining trade facilitation measures are not particularly large and are far smaller than the benefits gained from implementing these measures. Capital expenditure to introduce the measures ranged between EUR 3.5 and EUR 19 million, while annual operating costs did not exceed EUR 2.5 million. Information technologies and single window mechanisms seem the most expensive elements but the most important area is training, because of its role in changing business practices of border agencies. Some measures may be expensive to introduce but not costly to operate, others require political commitment rather than funds. Moreover, an increasing amount of technical and financial assistance to implement these measures has been made available to developing countries over the last decade.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k46hzqxt8jh-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Trade costs : what have we learned? ; a synthesis report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 150
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Außenhandelsfinanzierung ; Grenze ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Understanding trade costs is essential for formulating policy interventions designed to reduce such costs. This report synthesises all OECD work on cost factors across the entire trade chain. These factors can be located behind the border, such as non-tariff regulatory measures, market access restrictions, trade finance availability and costs and general impediments on doing business; crossing the border, such as documentation and customs compliance requirements, lengthy administrative procedures and other delays; and in all stages of the international trade chain, such as transport infrastructure and logistics. The report proposes a series of questions to help identify priority areas, taking into account country specificities. The strong interdependencies between cost factors, magnified by the prevalence of global value chains, mean that policies to address costs and facilitate trade need to be undertaken in a comprehensive manner, although the cost-benefit ratio of certain trade facilitation reforms, particularly at the border, may offer immediate and significant benefits.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k47x2hjfn48-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Indicateurs sur la facilitation des échanges : Effets possibles de la facilitation sur les échanges des pays en développement (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trade Facilitation Indicators: The Potential Impact of Trade Facilitation on Developing Countries' Trade
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente les résultats mis en évidence par les indicateurs de l'OCDE destinés à évaluer l'incidence de certaines mesures de facilitation sur les échanges des pays en développement. Seize indicateurs sur la facilitation des échanges (IFE) ont été construits, correspondant aux principaux domaines qui font l’objet de négociations à l'OMC. L’objectif était d'estimer les effets des mesures prises face aux obstacles particuliers créés par les procédures applicables au commerce et au passage des frontières dans un pays donné. Les domaines qui semblent influer le plus sur les volumes et les coûts du commerce, aussi bien à l'importation qu’à l'exportation, sont la disponibilité des renseignements relatifs au commerce, la simplification et l'harmonisation des documents, la rationalisation des procédures et l'utilisation de processus automatisés. L'effet combiné des améliorations apportées dans ces domaines est supérieure à la simple addition des effets de chacune ; il en résulte une réduction de 14.5 % du coût total du commerce pour les pays à faible revenu, de 15.5 % pour les pays à revenu moyen inférieur et de 13.2 % pour les pays à revenu moyen supérieur.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6f85dfq4-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Sustainability impact assessments of free trade agreements : A critical review (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.255
    Keywords: Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: Trade negotiations are frequently accompanied by sustainability impact assessment (SIA) to evaluate the potential economic, environmental, social and human rights effects of a possible agreement. SIAs can help promote environmental protection, and support the better integration of women, vulnerable populations, and small businesses into the global economy, as well as address growing concerns from civil society. They provide a critical opportunity for dialogue among stakeholders and trade policy makers, and thereby help to rebuild confidence in the trading system. However, SIA approaches ‒ including economic modelling, qualitative causal chain analysis and stakeholder consultations ‒ each have their strengths, challenges and limitations. Those need to be understood by policy makers if reliable and policy relevant conclusions are to be provided. This paper offers a perspective on the challenges and opportunities of various approaches and discusses best practices for assessing the sustainability impact of trade and trade agreements.
    DOI: 10.1787/65b1a07e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Trade facilitation in perishable agro-food products : A feasibility study for addressing at-the-border challenges (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.254
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Border processes for perishable agro-food products involve multiple agencies and raise complex compliance and enforcement issues. At the same time, the speed of border processes is of particular importance for exporters as delays at the border can have great negative impacts on the quality of perishable agro-food products and hence their value. This calls for a more detailed and nuanced look at the impact of trade facilitation reforms on agro-food trade. This report examines how a sub-set of OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) could be used to provide a more complete picture of the current performance of border processes for perishable agro-food goods. It highlights specific TFIs of relevance to agro-food, including: documentation requirements or border controls related to sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade, and automation and streamlining of border formalities, and explores differentiated impacts across agro-food product groups. Practical approaches are identified to enrich the scope of the existing OECD TFIs with a view to deepening the information base on the performance of trade facilitation policies for perishable agro-food goods.
    DOI: 10.1787/a2995a7a-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade facilitation indicators : the impact on trade costs (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 118
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg6nk654hmr-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Trade facilitation indicators : the potential impact of trade facilitation on developing countries' trade (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 144
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Entwicklungsländer ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the OECD indicators for assessing the impact of specific trade facilitation measures on developing countries’ trade. Sixteen trade facilitation indicators (TFIs) have been constructed, corresponding to the main policy areas under negotiation at the WTO, with the aim to estimate the impact of addressing specific hurdles in the trade and border procedures of a given country. The policy areas that seem to have the greatest impact on trade volumes and trade costs not only for imports but also to export performance are the availability of trade-related information, the simplification and harmonization of documents, the streamlining of procedures and the use of automated processes. The combined effect of improvements in these areas is greater than the simple sum of the impact of individual measures, reaching almost 14.5% reduction of total trade costs for low income countries, 15.5% for lower middle income countries and 13.2% for upper middle income countries.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4bw6kg6ws2-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Trade and gender : A Framework of analysis (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.246
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Closing gender gaps makes good economic sense. Advancing the aim of women’s economic empowerment will require policy action across a wide range of areas, including increasing their participation in international trade. Although trade policies are not de jure discriminatory, they impact women and men differently due to dissimilar initial conditions. Mapping the channels and interactions between trade and gender for women as workers, consumers, and business owners shows that: (i) trade impacts women workers differently to men in part because they are employed in different sectors — in OECD countries, more often in services; (ii) trade lowers prices for consumers, which particularly increases the purchasing power of more vulnerable groups, where women are disproportionately represented; and (iii) higher trade costs impede smaller businesses’ access to international markets more than large firms, which impacts women who tend to own and lead smaller businesses. A framework is proposed for analysing the impacts of trade and trade policies on women that policy makers can use in order to ensure that trade and trade policies in their country support women’s economic empowerment.
    DOI: 10.1787/6db59d80-en
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