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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Post-COVID-19 trade scenarios and priorities for Latin America (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.266
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: International trade and in particular global value chains have provided many economies with new opportunities to participate in international trade and access new technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the fore specific vulnerabilities in some supply chains and ignited a discussion about future lessons to be learned from these events. This paper reviews patterns of integration into trade and global value chains among Latin American economies, traces some recent developments, including during the pandemic, and provides a look at future trade risks and opportunities for Latin American economies through model simulations.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea76ade5-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Impacts of the Phase-Out in 2005 of Quantitative Restrictions under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.90
    DOI: 10.1787/220185234525
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Efficiency and risks in global value chains in the context of COVID-19 (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1637
    Keywords: trade ; global value chains ; shocks ; diversification ; relocalisation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting disruptions in supply chains of some manufacturing and medical products have renewed the debate on costs and benefits of globalisation and, particularly, on risks associated with international fragmentation of production in global value chains (GVCs). While GVCs helped addressing supply shortages in several cases already during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the policy debate has concentrated on whether the gains from expanding international specialisation in GVCs are worth the associated risks of transmission of shocks and even whether governments should use policy tools to ‘re-localise’ GVCs. But re-localising may also mean less diversification and thereby limit the scope for cushioning shocks. This paper builds on on-going OECD analysis and aims at providing empirical evidence to inform and guide discussion on these questions. First, it reviews briefly the key issues and lessons learnt from the past, and identifies the main features of world trade and GVC participation that influence exposures to risks in supply chains. Subsequently, it presents key results of a set of economic model simulations conducted using the OECD’s computable general equilibrium (CGE) trade model METRO to shed light on the consequences of a stylised re-localisation policy scenario. In this scenario, countries are less exposed to foreign shocks, but they are also less efficient and less able to cushion shocks through trade. Quantitatively, the latter effect tends to dominate: re-localising GVCs would make the economy in most countries both less efficient and less stable. The economic case for policy-induced reshoring of GVCs is therefore weak. There is nevertheless scope for governments to join efforts with businesses to improve risk preparedness.
    DOI: 10.1787/3e4b7ecf-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Échanges et croissance de la Chine : Incidences sur certains pays de l'OCDE (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 114 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. China's Trade and Growth: Impact on Selected OECD Countries
    Keywords: Trade ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Le présent document examine l’émergence de la Chine en tant qu’acteur mondial sur les marchés internationaux au cours des toutes dernières décennies. Il offre une vue d’ensemble du cadre de la politique commerciale de la Chine après l’ouverture de ses marchés et son adhésion à l’OMC. Ce rapport analyse le rôle de la Chine dans les activités internationales de transformation et son élévation dans la chaîne de valeur mondiale. Il traite également de l’impact de la Chine sur les prix mondiaux et de la dégradation de ses termes de l’échange. Il étudie la stratégie poursuivie par la Chine, qui consiste à assurer l’expansion de ses exportations sur deux fronts. Le premier aspect de cette stratégie consiste à tirer parti du facteur de production qui constitue son atout majeur – sa main-d’oeuvre surabondante – en privilégiant les produits manufacturés à forte intensité de main-d’oeuvre, qui créent des emplois. Le second consiste à promouvoir son objectif de développement en modernisant son économie grâce à la production et à l’exportation de biens de haute technologie. Le document traite également des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI). La plupart des données font apparaître de considérables progrès dans la mise en place d’un régime de DPI adapté aux besoins d’une économie de marché moderne. Subsistent toutefois certaines déficiences – en particulier en ce qui concerne le contrôle de l’application de la réglementation en matière de DPI – qui pourraient porter préjudice aux intérêts nationaux et internationaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/226877350450
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    South Africa's Trade and Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.91
    DOI: 10.1787/220164708061
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the trade-related sources of productivity growth in emerging economies (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 158
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Schwellenländer ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper contributes new empirical evidence on the relationship between productivity and international trade. This is accomplished using an econometric approach that combines input-output and productivity data, which allows a more detailed tracking of the relationship between trade in intermediate and final products and productivity in countries at different stages of economic development. The results show that various forms of trade integration strongly support productivity in emerging economies. Exporting final products, importing intermediates for domestic production and re-exporting are all associated with higher productivity levels, pointing to the particular importance for this country grouping of being able to integrate into regional and global value chains. Our results emphasise also important linkages between different economic sectors and call for broad-based approaches to facilitating integration with foreign intermediate inputs and final products markets.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k437p82nxq1-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What explains the volume and composition of trade? : industrial evidence from a panel of countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1128
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Faktorproportionentheorem ; Empirische Methode ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the importance of different determinants of trade at the industry level using a sample of 54 OECD and non-OECD economies. The empirical methodology extends the approach of previous empirical studies to explicitly quantify the impact that trading partners’ factor endowments and policies have on bilateral trade, and to analyse the effect of tariffs on the volume and composition of trade. We find that distance, common language, common border and regional trade agreements are important determinants of overall trade, and that factor endowments, policies and institutions, of both the exporter and its trading partners, are main determinants of what and where a country exports. By contrast, we find that trade policies based on tariffs on imported goods not only generate negative spillovers to trading partners by reducing their exports, but they are also likely to reduce exports of countries that impose the tariffs, in particular in industries that rely more on intermediate goods.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2hz3tm6vj-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bringing together international trade and investment perspectives on state enterprises (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 201
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Regulierung ; Handelsabkommen ; Internationales Investitionsrecht ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: State enterprises (SEs) have been increasingly competing with private firms in international markets, in terms of both cross-border trade and FDI. Given both the potentially positive contribution internationally trading and investing SEs can make, as well as the concerns raised about their competitive behaviour, there is an interest in elaborating policy approaches that minimise any potentially distortionary effects and at the same time restrain protectionist policies that may be directed at SEs. The growing interdependency between trade and FDI, the increased contestability and complexity of markets and the varied nature of state intervention in the economy today mean that policy approaches need to consistently cover issues which transcend the traditional boundaries between trade, investment and competition. This paper investigates how international trade and investment perspectives on SEs are being brought together in international trade and investment agreements and how they could be integrated further. It does so by examining both the ability of existing provisions to ensure a level playing field between private firms and SEs and the disparity in approaches to regulating international activities of SEs between international trade and investment treaties. The paper first reviews the work documenting international activities of SEs and the associated concerns, highlighting the example of the steel sector. Next, it discusses some of the non-binding approaches that can be used to level the playing field, before reviewing relevant provisions in multilateral and preferential trade and investment agreements and identifying potential gaps. The concluding section summarises the results and identifies key issues for policy consideration.
    DOI: 10.1787/e4019e87-e
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Understanding structural effects of COVID-19 on the global economy : First steps (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.261
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated policy responses are likely to alter the global economy in a way that affects its ability to adjust to future shocks and changes. This paper develops a point of reference for thinking about developments which could be deemed long-term and which could in turn be incorporated into what we call a “post-COVID-19 baseline”. Using the OECD’s CGE model METRO, the paper finds that output declines observed in 2020 were driven primarily by reductions in labour productivity due to varying abilities to telework across countries. Negative economic impacts were largely mitigated by government support to firms and households. Border measures to control the spread of the virus also had less of an impact on total output, reflecting important government efforts to facilitate cross border flows of goods and services whilst managing cross border movements of people. Demand shifts had the smallest impact on global GDP, but had significant and heterogeneous impacts on consumption, output and trade changes across countries and sectors. This in turn contributed to pressures on some global supply chains.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6a9ef88-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global imbalances : trade effects and policy challenges (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 120
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Welt ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg22x55618n-en
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