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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (579)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (579)
  • 101
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    The Impact of Ethnic Fractionalization on Labor Productivity : Does Firm Size Matter? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Impact of Ethnic Fractionalization on Labor Productivity: Does Firm Size Matter?
    Keywords: Ethnic Fractionalization ; Firm Size and Labor Productivity ; Growth ; Labor Productivity ; Large Firm Workers ; Manufacturing Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Ethnic fractionalization has both positive and negative consequences. It is contended that the positive effects due to skill complementarity in the production process apply to large firms that have more complex and diversified production structures. Because small businesses rely more on public goods and have less access to institutions, the negative effects of lower quality public goods and higher transaction costs have a greater impact on them. Consistent with this viewpoint, it is found that a larger firm size significantly mitigates the negative impact of higher ethnic fractionalization on the level and growth rate of labor productivity in manufacturing firms across 84 developing countries. There is no robust and significant impact of ethnic fractionalization on large firms for the main and most of the other firm size categorizations considered. The results are confirmed by the instrumental variables estimation method, which uses the duration of early human settlement in each country to instrument ethnic fractionalization. Evidence is provided on the potential mechanisms by which ethnic fractionalization affects small versus large firms. The findings have significant policy implications, which are discussed in detail
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10375
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
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    An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support to Jobs and Labor Market Reform through International Development Association Financing (Approach Paper, March 2, 2023) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Objectives ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA) has included jobs as a special theme since the 17th Replenishment of IDA (IDA17) in 2014, when it explicitly recognized the role played by labor markets in intermediating between growth and inclusion. This acknowledgment of jobs marked a shift in IDA's inclusive growth strategy. Before the IDA17 strategy paper, IDA emphasized growth and the use of social safety nets to mitigate the effects of poverty. Beginning in 2014, however, jobs became more central to IDA's strategy for inclusive growth and for achieving the twin goals. IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA established specific policy commitments and results indicators under the jobs-related special theme. At the same time, the World Bank Group expanded and deepened its attention to jobs, resulting in an increasingly multidimensional jobs agenda characterized by a growing body of lending, technical assistance and diagnostics, and a strong focus on IDA-eligible countries, including through use of the Country Private Sector Diagnostic and IDA's private sector window. This evaluation will assess IDA's support for jobs-related objectives over fiscal years (FY)14-22, the period covering three IDA replenishments during which jobs became an IDA special theme (IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA). The objectives of this assessment are to interrogate the contribution of IDA's Bank Group financing to improving outcomes related to more, better paying, and more inclusive jobs; the role of IDA's jobs strategy at the corporate, country, and operational levels in this context; and the analytical underpinnings of jobs-related interventions. The evaluation will provide lessons and recommendations to inform the design of the Bank Group's future multidimensional jobs support and enhance IDA's effectiveness in this space based on eight years of strategic, diagnostic, and operational experience
    DOI: 10.1596/39571
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
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    Protecting Who? : Optimal Social Protection Responses to Shocks with Limited Information (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hernandez, Carlos Ospino Protecting Who? Optimal Social Protection Responses to Shocks with Limited Information
    Keywords: Adaptive Social Protection ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Disaster Risk Management ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting ; Targeting Social Protection Response
    Abstract: The literature on shock-responsive social protection focuses on operational features that improve the speed and reach of the response, but little is known about the optimal design of emergency social protection responses in terms of which programs to use, information about the people affected, and the extent of their losses. This paper studies optimal social protection responses to shocks, using microsimulations of different social assistance responses in Albania, Moldova, and North Macedonia. The paper shows that optimal design depends not only on the magnitude of the shock, but also on how the shock affects welfare rankings and on the parameters of the existing social assistance system, including the generosity of the schemes and how well they cover the poor. For given budgets, a universal transfer remains a suboptimal response. However, the extent to which existing programs should be expanded, as designed, to additional beneficiaries depends on the type of shock. When a shock tends to affect households homogeneously, increasing generosity and expanding the existing targeted social assistance program using established welfare metrics to assess eligibility is an effective response. When shocks affect households heterogeneously and bring some of them into extreme poverty, then pre-shock welfare indicators carry little information and policy makers should provide support through a new program or modified eligibility criteria, according to information on who suffered the shock. This analysis points to the importance of planning in advance for future crises and, within this, considering the optimal design of emergency social protection responses
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10461
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 104
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    Pacific Economic Update, August 2023 : Recovering in the Midst of Uncertainty - Special Focus: Harnessing the Benefits of Pacific Migration (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Benefits ; Human Capital ; Integration ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Job Markets ; Labor Markets ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Welfare
    Abstract: The global economic recovery remains fragile, creating choppy seas for the recovering Pacific. While global conditions have gradually improved since the pandemic and spillovers from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, progress on reducing inflation in major economies has proven more challenging than expected. Given that all Pacific countries are net importers, this has resulted in persistently high imported inflation. The speed of monetary policy tightening by major central banks has slowed, but easing is unlikely in the near term. Aggregate demand in major trading partners of the Pacific (particularly Australia and New Zealand) remains lackluster. This could limit demand for travel and tourism services and other income sources such as remittance and commodity exports. Despite uncertainties in the global economic recovery, Pacific economies are expected to see ongoing expansion in 2023 and 2024. Fiji led the Pacific's post-COVID-19 recovery with open borders and a strong rebound in 2022 and is now on track to reach its pre-pandemic output level in 2023. Ongoing recovery expectations in the Pacific are broadly in line with March 2023 World Bank projections except for Tuvalu and Palau, where growth has been revised down given weaker than expected outcomes in construction and tourism. In 2023, Pacific growth is expected to reach 3.9 percent and then moderate to 3.3 percent in 2024 as the initial post-COVID-19 rebound dissipates and the region moves towards its long-term trend growth of 2.6 percent. Nonetheless, uncertainty remains high and depends on whether a soft landing can be achieved among key trading partners as they battle ongoing inflation. Inflation remained stubborn across the Pacific at an average of over 6.7 percent in 2022, a substantial increase from the 1.5 percent average during 2019-2021. This has increased the risk of vulnerable populations falling into poverty. In line with global trends, Pacific inflation is expected to decline to an average of 6.0 percent in 2023 and gradually subside thereafter
    DOI: 10.1596/40146
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 105
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    Building Better Formal TVET Systems : Principles and Practice in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Evolving Skills ; Labor Markets ; Low-Income Countries ; Middle-Income Countries ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical and Vocational Education and Training ; TVET
    Abstract: Reform of formal technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is urgently needed in most low- and middle-income countries. Demographic trends, coupled with higher rates of students completing lower levels of education, can lead to an exponential increase in the number of secondary TVET students in the next 20 years, particularly in low-income countries (LICs). However, there are significant risks attached to expanding a system that is often considered a second-tier educational track and to which challenged learners are often directed. Because of a broken link between TVET systems and labor markets in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs, together: L/MICs), TVET cannot deliver on its promise. The urgency is compounded by megatrends associated with globalization, technological progress, demographic transformation, and climate change, which affect both skills demand and the distribution of economic opportunities. This report offers guidance to policymakers designing and implementing TVET reforms, emphasizing core principles and practical considerations for L/MICs. There is much to be learned from recent L/MIC reform experiences like those in Bangladesh, El Salvador, and Mongolia, about identifying effective reform strategies and the likely impact of megatrends on future demand for TVET. The report focuses on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary formal TVET, defined as TVET obtained within the formal education system that leads to diplomas, degrees, or other formal certifications. This overview, summarizing the main messages from the report, has three parts. The first, the TVET Promise, looks at the potential of TVET systems to deliver access to equitable, quality, and relevant training and contribute to employment and productivity. The second, the TVET Challenge, articulates the main limitations in practice for L/MIC TVET systems. The third, the Way Forward to Better TVET, proposes three interrelated transformations (three E's) and six policy priorities to help TVET deliver on its promise in L/MICs
    DOI: 10.1596/40072
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 106
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    Libya Economic Monitor, Spring 2023 : Towards a Sustainable Social Contract in Libya (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Policies ; Inflation ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While armed clashed have declined, Libya continues to face fragmentation and fragility. The country's fragility is having far-reaching economic and social impact. Social conditions and public service delivery have been affected. Similar to numerous conflict-affected countries, the World Bank refrains from providing quantitative growth and macroeconomic forecasts. Despite the numerous challenges facing the country, the Libyan economy cab ne reconstructed and diversified by leveraging its substantial financial resources building on four critical pillars. The first is reaching a sustainable political agreement on the future of Libya. The second is the preparation of a shared vision on economic and social development that is based on accurate assessments of needs and aspirations. The third is the development of a modern and decentralized public financial management system that ensures adequate sharing of oil wealth and inter-governmental fiscal transfers as well as effective and transparent budget planning, execution, and reporting policies. The fourth is the establishment of a modern and comprehensive social policy that enables the reform of public administration and creates a clear distinction between social transfers and public wages
    DOI: 10.1596/40060
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 107
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    Navigating Education, Motherhood, and Informal Labor : The Experiences of Young Women in Luanda (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education and Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Gender Norms ; Human Rights ; Informal Trading ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teenage Pregnancies ; Women and Girls
    Abstract: Gender equality is a key foundation of inclusive and sustainable economic development that can translate into long-term and effective poverty reduction. While gender equality matters on its own as a human right, it also offers instrumental value for individuals, households, and societies at large. Global evidence consistently shows that empowering women and girls reduces poverty incidence and food insecurity, boosts economic growth and productivity, and enhances investments in children's human capital. Angola, a country where a third of the population lives in poverty and economic output is heavily dependent on its oil sector, stands out in Sub-Saharan Africa for its particularly large gender disparities, especially when compared to countries of same income levels. Family formation, education, and labor market decisions are intrinsically interwoven and connected, which in the case of Angola leads to extreme demographic pressure on an already weak public service system. To begin tackling these significant gender disparities, well-designed and targeted policies are needed. But there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to understanding the key barriers facing Angolan girls and young women in accessing education and transitioning to the labor market. This report presents insights gained from the voices of young women and girls, their parents, and key informants through a series of interviews carried out in Luanda, home to a quarter of the country's population, in 2022. Based on these in-depth interviews with low-income young women in Luanda, this report points to the multiple challenges they face across their life cycle - challenges relating to the dimensions of education, family formation, and work. It also shows how those dimensions in a woman's life are deeply interconnected - and how they are determined by structural constraints including poverty and vulnerability, gender norms, corruption and lack of transparency in access to services and opportunities, and violence in public and private spheres
    DOI: 10.1596/40401
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 108
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    Preferences for Wage Discrimination against Women (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William Preferences for Wage Discrimination against Women
    Keywords: Age Bias ; Discrimination ; Equal Pay ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Gender Wage Gap ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Systematic Gender Bias ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This study demonstrates systematic bias against women in public perceptions of the fairness of wages. In nationally representative survey experiments across more than 70,000 individual vignettes posed to 4,500 respondents in three Central Asian countries, respondents were 13 percent more likely to say wages were "too high" when the randomly assigned person described in the vignette (subject) was a woman, and 34 percent more likely to say they were "too low" when the subject was a man. The pattern of bias favoring higher wages for men is statistically significant at conventional levels in all three countries, among both male and female respondents, and in each of the eight occupations studied. The results also demonstrate the presence of significant bias in favor or older workers, specifically for white-collar occupations, and the absence of this relationship for the blue-collar occupations included in the experiment. The findings reinforce the importance of bias as a contributing factor to the gender pay gap, and the value of equal pay regulations to prevent gender discrimination in wage setting
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10548
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  • 109
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    Fiscal Policy and Equity : Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy and Equity: Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis
    Keywords: Equity and Development ; Fiscal Incidende ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Spending ; Taxation ; Transfers
    Abstract: This paper examines the distributive and poverty reducing effects of Vietnam's fiscal system in 2018. The paper looks at the incidence across the distribution and the effect of (direct and indirect) taxes, subsidies, and social spending (in cash and in-kind) on inequality and poverty in Vietnam using the Commitment to Equity methodology. The overall pattern of taxes and transfers in Vietnam is moderately progressive, but most households pay more in taxes and co-payments than what they receive in cash benefits, and the fiscal system results in a small increase in poverty. The progressivity of the fiscal system and its inequality-reduction impact mostly comes from in-kind health and education spending. This reduction in inequality is about average for lower-middle-income countries, but Vietnam could do more to increase the progressivity of its fiscal system
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10538
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 110
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    Indonesia's Informal Economy : Measurement, Evidence, and a Research Agenda (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ablaza, Christine Indonesia's Informal Economy: Measurement, Evidence, and a Research Agenda
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Employment and Unemployment ; Informal Economy Literature Review ; Informal Economy Research ; Informal Employment ; Informal Sector Policy ; Informality Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Indonesia has made remarkable economic progress since the Asian Financial Crisis. To sustain its growth and achieve high-income status by 2045, it needs to address the long-standing challenge of informality. Doing so will require a coordinated policy approach informed by robust empirical evidence on the underlying causes and consequences of informality. This paper contributes to this agenda by reviewing the state of knowledge on the informal economy in Indonesia. The study focuses on three key areas of relevance to future policies on informality, namely: (1) key definitions and measures, (2) existing data sources, and (3) findings from previous research. The paper identifies remaining gaps in the existing data and empirical literature and uses this to construct an agenda for future work on the subject
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10608
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  • 111
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    Fewer Questions, More Answers : Truncated Early Stopping for Proxy Means Testing (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Julian, Tim Fewer Questions, More Answers: Truncated Early Stopping for Proxy Means Testing
    Keywords: Adaptive Survey Design ; Cash Transfer Elidgibility ; Determinint Soci-Economic Eligibility ; Governance ; Interview Length Reduction ; Local Government ; Policy Simulation ; Proxy Means Testing ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The assignment of social programmes to their target population, known as targeting, is key to effective policy implementation. Proxy means testing is a widely used targeting approach where means testing is infeasible due to economic informality. This paper proposes a novel, practically feasible assessment approach that aims to reduce average proxy means test data collection costs, or allow more extensive data collection within a given resource envelope. Combining variable selection and prediction intervals, it develops a household-level truncated early stopping algorithm, which can reduce average interview length while maintaining predictive accuracy close to a standard proxy means test baseline. Applying the approach to Indonesian data, simulation of a 40 percent population coverage programme shows that targeting questionnaires could be shortened by 61 percent while maintaining PMT-level accuracy. A case study of a large health insurance programme in an urban area suggests that the share of intended beneficiaries who are among the targeted population can potentially be increased from 65.6 percent to 78.3 percent if enumerators conducted more of the shorter surveys that the truncated early stopping algorithm generates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10255
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  • 112
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    Tunisia's Jobs Landscape (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Demography ; Employment ; Gender ; Growth ; Labor Supply and Labor Demand ; Living Standards ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized in four chapters. Chapter1 describes trends in growth, productivity, demography, employment, and living standards to inform the analysis of labor supply and labor demand carried out in the chapters that follow. The chapter starts by depicting aggregate trends in economic growth and living standards of the Tunisian population, the drivers of growth (e.g. remittances and migration, FDI, exchange rate, productivity, et cetera), and broad structural changes in terms of job creation and labor productivity growth. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the composition of the labor market and how it has changed over time, including demographics and labor force participation, employment and employment composition in terms of type of job, industrial sector, occupation both at the aggregate level and for different population groups based on gender, age, educational level, and geographical location. It turns the spotlight on two groups that face particular difficulties in accessing the labor market, namely women and youth, and advances hypotheses regarding key barriers to their engagement in the labor market. Chapter 3 shifts the focus to one of the most relevant dimensions that characterize the Tunisian labor market, namely the distinction between the public sector, formal and informal employment. The chapter investigates how individual characteristics are correlated with the probability of working in different types of employment; it provides an overview of recent trends in wages and of conditional wage gaps along a number of dimensions (men/women, public/private, formal/informal employment); and it illustrates how wage workers with different characteristics, in particular different educational endowments, benefit from the labor market. Finally, building on the findings of Chapter 1, Chapter 4 examines recent trends in the patterns of structural and spatial transformation along the employment and firm dimension. It provides an overview of the firm landscape in terms of size, industrial sector, geographical area as well as recent trends in firms' performance, dynamics, labor decisions and capital investments, as well as constraints and opportunities firms face
    DOI: 10.1596/38381
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  • 113
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    Accelerating Paraguay's International Integration through Enhanced Trade, Investment and Competition Policies (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Economic Inclusion ; International Economic Integration ; International Economics and Trade ; National Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policies
    Abstract: This report seeks to inform the policy dialogue on how to accelerate Paraguay's international economic integration and in turn its medium- and long-term growth prospects. It benchmarks Paraguay's global integration; analyzes trade, investment and competition policies and the quality of related institutions; and provides recommendations for strengthening them and accelerating the country's global connection. Chapter 2 benchmarks Paraguay's trade outcomes along several dimensions, including export diversification, quality upgrading and export survival, and Chapter 3 follows with an analysis of how trade policies and the quality of the institutional framework are affecting trade performance and identifies opportunities for improvements. It also estimates the impact of the MERCOSUR-European Union (EU) Free Trade Agreement on Paraguay. Chapter 4 focuses on FDI patterns and the strengths and shortcomings of the supporting FDI policy framework to help integrate in regional and global value chains. Chapter 5 examines competition challenges in Paraguay's markets that could be affecting trade and FDI attraction and provides recommendations for strengthening competition policies and institutions. The preparation of this report has benefitted from the analysis of multiple data sources as well as extensive consultations with stakeholders from the private and public sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/38365
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  • 114
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    Factors Explaining Child Work and Education in Myanmar (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dall-Aglio, Chiara Factors Explaining Child Work and Education in Myanmar
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Bivariate Probit ; Child Education ; Child Labor ; Child Labor Law ; Child Work and Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Informal Economy ; Informality ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unprotected Child Labor Market
    Abstract: Child workers constitute a significant share of the Myanmar labor force, which has translated into an unprotected child labor market. Given the prevalence of issues surrounding school enrollment and dropout rates, this paper investigates the relationship between child work and education. Using data from the 2015 Labor Force survey, it studies what factors explain child work and how this can in turn affect schooling outcomes. The study differentiates between children's household chores and wage work. To understand if these two types of activities affect schooling differently, the paper explores if and how work intensity (number of hours worked) plays a role. The findings show that child work has a negative correlation with school enrollment and attendance, to differing degrees depending on the type of work and work intensity, regardless of gender. Overall, wage work is negatively correlated with enrollment and attendance disproportionately more than household chores. Work intensity seems to play a smaller role, but it still matters when looking at girls' participation in household chores. Working long hours does not seem to have a link with the likelihood of being enrolled and attending school, although it could affect learning outcomes as it reduces the amount of time dedicated to homework and study. However, the data source being some years old, the analysis may not fully reflect the most recent economic and social developments and conditions in Myanmar
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10260
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  • 115
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    Disability-Inclusive Health Care Systems : Technical Note for World Bank Task Teams (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Health Indicators ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The objective of this Technical Note is to provide task teams and task team leaders (TTLs) with tools for designing and delivering health care services that are inclusive of disability. More specifically, the ambition of this Technical Note is to improve awareness and skills of TTLs and other World Bank employees toward recognizing the rights of persons with disabilities to receive equitable health care from the outset, to help drive demand from governments, and to identify concrete actions to promote disability-inclusion in health service delivery. The guide provides the rationale for disability inclusion, tips for engaging in dialogue, information and examples on disability-inclusive practices and operations, and specific guidance on integrating disability into health service programming and delivery supported by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/38353
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  • 116
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    Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Disability ; Labor Law ; Labor Standards ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework, updated in 2022, lays out a road map for (i) including disability in the World Bank's policies, operations, and analytical work; and (ii) building internal capacity for supporting clients in implementing disability-inclusive development programs. The primary target audience of the Framework is Bank staff but it is also relevant to the Bank`s client countries, development partners and persons with disabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/38345
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  • 117
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    Firm Heterogeneity and the Impact of Payroll Taxes (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biro, Aniko Firm Heterogeneity and the Impact of Payroll Taxes
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Employment of Older Workers ; Firm Hetrogeneity ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Older Workers ; Payroll Tax ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Incidence ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of a large payroll tax cut for older workers in Hungary. Motivated by the predictions of a standard equilibrium job search model, the paper examines the heterogeneous impact of the policy. Employment increases most at low-productivity firms offering low-wage jobs, which tend to hire from unemployment, while the effects are more muted for high-productivity firms offering high-wage jobs. At the same time, wages only increase at high-productivity firms. These results point to important heterogeneity in the incidence of payroll tax cuts across firms and highlight that payroll taxes have a significant impact on the composition of jobs in the labor market
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10265
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  • 118
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    Indonesia's Online Vacancy Outlook : From Online Job Postings to Labor Market Intelligence 2020 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Labor Market ; Occupations ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The objective of this technical report and the accompanying skills profiles report is twofold. First, the technical report explains the methodology used to transform job postings text into OV data and in turn, illustrates how to use those data to produce labor market intelligence valuable to different users. Second, the report presents answers to questions often asked by end-users and policymakers. This work is part of a series produced by the World Bank to support the Government of Indonesia in strengthening its labor market information system (LMIS). The OVO presents the results of one of four data pilots that, if adopted by the government, will provide the information needed to fill in important data gaps and to provide key labor market intelligence services to different users. Moreover, while this work focuses on the Indonesian context, it may also inform decisions in other developing countries that are considering the utilization of these data and having concerns about their validity when there is limited access to the internet and widespread informality
    DOI: 10.1596/36947
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    Cox's Bazar : Inclusive Growth Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
    DOI: 10.1596/36841
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 120
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    From Protracted Humanitarian Relief to State-led Social Safety Net System : Somalia Baxnaano Program (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In 2019, with support from the International Development Association (IDA), the Federal Government of Somalia established its first national safety net program, the Baxnaano Program. Despite institutional challenges, political and economic fragility, the Program is delivering promising results. This paper discusses the design and implementation experience of the Baxnaano Program to (i) understand the opportunities and challenges leading to the establishment of a national safety net program in a context of high fragility, insecurity, and protracted humanitarian relief interventions; (ii) identify if and how the Program is supporting the vision to transition from protracted humanitarian response to longer-term safety net system; and iii) examines if and how the Program is supporting state-building
    DOI: 10.1596/36864
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  • 121
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    The Labor Market Implications of Restricted Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya : Evidence from Nationally Representative Phone Surveys (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Heemann, Markus The Labor Market Implications of Restricted Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: Evidence from Nationally Representative Phone Surveys
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Global Pandemic ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Force Participation ; Law and Development ; Mobility ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic affected people's livelihoods in many ways, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the degree to which recovering mobility levels impacted labor market outcomes in Kenya over the course of the pandemic, starting from May 2020 until June 2021. It uses an instrumental variable approach to identify the causal impacts of mobility reduction induced by policy changes on labor market outcomes. The findings show that a 10 percent recovery of mobility led to a 12 percentage points increase in labor force participation and a 9 percent points increase in household members being employed. At the same time, a 10 percent recovery of mobility caused an increase of 11 wage hours per week (formal and informal). Among the factors influencing self-reported mobility-reducing behavior, trust in the government's ability to deal with the pandemic correlates with less self-reported mobility reduction, while people who knew someone with an infection tend to reduce mobility less. Finally, countrywide policy stringency levels clearly reduce self-reported mobility. Given the demonstrated adverse impacts of reducing mobility on economic indicators, the government should explore options to limit the economic fall-out while protecting citizens from infections, for example, by using partial or geographically constrained lockdowns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9963
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  • 122
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    Nudging in the Time of the Coronavirus : Evidence from an Experimental Tax Trial in Albania at the Onset of a Global Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karver, Jonathan George Nudging in the Time of the Coronavirus: Evidence from an Experimental Tax Trial in Albania at the Onset of a Global Pandemic
    Keywords: Compensation From Injury ; Global Pandemic ; Governance ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Public Sector Development ; Random Effects Model ; Randomized Controlled Trials ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security Contribution ; Tax Authority ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Trade and Investment
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of taxpayer communications informed by behavioral science in inducing business payroll tax compliance at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, an experimental tax trial targeting 5,423 firms was implemented, coinciding with the national lockdown due to the global pandemic. The Albanian tax authority sent postal letters to employers and selected employees highlighting a suspicion that wages were under-declared to avoid personal income tax withholding. Employers and employees suspected of under-declaring were randomly assigned to receive a soft-tone letter (highlighting the social importance of contributing through taxes), a strong-tone letter (highlighting the penalties associated with under-declaring), or none (forming a control group against which the impact of receiving the letters could be estimated). For employers receiving soft-tone letters, the study finds large, statistically significant increases on subsequent payroll declarations (by as much as 10 percent relative to the control group), which gradually attenuate over the following six months. No statistically significant effects are found for letters sent to employees or strong-tone letters. The findings highlight (i) the importance of framing of communications as well as the importance of smart selection of letter recipients for taxpayer communication campaigns, (ii) which type of taxpayer communications were most effective in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (iii) the role that randomized controlled trials and behavioral science can play in strengthening the effectiveness of government policy, particularly for public revenue mobilization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9961
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  • 123
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    Understanding and Predicting Job Losses Due to COVID-19 : Empirical Evidence from Middle Income Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hatayama, Maho Understanding and Predicting Job Losses Due to COVID-19: Empirical Evidence from Middle Income Countries
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firms ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Job Loss ; Labor Market ; Pandemic Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; Survey
    Abstract: This paper utilizes firm survey data to understand which formal private sector jobs are most at risk from COVID-19 or similar future crises, based on empirical evidence from two middle-income economies. In particular, it estimates the importance for formal private sector job losses of various COVID-19 pandemic-related labor market shocks and mitigating factors, such as the closure of non-essential industries, workers' ability to perform their jobs from home, infection risks to workers, customers' infection risk, global demand shocks, input supply constraints, employers' financial constraints, and government support, in determining the level and distribution of job losses. This provides an empirical identification of the main risk factors for job loss and a basis for predicting the level and distribution of these losses due to the crisis for permanent formal private sector (PFPS) jobs in core productive manufacturing and service sectors (captured by World Bank Enterprise Surveys) in Jordan and Georgia. Comparing the empirical findings across the two countries, the paper assesses the degree of commonality of these risk factors. Job losses are projected for different groups within the employed population prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 and compared with post-crisis labor force data. The results indicate that in these countries the level of job losses is predominantly due to a reduction in demand rather than a reduction in the supply of labor. Closures, global demand shocks, supply disruptions, and other unexplained demand-side shocks are significant determinants of jobs lost. The sensitivity of employment to closures, supply disruptions, and sales shocks was of similar magnitudes in both countries; however, variation in infection risk was a significant determinant of sales only in Georgia. At the same time, Georgian formal firms were better able to rebound their sales and hire back workers than formal firms in Jordan. Finally, the paper finds no evidence that firms with workers performing tasks that can be performed from home were better able to preserve jobs, given the dominant role of firm-level demand and supply chain shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9933
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  • 124
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    Rural Employment in Africa : Trends and Challenges (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Labor Markets ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural off farm activities remains low. This paper uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services which rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digitization, the imperative of greening and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/37023
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  • 125
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    Addressing Gender-Based Segregation through Information : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in the Republic of Congo (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gassier, Marine Addressing Gender-Based Segregation through Information: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in the Republic of Congo
    Keywords: Africa Gender Policy ; Earnings ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Gender Innovation Lab ; Labor Markets ; Male-Dominated Trades ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education ; Vocational Training ; Wages ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Women and Employment ; Women and Work
    Abstract: This paper describes a randomized experiment that used a sample of men and women who were eligible for a vocational training program in the Republic of Congo to test the effect of providing information on trade-specific earnings on trade choice. The analysis finds that women are 28.6 percent more likely to apply to a traditionally male- dominated trade when receiving this information. Men and women are also both more likely to apply to more lucrative trades. This may in part be driven by the intervention filling an information gap. The analysis suggests, however, that behavioral mechanisms, which make trade-specific returns more salient in the decision process of applicants, play an even bigger role. Indeed, there are much larger treatment effects among women who have technical knowledge and experience or male role models, even though the information does not impact their expectations of earnings in male-dominated trades. The treatment is thus most effective among women who are already well positioned to cross over into male-dominated trades and can give greater weight to earning considerations when choosing a trade. The results indicate that this low-cost intervention can be a useful tool to encourage women to cross over to more lucrative trades in which their presence has been limited, and thereby contribute to reducing the gender gap in earnings. There is also a high potential for interventions that would pair information on returns and trade exposure
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9934
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  • 126
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    Raising the Quality of Child Caregiving in Bangladesh (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Curriculum and Instruction ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Educational Institutions and Facilities ; Lifelong Learning ; School Health ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: Access to quality childcare is critical for improving child development outcomes and ensuring that the next generation of Bangladeshi children are better prepared to contribute as active citizens. Child caregivers play a pivotal role in developing children's physical and cognitive growth in the early years of life. Moreover, access to quality childcare has been linked to higher women's labor force participation and better economic growth. However, there remains a knowledge gap in the area of child caregiver skills, globally and particularly in the case of Bangladesh. In the case of Bangladesh, there is critical need to understand the complex child caregiver training structure and means to improve the system in helping the country ensure better child development outcomes, higher female workforce participation and ultimately its goal of becoming a developed country in the next two decades. This study uses a mixed method approach to - first, understand the current status of child caregivers and childcare services in Bangladesh and second, assess the current training programs available and opportunities for professional development for the childcare workforce. The study investigates the socio-economic profiles; training acquired and perceptions of skills gaps and the environment in which child caregivers and center managers operate across different types of providers. The key recommendations emerging from the study are then discussed along four areas: polices, quality caregivers, pedagogical approach and enabling environment
    DOI: 10.1596/37093
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  • 127
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    What Do You Want to Be? : Youth Aspirations in the Time of the COVID-19 Crisis - Evidence from Three Sub-Saharan Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Sciences ; Gender ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policy ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth
    Abstract: Understanding the aspirations and goals of the youth is essential to developing effective employment policies. Policies should be designed to allow educational and professional aspirations of young people to align with pathways to achieving them. The data collected is nationally representative and age distribution is similar across countries. Recent surveys on youth or sub-populations of youth have included questions to capture career aspirations and life goals in the time of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. Incorporating the youth aspirations and employment module for High Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) into multi-topic household surveys has several advantages. In conclusion, measuring youth aspirations helps shed light on the possible employment outcomes that can be observed in adulthood and play a role in breaking poverty circles, which is highly relevant for public policy
    DOI: 10.1596/37077
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  • 128
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    Unemployment Benefits, Active Labor Market Policies, and Labor Market Outcomes : Evidence from New Global Data (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ulku, Hulya Unemployment Benefits, Active Labor Market Policies, and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from New Global Data
    Keywords: Developing Country Labor Markets ; Econometric Analysis With Interaction Terms ; Econometrics ; Economic Stabilization ; Employment and Unemployment ; Global Employment Data ; Global Indicators Group ; Labor Market Outcome ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomic Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Productivity Analysis ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment Benefit Policy Data
    Abstract: Using novel data on unemployment benefits and active labor market policies in 191 countries in 2019 and 2020, this paper investigates the patterns of unemployment benefits and active labor market policies and their relationship with labor market outcomes. This study is unique in that it covers a large number of developing as well as developed countries and examines the association of both unemployment benefits and active labor market policies with several labor market outcomes at different income levels. According to new data, in the first half of 2020, about 48 percent of countries had an unemployment benefit scheme compared to 82 percent that had some form of active labor market policy. The econometric analyses show that productivity growth has a positive relationship with both unemployment benefits and active labor market policies in upper-middle-income countries and with active labor market policies in low- and lower-middle-income countries, but a negative relationship with both unemployment benefits and active labor market policies in high-income countries. The findings also indicate a consistent negative association of active labor market policies with the rate of self-employment in all income groups and a negative association with the rate of employment in upper middle-income countries. These findings provide new insights on the patterns of unemployment benefits and active labor market policies and their interlinkages with labor market policies at different income levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10027
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  • 129
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    Spatial Development and Mobility Frictions in Latin America : Theory-based Empirical Evidence (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Conte, Bruno Spatial Development and Mobility Frictions in Latin America: Theory-based Empirical Evidence
    Keywords: Economic Geography ; Employment and Unemployment ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Rates ; Latin America ; Migration Frictions ; Mobility Frictions ; Productivity Differences ; Quantitative Trade Models ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spacial Development ; Trade Costs ; Wages ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Using fine-grained spatial data and a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model, this paper assesses the magnitude of mobility frictions in Latin America as well as the effects of their reduction on spatial development in the region. The results suggest that in most Latin American countries, migration frictions calibrated based on spatially differentiated initial utility are on average smaller and less dispersed than those obtained assuming uniform within-country initial utility. A reduction in trade costs due to optimal investments in road infrastructure in most Latin American countries increases the present discounted value of real per capita income on average in the region by 15.1 percent. This effect is larger than the effects obtained with static quantitative trade models because of substantial dynamic gains. By contrast, a reduction in migration entry costs in the most productive and more populous locations in the Latin American countries has a negligible effect on the present discounted value of the region's real per capita income, reflecting the relatively small dispersion in domestic migration frictions and their relatively low levels in top locations. In both counterfactuals, the welfare increases are significantly larger than the increases in real per capita output because the reductions in mobility frictions allow people to relocate to areas with better amenities and therefore derive higher utility. These results suggest that trade costs, not migration barriers, represent a major constraint to the efficient spatial distribution of economic activity and growth in Latin America
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10071
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  • 130
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    The Impact of Lifting Firing Restrictions on Firms : Evidence from a State-Level Labor Law Amendment (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chaudhary, Sarur The Impact of Lifting Firing Restrictions on Firms: Evidence from a State-Level Labor Law Amendment
    Keywords: Distribution of Work ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Law ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Labor Reform ; Labor Unions ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Unions ; Workforce
    Abstract: Stringent employment protection laws are argued to be a cause of reduced employment flexibility, slower growth and increased reliance on temporary employment contracts in many countries, including India. In 2014, the Indian state of Rajasthan amended labor laws to increase employment flexibility in firms. The most discussed of the amendments lifted the requirement for government approval for retrenching regular workers in medium-size factories. This paper first conducts a synthetic control analysis of the policy change using state-level panel data from 1980 to 2018, finding no evidence of an impact on aggregate manufacturing employment and output. The paper then uses firm-level panel data to conduct a difference-in-differences analysis of the main amendment, exploiting its size-dependent feature for identification. This analysis finds that the amendment reduced the implicit regulatory cost of labor in firms, but there is no discernible impact on their total employment and output. The amendment also led to firms substituting temporary ("contract") workers for permanent workers. This collateral impact is contrary to the expectation that easing the flexibility of permanent employment arrangements would make them more attractive to firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10039
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  • 131
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    Cash in the City : The Case of Port-au-Prince (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Cholera ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor
    Abstract: Following the 2010 devastating earthquake and subsequent cholera epidemic, Port-au-Prince's residents have been increasingly affected by food insecurity, socio-economic unrest including periods of complete lock-down, and gang violence. In light of the insecurity which limits the possibilities to collect the necessary information to target the vulnerable residents of Port-au-Prince, this paper aims at providing meaningful evidence to inform the remote targeting and delivery of a potential social assistance program. Putting together household and geospatial data, we compute a composite vulnerability indicator for the metropolitan area, offering a first snapshot of inequality and vulnerability within the city, and discuss the results' implications for social protection programming
    DOI: 10.1596/37443
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    Deep-Dive on Malaysia's Digital Services Trade : The Malaysia Development Experience Series - March 2022 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: E-Business ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Infrastructure Investment ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The rapid expansion of digital technologies around the world has impacted many economic and social activities with increasingly reliable and fast Internet connectivity changing how people communicate, work, and live. Digital services have also played an important role in keeping the world connected and economies running during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is therefore crucial that countries implement proactive polices to become more digitalized and target the creation of an inclusive digital economy in order to foster sustainable and inclusive economic growth. Cross-border data transfer regulations also play an important role in supporting trade in digital services. The Malaysia digital economy report produced by the World Bank in 2018 examined three interrelated issues that are closely aligned with Malaysia's own goal of becoming an e-commerce hub for the region. Building on this research agenda, this deep dive seeks to explain how the role of digital services trade can be enhanced to contribute to Malaysia's competitiveness and integration into the global marketplace. The paper is structured as follows: section one gives introduction and context. Sections 2 and 3 benchmarks Malaysia's digital preparedness (for example, in terms of Internet penetration ratios) against its structural, aspirational, and regional peers. Section 4 assesses the performance of Malaysia's digital services trade and digital economy, including in sub-sectors such as e-commerce and FinTech which are both important elements of digitalization. Section 5 discusses the constraints to deeper integration and development of the digital sector in the Malaysian economy. Section 6 presents the main findings and makes policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37460
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    Jobs Undone : Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A decade since the spark of the Arab Spring, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region continues to suffer from limited creation of more and better jobs. Youth face idleness and unemployment. For those who find jobs, informality awaits. Few women attempt to enter the world of work at all. Meanwhile, the available jobs are not those of the future. These labor market outcomes are being worsened by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Jobs Undone: Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa explores ways to break these impasses, drawing on original research, survey data, wide-ranging literature, and young entrepreneurial voices from the region. The report finds that a prominent reason behind MENA's unmet jobs challenge is a lack of market contestability in the formal private sector. Few firms in the region enter the market, few grow, and those that exit are not necessarily less productive. Moreover, firms in the region invest little in physical capital, human capital, or research and development, and they tend to be politically connected. At the macro level, economic growth has been mediocre, labor productivity is not being driven by structural change, and the growth of the stock of capital per capita has declined. New evidence generated for this report shows that the lack of dynamism is due to the prevalence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). They operate in sectors where there is little economic rationale for public activity and they enjoy favorable treatment-flouting the principles of competitive neutrality. Meanwhile, labor regulations add to market rigidity, while gendered laws restrict women's potential. To change this reality, the state must reshape its relationship toward markets, toward workers, and toward women. The region must create a level playing field between SOEs and the private sector, replace labor rigidities with appropriate social protection and labor market programs, and remove barriers to women's economic participation. Governments can also foster new sectors and occupations, gradually propelling market contestability and job creation. All reforms will have to rely on improved data capacity and transparency to create a new social contract between governments and the people of the region
    DOI: 10.1596/37412
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    Labor Market Rigidity at Home and Multinational Corporations' Flexible Task Reallocation Abroad (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ahn, JaeBin Labor Market Rigidity at Home and Multinational Corporations' Flexible Task Reallocation Abroad
    Keywords: Employment Adjustment ; Foreign Affiliates ; Labor Market Rigidity ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Minimum Wage ; MNC ; Multinational Corporations ; Political Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Task Reallocation ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: An unprecedented regime change following the 2017 presidential impeachment led to a dramatic shift to more rigid labor market policies in the Republic of Korea, represented by consecutive double-digit hikes in the minimum wage in the next two years. Using a firm-level data set with detailed information about foreign affiliates for 2013~19, this paper assesses the employment consequences of stricter labor market regulations. The empirical evidence uncovers a relatively unexplored mechanism through which domestic labor market rigidity can potentially reduce domestic employment as multinational firms with flexible internal networks reallocate tasks across borders
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10114
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    Bring a Friend : Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anukriti, S Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India
    Keywords: Contraception ; Family Planning ; Family Planning Research ; Female Autonomy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peers ; Reproductive Autonomy ; Social Networks ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vouchers ; Women
    Abstract: This paper experimentally tests whether enabling individuals to incentivize others to socialize with them can strengthen social networks and improve well-being. The paper examines family planning access for women in India, who tend to be socially isolated and for whom peer support may overcome intrahousehold constraints. Enabling women to jointly visit a clinic with other women not only increased social ties and strengthened peer engagement, but also increased clinic visits and contraceptive use. Moreover, this intervention was more effective in improving reproductive autonomy of women who faced greater intrahousehold opposition than an intervention that only improved women's own access to the clinic
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10107
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    Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa : Evidence from the Enterprise Survey (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Enterprise Surveys
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Human Capital ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has been weak since the global financial crisis of 2007-09 and the Arab Spring of the early 2010s. Achieving higher and sustainable growth is particularly important in view of other economic challenges facing the region: public debt in MENA countries has increased considerably over the last decade, accompanied by declining investment. This report seeks to understand what lies beneath that relatively slow growth, with a particular focus on the reasons for stagnating productivity and inadequate accumulation of human capital and physical capital in the region's private sector. To this end, the report summarizes the main findings from nine background papers based on enterprise survey data. It also draws conclusions for policy, not only for promoting stronger firm performance, but also for addressing the challenge of climate change by pursuing sustainable growth
    DOI: 10.1596/37601
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  • 137
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    Renewable Energy Jobs and Sector Skills Mapping for Pakistan (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Hydropower ; Labor Markets ; Renewable Energy ; Rural Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: The Government of Pakistan (GOP) has adopted ambitious national renewable energy (RE) targets under the RE policy 2019. The policy sets out a growth trajectory for grid connected, non-hydro renewables, mandating at least 20 percent renewables in the country's installed power generation capacity by 2025 and 30 percent by 2030. The government has simultaneously approved a comprehensive power generation capacity expansion plan, the integrated generation capacity expansion plan 2021-2030. Since large hydropower makes up the bulk of capacity additions in the IGCEP, new wind, solar, and bagasse projects in the IGCEP account for approximately 11,700 MW compared to 16,300 MW of non-hydro RE needed to meet the national RE targets. To capitalize on the employment creation potential of the RE targets and the IGCEP, policy makers will have to anticipate changes in workforce trends and develop a preemptive plan to manage skill requirements and prevent workforce shortages. This study was commissioned by the World Bank to facilitate cohesive RE workforce planning and identify skill gaps that can inhibit RE investments in Pakistan. The findings of the study will help inform skill development in RE by providing policy makers and other stakeholders, including the higher education commission (HEC) and the national vocational and technical training commission (NAVTTC), with indicative employment projections required for long-term planning
    DOI: 10.1596/37610
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  • 138
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    The World Bank Group in Bangladesh, Fiscal Years 2011-20 : Country Program Evaluation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Clean Energy ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's engagement with Bangladesh during the past decade (fiscal year [FY]11-20) and provides lessons to inform the next Bank Group supported strategy with Bangladesh and to countries facing similar challenges. The Bank Group made important contributions over the past decade to help Bangladesh address several of its development challenges. Most notable include increasing power generation capacity, improving access to clean energy, all season roads, primary and secondary education, reducing child and maternal mortality and improving financial inclusion. However, achievements fell short in several areas, including insufficient investment in data and measurement particularly on learning outcomes and limited progress on regional connectivity. In other areas, domestic vested interests prevailed resulting in little progress in improving the business environment, natural resource management, banking reform and tariff reform. Bank Group support adapted in response to changing circumstances following the Padma Bridge cancellation by reallocating resources to sectors in which the Bank Group had more traction and a long-standing history of effective engagement. However, rising fiscal vulnerabilities received insufficient attention. Despite a deteriorating trend in institutional quality and economic management and declining core IDA allocation, the Bank Group significantly increased financing to Bangladesh, including through IDA's Scale Up Facility. Key lessons include: (i) Rebalancing the portfolio in the face of a difficult political economy helped the Bank Group remain relevant in Bangladesh; (ii) Where reform is deemed critical to sustain development progress but government commitment is weak or absent, continued targeted analysis of key development constraints can help prepare the ground for future action when a window of opportunity presents itself; (iii) Measuring improvements in the quality of education requires deliberate and ongoing investment in data collection; (iv) Increasing overall IDA financing in the context of deteriorating CPIA rating raises a question about the significance that IDA assigns to measures of institutional quality and governance; (v) Given underlying concerns with data quality and coverage, the World Bank might have been more qualified in its public statements about the quality of the macroeconomic framework; and (vi) Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) arrangements between the World Bank and the IMF constrain the ability of the World Bank to provide comprehensive and timely assessments of financial sector vulnerabilities in nonsystematically important economies
    DOI: 10.1596/37670
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  • 139
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    Cash Transfers in Pandemic Times : Evidence, Practices, and Implications from the Largest Scale Up in History (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Covid-19 ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Is Coronavirus (Covid-19) a "game changer" for cash transfers? This tantalizing question has animated a large body of recent literature and over 60 virtual panels. This paper offers some clues to address the question by bringing together data, evaluations and practical experiences generated over the course of the pandemic. In particular, the paper flashes out differences between Covid-19 and other crises; it lays out an anatomy of global responses and offers novel data analysis around stylized international trends; synthesizes fresh empirical evidence on response effectiveness based on over 40 evaluations; discusses country-level operational practices as emerging from an array of high and lower-income contexts; and distills key insights with possible future implications
    DOI: 10.1596/37700
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  • 140
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    A Tale of Two Countries : Labor Market Profiles of Youth in Urban and Rural Cameroon (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Cameroon's high employment levels mask widespread precariousness and rural-urban inequality. Labor market vulnerability-either detachment or weak attachment-is particularly acute among youth (ages 15 to 35), who are often uninterested in agriculture yet unable to access better opportunities in urban areas. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), a non-parametric method that segments a heterogeneous population into groups sharing similar characteristics, we identify distinct profiles of youth experiencing labor market vulnerability. The largest groups in urban and rural areas consist of mostly men with some education who work full time in the informal sector, either as own-account workers or subsistence farmers. In addition, we identify five groups as priorities for policy intervention. First, two groups making up 9 percent of out-of-school youth, predominantly married women, are involuntarily inactive and present an opportunity for improved human capital utilization. Second, a third group (14 percent) includes women in rural areas employed as contributing family workers, while two other groups (12 percent) comprise women facing multifold vulnerabilities (i.e., a combination of unpaid, temporary, and part-time work). Tailored interventions for these three groups would most impact poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/37907
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  • 141
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    Remarks by World Bank Group President at the Opening Session of the 8th Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD 8) (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President, David Malpass at the Opening Session of the 8th Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD 8) on August 27, 2022. He said that the World Bank Group remains a committed, long-term partner to Africa, and nearly half of IBRD and IDA funding goes to Africa, and they work together closely in several areas as follows: First, the World Bank Group is advising governments on necessary trade policies, including on the need to avoid export bans and other trade-restrictive measures; Second, help African countries provide much needed, targeted social protection for the most vulnerable; and Finally, much of work in Africa is supported by IDA, their fund for the world's poorest. He concluded by reaffirming his special thanks to Prime Minister Kishida for his leadership in promoting the cause of developing countries and effective international financial institutions, and their very strong partnership with Japan
    DOI: 10.1596/37969
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  • 142
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    Ukraine Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment, August 2022 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Public Sector Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: The Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, which began February 24, 2022, has caused significant civilian casualties and damage to infrastructure and has taken a severe human, social, and economic toll. As a result of the war, which still continues after more than six months, dwellings and public infrastructure have been demolished or damaged, public services and economic activity have been impeded, and significant numbers of Ukrainians have been displaced from their homes. This Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) is part of an ongoing effort, undertaken jointly by the government of Ukraine, the World Bank, and the European Commission and supported by other partners, to take stock of Ukraine's damage and losses from the war - but just as importantly to assess the scale of economic and social needs for Ukraine's survival during the war and its prospering afterward
    DOI: 10.1596/37988
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  • 143
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    The Effects of Childcare on Women and Children : Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Burkina Faso (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ajayi, Kehinde F The Effects of Childcare on Women and Children: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Burkina Faso
    Keywords: Childcare ; Childcare Centers ; Childcare Impacts ; Childcare Intervention ; Childcare Outcomes ; Empowerment Outcomes ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Women Employment
    Abstract: This paper studies whether providing affordable childcare improves women?s economic empowerment and child development, using data from a sample of 1,990 women participating in a public works program in Burkina Faso. Of 36 urban work sites, 18 were randomly selected to receive community-based childcare centers. One in four women who were offered the centers used them, tripling childcare center usage for children aged 0 to 6 years. Women?s employment and financial outcomes improved. Additionally, child development scores increased. However, the analysis finds no significant effects on women?s decision-making autonomy, gender attitudes, or intrahousehold dynamics, suggesting the importance of considering multiple dimensions of childcare impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10239
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  • 144
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    Pollution and Labor Productivity : Evidence from Chilean Cities (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jooste, Charl Pollution and Labor Productivity: Evidence from Chilean Cities
    Keywords: Developing Economies ; Effect Of Pollution on Productivity ; Environment ; Fine Particulate Pollution ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Productivity ; Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Pollution Mitigation Policy ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions ; Working Conditions
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of pollution on labor productivity in Chile. Data on fine particulate matter pollution in Chile were collected and matched to sectoral labor productivity at the city level. The endogeneity between labor productivity and pollution is controlled for by instrumenting on the presence of coal and diesel power plants. The paper finds that pollution reduces labor productivity. A series of robustness checks demonstrate that pollution has a statistically significant effect on productivity when the analysis controls for labor costs and entry rates. The paper provides extensive evidence to support a causal interpretation of this finding. The identification strategy is based on a stylized macroeconomic model. The pollution elasticity of labor productivity is used to demonstrate how the co-benefits of reducing pollution can be incorporated into mitigation policies in a general equilibrium framework
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10236
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  • 145
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    Somalia Economic Update, June 2022 : Investing in Social Protection to Boost Resilience for Economic Growth (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Somalia is currently experiencing extreme and widespread drought which has been assessed as an unprecedented climatic event not seen in at least 40 years by meteorological agencies and humanitarian partners. After four consecutive seasons of poor rains, 90 percent of the country is experiencing severe drought conditions that include failed crop harvests, widespread water shortages, and decline in livestock production. The drought has intensified the humanitarian crisis and is driving the country into a brink of famine. Significant displacement of people is occurring as they abandoned their homes in search of food, water, and pasture for their livestock. The situation is being exacerbated by the war in Ukraine which has pushed up global food and oil prices. The higher commodity prices are disproportionally affecting the poor and exacerbating inequality. Against this challenging backdrop, the seventh edition of the World Bank's Somalia Economic Update provides a detailed update of recent economic developments and growth outlook and makes a case for investing in Social Protection to help confront the frequent shocks that buffet the country. Overall, the Economic Update series aims to contribute to policymaking process and stimulate national dialogue on topical issues related to economic recovery and development
    DOI: 10.1596/38206
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  • 146
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    Business Case for Creating Respectful Workspaces in Sri Lanka (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Law and Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Workplace violence and harassment is pervasive, and it affects all countries, occupations, and work arrangements. This problem comprises a range of unacceptable behaviors that result in, or threaten physical, psychological, sexual, or economic harm, including gender-based violence and harassment. Between 2020 and 2022, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) conducted a study to better understand the prevalence and impact of violence and harassment on employees and businesses in Sri Lanka. This research covered workplace experiences and behaviors, and how these affect employees. The findings presented in this report will be used to develop tools and resources to help companies prevent and address violence and harassment connected with the workplace. The findings demonstrate the importance of employers' measures to address workplace violence and harassment, including through implementing measures that are consistent with International Labour Organization Convention 190 on Violence and Harassment
    DOI: 10.1596/38338
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  • 147
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    Revisiting Labor Market Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Labor Law ; Labor Market ; Labor Policy ; Labor Regulation ; Labor Standards ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages
    Abstract: Labor regulations are important determinants of resource allocation, productivity, and labor market outcomes. They can protect workers' rights, enhance job security, and improve working conditions. However, overly restrictive regulations can also increase business costs, becoming barriers to creating formal employment, particularly for vulnerable workers. This paper analyzes the key characteristics of labor market regulations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and benchmarks them against international practices. The main objective is to identify strengths and weaknesses in the regulations and to inform governments about policy options to enhance employment outcomes in the region. The paper focuses on labor laws and regulations concerning hiring, working hours, minimum wage, redundancy rules and cost, unemployment insurance, labor tax and social security contributions, and legal frameworks affecting women's work. This paper finds that the region has generally flexibly hiring rules, but that redundancy regulations are relatively rigid and costly compared to international practices. Statutory minimum wages and labor taxes are not very high, with the exception of a few countries. Although many countries have made efforts to remove legal barriers for women workers, discriminatory laws still restrict their participation in the labor market. While labor market regulations vary by country, the findings suggest areas where there is clear scope to improve the design and implementation of labor market regulations to facilitate stronger formal labor demand and to enhance efficient resource allocation; and at the same time, to strengthen compliance to provide necessary protections to workers
    DOI: 10.1596/36887
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  • 148
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    The Impact of Covid-19 on Household Welfare in the Comoros : The Experience of a Small Island Developing State (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mendiratta, Vibhuti The Impact of Covid-19 on Household Welfare in the Comoros: The Experience of a Small Island Developing State
    Keywords: Below The Poverty Line ; Health Care Services Industry ; Household Welfare ; Inequality ; Labor Market Outcome ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability To Climate Change ; Welfare Indicator
    Abstract: This paper investigates the causal impact of a Covid-19 lockdown policy on the Comoros's household welfare, poverty, and labor market outcomes. The identification strategy uses the national government lockdown policy implemented to curtail the unexpected outbreak of Covid-19. The lockdown policy coincided with the 2020 Harmonized Survey on Living Conditions of Households data collection, lending itself to a quasi-natural experiment in which households that were interviewed before the lockdown policy fall into the control group, while those that were interviewed after the lockdown fall into the treated group. The paper explores the impact of the Covid-19 using descriptive regression analysis and estimates the causal impact using matching techniques. The analysis finds a reduction in household expenditure, increased poverty, and a reduction in the likelihood of employment. Investigation of differential impacts along the expenditure distribution finds larger impacts at the top of the distribution, suggesting that Covid-19 may have reduced inequality, although the poor were also negatively affected. The evidence also suggests that the ability to use assets as a coping mechanism was limited. In a context of limited safety nets and government interventions, stringent lockdown policies appear to increase the vulnerability of the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9964
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  • 149
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    Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Market Outcomes of Refugees and Nationals in Kenya (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vintar, Mirko Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Market Outcomes of Refugees and Nationals in Kenya
    Keywords: Access To External Finance ; Access To Government Service ; Agriculture ; Employment Rate ; Gender and Development ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Equity ; Refugee Migration ; Refugee-Hosting Country ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Socioeconomic Impact ; Stateless Person
    Abstract: This paper investigates the labor market outcomes for refugee and urban national communities in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic, using five waves of a novel high-frequency phone survey collected between May 2020 and June 2021. Even after conditioning on age, gender, educational attainment, and area of living, only 32 percent of refugees were employed in February 2020 compared with 63 percent of nationals. With the onset of the pandemic in March 2020, the share of employed for both refugees and nationals fell by around 36 percent, such that in May-June 2020, only 21 percent of refugees were still employed compared with 40 percent of nationals. Using a panel setup with wave and location fixed effects, the analysis finds that the recovery in the share of employed, hours worked, and household incomes was slower and often stagnant for refugees compared with the recovery of nationals. These differences cannot be explained by demographic factors, living in an urban or camp environment, having been employed previously, or sectoral choice, suggesting that a third, unobservable "refugee factor" inhibits refugees' recovery after a major shock and aggravates preexisting vulnerabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9960
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  • 150
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    How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? : Evidence from Uganda (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kadigo, Mark Marvin How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? Evidence from Uganda
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Civil War ; Demographic Composition ; Displaced Population ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Employment and Unemployment ; Female Refugees ; Humanitarian Assistance ; International Border ; Labor Markets ; Number Of Refugees ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa hosts a large proportion of the world's refugees, raising concerns about the consequences of hosting refugees. This paper focuses on Uganda, which is the largest refugee hosting country in Africa and is praised for its progressive refugee policy. The paper analyzes the effects of hosting refugees, relying on longitudinal data and an instrumental variable approach. The results indicate that Ugandan households benefit from living close to the refugee settlements. In contrast with the existing literature, the analysis finds that those initially involved in subsistence agriculture benefit the most. The effect seems to be driven by the few households able to move from subsistence agriculture to commercial farming and to some extent, to wage employment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9950
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  • 151
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    The Impact of Internet Access on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Houngbonon, Georges Vivien The Impact of Internet Access on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Africa
    Keywords: Access To Internet ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; High Speed Internet ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Multilateral Development Bank ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development Law ; Private Sector Economics ; Process Innovation ; Product Innovation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of access to high-speed internet on innovation and entrepreneurship in Africa. The identification strategy exploits the staggered arrival of submarine internet cables to the coast of Africa and the subsequent rollout of terrestrial fiber network across the continent. The findings show a positive effect of access to high-speed internet on innovation at the firm level, with availability of digital skills within the firm playing a key role in the internet-innovation nexus. The paper also finds evidence of internet-induced entrepreneurship: the probability that a household establishes a non-farm business increases when connected to the internet. However, the increase in entrepreneurial activities is largely concentrated in the service sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9945
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  • 152
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    The Distribution of Crisis Credit : Effects on Firm Indebtedness and Aggregate Risk (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Huneeus, Federico The Distribution of Crisis Credit: Effects on Firm Indebtedness and Aggregate Risk
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Coronavirus ; Kreditrisiko ; Kreditsicherung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Chile ; Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Credit Program ; De Facto Governments ; Democratic Government ; Employment Program ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Governance ; Government ; Guaranteed Loan ; Labor Markets ; Liquidity Support To Bank ; Public Credit ; Research Group ; Return To Capital ; Risk-Sharing Arrangement ; ROC ; Social Protections and Labor ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the distribution of credit during crisis times and its impact on firm indebtedness and macroeconomic risk. Whereas policies can help firms in need of financing, they can lead to adverse selection from riskier firms and higher default risk. The paper analyzes a large-scale program of public credit guarantees in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic using unique transaction-level data on the demand and supply of credit, matched with administrative tax data, for the universe of banks and firms. Credit demand channels loans toward riskier firms, distributing 4.6 percent of gross domestic product and increasing firm leverage. Despite increased lending to riskier firms, macroeconomic risks remain small. Several factors mitigate aggregate risk: the small weight of riskier firms, the exclusion of the riskiest firms, bank screening, contained expected defaults, and the government absorption of tail risk. The empirical findings are confirmed with a model of heterogeneous firms and endogenous default
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9937
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  • 153
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    Bureaucrats, Tournament Competition, and Performance Manipulation : Evidence from Chinese Cities (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Xu, Gang Bureaucrats, Tournament Competition, and Performance Manipulation: Evidence from Chinese Cities
    Keywords: Amount Of Power ; Development ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth Rate ; Economic Theory and Research ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Gender and Development ; High Population Density ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Labor Markets ; Local Economic Growth ; Local Government ; Local Government Budget ; Open Door ; Prior Work Experience ; Public Sector Job ; Quality Of Bureaucracy ; Real Economic Activity ; Real GDP ; Regional Economic Performance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Tournament competition is viewed as motivating bureaucrats in promoting growth. This paper examines how this incentive leads to economic performance manipulation. Using data from Chinese cities, the analysis shows that performance exaggeration increases over the course of the first term of the top bureaucrat, peaking in the last year of his or her term. Winning a tournament competition is behind this performance manipulation: political rivals reinforce each other in exaggerating performance, and political competition intensifies the tendency for manipulation. Performance exaggeration leads to higher chances of promotion, but the ratchet effect (that is, better performance today leading to a higher target tomorrow) and the potential to blame predecessors induce restraint. A good local institutional environment also restrains performance manipulation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9938
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  • 154
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    Gendered Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis in Uganda and Opportunities for an Inclusive and Sustainable Recovery (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: As Uganda builds back from the COVID-19 shock, the Ugandan government is strengthening its commitment to a more gender-inclusive and sustainable economy. This report supports these efforts by describing the gendered impacts of COVID-19 and provides recommendations for Ugandan policy makers and World Bank Group operations to ensure women's participation in an inclusive and sustainable recovery. It presents gender-disaggregated data from three main sources: (1) high-frequency phone surveys that track the impacts of the COVID-19 shock: one of Ugandan nationals conducted in June and one of refugees conducted in November 2020; (2) interviews with 28 representatives of government institutions, development partners, and women's organizations in Kampala and in rural areas; and (3) a review of relevant policy and gray literature on climate change, the green economy, and women's economic empowerment. The report is structured in five sections: introduction in chapter one, chapter two describes the methodology and guiding questions. Chapter three gives an overview of Uganda's policy environment for women's economic empowerment and green growth. Chapter four covers the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on women, their coping mechanisms, and their sources of resilience. The analysis is broken down by sex, age, geography, and refugee status to describe the impacts of the COVID-19 shock across select subgroups. Chapter five identifies opportunities for Uganda to pursue a more gender-inclusive and green recovery, and concludes by offering policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37112
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  • 155
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    Honduras - Paths Toward Building a Resilient Society : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Disability ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Inequality ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; State-Owned Banks ; Total Factor Productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/37081
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  • 156
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    Cameroon Juvenocracy : Youth-shaped IGA; A Tale of Two Countries; Labor Market Profiles of Youth in Urban and Rural Cameroon (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Living Standards ; Rural Labor Market ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Labor Market ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: Low productivity - rather than absolute employment levels - is the main labor market challenge in Cameroon, where vulnerable employment in the form of subsistence farming or self-employment in the informal sector remains the norm. Low-skill, low-pay agricultural work is prevalent in rural areas, while more productive employment in urban areas is increasingly accompanied by high unemployment and inactivity among educated youth holding out for public sector jobs. Labor market vulnerability, either detachment or weak-attachment, is thus particularly acute among youth (ages 15 to 35), who are often uninterested in agriculture and unable to access better opportunities in urban areas. Using an advanced statistical technique, the authors identify distinct profiles of youth experiencing labor market vulnerability. The largest group in urban areas (35 percent) consists of men with some education who work full-time in the informal sector. In rural areas, almost half (45 percent) of youth continue to work the land at a subsistence level. A clear pattern of gender inequality emerges: all detachment groups are majority women, with high inactivity rates among married women in rural areas and highly-educated but discouraged women in urban areas. Women are also overrepresented among the most vulnerable employed groups, especially in rural areas where they often work as unpaid family support.Tailored employment support interventions are, therefore, needed to promote inclusive productivity and effectively utilize the country's human capital
    DOI: 10.1596/37042
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    South Sudan Economic Monitor, February 2022 : Towards a Jobs Agenda (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inflation ; Job Creation ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Peacebuilding ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: South Sudan faced significant headwinds in FY2020/21, with the pandemic, floods, and violence flareups affecting economic activities. Consequently, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 5.4 percent in FY2020/21. Oil production declined by 5.9 percent as floods affected production and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed new investments to replace exhausted wells. In the agriculture sector, flooding precipitated estimated losses of 38, 000 tons of cereals (4.3% of 2020 production) and 800, 000 livestock according to FAO estimates. The overall cereal deficit was projected to reach 465, 610 metric tons in 2021, equivalent to about 35 percent of the overall food requirement for the year, sustaining high levels of food insecurity. Living conditions continue to be impacted by violence, displacement, and inadequate access to basic services. With improving macroeconomic conditions supported by an ongoing macro-fiscal reform program, a modest growth rebound of 1.2 percent is projected in FY2021/22. Nevertheless, poverty levels are expected to remain exceptionally high. As the economy recovers from multiple shocks, a focus on policy options to stimulate the creation of a sufficient number of quality jobs to absorb a young and expanding labor force should take center stage. Economies that create jobs, particularly for the youth, are generally more stable and can elevate public confidence in the Government's capacity to deliver. In South Sudan, an effective jobs support program would invest in immediate livelihood support, the recovery of modest business activities, and the revival of markets
    DOI: 10.1596/36994
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  • 158
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    Skills, Human Capital, and Economic Development (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Raju, Sudhakar Skills, Human Capital, and Economic Development
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Asian Skills Index ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Models ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Education Global Practice ; Education Quality Analysis ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Labor Market ; Skills Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trends In International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: This paper presents a skills index for developing countries in Asia as a first step toward developing a Global Skills Index. The Asian Skills Index is roughly modeled on the European Skills Index for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. However, the Asian Skills Index is substantially more complicated to develop. In addition to data limitations, the Asian Skills Index incorporates several structural and institutional features of labor markets in Asian countries, such as vulnerable employment and unemployment among the highly educated, which are specific to Asian countries. In addition, the newly developed learning-adjusted years of schooling indicator plays an integral role in the Asian Skills Index. Using the k-means clustering algorithm, the paper identifies a comparable group of Asian developing countries for which it develops an index of the country's skills system. While studies on human capital focus only on education, the Asian Skills Index is a more comprehensive construct since it goes beyond just education and skills development. By incorporating labor market conditions within which education and skills can thrive and be translated into productive output, a skills system provides crucial economic context for the human capital development process. Using the Asian Skills Index, the paper provides some economic estimates and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10032
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  • 159
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    Benefits and Costs of Public Schooling in Ghana (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Raju, Dhushyanth Benefits and Costs of Public Schooling in Ghana
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis Of Public Schooling ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge Economy ; Education Quality ; Education Spending ; Employment and Unemployment ; Ghana Household Survey Data Analysis ; Monetary Benefits Of Education In Ghana ; Private Spending On Public Schooling ; Public Education Benefits ; Public Education Interventions ; Public Education Spending Analysis ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This paper examines the monetary benefits and costs of the quantity of public schooling (that is, years of schooling completed) in Ghana. The paper also examines the monetary benefits and costs of some aspects of the quality of public schooling, measured by the gains in achievement produced by selected interventions in public schools. The analysis uses estimates of (i) labor-earnings returns to schooling and private spending on public schooling, based on the latest national household sample survey data; (ii) government spending on public schooling, based on administrative information; (iii) impacts on test scores, and costs, of education interventions in public schools, drawn from experimental studies; and (iv) conversions of impacts on test scores produced by education interventions to (future) labor earnings, all for Ghana. The results are a set of benefit-cost ratios in the style of the Copenhagen Consensus
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10017
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  • 160
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    Paths Toward Green Mobility : Perspectives on Women and Rail Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Transport Papers
    Keywords: Gender ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report explores two aspects of the rail transport sector - mobility, and employment--in the countries of Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from a gender perspective. It examines issues of rail transport for women both as passengers, and as sector employees. It highlights the urgency of transport decarbonization for the Western Balkan countries (WB6) in the context of the European Union's Green Deal,2 which aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. This report shows that Covid-19 has decimated rail transport use at a time when global and WB6 regional efforts must dramatically increase their movement toward decarbonization. The study confirms that the pandemic has drawn people away from public transport including rail, and toward more carbon-intensive individual modes of transportation. It also makes a rarely made connection between getting more women into the transport sector and improved mobility for women. Rail services remain male-dominated across the world. The report finds clear parallels between women's employment and mobility. Finally, while this study focuses on women and rail transport, it has the benefit of making rail more attractive for other cohorts as well, including those who primarily use private vehicles (mainly men)
    DOI: 10.1596/37324
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    Toward More Accessible and Inclusive Social Assistance Delivery : A Geospatial Analysis in the Philippines (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Mobile Money ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Philippines' experience in implementing the social amelioration program (SAP) in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the pressing need for financial inclusion, especially among the poor. The absence of a national identification (ID) system and low bank account ownership posed a challenge in the delivery of SAP. The Government of the Philippines (GoP) expedited the development and registration for the national ID system (PhilSys) and used the opportunity to facilitate bank account opening. Not only ownership of bank or mobile money accounts but also accessibility to financial services is essential for financial inclusion. This study assesses the challenges and opportunities in financial inclusion, especially among the poor in remote communities. First, the study carries out a mapping of all financial transaction points and estimates the travel time to the nearest point. Second, the map is superimposed with the poverty and potential vulnerability of families in remote communities. Finally, the study assesses the coverage of 4Ps in remote areas in view of the potential challenges in implementing the social assistance program in hard-to-reach communities
    DOI: 10.1596/37178
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    A Better Future for All Nigerians : Nigeria Poverty Assessment 2022 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Climate Shocks ; Employment and Unemployment ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This poverty assessment lays out the broad development challenges that Nigeria faces, which constrain the country's poverty reduction. The discussion provides the backdrop for the detailed analysis presented in later parts of the report. First, the introductory section links Nigeria's macroeconomic performance with its prospects for poverty reduction, emphasizing that the country may be struggling to stimulate inclusive growth: that is, growth that would benefit Nigerians across the welfare distribution. Second, the section examines the proliferating climate and conflict shocks that Nigeria faces, which further complicate poverty reduction. Third, the section describes how the "double shock" of COVID-19 has affected Nigeria, through both health and economic impacts and discusses the recent acceleration in inflation. Finally, this introduction considers Nigeria's data landscape, explaining how new microdata offer vital insights into the country's pathways out of poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/37295
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    Western Balkans Social Protection Situational Analyses : Kosovo (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Natural Disasters ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: An effective and equitable social protection system can help Kosovo to promote human capital, foster productivity, and reduce poverty. Since its independence in 2008, the country has made considerable socioeconomic progress, benefiting from the support of the international community and its own diaspora. Kosovo's economic growth has not been sufficient to reduce the high rates of unemployment or create formal jobs. It stands out as the Western Balkan country with the lowest labor market outcomes, especially for women, and is one of the poorest countries in Europe and the poorest in the Western Balkans, secondly to Albania. The recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of the population to the negative effects of shocks, which are anticipated to become more frequent with climate change. And yet, in contrast with other Western Balkan countries, Kosovo's working-age population is on the rise and the country stands to benefit from the demographic dividend. Kosovo can respond to these challenges and harness opportunities by investing in human capital while promoting employment and protecting those vulnerable to shocks. A strong social protection system can play an important role in promoting these objectives. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system of Kosovo. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short-, medium-, and long-term. The note is based on analysis of administrative data, the most recent European Union Survey on Individual Living Conditions (EIJ-SILC) and Household Budget Survey (HBS), a review of relevant literature, and engagement with technical experts in the Ministry of Finance, Labor and Transfers (MFLT) and with select development partners. The situational analysis of the social protection system in Kosovo unfolds as follows. After the introduction, section 2 reviews the country's main poverty and labor market outcomes; Section 3 provides a brief overview of the social protection system; Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, vulnerable and disabled; Section 5 examines social services; Section 6 analyzes pensions; Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs; Section 8 reviews the social protection response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; and Section 9 concludes by identifying the knowledge gaps and main areas for reform
    DOI: 10.1596/37192
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    Tracking Global Social Protection Responses to Price Shocks : Version 1 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Subsidies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Food Subsidies ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note provides an update of social protection responses to the food, fuel, fertilizer, and other price shocks sparked or accelerated by the Ukraine war. The vast majority of measures were introduced in early 2022 (February-April), although some specific interventions to mitigate prices were included in late 2021. This initiative complements other two ongoing thematic trackers of country-level action on how social protection is being leveraged in crisis situations - one on Covid-19 responses (16 versions) and another one focused on displacement as a result of the Ukraine war (3 versions). Data is preliminary and meant to elicit comments, additions, integration, and revisions to be incorporated in next living paper versions. Specifically, the note tracks four broad measures, namely social assistance, social insurance, labor markets, and subsidies. The latter includes five subcategories, id est, fuel, food, fertilizers and agriculture inputs, and fees subsidies. Data and analysis are preliminary, and more information on specific measures will be provided as data becomes available
    DOI: 10.1596/37441
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    Strengthening Services Trade in the Malaysian Economy March 2022 : The Malaysia Development Experiece Series (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Labor Market ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: While Malaysia's economy has had great success, it also faces several challenges including limited services trade. This report seeks to explain the main constraints that are holding back the services sector in the country. The key finding is that Malaysia's development strategy needs to pivot to better capture new trade patterns. This will need to address some of the main constraints facing the development of Malaysia's services sector. First, is low labor productivity. Secondly, is informality. Thirdly, weak educational outcomes in Malaysia contribute to skills shortages. Finally, limits to competition and regulatory restrictions in services restrict Malaysia's ability to deepen foreign linkages. The key recommendation of the report is that to fulfill the potential of its services sector, Malaysia should take an integrated approach that progressively and gradually addresses artificial policy distinctions between goods and services, and between trade and investment in a world increasingly governed by international production networks
    DOI: 10.1596/37471
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    Colombia Jobs Diagnostic : Structural Challenges for the Creation of More and Better Jobs (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In mid-2020, the Government of Colombia launched a labor reform consultation process (Mision de Empleo) in response to a deterioration in pre-Covid19 employment indicators and changing economic and labor market conditions. Based on a comprehensive review of Colombia's labor market performance for the 2009-2019 period, this report seeks to provide analytical underpinnings to this process. At the macro level, the report shows that employment in Colombia is insufficiently diversified relying almost exclusively on job creation in the services sectors. This exposes the labor market to cyclical changes in internal demand that are typical for commodity rich economies like Colombia. At the worker level, the report shows that the economy generates too few formal employment opportunities for those with fewer skills and those living in rural areas, implying low earnings, high rates of self-employment, and high levels of informality. At the firm level, the reports shows that the labor regulatory regime has contributed to strong increases in labor costs with important effects on entry and exit dynamics of firms contributing to a compositional shift towards larger, more capitalized, and more skill-intensive firms
    DOI: 10.1596/37403
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    Combining Survey and Geospatial Data can Significantly Improve Gender-Disaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Merfeld, Joshua D Combining Survey and Geospatial Data can Significantly Improve Gender-Disaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes
    Keywords: Data Integration ; Economic Empowerment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gendered Employment Data ; Geospatial Data ; Human Capital ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Local Employment Estimates ; Local Labor Participation ; Municipal Unemployment Results ; Small Area Estimation ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Women's Labor Market Outcomes
    Abstract: Better understanding the geography of women's labor market outcomes within countries is important to inform targeted efforts to increase women's economic empowerment. This paper assesses the extent to which a method that combines simulated survey data from urban areas in Mexico with broadly available geospatial indicators from Google Earth Engine and OpenStreetMap can significantly improve estimates of labor force participation and unemployment rates. Incorporating geospatial information substantially increases the accuracy of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates at the state level, reducing mean absolute deviation by 50 to 62 percent for labor force participation and 25 to 52 percent for unemployment. Small area estimation using a nested error conditional random effect model also greatly improves municipal estimates of labor force participation, as the mean absolute error falls by approximately half, while the mean squared error falls by almost 75 percent when holding coverage rates constant. In contrast, the results for municipal unemployment rate estimates are not reliable because values of unemployment rates are low and therefore poorly suited for linear models. The municipal results hold in repeated simulations of alternative samples. Models utilizing Basic Geo-Statistical Area (AGEB)-level auxiliary information generate more accurate predictions than area-level models specified using the same auxiliary data. Overall, integrating survey data and publicly available geospatial indicators is feasible and can greatly improve state-level estimates of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates, as well as municipal estimates of male and female labor force participation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10077
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    Cape Verde : Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A World Bank mission undertook applied the Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) methodology to evaluate the government's debt management (DM) capacity and institutions in Cabo Verde during March 28 to April 5, 2022. The assessment covers the legal, institutional, and regulatory framework governing DM. The primary counterpart was the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and within it, the Department of the National Treasury / Financial Operations Service which is the main DM office for the central government. The mission identified DM strengths and areas in need of reform, which are useful for measuring progress in DM capacity, supporting policy dialog with the authorities in the context of the second series of the Development Policy Financing operation (DPF). The policy dialogue helped to build on what has changed since the 2016 DeMPA and discussing persisting gaps in government debt management practices. Reducing debt vulnerabilities is an urgent priority for the government of Cabo Verde and would require a combination of debt reprofiling, higher economic growth and fiscal consolidation. With limited space to borrow, it would also require effective Debt Management
    DOI: 10.1596/37562
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    Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at World Bank Group 2022 Spring Meetings Ministerial Roundtable for Support to Ukraine (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Assistance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at World Bank Group 2022 Spring Meetings Ministerial Roundtable for Support to Ukraine on April 21, 2022. He said that he has been deeply horrified and shocked by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the atrocities committed against the civilian population, and the loss of life and livelihoods for millions of Ukrainians. He mentioned that since the invasion, the World Bank Group has provided fast-disbursing financial support to help the government provide critical services, pay wages for hospital workers, public servants, and the elderly. He insisted that It will be important for all partners to continue coordinating their support for Ukraine's budget needs. He described that the World Bank Group is working toward three phases of the recovery effort of relief, recovery, and resilience. He said that as the war continues, the World Bank Group will work to build confidence in Ukraine's financial, monetary, and fiscal institutions, fostering currency stability as they go forward. He mentioned that rebuilding will take hard work, determination, and struggle, but he remains optimistic. He concluded by saying that with our collective support, Ukraine can achieve a brighter future
    DOI: 10.1596/37782
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    Jordan Economic Monitor - Spring 2022 : Global Turbulence Dampens Recovery and Job Creation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Jordan's economy achieved a relatively strong rebound, registering 2.2 percent growth in 2021. The nascent recovery was led by a broad-based expansion of the services and industrial sectors, while the rebound in the travel and tourism also exceeded expectations. This robust economic recovery was supported by accommodative but prudent monetary and fiscal policy along with a recovery in domestic demand and the gradual reopening of the economy. However, the recovery of some subsectors, particularly contact-intensive services continues to lag behind pre-pandemic level, leading to weak recovery in jobs, especially among the Jordanian youth. Moreover, the underlying improvement in domestic demand amid an unprecedented increase in the global commodity prices has kept the current account deficit elevated for another year. Nonetheless, Jordan ended 2021 on a strong footing as Central Bank's gross foreign reserves remained at a comfortable level, on the back of strong multilateral and bilateral support. Meanwhile, the Central Government resumed its fiscal consolidation path, aided by strong growth in both tax and non-tax revenues. The Jordanian economy is expected to sustain recent momentum during 2022, aided by a full opening of the economy and a return in tourism and travel which is anticipated to boost Jordan's services sector. However, persistent global headwinds, including rising international commodity prices, global supply chain bottlenecks, negative spillovers from Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Fed tapering, pose major downside risks to Jordan's economic outlook. Thus, a private sector driven growth and investment reform agenda needs to be put in place immediately which can help Jordan manage turbulence and uncertainty better
    DOI: 10.1596/37748
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    Towards a National Jobs Strategy in Kuwait (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Economics of Education ; Education ; Gender ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Human Capital ; Labor Market ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report is one of the main deliverables outlined in the legal arrangement of September 10, 2019, between the General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development (GS-SCPD) in Kuwait and the World Bank. A separate overview report is also available. The social contract in Kuwait is at risk. Kuwaiti citizens are used to the state providing public sector jobs, free education, free healthcare, and subsidized fuel to all citizens. These benefits have been bought and paid for using Kuwait's oil revenues, however, the sustainability of the social contract has been questioned by three mutually reinforcing challenges. First, oil demand is projected to steadily decline the next few decades. This decline is partly the result of changing consumer preferences away from carbon-based fuel sources, and partly the result of increasingly cost-effective alternative energy sources becoming available. Second, with mounting fiscal deficits, the size of the wage bill for the government is a growing concern. Third, the needs in the labor market will continue to grow as Kuwait's population is young and growing. Central to these structural challenges are challenges to Kuwait's labor market. A growing number of young Kuwaitis are entering the labor market with high expectations of well-paid, secure, public sector jobs. In the private sector, employers are dependent on low-cost and largely unskilled foreign workers. The 2019 COVID-19 global pandemic, which has led to an oil price crisis and a global economic slowdown, has intensified the debate surrounding jobs challenges in Kuwait. These jobs challenges need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of the economic growth model and avoid major social disruption. The government has asked The World Bank for assistance to formulate a National Jobs Strategy to help confront these challenges, based on evidence and best practices. Reforms are recommended in four areas, or pillars: (i) make the public sector more sustainable, (ii) improve human capital, (iii) support private sector growth, and (iv) build a social protection system. In addition, the jobs strategy covers two cross-cutting themes: behavioral economics, and monitoring and evaluation, also embedded in the four pillars. This introduction briefly explains the critical challenges facing Kuwait that require substantial changes in policy. The subsequent sections analyze the major issues of these four topics, with recommendations for policy change to improve sustainability and enhance incomes
    DOI: 10.1596/38120
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    Egypt Public Expenditure Review for the Human Development Sectors (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development and Poverty ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) aims at informing government efforts to pursue its commitment to enhancing socioeconomic outcomes through more and better spending on human capital. To achieve this important objective, the Government of Egypt (GoE) aims at creating the fiscal space needed to increase growth-enhancing spending in a way that reflects positively on socioeconomic outcomes. This PER analyzes the adequacy, efficiency, and equity of public spending on the human development sectors. It examines options to create fiscal space by reducing inefficient and wasteful spending within this sector and increasing the impact of existing resources. From an equity perspective, the PER examines how public resources are distributed within the sector, and across income groups and/or geographical regions, and how system-wide reforms can reduce inequality in spending and outcomes. Drawing on a fiscal incidence analysis jointly carried out with the MOF, the distributional impact of potential fiscal measures and other policy changes is simulated to inform the reforms agenda. The first part of the review (Volume I) presents the macro-fiscal context and its constraints. It also presents an analysis of the social protection system in place to mitigate the effects of the challenging macroeconomic environment. The second part of the review (Volume II) focuses on the most difficult challenges facing the core human development sectors, namely health, education and higher education
    DOI: 10.1596/38081
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    Operational Considerations for Urban Economic Inclusion Programming (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note is one of two designed to serve as a resource for policy makers and practitioners aiming to introduce or scale up economic inclusion programs in urban and peri-urban areas. The first note explores the potential of economic inclusion programs to promote the social and economic inclusion of the urban poor and vulnerable. It lays out a framework for such programming based on the current landscape and evidence and points to the central role economic inclusion programs can play in meeting the urban jobs challenge, facilitating a Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery, and building inclusive cities. This note addresses the question of how to operationalize these programs. It shows that a rethink is needed about the ways in which programs are designed and delivered to fit the needs and lifestyles of the urban poor. The emerging experience from a growing pipeline yields some important operational insights, but several questions remain to be answered in coming years, as programs continue to evolve and customize to the urban context
    DOI: 10.1596/37037
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  • 174
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Silesia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, the number of jobs directly linked to coal-mining in Silesia is substantial, with 72,000 employees in the mining conglomerates, and an additional 17,000 providing goods and services to the mines. Second, coal-related employment is heavily concentrated geographically: as much as 40 percent of the population of Bierunsko-Iedzinski is employed directly and indirectly in the mining sector, and 80 percent of the mining conglomerates' contract value goes to subcontractors within a 20km radius of the mines. Third, the coal sector is highly integrated among a few large firms: 28 percent of the indirect workforce is employed by 10 subcontractors. Fourth, workers in the mining conglomerates have lower foundational (but better technical) skills than their regional and national counterparts, especially those with lower education. Finally, while eager to work, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that they are averse to both, commuting and relocating for work, even though less so than in Wielkopolska, yet more so that in Lower Silesia, the two other regions. Together this suggests that there are important welfare and political economic benefits to adequate job creation locally. The paper further advances a data-driven viable-job-matching tool specifically tailored to the Polish labor market and illustrates how it could be used to assess the potential of local labor markets and future investments to absorb the coal-affected workers accounting for their skills profile, re/upskilling needs, and job attribute preferences
    DOI: 10.1596/38119
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  • 175
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    Exports and Labor Demand : Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berg, Claudia N Exports and Labor Demand: Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Employment ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: Unlike many countries, the Arab Republic of Egypt did not experience significant labor market improvements following trade liberalization. This paper investigates why increased Egyptian exports did not directly increase employment. To illustrate the relationship between firm-level exporting and employment, the paper presents a simplified general equilibrium model with two sectors: one able to export and one "reserve" sector. The paper tests the implications of this theory using firm-level data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys in 2013, 2016, and 2020. The firm-level microanalysis demonstrates that although there is a positive employment response to export expansion, it does not occur at a large enough scale to be felt at the macro level. To seize the benefits of trade, Egypt requires deeper business environment reforms to incentivize large export, labor-intensive sector growth and integrate its economy into global value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10213
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  • 176
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    Explaining the Evolution of Job Tenure in Europe, 1995-2020 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Explaining the Evolution of Job Tenure in Europe, 1995-2020
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Employment Security Regulation ; Eurostat Labor Force Survey ; Export Competitiveness ; Ict Job Trend ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Job Protection Legislation ; Job Tenure ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Law ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Short-Term Employmentincrease ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Openness
    Abstract: During the last quarter century, job tenure in Europe has shortened. Using data from Eurostat Labor Force Surveys of 29 countries from 1995 to 2020 and applying an age-period-cohort decomposition to analyze changes in tenure for specific birth cohorts, this paper shows that tenure has shrunk for cohorts born in more recent years. To account for compositional changes within cohorts, the analysis estimates the probability of holding jobs of different durations, conditional on individual and employment-related characteristics. The estimations demonstrate that, over time, the likelihood of having a medium- or long-term job decreased and holding a short-term job increased. The paper also finds that stricter job protection legislation appears to decrease the probability of holding a short-term job, and higher trade openness and ICT-related technological change are correlated with an increase of that probability
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10205
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  • 177
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    National Digital Identity and Government Data Sharing in Singapore : A Case Study of Singpass and APEX (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Digital Identity ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Private Sector ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Innovation
    Abstract: This case study describes Singpass, Singapore's national digital identity (NDI), and API Exchange (APEX), the government's data-sharing platform. It highlights not just how they work but also how they work together. Built by the Government Technology Agency of Singapore (GovTech), both products have helped to improve the lives of Singaporeans and residents, and to enable government agencies and businesses to offer better services. This has contributed greatly to Singapore becoming a leading digital government, economy, and society, which are the three pillars of its Smart Nation Initiative
    DOI: 10.1596/38201
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  • 178
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    Working for Inclusion : Economic Inclusion in Contexts of Forced Displacement (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Displaced People ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Since 2012, the number of forcibly displaced people has more than doubled, reaching 89.3 million by the end of 2021. Ongoing conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, will result in even larger numbers of forcibly displaced people. The economic and human development impacts of forcible displacement present challenges for the people who have been displaced, the communities that host them, and governments that receive them. Governments, humanitarian organizations, and others are using economic inclusion programs as one strategy to increase income and assets and build the resilience of displaced people and host populations living in poverty. An estimated 95 economic inclusion programs are underway in contexts of forced displacement in 45 countries, more than half led by governments. This note examines the experience of economic inclusion programs that serve forcibly displaced people, including internally displaced people, refugees, and their host communities. It also examines the emerging lessons learned in program design and delivery based on new data on the footprint of economic inclusion programs and a review of evidence on forced displacement and economic inclusion programming
    DOI: 10.1596/37575
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  • 179
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    Digitizing Cash Transfers to Remote Rural Populations : Challenges and Solutions from the Experience of Zambia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There is currently a major focus on digitization within African countries, with the interest of, on the one hand, increasing efficiency and lowering the cost-of-service delivery, and on the other hand, increasing financial inclusion for excluded parts of the population. Zambia provides an important case study of digitization of social protection transfers. Whilst Zambia is sparsely populated with remote rural populations often living up to 100 km from the nearest town, making beneficiaries hard to reach with digital services, the country has successfully demonstrated that cash transfers can be digitized for remote rural populations to varying extents, tailored to their particular context. This Discussion Note presents challenges faced and solutions found in digitizing cash transfer payments in Zambia, which may be of interest to other countries embarking on similar endeavors
    DOI: 10.1596/38221
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  • 180
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    Turkiye in Transition Next-Generation Human Capital Investments for Inclusive Jobs : Next-Generation Human Capital Investments for Inclusive Jobs (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Job Creation ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policy ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: Turkiye's long-standing human capital achievements can propel it to the next generation following COVID. Similar to comparable countries emerging from COVID, Turkiye's readiness to address three key challenges and opportunities to human capital investments will prove key to an inclusive, green recovery: equitable coverage, fiscal capacity, and, importantly, adaptability to a changing labor market. The aim of this policy note is to examine the relative efficiency and equity of public expenditures and policies for human capital and labor markets over the past decade in Turkiye in preparing for a post-COVID, inclusive, green transition. The work adopts a thematic conceptual framework that frames social expenditures holistically along the life cycle as investments in human capital for boosting equity and productivity. The adapted framework takes a holistic approach and focuses on selected inter-related dimensions linking the cycle of social investments, human capital and jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/38249
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  • 181
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    The Argentine Pension System, its Success and Challenges : Contributions to an Informed Policy Debate (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Fiscal Sustainability ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, the Argentine pension system has made extraordinary progress in extending coverage--now reaching to nearly one hundred percent of the elderly--by expanding its non-contributory scheme and establishing automatic benefit adjustment mechanisms and increasing the replacement rate. Nonetheless, important challenges remain which may require public policy interventions in the near future. Some challenges are relevant in the short term, relating to coverage and equity of the system, while others are important in the longer term associated with the financial sustainability of the system in the context of population aging. The non-contributory benefits to reduce the coverage gap did not consider the labor history of workers and their past partial contributions, generating a horizontal inequality problem. Additionally, the coexistence of different pension schemes is a source of inequity within the national system, where provincial schemes and special and differential regimes coexist, each with its own rules and different generosity of benefits. The achievements of the pension system in terms of coverage and adequacy have impacted costs. In 2020, public spending on pensions reached almost 12 percent of GDP, similar to that of developed countries where population aging is considerably higher. In this context, policy options presented in this paper seek to redefine the objectives of the system, seeking greater equity and sustainability. Based on this premise, the document explores the benefits of redesigning the system using a two-pillar model, id est a universal and basic benefit related to the protection against the risk of ending up in a situation of poverty plus a contributory scheme, proportional to the contribution made by workers during their employment history. Addressing the coverage issue by incorporating this dimension would not only improve equity of contributions and benefits, but also generate incentives to extend the working life of older adults. At the same time, a strategy that harmonizes rules across different schemes, eliminates inequities and management issues, and focuses on the beneficiary -and not on the benefit- as the center of the system, would bring the model closer to a more equitable and sustainable system
    DOI: 10.1596/38208
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  • 182
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    Return Migration and Labor Market Outcomes : Evidence from South Asia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bossavie, Laurent Return Migration and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from South Asia
    Keywords: Labor Contracts ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Migrant Experience ; Migrant Labor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Temporary Migration
    Abstract: Despite the magnitude of return migration from overseas to South Asia, the labor market outcomes of return migrants to this region have been understudied. This paper aims at filling this gap by examining systematic differences between the labor market outcomes of return migrants and nonmigrants in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan using nationally-representative surveys that include information on past migration. Conditional regression analysis is used with a focus on four labor market outcomes: (i) labor force status (ii) sectoral choice (iii) employment type, and (iv) earnings. The paper finds that return migrants are somewhat less likely to be employed than nonmigrants, which is mainly driven by returnees who returned at an older age. As evidenced in other contexts, return migrants in Bangladesh and Pakistan are more likely to become entrepreneurs compared with nonmigrants. Self-employed returnees are also more likely to hire paid employees and to be engaged in non-farm activities, compared with nonmigrant entrepreneurs. Return migrants who become employees earn a small wage premium relative to nonmigrants, compared with contexts where temporary migrants are higher-skilled. The returnee wage premium, however, is larger in the construction sector where most temporary migrants were employed overseas
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10180
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  • 183
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    Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Etang, Alvin Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan
    Keywords: Coping Strategy ; Economic Shock ; Household Welfare ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: The Sudanese economy has faced several shocks over the years?sometimes resulting in devastating impacts on the economy and the welfare of Sudanese households. Poor households are often particularly vulnerable to shocks. The extent of the impacts of shocks on household welfare depends on the nature and severity of the shocks as well as households? capacity to manage its risk of exposure to shocks ex ante and/or mitigate the impact of shocks ex post. This paper applies this framework to examine the impact of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households and explore coping strategies typically utilized by households to mitigate the negative effects of shocks. The paper uses the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and the 2014/15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) to document the main types of shocks that Sudanese households are exposed to and describe the profile of Sudanese households likely to be vulnerable and/ or resilient to shocks. To complement this analysis, the paper uses the most recent round of the data collected in 2014/15 (containing information on idiosyncratic shocks) together with data on covariate shocks such as rainfall and conflict obtained from other sources to estimate the impact of shocks on household welfare. Since the impact of shocks on household welfare is likely to be multidimensional, various indicators of household welfare such as consumption, poverty status, assets, dietary quality, and diversity are considered in the paper. Results from the analysis are used to highlight the state of social protection in Sudan and discuss the need for an expansion of the existing system. The prevalence of shocks in Sudan is most common among poor, agricultural, and rural households. Floods/droughts have the largest negative effect on the welfare of Sudanese households. The large negative effects of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households (particularly those with low capacity to cope with shocks) highlight significant limitations in households? ability to fully mitigate the impact of shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10243
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  • 184
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    Deep Dive into the Ecosystem for the Delivery of Social Assistance Payments : Turkiye Case Study (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This case study details the critical success factors of the ecosystem supporting the end-to-end delivery of G2P payments in Turkiye (herein referred to as G2P ecosystem), focusing on social assistance payments. These include the following: 1. The Integrated Social Assistance System (ISAS), which forms the backbone of social assistance delivery and represents an international best practice. ISAS processes applications and payments for at least fifty of Turkiye's social protection programs. ISAS is a single system that integrates the social registry (supporting processes of intake, registration, and assessment of needs and conditions), the beneficiary registries for numerous programs, and an integrated system for payments and beneficiary monitoring. 2 The Identification (ID) system, which assigns unique 11-digit prime ID numbers to every citizen and resident. This number is used to facilitate cross-referencing information across relevant databases. 3 The National Address System, which links each ID number to a unique address. Any changes recorded in the National Address System are automatically reflected in the ID system and in ISAS, this system drives efficiency by providing dynamic updates to individual and household profiles that impact eligibility for any given social assistance program. 4 Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundations (SASFs), which provide localized decision-making on each recipient's eligibility. SASFs are responsible for intake and registration, assessments of needs, eligibility, and grievance redressal for social assistance across programs, in addition to universal health coverage. 5 The Treasury Single Account (TSA), which covers all public resources and facilitates electronic fund transfers (EFTs) from the Central Bank to the banking system, which in turn sends the allocated funds to recipients. From PTT or any other commercial bank where the program has an account, payments are made either directly into the recipient's bank account; to a prepaid card associated with that recipient's ID number, for withdrawal from an ATM with an ID number only (cardless pickup); or delivered at home by program staff for certain social assistance programs. 6 National infrastructure, including widespread connectivity, mobile phone access, and physical access points for cash withdrawals, all of which help to ensure that recipients can conveniently access and use funds. 7 A legal and regulatory framework that supports the data privacy and protection of social assistance recipients. These different factors, established by the government through decades of investment in modernization, allow for the seam-less flow of information integral to program delivery. Thanks to this investment, Turkiye was well placed to rapidly expand social assistance in response to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/38300
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  • 185
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    Spatial Misallocation, Informality, and Transit Improvements : Evidence from Mexico City (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zarate, Roman D Spatial Misallocation, Informality, and Transit Improvements: Evidence from Mexico City
    Keywords: Access To Employment ; Allocative Efficiency ; Formal Economy ; Informal Urban Economy ; Informality ; Inter-Urban Roads and Passenger Transport ; Labor Market Informality ; Labor Markets ; Public Transportation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spatial Misallocation ; Transport ; Urban Infrastructure ; Urban Transport ; Urban Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new mechanism to explain resource misallocation in developing countries: the high commuting costs within cities that prevent workers from accessing formal employment. To test this mechanism, the paper combines a rich collection of microdata and exploits the opening of new subway lines in Mexico City. The findings show that transit improvements reduce informality by 7 percent in areas near the new stations. The paper develops a spatial model that accounts for the direct effects of infrastructure in perfectly economies and allocative efficiency. Changes in allocative efficiency driven by workers' reallocation to the formal sector amplify the gains by 20-25 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9990
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  • 186
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    Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries : The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Burger, Martijn Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries: The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economy ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Crime and Society ; Economic Potential Of City ; Effect Of Congestion ; Fixed Effect Model ; General Manufacturing ; Labor Markets ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Random Effects Model ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using geo-coded, firm-level data on more than 51,000 establishments in 649 metropolitan areas in 98 developing economies, from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys and a new global database on city-level mobility and congestion, this paper estimates the "pure" firm productivity gains of urban density, net of negative externalities associated with limited mobility, crime, and pollution. The results suggest that the average size of agglomeration economies in the developing world is comparable to the one observed in advanced countries, but the magnitude of the benefits of density on firm productivity substantially varies across firms. Returns to urban density are higher for firms operating in the tradables sector, exporters, foreign-owned firms, larger firms, and more experienced firms. Agglomeration economies are lost through both limited uncongested mobility and congestion, but the latter has a stronger negative effect on agglomeration economies and reduces relatively more the agglomeration benefits of firms in the non-tradables sector than those producing tradables
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9954
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  • 187
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    Electronic Payment Technology and Tax Compliance : Evidence from Uruguay's Financial Inclusion Reform (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brockmeyer, Anne Electronic Payment Technology and Tax Compliance: Evidence from Uruguay's Financial Inclusion Reform
    Keywords: Consumer Transaction ; Debit Transaction ; Global Payment ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Payment Method ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Authority ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Law ; Tax Withholding ; Tax-Inclusive Price
    Abstract: Does the digitization of transactions in an economy increase tax compliance This paper studies the effect of financial incentives on the adoption of electronic payment technology and on tax compliance by firms. Exploiting administrative data and policy variation from Uruguay, the paper shows that i) consumer value-added tax rebates for credit and debit card transactions trigger an immediate 50 percent increase in the number of card transactions, ii) firms' use of card machines increases only on the intensive margin, and iii) tax compliance is unaffected. Endogenous card machine adoption and a low share of card sales in total reported sales can rationalize the findings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9947
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  • 188
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    A Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI) : A Simple Measure of the Economic Gains from Closing Gender Employment Gaps, with an Application to the Pacific Islands (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pennings, Steven Michael A Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI): A Simple Measure of the Economic Gains from Closing Gender Employment Gaps, with an Application to the Pacific Islands
    Keywords: Change in Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Employment Categories ; Employment GAP ; Female Employment ; Female Labor Supply ; Female Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Gap ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Despite a policy consensus that closing gender employment gaps will boost economic growth, relatively little is known about the size of these gains in many developing countries. This paper develops a new Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI), which is equal to the size of long-run GDP per capita gains from closing gender employment gaps. The GEGI is simple and transparent and can be easily constructed using closed-form expressions for almost all countries using macroeconomic employment rate data by gender. The basic variant of the GEGI is the gap between male and female employment as a share of total employment. The full GEGI is similar, but instead of using an aggregate employment gap, the full GEGI is the weighted average of a "better employment gap" and "other employment gap." The basic and full GEGIs are similar (correlation of 0.97), and both average 19 percent across countries. This means that GDP per capita in the long run would be almost 20 percent higher if female employment were exogenously increased to be the same as men's (other things being equal). The paper also provides an application for the Pacific Islands, for which a simple measure like the GEGI is particularly important given the lack of alternative estimates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9942
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  • 189
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    Calamities, Debt, and Growth in Developing Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Yuting Fan, Rachel Calamities, Debt, and Growth in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Coronavirus Economic Recovery ; COVID-19 Recovery ; Debt Financed Public Spending ; Developing Country Debt ; Disaster Recovery ; Economic Impact Of Covid Pandemic ; Economic Recover In Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Debt ; Pandemic Economic Impact ; Public Debt ; Public Debt Restructuring ; Public Sector Development ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Public debt in developing economies rose at a fast clip during 2020-21, at least partly due to the onset of the global Covid-19 pandemic. Nobel laureate Paul Krugman opined in early 2021 that "fighting covid is like fighting a war." This paper argues that the Covid-19 pandemic shares many traits with natural disasters, except for the global nature of the pandemic shock. This paper empirically examines trends in debt and economic growth around the onset of three types of calamities, namely natural disasters, armed conflicts, and external-debt distress in developing countries. The estimations provide quantitative estimates of differences in growth and debt trends in economies suffering episodes of calamities relative to the trends observed in economies not experiencing calamities. The paper finds that debt and growth evolve quite differently depending on the type of calamity. The evidence indicates that public debt and output growth tend to rise faster after natural disasters than in the counterfactual scenario without disasters, thus illustrating how debt-financed fiscal expansions can help economic reconstruction. The findings are different for episodes of debt distress defined as periods of debt restructuring, however. Economies experiencing debt distress are associated with growth trends that are on average below the growth rates of unaffected economies prior to and after the beginning of an episode of debt restructuring
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10015
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  • 190
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    Humanitarian and Social Protection Linkages with Examples from South Asia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Employment and Unemployment ; Resilience ; Social Development ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: Traditionally social protection (SP) and humanitarian programs were quite distinct in their objectives, scope, and operations, but over time those distinctions have diminished and with that the gains from better integration. Humanitarian programs are committed to more involvement of national actors, more use of cash, and greater popular participation all matters that are important for SP actors. On the other side, SP has gradually shifted into shock-responsive or adaptive SP that explicitly targets not only the poor but also those affected by shocks. Beyond presenting the divide and overlap of concepts, principles, and commitments from the SP and humanitarian realms, this paper attempts at unbundling a framework for humanitarian and SP integration across the delivery chain (based on the paper by Seyfert and others 2019). Global experiences across the integration spectrum, as well as the practical application of the framework in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, are exemplified. The analysis shows how programs apply a 'mix and match' approach building on factors such as political will, technical capacity, and alignment of objectives across implementing agencies, donors, and the government. The paper identifies constraints and opportunities for better integration and proposes a set of actions to enhance benefits for affected populations
    DOI: 10.1596/37442
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  • 191
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    Mongolia Economic Update : Navigating Stronger Headwinds - Fiscal Sustainability of the Mongolian Pension Scheme (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Recovery ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report provides recent macroeconomic developments, outlook, and risks that Mongolia faces. The timing of the release of this report is ideal considering that, the Mongolian economy, which was recovering from the COVID-19 on the back of a successful vaccination program and income support, faced new challenges due to tightening of global financing conditions, triggered by a surge in inflation in advanced economies. This development complicates Mongolia's repayment of its large external debt. Mounting instability and heightened risks call for adjustments in macroeconomic policies. The report also includes a special topic on fiscal sustainability of the Mongolian pension scheme. A series of parametric reforms are recommended to improve the financial sustainability of the current pensions system, which relies heavily on budget subsidy. Produced in collaboration with the SPJ team, this discussion was timely considering a forthcoming pension reform to improve Mongolia's long-term fiscal sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/37373
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  • 192
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    What it Takes to Return : UN Peacekeeping and the Safe Return of Displaced People (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bove, Vincenzo What it Takes to Return: UN Peacekeeping and the Safe Return of Displaced People
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Development Community Goals ; Disaster Management ; Internally Displaced People ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Perceptions of Returnees ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post-Conflict Return ; Post-Conflictrepatriation ; Returnees ; Safe Return of Refugees ; Social Cohesion ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Support To Returnees ; Un Peacekeeping Effectiveness
    Abstract: Can the international community enable conditions for voluntary, safe and sustainable return of displaced people As conflict is key in the decision to leave and to return, this paper investigates whether the deployment of UN peacekeeping operations can reduce the insecurities driving displacement and delaying return. It explores the case of South Sudan, which hosts the second largest UN peace operation in the world. It combines information on peacekeepers' subnational deployment with data on individuals' intention to move and host communities' perceptions of returnees and internally displaced people (IDPs) using two surveys, one carried out between 2015 and 2017 and one in 2018. To mitigate concerns about non-random subnational assignment of peacekeepers, the paper exploits variations in the presence of previous infrastructures and information on the total supply of troops to African countries from each troop-contributing country. The paper finds that UN peacekeeping affects both the magnitude and the quality of return. Displaced people are more likely to return home if peacekeepers are deployed in their county of destination. At the same time, the local presence of peacekeepers mitigates host communities' negative perception of IDPs; they also enable the delivery of support to communities that seem to improve attitudes toward returnees and IDPs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10102
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  • 193
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    Bridging the Targeting Gap : Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries' Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Phadera, Lokendra Bridging the Targeting Gap: Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries' Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq
    Keywords: Aid Transition ; Cash Transfer ; Conflict Impact ; Economic Assistance ; Equity and Development ; Humanitarian Assistance ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Means Test For Social Assistance ; Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance Program ; Poverty Reduction ; Proxy Means Test ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protection and Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Net ; Targeting In Social Protection ; Vulnerable Households
    Abstract: In Iraq, the Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs have been instrumental in reaching the households most affected by the conflict with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in areas where the coverage of the government's social safety net (SSN) programs remain limited. In the evolving context, however, short-term Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs will require eventual integration in some form with the government's social safety net programs to continue reaching vulnerable households affected by the conflict. As an initial step, this paper proposes an analytical pseudo-proxy-means test (PPMT) tool to bridge the targeting differences between the government's cash transfer program and the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs. Using the common proxies between the cash transfer targeting formulas of the humanitarian agencies and the government, the pseudo-proxy-means test provides each Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiary's probability of being eligible for the government's cash transfer program under different expansion scenarios. When applied to the existing humanitarian beneficiary database, the results of the pseudo-proxy-means test tool suggest the potential for both significant referral numbers and a sequenced referral strategy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10093
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  • 194
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    Poverty and Food Security in Brazil during the Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In contrast with the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil's poverty rate is estimated to have decreased between 2019 and 2020 to 13.1 percent. Auxilio Emergencial (AE), a large emergency cash transfer program launched in April 2020, is believed to be the main driver of that decrease, because it more than offset economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, food insecurity (FI) estimates showed an opposite trend: Severe and moderate FI went up in 2020. This apparent paradox can be mostly explained by the way in which poverty and FI are measured: Measurements of poverty are based on annualized income estimates, while those of FI are based on the occurrence of an event, whereby the sudden, uncompensated loss of a job or reduction of benefits (such as AE) can turn into the loss of a household's ability to feed itself in the short term. In 2021, both poverty and FI may have increased. Simulations suggest that poverty increased in 2021 to 18.7 percent. Meanwhile, about 18 percent of households reported running out of food in the past 30 days owing to a lack of resources, twice the pre-pandemic rate. Overall and food inflation, a sluggish labor market recovery with falling real wages, and the significant scaling down of the AE program are all factors in this trend. The war in Ukraine has pushed inflationary expectations upward. Given the projected 0.7 percent gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2022, labor incomes are not expected to boost households' consumption levels significantly. Coupled with the complete elimination of AE, poverty and FI may further deteriorate in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/37551
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  • 195
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    Building a Responsive and Resilient Vocational Education and Training System in Benin (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Economics of Education ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Gender ; Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Benin has embarked on an ambitious reform of rapid expansion of its technical and vocational education training (TVET) sector with the goal, among others, to increase enrollment tenfold by 2030. Investments in the Benin's human development are important to support the government's economic growth objectives. A specific area of focus and one that has received support from the very highest levels of government is the focus on skills development and TVET. The government has put in place significant reforms to support this subsector with the aim to increase the skills base of the Beninese workforce and the population more generally, to enhance the coordination and functioning of the sector, to strengthen sectoral and institutional governance, and to improve system efficiency and relevance of programs to the needs of the labor market. The objective of this policy note is to inform the ongoing TVET reforms. The note assesses the effectiveness of the TVET system in Benin and provides policy recommendations for improvements. This policy note also presents a perspective on the plans to rapidly expand the sector, drawing on the experience of other economies including high-growth East Asian countries, and considers global trends, technological advances, climate change, and structural challenges, including the high level of informal employment and gender inequality. The report is organized into five chapters. Chapter one presents background information outlining opportunities, challenges, and reforms in the Benin TVET system. Chapter two provides broader analysis of the TVET system in Benin. Chapter three analyzes the recent developments and reforms to system of governance and financing. While chapter four assesses the quality assurance (QA) system in TVET, chapter five summarizes the key reform options and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37508
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  • 196
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    Global Job Quality : Evidence from Wage Employment across Developing Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hovhannisyan, Shoghik Global Job Quality: Evidence from Wage Employment across Developing Countries
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Global Estimate of Job Quality ; Higher Education ; Informality ; Job Quality Gender Gap ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Jobs ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Employment ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Working Conditions
    Abstract: Measuring job quality across countries has been challenging and has relied typically on a single indicator, such as formality or wages. To contribute to this critical policy issue, this paper presents a first global estimate of job quality departing from microdata. It assembles a harmonized global data set of labor force and household surveys to produce a measure of job quality across four dimensions: sufficient income, access to employment benefits, job stability, and adequate working conditions. The results for 40 developing countries show significant variation in job quality across countries, economic sectors, and sociodemographic characteristics, including age, location, and educational attainment. Countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean region have relatively higher levels of job quality, while countries in Sub-Saharan Africa display the lowest levels of job quality. Most workers in the sectors of finance and business services, public administration, and utilities have, on average, better jobs. Higher education matters in securing greater job quality, while the average job quality of wage employment is relatively similar between men and women but with some variation in income and working conditions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10134
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  • 197
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    COVID-19 in Solomon Islands - Economic and Social Impacts : Insights from the January-February 2022 Round of High Frequency Phone Surveys (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Civil Society ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report focuses on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Solomon Islands. The fourth round of the high frequency phone survey (HFPS) interviewed 2,671 households in January-February 2022 on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19), including employment and income, community trust and security and COVID-19 vaccination. The January-February 2022 round occurred at the onset of the first wave of COVID-19
    DOI: 10.1596/37722
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  • 198
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    Inequalities in Job Loss and Income Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 Crisis (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Contreras-Gonzalez, Ivette Inequalities in Job Loss and Income Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 Crisis
    Keywords: Coronavirus (COVID-19) ; COVID-19 Impact ; Economic Shock ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender and Employment ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Household Survey Data ; Inequality ; Inequaliy ; Job Loss ; Job Loss by Age ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability to Poverty ; Gender
    Abstract: This paper uses high-frequency phone survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda to analyze the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on work (including wage employment, self-employment, and farm work) and income, as well as heterogeneity by gender, family composition, education, age, pre-COVID19 industry of work, and between the rural and urban sectors. The paper links phone survey data collected throughout the pandemic to pre-COVID-19 face-to-face survey data to track the employment of respondents who were working before the pandemic and analyze individual-level indicators of job loss and re-employment. Finally, it analyzes both immediate impacts, during the first few months of the pandemic, as well as longer run impacts through February/March 2021. The findings show that in the early phase of the pandemic, women, young, and urban workers were significantly more likely to lose their jobs. A year after the onset of the pandemic, these inequalities disappeared and education became the main predictor of joblessness. The analysis finds significant rural/urban, age, and education gradients in household-level income loss. Households with income from nonfarm enterprises were the most likely to report income loss, in the short run as well as the longer run
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10143
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  • 199
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    Is Social Protection a Luxury Good? (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lokshin, Michael Is Social Protection a Luxury Good?
    Keywords: Distribution ; Economic Assistance ; Engel Curve ; Governance ; ICT Economics ; ICT Support To Social Protections ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Selective Data Reporting ; Social Protection ; Social Protection Expenditure ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The claim that social protection is a luxury good-with a national income elasticity exceeding unity-has been influential. The paper tests the "luxury good hypothesis" using newly-assembled data on social protection spending across countries since 1995, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts. While the mean income share devoted to social protection rises with income, this is attributable to multiple confounders, including relative prices, weak governance in low-income countries and access to information-communication technologies. Controlling for these, social protection is not a luxury good. This was also true during the pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10174
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  • 200
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    Protect Incomes or Protect Jobs? : The Role of Social Policies in Post-Pandemic Recovery (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Protect Incomes or Protect Jobs? The Role of Social Policies in Post-Pandemic Recovery
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Economic Intervention Effectiveness ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Protection Measures ; Job Retention ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Pandemic Stimulus Effectiveness ; Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment Insurance
    Abstract: This paper examines the effectiveness of income protection and job protection policies for the post-pandemic economic recovery of the second half of 2020 through 2021. The paper is based on a new data set of the budgets of social protection programs implemented as a part of the pandemic stimulus package in 154 countries. The empirical analysis shows that, in the short run, higher expenditure on job protection measures is associated with more robust gross domestic product growth, increased employment, and decreased inactivity and poverty rates compared to the expansion of income protection programs. Both policies had a significant economic impact only in countries with weaker pre-pandemic social insurance systems. In countries with broader coverage of the social insurance system, the income and job protection programs appear to have had a limited impact on post-pandemic recovery. Because the structural economic changes induced by the pandemic are expected to materialize fully in several years, more research is needed to understand the longer-term effects of job protection and income protection policies on labor markets and economic recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10166
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