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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Youth Labor Migration in Nepal (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This descriptive study investigates internal and external labor migration by Nepalese youth. External labor migration is separated into the flow to India, which is unregulated, and the flow to other countries, which typically takes the form of temporary contract migration to countries with bilateral labor agreements with Nepal (referred to in Nepal as foreign employment). The study finds that labor migration by Nepalese youth is extensive and male dominated. The regions with the highest rates of labor outmigration are rural Terai, rural Hills, and Mountains. Female labor migration is mostly within Nepal, whereas male labor migration is mostly to other countries. Most labor migrants are wageemployed, and engage in services. Labor migration is positively associated with education attainment for women, but negatively associated for men. Labor migration is also positively associated with household economic status for women. Just four destination countries (Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) account for the majority of foreign employment workers. Nepal's foreign employment system faces several challenges, including implementation shortcomings in the government's institutional arrangements for workers, and the substantial market power of private recruitment agencies over workers. Male foreign employment outflow appears to be mainly associated with economic and other forces in the top destination countries. Male youth labor migration has negative effects on the likelihood of employment and hours worked for female and male youth household members who remain at home, although the effects are not consistently significant
    DOI: 10.1596/29682
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impacts of Extremist Ideologies on Refugees' Integration : Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Tajikistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bossavie, Laurent Impacts of Extremist Ideologies on Refugees' Integration: Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Tajikistan
    Keywords: Extremism ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Governance ; Refugees ; Slow Refugee Integration ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Taliban Impact ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: This paper examines the effect of exposure to extremist ideologies on the integration of Afghan refugees in Tajikistan, using a 2023 census following the Taliban's takeover in Afghanistan. It finds that Afghan refugees born in provinces with increased Taliban territorial control between 2017 and 2021, despite having comparable pre-migration characteristics, are less integrated into their host communities than other refugees. They also show lower educational levels and more mental health problems. However, there is no observed impact of this exposure on their income, consumption, or employment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10612
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Safe and Productive Migration from the Kyrgyz Republic : Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Challenges ; Covid-19 ; Employment ; Labor Market ; Labor Migration ; Migrants ; Migration
    Abstract: The benefits of international migration for workers from the Kyrgyz Republic, their families, and the home economy are tremendous. The migration process, however, comes with a set of vulnerabilities and risks. Those have been brought to light by the COVID-19 pandemic, which heavily tested migration systems and strongly impacted labor migration. Relying on rigorous analysis of the existing microdata, Safe and Productive Migration from the Kyrgyz Republic: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic shows that these vulnerabilities are present at each stage of the migration life cycle: predeparture, during migration, and after return. While COVID-19 has put these limitations at the forefront, this book highlights that many already existed before the pandemic and would persist in the long run in the absence of adequate policy responses. This book presents policy recommendations to enhance the benefits of international migration for the Kyrgyz Republic and reduce its risks. Beyond the COVID-19 context, these recommendations can also help mitigate the impact of other negative shocks to international migration from the country, including the adverse spillovers of the recent Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Given the strong similarities in migration systems and patterns between the Kyrgyz Republic and other migrant-sending countries, especially those in Central Asia, the policy lessons drawn from this book are relevant beyond the Kyrgyz context
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Corruption as a Push and Pull Factor of Migration Flows : Evidence from European Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bernini, Andrea Corruption as a Push and Pull Factor of Migration Flows: Evidence from European Countries
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Corruption ; Economic and Social Cost of Corruption ; Gravity Model ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Impact of Corruption ; Internal Migration ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Migration ; Remittances
    Abstract: Conclusive evidence on the relationship between corruption and migration has remained scant in the literature to date. Using data from 2008 to 2018 on bilateral migration flows across European Union and European Free Trade Association countries and four measures of corruption, this paper shows that corruption acts as both a push factor and a pull factor for migration patterns. Based on a gravity model, a one-unit increase in the corruption level in the origin country is associated with a 11 percent increase in out-migration. The same one-unit increase in the destination country is associated with a 10 percent decline in in-migration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10566
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan : What Do We Know? (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Pakistan's development road map "Vision 2025" sets an ambitious target of an increase in female labor force participation (FLFP) from its current level of 25 percent to 45 percent by 2025. Women's labor force participation is rising across the country; however, significant challenges remain. This Note explores the dynamics of FLFP via analysis of the Enterprise Survey 2013, two rounds of the Labor Skills Survey (2013 and 2015), and multiple rounds of the Labor Force Survey. Results summarized here provide a picture of trends in FLFP in Pakistan since 1992, identify reasons for low FLFP and highlight key knowledge gaps. This Note, a collaborative product of the Pakistan Gender and Social Inclusion Platform and Social Protection and Jobs teams, is structured to complement the forthcoming Pakistan Jobs Diagnostic. It is also a precursor to an upcoming study, Women in the Workforce, that will collect primary qualitative and quantitative data on urban women's labor force participation in urban Punjab, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta
    DOI: 10.1596/30197
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effects of international scrutiny on manufacturing workers : evidence from the Rana Plaza Collapse in Bangladesh (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9065
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Laurent Bossavie The Effects of International Scrutiny on Manufacturing Workers: Evidence from the Rana Plaza Collapse in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: After the tragic factory collapse of Rana Plaza in 2013, the direct reforms and indirect responses of retailers have both plausibly affected workers in the ready-made garment sector in Bangladesh. These reforms include a minimum wage increase, high profile but voluntary audits, and an increased reluctance to subcontract to smaller factories. This paper uses six rounds of the Labor Force Survey and adopts a difference-in-difference approach to evaluate the net effects of these changes on garment workers, compared with workers in other manufacturing industries and other plausible control groups. Although employers appear to have increased sick leave and some measures of safety at work, they simultaneously have reduced job security in the form of written contracts. The study also finds that, a few years after Rana Plaza, average hourly wages have fallen significantly for female workers. The results suggest that regulations that are initially aimed at helping workers can have unintended adverse effects on several dimensions of workers' outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9065
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Consanguinity an Impediment to Improving Human Development Outcomes? (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mete, Cem Is Consanguinity an Impediment to Improving Human Development Outcomes?
    Abstract: This paper uses unique data collected in rural Pakistan to assess the extent to which consanguinity, which is widespread in North Africa, Central and West Asia, and most parts of South Asia, is linked to child cognitive ability and nutritional status. As economic benefits of marrying cousins may lead to upward bias in estimates of the effects of consanguinity on child outcomes, prior work likely underestimates the negative impacts of consanguinity on child outcomes. This paper finds that children born into consanguineous marriages have lower test scores, lower height-for-age, and a higher likelihood of being severely stunted. After controlling for current household wealth and parent education, the effects of endogenous consanguinity on child cognitive ability and height-for-age are identified by (current and past) grandfather land ownership and maternal grandparent mortality as instruments for consanguineous marriage of parents
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8074
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporary Migration for Long-Term Investment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bossavie, Laurent Temporary Migration for Long-Term Investment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Credit Constraint ; Employment and Unemployment ; Entrepreneurship ; Labor Markets ; Migrant Labor ; Migration Costs ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Temporary Migration
    Abstract: In the presence of credit constraints, temporary migration abroad provides an effective strategy for workers to accumulate savings to finance self-employment when they return home. This paper provides direct evidence of this link and its effects on workers' employment trajectories by using a new, large-scale survey of temporary migrants from Bangladesh. It constructs and estimates a dynamic model that establishes connections between asset accumulation and credit constraints, and, thus, between workers' migration and self-employment decisions. Interlinked impacts also emerge from simulations of three key policy interventions that target migration costs or domestic credit constraints for entrepreneurship. Lowering migration costs increases emigration, reduces the age at which workers depart, and reduces the duration of their time abroad, which together lead to higher savings and domestic self-employment. Reducing the interest rate for entrepreneurial loans reduces migration and savings levels, undercutting the positive effects on business creation at home. Correcting workers' inflated perceptions about overseas earnings potential reduces emigration rates and durations, triggering a decrease of both repatriated savings and self-employment in Bangladesh. The findings, which have implications for migrant-sending countries, highlight the need for policies to take into account the linkages between migration and self-employment decisions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9740
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do firms exit the formal economy after a minimum wage hike? : quasi-experimental evidence from Turkey (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8749
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Acar, Aysenur Do Firms Exit the Formal Economy after a Minimum Wage Hike? Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Turkey
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the effects of a large increase in the national minimum wage in Turkey on firms' exit rates from the formal economy. The analysis exploits a unique, linked employer-employee panel data set of the universe of registered firms in all sectors of the economy. The causal impact of the minimum wage hike is estimated by using pre-policy information on the full distribution of wages in registered firms as a measure of exposure to treatment, and by implementing a difference-in-difference estimation strategy. The minimum wage hike is found to increase firms' exit rates from the formal economy by 12 percent. This suggests that firm exits attributable to the minimum wage hike could account for up to one-third of the total formal employment destruction that occurred between 2015 and 2016. The minimum wage effect on exit rates is found to be larger among firms with low productivity levels before the policy change, and in sectors where profit margins are low. A range of placebo tests and robustness checks indicate that these findings are not driven by trends in unobservable characteristics correlated with exposure to the minimum wage hike
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8749
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do immigrants push natives towards safer jobs? : exposure to COVID-19 in the European Union (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice & Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9500
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bossavie, Laurent Do Immigrants Push Natives towards Safer Jobs? Exposure to COVID-19 in the European Union
    Keywords: Immigration ; COVID-19 pandemic ; labor market vulnerability ; occupational choice ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of immigration to Western Europe on the exposure of native-born workers to economic and health risks created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using various measures of occupational risks, it first shows that immigrant workers, especially those coming from lower-income member countries of the European Union or from outside the European Union, are more exposed to the negative income shocks relative to the natives. The paper then examines whether immigration has an impact on the exposure of natives to COVID-19-related risks in Western Europe. A Bartik-type shift share instrument is used to control for potential unobservable factors that would lead migrants to self-select into more vulnerable occupations across regions and bias the results. The results of the instrumental variable estimates indicate that the presence of immigrant workers had a causal impact in reducing the exposure of natives to COVID-19-related economic and health risks in European regions. Estimated effects are stronger for high-skilled native workers than for low-skilled natives and for women relative to men. The paper does not find any significant effect of immigration on wages and employment, which indicates that the effects are mostly driven by a reallocation from less safe jobs to safer jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9500
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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