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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Using nationally representative, economywide data, this paper investigates the relative importance of trade-mandated effects on industry wage premia; industry and economywide skill premia; and employment flows in accounting for changes in the wage distribution in Brazil during the 1988-95 trade liberalization. Unlike in other Latin American countries, trade liberalization appears to have made a significant contribution toward a reduction in wage inequality. These effects have not occurred through changes in industry-specific (wage or skill) premia. Instead, they appear to have been channeled through substantial employment flows across sectors and formality categories. Changes in the economywide skill premium are also important
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy and Equity : Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy and Equity: Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis
    Keywords: Equity and Development ; Fiscal Incidende ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Spending ; Taxation ; Transfers
    Abstract: This paper examines the distributive and poverty reducing effects of Vietnam's fiscal system in 2018. The paper looks at the incidence across the distribution and the effect of (direct and indirect) taxes, subsidies, and social spending (in cash and in-kind) on inequality and poverty in Vietnam using the Commitment to Equity methodology. The overall pattern of taxes and transfers in Vietnam is moderately progressive, but most households pay more in taxes and co-payments than what they receive in cash benefits, and the fiscal system results in a small increase in poverty. The progressivity of the fiscal system and its inequality-reduction impact mostly comes from in-kind health and education spending. This reduction in inequality is about average for lower-middle-income countries, but Vietnam could do more to increase the progressivity of its fiscal system
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10538
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Multidimensional poverty assessment of internally displaced persons in Iraq (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9203
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9203
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Iraq's universal public distribution system : utilization and impacts during displacement (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9155
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Phadera, Lokendra Iraq's Universal Public Distribution System
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Subsidized or free distribution of food has been a central pillar of social protection programs in many countries. With the number of forcibly displaced persons at record levels, the question arises of whether in-kind food transfer programs are effective in mitigating the loss of welfare induced by forced displacement. This paper examines whether Iraq's Public Distribution System, a universal food subsidy program, has buffered the impacts of displacement on households. Using propensity score matching to account for the observable differences between Public Distribution System recipients and non-recipients, the analysis finds that displaced households with continued access to Public Distribution System benefits have higher food and non-food expenditures compared with displaced households that lost access. Likewise, the beneficiaries have higher calorie intakes and are less vulnerable to falling into poverty. However, displaced beneficiaries remained significantly worse off and more vulnerable to poverty than non-displaced households, suggesting that, although the Public Distribution System helped mitigate displacement to a degree, it may not be the most effective protection program for such shocks. Given the considerable resources the universal program consumes, it is vital to think of alternative approaches, such as targeted cash transfers, that might be more effective in protection and cost
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9155
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Welfare and fiscal implications from increased gasoline prices in the Islamic Republic of Iran (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9235
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atamanov, Aziz Welfare and Fiscal Implications from Increased Gasoline Prices in the Islamic Republic of Iran
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Facing a fiscal crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran decided to increase gasoline prices at the end of 2019. This paper estimates the impact of the price increase on household welfare and government revenue, using the most recent Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in March 2018-March 2019. The paper looks at the direct and indirect impacts of the reform and quantifies the compensatory cash transfer program the government instituted. Despite very regressive gasoline subsidies benefitting the rich the most, the increase in gasoline prices is found to affect the poor to a greater extent due to larger negative indirect impacts as well as their relatively low incomes. In total, poverty is estimated to increase by about 2.9 percentage points, with the direct impact accounting for a third of this increase. The proposed government scheme, if targeted perfectly to the poorest 18 million households, would fully compensate the poorest bottom 50 percent of the population and reduce poverty to below pre-reform levels. The annual cost of the program will be around 338 trillion rials, which accounts for 77 percent of the estimated total savings from the subsidies reform (439 trillion rials)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9235
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Bridging the Targeting Gap : Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries' Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Phadera, Lokendra Bridging the Targeting Gap: Assessing Humanitarian Beneficiaries' Likely Eligibility for Social Protection in Iraq
    Keywords: Aid Transition ; Cash Transfer ; Conflict Impact ; Economic Assistance ; Equity and Development ; Humanitarian Assistance ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Means Test For Social Assistance ; Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance Program ; Poverty Reduction ; Proxy Means Test ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protection and Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Net ; Targeting In Social Protection ; Vulnerable Households
    Abstract: In Iraq, the Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs have been instrumental in reaching the households most affected by the conflict with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in areas where the coverage of the government's social safety net (SSN) programs remain limited. In the evolving context, however, short-term Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs will require eventual integration in some form with the government's social safety net programs to continue reaching vulnerable households affected by the conflict. As an initial step, this paper proposes an analytical pseudo-proxy-means test (PPMT) tool to bridge the targeting differences between the government's cash transfer program and the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance programs. Using the common proxies between the cash transfer targeting formulas of the humanitarian agencies and the government, the pseudo-proxy-means test provides each Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiary's probability of being eligible for the government's cash transfer program under different expansion scenarios. When applied to the existing humanitarian beneficiary database, the results of the pseudo-proxy-means test tool suggest the potential for both significant referral numbers and a sequenced referral strategy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10093
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance : A New Look at Old Dilemmas (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (574 pages)
    Series Statement: Human Development Perspectives
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Adaptive Social Protection ; Big Data and Machine Learning ; Community Based Targeting ; Demographic Targeting ; Hybrid Means Test ; Means Test ; Proxy Means Test ; Social Assistance ; Social Protection Delivery Systems ; Social Registry ; Social Safety Nets ; Targeting
    Abstract: Targeting is a commonly used, but much debated, policy tool within global social assistance practice. Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas examines the well-known dilemmas in light of the growing body of experience, new implementation capacities, and the potential to bring new data and data science to bear. The book begins by considering why or whether or how narrowly or broadly to target different parts of social assistance and updates the global empirics around the outcomes and costs of targeting. It illustrates the choices that must be made in moving from an abstract vision to implementable definitions and procedures, and in deciding how the choices should be informed by values, empirics, and context. The importance of delivery systems and processes to distributional outcomes are emphasized, and many facets with room for improvement are discussed. The book also explores the choices between targeting methods and how differences in purposes and contexts shape those. The know-how with respect to the data and inference used by the different household-specific targeting methods is summarized and comprehensively updated, including a focus on "big data" and machine learning. A primer on measurement issues is included. Key findings include the following: -- Targeting selected categories, families, or individuals plays a valuable role within the framework of universal social protection. -- Measuring the accuracy and cost of targeting can be done in many ways, and judicious choices require a range of metrics. -- Weighing the relatively low costs of targeting against the potential gains is important. -- Implementing inclusive delivery systems is critical for reducing errors of exclusion and inclusion. -- Selecting and customizing the appropriate targeting method depends on purpose and context; there is no method preferred in all circumstances. -- Leveraging advances in technology-ICT, big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning-can improve targeting accuracy, but they are not a panacea; better data matters more than sophistication in inference. -- Targeting social protection should be a dynamic process
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    How can Vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons be Transitioned from Humanitarian Assistance to Social Protection? : Evidence from Iraq (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Obi, Chinedu Temple How can Vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons be Transitioned from Humanitarian Assistance to Social Protection? Evidence from Iraq
    Keywords: Benefit Alignment ; Cash Assistance To Displaced People ; Cash Transfer ; Cash Transfer Program Review ; Government Assistance ; Humanitarian Assistance ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance ; Poverty Reduction ; Proxy-Means Tests ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Protection ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Aligning the short-term humanitarian assistance system with the government social protection system as a possible long-term solution for the displaced population is well discussed in the literature. However, there is limited evidence on how this alignment is applied in a real-world setting. Using field-test data, this paper documents the eligibility of the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiaries for the government's poverty-targeted cash transfer program in Iraq. It does so by using two possible approaches -a probabilistic pseudo-proxy-means test, which is based on a limited number of overlapping variables between the targeting models of the humanitarian and government support systems and is designed to be applied on the existing database, and a new data collection with complete sets of variables from the targeting models of the two systems. The paper finds that a significant number of households that qualify for the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance program are eligible for the government's cash transfer program. While the referral accuracy of the pseudo-proxy-means tests model is high, it is likely to leave out some eligible households. In additions to identifying the cross-eligibility with certainty, collecting new data may elicit important insight related to willingness to be referred. The choice between electing to collect new data or relying on the pseudo-proxy-means tests and using existing data comes with important trade-offs and will depend on the capacity, budget, and appetite for the uncertainty of eligibility
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10095
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Gender and Fiscal Policy : A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jellema, Jon Gender and Fiscal Policy: A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Social Development ; Incidence Analysis ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Taxes ; Transfers
    Abstract: Fiscal policies affect households and individuals in a variety of ways. Even though these effects are likely to be different for men and women, conventional tools of fiscal incidence analysis are typically unable to capture these gender differences. Using a particular type of incidence analysis known in the literature as the Commitment to Equity framework, this paper proposes a methodology to overcome this challenge. A particular novelty the paper introduces is the explicit incorporation of social reproduction into the fiscal incidence analysis framework, enabling the implicit valuation of unpaid work that is typically undertaken by women on activities such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children and the elderly. Applying this methodology to the cases of Jordan and Armenia -- two countries with very different approaches to fiscal policy and cultural norms around the economic and social roles of men and women -- the paper also highlights some of the insights that this engendered perspective could add to standard fiscal incidence analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10733
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy, Poverty and Inequality in Jordan : The Role of Taxes and Public Spending (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy, Poverty and Inequality in Jordan: The Role of Taxes and Public Spending
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy and Inequality ; Income Inequality ; Poverty and Social Impact ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Analysing who benefits from different taxes and spending is important to understand how fiscal policy is affecting poverty and inequality in Jordan. This study traces how the Jordanian fiscal system affects different households, while paying income tax and GST and benefiting from social assistance, and services, such as, cash transfers, electricity and water subsidies, education and health. The study finds that Jordan's current fiscal system is modestly progressive, but more could be achieved. Inequality, as measured by the Gini Index, falls 5.8 points between household market incomes and post-fiscal incomes (after paying income and consumption taxes as well as receiving government transfers and subsidized services). When considering only monetary taxes and benefits (that is, excluding non-cash education and health services), inequality falls by only 2.6 points and poverty would be almost the same as the official poverty rate. Nonetheless, the recent expansion of social assistance programs is making Jordan's fiscal policies more equalizing and there is scope for other reforms which would both close the fiscal gap while further reducing poverty and inequality
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10732
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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