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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Soil Endowments, Production Technologies and Missing Women in India (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Carranza, Eliana Soil Endowments, Production Technologies and Missing Women in India
    Abstract: The female population deficit in India has been explained in a number of ways, but the great heterogeneity in the deficit across districts within India still remains an open question. This paper argues that across India, a largely agrarian economy, soil texture varies exogenously and determines the workability of the soil and the technology used in land preparation. Deep tillage, possible only in lighter and looser loamy soils, reduces the use of labor in cultivation tasks performed by women and has a negative impact on the relative value of girls to a household. The analysis finds that soil texture explains a large part of the variation in women's relative participation in agriculture and in infant sex ratios across districts in India
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5974
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Female Entrepreneurs : How and Why Are They Different? (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper reviews and critically evaluates existing evidence on female entrepreneurial activity. First, we identify how female-run businesses are different, by examining both economic and non-economic outcomes which are frequently overlooked. Second, we offer a comprehensive discussion of drivers to explain why these differences. We group these drivers in four categories: (i) preferences, (ii) endowments, (iv) external constraints, and (iv) internal constraints. Third, we review evidence on the types of policies that have been effective or have potential to address the different drivers. Finally, we offer a discussion of the gaps in the literature and identify areas for future research
    DOI: 10.1596/31004
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Job search and hiring with two-sided limited information about workseekers’ skills (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice & Africa Gender Innovation Lab
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9345
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana Job Search and Hiring with Two-Sided Limited Information about Workseekers' Skills
    Keywords: Arbeitsuche ; Personalbeschaffung ; Qualifikation ; Unvollkommene Information ; Feldforschung ; Kausalanalyse ; Südafrika ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents field experimental evidence that limited information about workseekers' skills distorts both firm and workseeker behavior. Assessing workseekers' skills, giving workseekers their assessment results, and helping them to credibly share the results with firms increases workseekers' employment and earnings. It also aligns their beliefs and search strategies more closely with their skills. Giving assessment results only to workseekers has similar effects on beliefs and search, but smaller effects on employment and earnings. Giving assessment results only to firms increases callbacks. These patterns are consistent with two-sided information frictions, a new finding that can inform the design of information-provision mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9345
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 4
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    Shoring up economic refugees : Venezuelan migrants in the Ecuadoran labor market (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9332
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Olivieri, Sergio Shoring up Economic Refugees: Venezuelan Migrants in the Ecuadoran Labor Market
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ecuador became the third largest receiver of the 4.3 million Venezuelans who left their country in the last five years, hosting around 10 percent of them. Little is known about the characteristics of these migrants and their labor market outcomes. This paper fills this gap by analyzing a new large survey (EPEC). On average, Venezuelan workers are highly skilled and have high rates of employment, compared with Ecuadorans. However, their employment is of much lower quality, characterized by low wages and high rates of informality and temporality. Venezuelans have experienced significant occupational downgrading, relative to their employment prior to emigration. As a result, despite their high educational attainment, Venezuelans primarily compete for jobs with the least skilled and more economically vulnerable Ecuadoran workers. Our simulations suggest that measures that allow Venezuelans to obtain employment that matches their skills, such as facilitating the conversion of education credentials, would increase Ecuador's GDP between 1.6 and 1.9 percent and alleviate the pressure on disadvantaged native workers. We also show that providing work permits to Venezuelan workers would substantially reduce their rates of informality and increase their average earnings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9332
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
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    Shedding Light : Understanding Energy Efficiency and Electricity Reliability (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana Shedding Light: Understanding Energy Efficiency and Electricity Reliability
    Abstract: Overloaded electrical systems are a major source of unreliable power (outages) in developing countries. Using a randomized saturation design, we estimate the impact of energy efficient lightbulbs on household electricity consumption and local electricity reliability in the Kyrgyz Republic. Receiving compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) significantly reduced household electricity consumption. Estimates not controlling for spillovers in take-up underestimate the impacts of the CFLs, as control households near the treated are likely to take-up CFLs themselves. Greater saturation of CFLs within a transformer leads to aggregate reliability impacts of two fewer days per month without electricity due to unplanned outages relative to pure controls. Increased electricity reliability permits households to consume more electricity services, suggesting that CFL treatment results in technological externalities. The spillovers in take-up and technological externalities may provide an additional explanation for the gap between empirical and engineering estimates of the impacts of energy efficient technologies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7891
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Islamic Inheritance Law, Son Preference and Fertility Behavior of Muslim Couples in Indonesia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Carranza, Eliana Islamic Inheritance Law, Son Preference and Fertility Behavior of Muslim Couples in Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper examines whether the son preference and fertility behavior of Muslim couples respond to the risk of inheritance expropriation by their extended family. According to traditional Islamic inheritance principles, only the son of a deceased man can exclude his male agnates from inheritance and preserve his estate within the nuclear household. The paper exploits cross-sectional and time variation in the application of the Islamic inheritance exclusion rule in Indonesia: between Muslim and non-Muslim populations affected by different legal systems, across men with different sibling sex composition, and before and after a change in Islamic law that allowed female children to exclude male relatives. The analysis finds that Muslim couples more affected by the exclusion rule exhibit stronger son preference, practice sex-differential fertility stopping, attain a higher proportion of sons, and have larger families than non-Muslims or Muslims for whom the exclusion rule is less binding
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5972
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Active Labor Market Policy ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Search Assistance ; Job Training Effectiveness ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker Skills Training
    Abstract: Governments around the developing world face pressure to intervene actively to help jobseekers find employment. Two of the most common policies used are job training, based on the idea that many of those seeking jobs lack the skills employers want, and job search assistance, based on the possibility that even if workers have the skills demanded, search and matching frictions make it difficult for workers to be hired in the jobs that need these skills. However, reviews of the first generation of evaluations of these programs found typical impacts to be small, casting doubt on the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of these programs. This paper reexamines the arguments for whether, when, and how developing country governments should undertake job training and job search assistance policies. The authors use their experience with policy implementation, and evidence from recent impact evaluations, to argue that there is still a role for governments in using these programs. However, success depends critically on program design and delivery elements that can be difficult to scale effectively, and in many cases the binding constraint may be a lack of firms with job openings, rather than a lack of workers with the skills to fill these openings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10576
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment? : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abel, Martin Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment? Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Formal Employment ; Labor Markets ; Reservation Wages ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Subsidy ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: Formal sector entry-level jobs in Mexico offer low starting salaries but substantial wage growth. This paper experimentally tests whether a six-months wage incentive can increase formal employment among secondary school graduates. Combining survey and high-frequency social security data, the paper shows that the incentive increases formal employment among vocational school graduates by 4.2 percentage points (14.5 percent) over the first two years driven by a 5 percentage point (25 percent) increase in permanent formal jobs. These employment gains are due to both extensive and intensive margin effects. Treatment effects are concentrated among youths with binding reservation wages who also tend to underestimate formal wage growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10234
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
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    The Social Tax : Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana The Social Tax: Redistributive Pressure and Labor Supply
    Keywords: Access To Insurance ; Africa Gender Policy ; Economic Behavior ; Gender ; Gender Innovation Lab ; Kin Tax ; Labor Supply ; Social Network ; Social Safety Net ; Social Tax ; Transfers ; Women and Agriculture ; Women and Property Rights ; Women and Social Norms ; Women and Youth Employment ; Work Disincentive
    Abstract: In low-income communities, pressure to share income with others may disincentivize work, distorting labor supply. This paper documents that across countries, social groups that undertake more interpersonal transfers work fewer hours. Using a field experiment, the study enabled piece-rate factory workers in C?te d?Ivoire to shield income using blocked savings accounts over 3-9 months. Workers could only deposit earnings increases, relative to baseline, mitigating income effects on labor supply. The study varied whether the offered account was private or known to the worker?s network, altering the likelihood of transfer requests against saved income. When accounts were private, take-up was substantively higher (60% vs. 14%). Offering private accounts sharply increased labor supply?raising work attendance by 10% and earnings by 11%. Outgoing transfers did not decline, indicating no loss in redistribution. The estimates imply a 9?14% social tax rate. The welfare benefits of informal redistribution may come at a cost, depressing labor supply and productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10155
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap? The Effect of Plan-Making Prompts on Job Search and Employment (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abel, Martin Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap? The Effect of Plan-Making Prompts on Job Search and Employment
    Abstract: The paper tests the effects of plan-making on job search and employment. In a field experiment with unemployed youths, participants who complete a detailed job search plan increase the number of job applications submitted (by 15 percent) but not the time spent searching, consistent with intention-behavior gaps observed at baseline. Job seekers in the plan-making group diversify their search strategy and use more formal search channels. This greater search efficiency and effectiveness translate into more job offers (30 percent) and employment (26 percent). Weekly reminders and peer-support sub-treatments do not improve the impacts of plan-making, suggesting that limited attention and accountability are unlikely mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8181
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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