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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (94)
  • 2015-2019  (94)
  • Paris : OECD  (94)
  • Amtsdruckschrift  (60)
  • OECD-Staaten  (53)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing climate objectives in cities and regions to deliver sustainable and inclusive growth (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment policy paper no. 17
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.17
    Series Statement: Case study
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The investment choices we make in the coming years will either lock-in a climate-compatible, inclusive growth pathway, or a high-carbon, inefficient and unsustainable pathway for decades to come. Cities and regions, responsible for 60% of public investment in OECD countries, are significant contributes to spending and investment related to climate. With high levels of inequalities in many cities, the success of the transition will depend on the ability of local governments to engage in a “just” transition. This paper focuses on how national and sub-national governments can align subnational financial flows to transition towards low-carbon, resilient and inclusive cities. The paper is a contribution from the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative and to the OECD Programme on Subnational Finance and Investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/ee3ce00b-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Scaling up climate-compatible infrastructure : insights from national development banks in Brazil and South Africa (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment policy paper no. 18
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.18
    Series Statement: Case study
    Keywords: Environment ; Brazil ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: National development banks (NDBs) and development finance institutions – domestically focused, publicly owned financial institutions with a specific development mandate – are poised to play a role in bridging the investment gap for climate-compatible infrastructure in developing countries. But delivering on the Paris Agreement will require NDBs to transition from their traditional role as ‘financer’ to ‘mobiliser’ of investment for infrastructure, and to be better recognised in the international climate and development finance landscape. This paper highlights the role of NDBs drawing from case studies of the Brazilian Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social and the Development Bank of Southern Africa. As such, it provides important impetus to the international discourse on decisive climate action.
    DOI: 10.1787/12456ee6-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linking aid to the Sustainable Development Goals : a machine learning approach (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 52
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Künstliche Intelligenz ; Lernen ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Official Development Assistance amounted USD 146.6 billions in 2017 but do we know how much of this aid contributed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? And to what SDG in particular? This paper present a new methodology using machine learning designed to link project-based flows to the Sustainable Development Goals. It provide first estimates of DAC and non-DAC donors’ aid contribution for the goal and show that similar analysis can be done at the recipient level and for other type of textual database such as private sector reports; opening wide array for policy analysis. The methodology presented in this working paper uses semantic analysis of the text description of each project present in the Creditor Reporting System (CRS).
    DOI: 10.1787/4bdaeb8c-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transition finance : introducing a new concept (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 54
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In answer to the call expressed within the Addis Ababa Action Agenda to mobilise all available resources – domestic and foreign, public and private – in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Development Co-operation Directorate develops a new work stream on transition finance to explore the evolution and interaction of public (official development assistance and other official flows) and private (foreign direct investments and remittances) sources of finance across the development continuum – studying multiple stages of development: low income countries, middle income countries, fragile contexts, and different regions of the world. Its ultimate objective is to advise the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in preparing countries for transition (outlining the optimal financial mix and offering policy recommendations) and in building resilience. This paper introduces the concept of transition finance and initiates research to advise the DAC on its role as a major provider of development assistance among other public and private providers of financing for the 2030 Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/2dad64fb-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing recent reforms and policy directions in France : implementing the OECD jobs strategy (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 227
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD actively supports countries with the implementation of the OECD Jobs Strategy through the preparation of labour market chapters in the OECD Economic Surveys. This paper provides an overview of the analytical work carried out in the context of the 2019 Economic Survey for France. The paper consists of a preliminary assessment of the French labour market reforms since 2017 related to the tax and benefit system, employment protection, and collective bargaining. These reforms are broadly in line with the recommendations of the OECD Jobs Strategy. They are likely to contribute to enhanced employment and living standards of low-skilled workers and reduce labour market duality. However, a close monitoring will be necessary to assess whether their implementation has the desired effects and additional measures are needed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/657a0b54-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Returns to different forms of job related training : factoring in informal learning (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 231
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study aims at disentangling the returns to formal, non-formal and informal training and fills key knowledge gaps. Informal learning is found to be by far the most common form of job-related learning at work. Learning informally at work is found to be associated with 3.5% higher wages, on top of the wage returns of non-formal training which amount to about 11%. Work environments which apply high performance work organisation practices – i.e. where workers have more autonomy and work in teams – are found to nurture a training culture that yields high returns. Workers in these contexts are 12% more likely to experience informal learning. In addition, they also reap higher returns from the training they attend, both non-formal and informal. This suggests that HPWP may amplify the benefits of learning at work, possibly giving workers more opportunities to turn what they learn into immediate use because of the increased flexibility in organising once work.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b21807e9-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring the causal relation between obesity and alcohol use, and educational outcomes (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers no. 109
    Keywords: Gesundheitsrisiko ; Kinder ; Junge Erwachsene ; Körpergewicht ; Alkoholkonsum ; Bildungsertrag ; Längsschnittanalyse ; Kohortenanalyse ; Deutschland ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Russland ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Two of the most important health risk factors for children and young adults are obesity and alcohol use. These risk factors are known to affect health and wellbeing, but may also have an impact on educational outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess a potential causal relationship between obesity or alcohol use, and educational outcomes, in Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Longitudinal data from cohort studies was used to establish temporal precedence. To ensure the absence of alternative explanations, regression models were adjusted for known confounders; instrumental variables were used to address endogeneity caused by reverse causality and potential unobserved confounders; and fixed effects analyses were used to correct for unobserved time-invariant confounders. The results suggest that the presence of obesity during childhood, as well as alcohol consumption during childhood, can have a negative impact on educational performance and future educational attainment.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/7bcd4669-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trends in policy indicators on trade and environment (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 94 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2019, 01
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Addressing the relationship between domestic environmental regulations and international trade policies is essential to better understand the need for consistency and complementarity between these areas. The set of trade and environment indicators developed by the OECD aims to provide insights on this relationship by shedding light on topical debates regarding the interactions between trade and environmental policies. Issues covered include: carbon emissions embodied in trade; embodied raw materials in trade; the volume of trade in environmentally-related goods; tariffs on environmentally-related goods; support measures for fossil fuels; enabling policy and regulatory environment for renewable energy; the volume of trade in waste and scrap; and nutrient balances of exported grains. Although initial insights are provided for these indicators, no detailed analyses is developed at this stage. Rather, these indicators are building blocks to analyse, for instance, the determinants of identified trends or to allow for a better understanding of the issues at hand. Possible avenues for further policy-relevant investigations using the indicators are identified and discussed for each topic covered.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b8d2bcac-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Automation and occupational wage trends (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 228
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Routine-biased technological change has emerged as a leading explanation for the differential wage growth of routine occupations, such as manufacturers or office clerks, relative to less routine occupations. Less clear, however, is how the effects of technological advancement on occupational wage trends vary across political-institutional context. This paper investigates the extent to which collective bargaining agreements and union coverage shape the relative wage growth of automatable occupations. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the United States Current Population Survey, I measure the ‘routine task intensity’ of occupations across 15 OECD Member States and the 50 United States from the 1980s onward. Findings suggest that bargaining coverage is more consequential for the wage growth of high routine occupations relative to less routine occupations, and that high routine occupations lose coverage at a faster rate when bargaining coverage at the national level declines. As a result, declines in bargaining coverage within a country are associated with declining relative wage growth for automatable occupations. Estimates suggest that had union coverage in the United States not declined from 1984 levels, the earnings of high routine occupations might have grown at the same rate as low pay occupations between 1984 and 2015, rather than experiencing a relative wage decline. However, the findings also suggest that gains in the relative wage growth may increasingly come at the cost of reduced employment shares of automatable occupations.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/596b32ce-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring and assessing talent attractiveness in OECD countries (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 229
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new set of indicators aimed at benchmarking how OECD countries fare in attracting talented migrants. Three different profiles of talent are considered: workers with graduate (master or doctorate) degrees, entrepreneurs, and university students. After providing a definition of the notion of talent attractiveness, this paper develops a conceptual framework for the study of the phenomenon, and discusses the variables used to construct the composite indicators. Sensitivity analysis is performed in order to make sure the indicators are robust to several statistical checks. Finally, the paper documents the attractiveness of OECD countries to the different profiles of talented migrants.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/b4e677ca-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Job polarisation and the middle class : new evidence on the changing relationship between skill levels and household income levels from 18 OECD countries (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 232
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour markets across the OECD have polarised in recent decades, as the share of middle skill occupations has declined relative to that of both high- and low skill occupations. This paper shows that, contrary to what is often assumed in the public debate, job polarisation has not resulted in a decline in the share of households with middle-income across 18 OECD countries. Most of the changes in the share of middle-income households result instead from changes in the propensity of workers in different occupations to be in it. In fact the results point to a change in the relationship between occupational skill levels and household income as both middle and high skill jobs increasingly fail to deliver on the promise of the relative income status traditionally associated with their skill level. These changes might help explain some of the social frustration that has been at the centre of the political debate in recent years.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/4bf722db-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic interactions between climate change and outdoor air pollution (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 148
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change and outdoor air pollution are two of the most challenging environmental issues that modern society faces. These challenges are strongly linked through their emission sources, the sectors they affect and the policies that can be implemented to reduce emissions. They also interact in the way they affect economic growth in the coming decades, although this aspect has been neglected in the literature. This paper presents the first global analysis of the joint economic consequences of climate change and outdoor air pollution to 2060, in the absence of new policies to address these challenges. A common methodology and a consistent modelling framework is used to specify the main economic interaction effects. While this paper provides a useful framework to analyse the interactions between two environmental issues in the economic system, the results need to be interpreted carefully, because of limited data availability.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/8e4278a2-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Learning from results-based management evaluations and reviews (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 53
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Management ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What have we learned from implementing results-based management in development co-operation organisations? What progress and benefits can be seen? What are the main challenges and unintended consequences? Are there good practices to address these challenges? To respond to these questions this paper reviews and analyses the findings from various evaluations and reviews of results-based management systems conducted by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the OECD/DAC Results Community Secretariat and other bodies in the past four years (2015-2018). It also draws on emerging lessons from new methods for managing development co-operation results. This analytical work aims to: identify recent trends in results-based management, explore challenges faced by providers when developing their results approaches and systems, select good practices in responding to these challenges that can be useful for the OECD/DACResults Community, considering new approaches, new technologies and evolving contexts. This body of evidence will inform the development of a core set of generic guiding principles for results-based management in development co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/3fda0081-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blended finance evaluation : governance and methodological challenges (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 51
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.51
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is an urgent need to better understand the role that the use of blended finance in development co-operation can play in achieving the SDGs. By adopting the “Blended Finance Principles for Unlocking Commercial Finance for the SDGs” in 2017, members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee have committed to “monitor blended finance for transparency and results”. The practical implications of monitoring and evaluating blended finance are currently being explored with a view to providing further policy guidance on the implementation of such Principles. This paper contributes to the ongoing consultation process s by discussing governance and methodological challenges in blended finance evaluation and proposing a few options to deal with them. In their review of the present practice of blended finance evaluation, as of end 2018, authors identify some key issues that need to be addressed and put forth initial ideas in order to ensure that evaluations improve the knowledge base on blended operations. The paper starts with a discussion of some key management and organizational challenges that influence how blending operations are monitored and evaluated. It continues with an overview of main evaluation methodologies that could be used for blended finance evaluation and challenges associated with applying them, and it outlines the challenges of assessing additionality. The paper concludes with a summary of identified issues from a review of a sample of completed evaluations of blended finance, highlighting the methodological challenges that they reveal.
    DOI: 10.1787/4c1fc76e-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
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    Trends in life expectancy in EU and other OECD countries : why are improvements slowing? (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers no. 108
    Keywords: Sterblichkeit ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reports on trends in life expectancy in the 28 EU countries and some other high-income OECD countries, and examines potential explanations for the slowdown in improvements in recent years. The slowdown in improvements in life expectancy since 2011 has been greatest in the USA, where life expectancy has fallen in recent years, and the UK, but France, Germany, Sweden and Netherlands have also seen a sharp slowdown. Overall, the pace of mortality improvement has slowed in several EU countries and Australia and Canada since 2011. Diseases of older ages are major contributors to the slowdown. Improvements in cardiovascular (CVD) disease mortality have slowed in many countries, respiratory diseases, including influenza and pneumonia, have claimed excess lives in some winters, and deaths from dementia and Alzheimer's disease are rising. In some countries, notably the USA and the UK, mortality improvements have also slowed or even reversed among working age adults because of the rising numbers dying from drug-related accidental poisoning. The report also considers wider contributing factors. Although some risk factors, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, continue to decline in most EU countries, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes continues to rise. Adverse trends in inequalities could also have an impact if some population groups experience lower gains in longevity than others, thereby reducing the overall gain. Looking ahead, it is unclear whether the current slowdown in mortality improvements in some EU countries and the USA is a long-term trend or not, whether the slowdown in major killers such as CVD will persist, and whether or not the excess winter mortality seen in some years becomes a regular feature given population ageing and increasing numbers of frail, older people. The timely monitoring and investigation of mortality trends, including through international collaboration where possible, can facilitate early implementation of remedial strategies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/223159ab-en
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  • 16
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    Measuring innovation in education 2019 : what has changed in the classroom? (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264311671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (335 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Measuring innovation in education 2019
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Bildung ; Innovation ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Schule ; Lernen ; Innovation ; Schulleistungsmessung
    Abstract: Measuring innovation in education and understanding how it works is essential to improve the quality of the education sector. Monitoring systematically how pedagogical practices evolve would considerably increase the international education knowledge base. We need to examine whether, and how, practices are changing within classrooms and educational organisations and how students use learning resources. We should know much more about how teachers change their professional development practices, how schools change their ways to relate to parents, and, more generally, to what extent change and innovation are linked to better educational outcomes. This would help policy makers to better target interventions and resources, and get quick feedback on whether reforms do change educational practices as expected. This would enable us to better understand the role of innovation in education. This new edition of Measuring Innovation in Education examines what has (or has not) changed for students over the past decade in OECD education systems. It reviews no fewer than 150 educational practices. The report casts light on systemic innovation in primary and secondary education, with a focus on pedagogical innovation. Has the use of technology spread? Have assessments become more important in pedagogical practices? Are students given more agency in their learning? Are they still asked to memorise facts and procedures? Do teachers increasingly engage students in peer learning activities? These are some of the questions this book seeks to answer. This report also presents some preliminary findings about the links between innovation and educational performance. This book will offer precious insights to policy makers, the education community and all those who seek to understand how educational practices are evolving.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264311671-en
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  • 17
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    What is happening to middle skill workers? (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 230
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report asks what is happening to middle-skill workers. Driven by mega trends such as automation, ageing and offshoring, the share of jobs whose wages placed them firmly in the middle of the wage distribution has been declining. Termed job polarisation, economists have observed the decline in the share of middle-skill jobs in the majority of OECD labour markets. One little explored question is where are these workers going? This report examines what workers are doing who in the past would have been employed in middle-skill jobs. The report first examines the traits of previous middle-skill workers to build a picture of the “typical” middle-skill worker. Using this profile, the report next examines what types of jobs a worker with the typical middle-skill profile is taking, and how likely such a worker is to be working. The study then analyses different metrics of job stability and compensation to put in perspective what shifts out of middle-skill work imply for labour market outcomes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/a934f8fa-en
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  • 18
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    Improving work-based learning in schools (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 233
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Looking at secondary schools, this paper analyses work-based learning (WBL) as an element of both general education and vocational programmes. The workplace is a powerful learning environment where technical skills can be learnt from expert practitioners using real-life equipment, while also acquiring key soft skills such as teamwork and communication. WBL offers students the opportunity to transition from school to work, while for employers it offers a means of recruitment. However, it can be challenging to engage employers. Quality requires good WBL design and supporting mechanisms. The length and sequencing of WBL are important. The equity risks of WBL also need to be managed. The paper considers different policy messages for schools and jurisdictions.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/918caba5-en
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  • 19
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    Improving economic efficiency and climate mitigation outcomes through international co-ordination on carbon pricing (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 147
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the potential benefits and challenges of enhanced international co-ordination on carbon pricing and outlines the different types and levels of co-ordination that are available for national and sub-national governments. These levels include, inter alia, facilitating new pricing schemes, phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, sectoral approaches, co-ordination on minimum carbon prices and carbon pricing clubs. Jurisdictions may want to adopt several of these options simultaneously and may co-ordinate at multiple levels of government or across countries and sectors. This creates a bottom-up ‘web of carbon pricing schemes’, which can be an important element in delivering the Nationally Determined Contributions of the Paris Agreement and which has the potential to support greater levels of climate action and ambition.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/0ff894af-en
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  • 20
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    Blockchain technologies as a digital enabler for sustainable infrastructure (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment policy paper no. 16
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.16
    Series Statement: Case study
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Embracing new technologies that could enable drastic reductions in GHG emissions will be key to delivering low-emissions pathways for growth, but it is not always obvious what the big breakthroughs will look like. This report looks at how blockchain technology can be applied to support sustainable infrastructure investment that is aligned with climate change objectives. It focuses on three key points: the financing of infrastructure initiatives, the creation of visibility and alignment of climate action, and the provisioning of awareness and access for institutions and consumers.
    DOI: 10.1787/0ec26947-en
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  • 21
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    Fostering students' creativity and critical thinking : what it means in school (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264684003
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (356 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Fostering students' creativity and critical thinking
    Keywords: Unterricht ; Lernmethode ; Lernpsychologie ; Schüler ; Kreativität ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Creativity and critical thinking are key skills for complex, globalised and increasingly digitalised economies and societies. While teachers and education policy makers consider creativity and critical thinking as important learning goals, it is still unclear to many what it means to develop these skills in a school setting. To make it more visible and tangible to practitioners, the OECD worked with networks of schools and teachers in 11 countries to develop and trial a set of pedagogical resources that exemplify what it means to teach, learn and make progress in creativity and critical thinking in primary and secondary education. Through a portfolio of rubrics and examples of lesson plans, teachers in the field gave feedback, implemented the proposed teaching strategies and documented their work. Instruments to monitor the effectiveness of the intervention in a validation study were also developed and tested, supplementing the insights on the effects of the intervention in the field provided by the team co-ordinators. What are the key elements of creativity and critical thinking? What pedagogical strategies and approaches can teachers adopt to foster them? How can school leaders support teachers' professional learning? To what extent did teachers participating in the project change their teaching methods? How can we know whether it works and for whom? These are some of the questions addressed in this book, which reports on the outputs and lessons of this international project.
    DOI: 10.1787/62212c37-en
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  • 22
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    Working and learning together : rethinking human resource policies for schools (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264981966
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (353 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of school resources
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Working and learning together
    Keywords: Lehrkräfte ; Personalentwicklung ; Schule ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Governance
    Abstract: The staff working in schools are the most important resource for today’s education systems, both educationally and financially. This report aims to provide guidance for the design of human resource policies that strengthen, recognise and preserve the positive impact that teachers, school leaders and other school staff have on their students. It offers an in-depth analysis of how human resource policies can make the best use of available resources to create supportive working environments and build both individual and collective professional capacity in schools. This includes the design of entry requirements, career structures, salary schedules and working time arrangements to attract, retain and motivate high-quality staff; the effective and equitable matching of staff with schools through fair and transparent staff funding and recruitment; and informed investments in professional learning, from initial preparation to continuing development. Throughout its analysis, the report looks at implementation challenges and considers under which conditions human resource policy reforms are most likely to have the desired effects on schools and their staff. This report is the third in a series of thematic comparative reports bringing together findings from the OECD School Resources Review.
    DOI: 10.1787/b7aaf050-en
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  • 23
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    Effective teacher policies : insights from PISA (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264301597 , 9789264301603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (163 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Effective teacher policies
    RVK:
    DI 1000
    RVK:
    DN 1000
    RVK:
    DK 1040
    Keywords: Lehrkräfte ; Schulpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Lehrkräfte ; Schulpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Education ; Schulpolitik ; Lehrer
    Abstract: Teachers are the most important resource in today’s schools. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure in education. And this investment in teachers can have significant returns: research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. Teachers, in other words, are not interchangeable workers in some sort of industrial assembly line; individual teachers can change lives – and better teachers are crucial to improving the education that schools provide. Improving the effectiveness, efficiency and equity of schooling depends, in large measure, on ensuring that competent people want to work as teachers, that their teaching is of high quality and that high-quality teaching is provided to all students. This report, building on data from the Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme, the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), explores three teacher-policy questions: How do the best-performing countries select, develop, evaluate and compensate teachers? How does teacher sorting across schools affect the equity of education systems? And how can countries attract and retain talented men and women to teaching?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264301603-en
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  • 24
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    Leave no one behind : how are Development Assistance Committee members answering the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development? : findings from a survey of DAC members (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 47
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.47
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2015, UN Member States and the international community more broadly endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Agenda’s commitment to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for everyone to leave no one behind. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between April and May 2018. The survey investigated the level and extent of commitment to leave no one behind in development co-operation policies, strategies and programming. It also gathered views and evidence from DAC members about the comparative advantage, opportunities, challenges and strategies for answering this pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The findings presented in this paper inform the analysis of the 2018 Development Co-operation Report: Joining Forces to Leave No One Behind.
    DOI: 10.1787/eadd2f8d-en
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  • 25
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    Cabo Verde transition finance country pilot (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 71 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 46
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.46
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Kap Verde ; Development ; Cape Verde ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A transition finance country pilot was initiated by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in partnership with the government of Cabo Verde. The study aims to capture the challenges facing Cabo Verde following graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Lower Middle Income Category (LMIC), including the shifting financing for sustainable development landscape, the mounting risk of debt distress and the economic and environmental vulnerabilities as a Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In line with the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), the pilot study proposes a new “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (ODA, OOF, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), identify emerging SDG financing gaps and promote better alignment of resources with national financing for sustainable development strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/1affcac6-en
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  • 26
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    The economics of patient safety in primary and ambulatory care : flying blind (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers no. 106
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Ambulante Behandlung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Building on published patient safety research literature, this paper aims to broaden the existing knowledge base on safety lapses occurring in primary and ambulatory care settings. The findings of this paper show that safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care are common. About half of the global burden of patient harm originates in primary and ambulatory care, and estimates suggest that nearly four out of ten patients experience safety issue(s) in their interaction with this setting. Safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care most often result in an increased need for care or hospitalisations. Available evidence estimates the direct costs of safety lapses – the additional tests, treatments and health care – in primary and ambulatory care to be around 2.5% of total health expenditure. Safety lapses resulting in hospitalisations each year may count 6% of total hospital bed days and more than 7 million admissions in the OECD.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/baf425ad-en
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  • 27
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    Financing refugee-hosting contexts : an analysis of the DAC’s contribution to burden- and responsibility-sharing in supporting refugees and their host communities (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 48
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Protecting and supporting refugees is an important responsibility of the international community. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was proposed in 2018 to establish a more predictable and equitable sharing of burdens and responsibilities among United Nations Member States when it comes to fulfilling these obligations. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between July and September 2018. The survey investigated trends in official development assistance (ODA) and plans for future funding to programmes and projects that support refugees and their host communities, as well as other, non-funding efforts and responses that DAC members are making in support of refugees. The findings of this paper will establish a baseline for monitoring progress toward “funding and effective and efficient use of resources” as one of the key tools for meeting the commitments of the GCR. The paper examines some of the strengths and challenges of current donor practices, and recommends a set of priorities to guide future donor support and engagement in order to promote good donorship and to support the international community in meeting the GCR’s objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/24db9b07-en
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  • 28
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    Nigeria's perspective on TOSSD (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 83 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 50
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.50
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Statistik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Nigeria ; Development ; Nigeria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study, including first orders of magnitude of TOSSD flows to Nigeria. Estimated TOSSD flows to Nigeria in 2016 amounted to approximately USD 3 billion of official development finance and USD 1.9 billion of private finance mobilised through official development interventions. These first orders of magnitude have been estimated using OECD DAC Statistics. However, these figures are likely to be largely underestimated due to information gaps, notably on the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) and emerging providers’ official support to Nigeria. The results of the pilot also indicate that the current organisational set up of Nigeria, both from an institutional and an IT system perspective, makes it challenging for the Government to access, collate, collect analyse and use data on external financing to the country using national data. The TOSSD pilot in Nigeria confirmed the usefulness of country pilots for testing the TOSSD methodology and for ensuring feedback by partner countries on TOSSD as a measurement framework. The findings also helped to ascertain that the International TOSSD Task Force developing the framework is in the right direction with regard to the main parameters of the measure. Findings contained in the present Working Paper will support the discussions to refine the emerging TOSSD Reporting Instructions in 2018 and 2019.
    DOI: 10.1787/619cb021-en
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  • 29
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    Effective carbon rates 2018 : pricing carbon emissions through taxes and emissions trading (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264305304 , 9789264305717 , 9789264305724
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Effective carbon rates 2018
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QT 000
    Keywords: Emissionshandel ; Ökosteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Kohlendioxid ; Preisbildung ; Umweltsteuer ; Umweltzertifikathandel
    Abstract: Decarbonisation keeps climate change in check and contributes to cleaner air and water. Countries can price CO2-emissions to decarbonise their economies and steer them along a carbon-neutral growth path. Are countries using this tool to its full potential? This report measures carbon pricing of CO2-emissions from energy use in 42 OECD and G20 countries, covering 80% of world emissions. The analysis takes a comprehensive view of carbon prices, including specific taxes on energy use, carbon taxes and tradable emission permit prices. The ‘carbon pricing gap’ measures how much the 42 countries, together as well as individually, fall short of pricing emissions in line with levels needed for decarbonisation. On aggregate, the ‘carbon pricing gap’ indicates how advanced the 42 countries are with the implementation of market-based tools to decarbonise their economies. At the country level, the gap can be seen as an indicator of long-run competitiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264305304-en
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  • 30
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    Transition finance challenges for commodity-based least developed countries : the example of Zambia : country pilot (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 49
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.49
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Rohstoff ; Vierte Welt ; Sambia ; Development ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Zambia country pilot study was conducted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) to explore the challenges of transition finance for a commodity-based Least Developed Country (LDC). In particular, debt sustainability concerns are viewed within the context of the shifting financing for sustainable development landscape of Zambia following its re-classification to Lower Middle Income Category (LMIC). In line with the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), the pilot study proposes a new “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (official development finance, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), identify emerging SDG financing gaps and promote better alignment of resources with national financing for sustainable development strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/feb640fe-en
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  • 31
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    Health literacy for peoplecentred care : where do OECD countries stand? (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers no. 107
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Wissen ; Bildung ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the 21st century care, the old paradigm “because the doctor said so” no longer holds. Individuals are now seeking ways to understand their health options and take more control over their health decisions. But this is not an easy task. Professionals continue to use medical jargon, drug instructions are not always clear, and health information in clinical settings continue to be complex and challenging to navigate. Widespread access to digital technologies offset some of these barriers by democratising access to health information, providing new ways to improve health knowledge and support self care. Nonetheless, when health information is misused or misinterpreted, it can wrongly influence individuals’ preferences and behaviour, jeopardise their health, or put unreasonable demands on health systems.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/d8494d3a-en
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  • 32
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    Settling in 2018 : indicators of immigrant integration (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264307216 , 9789279981142
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (306 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Settling in 2018
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Migranten ; Soziale Integration ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This joint OECD-European Commission publication presents a comprehensive international comparison across all EU and OECD countries - as well as selected G20 countries - of the integration outcomes of immigrants and their children, using 74 indicators based on three strands: labour market and skills; living conditions; and civic engagement and social integration. To place the comparison in its proper context, the publication also provides detailed data on the characteristics of immigrant populations and households. Three special-focus chapters are dedicated to examining gender issues, youth with a migrant background, and third-country nationals in the European Union.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264307216-en
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    GBV
    KOBV
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  • 33
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    Computers and the future of skill demand (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264284395 , 9789264285538
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Elliott, Stuart W. Computers and the future of skill demand
    DDC: 331.1142
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Informationstechnik ; Computer ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology ; Computer ; Informationstechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Qualifikation ; Informationstechnik ; Qualifikation
    Abstract: Computer scientists are working on reproducing all human skills using artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotics. Unsurprisingly then, many people worry that these advances will dramatically change work skills in the years ahead and perhaps leave many workers unemployable. This report develops a new approach to understanding these computer capabilities by using a test based on the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to compare computers with human workers. The test assesses three skills that are widely used at work and are an important focus of education: literacy, numeracy and problem solving with computers. Most workers in OECD countries use the three skills every day. However, computers are close to reproducing these skills at the proficiency level of most adults in the workforce. Only 13% of workers now use these skills on a daily basis with a proficiency that is clearly higher than computers. The findings raise troubling questions about whether most workers will be able to acquire the skills they need as these new computer capabilities are increasingly used over the next few decades. To answer those questions, the report’s approach could be extended across the full range of work skills. We need to know how computers and people compare across all skills to develop successful policies for work and education for the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264284395-en
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  • 34
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    Teaching excellence through professional learning and policy reform : lessons from around the world (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264252059
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: International summit on the teaching profession
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schleicher, Andreas, 1964 - Teaching excellence through professional learning and policy reform
    RVK:
    DN 2000
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Lehrkräfte ; Qualifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungspolitik ; Lehrer ; Qualifikation
    Abstract: If the quality of an education system can never exceed the quality of its teachers, then countries need to do all they can to build a high-quality teaching force. Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from around the World, the background report to the sixth International Summit on the Teaching Profession, describes the knowledge, skills and character qualities common to the most effective teachers. It examines the education policies and practices that help teachers to acquire these tools, including through induction and mentoring programmes, ongoing professional development activities, student assessments, and collaboration with colleagues. The publication also discusses the importance of involving all stakeholders – especially teachers – in the process of education reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264252059-en
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  • 35
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    Public-private partnerships for statistics : lessons learned, future steps : a focus on the use of non-official data sources for national statistics and public policy (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 27
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.27
    Keywords: Statistisches Amt ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Datenerhebung ; Geschäftsmodell ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Non-official sources of data, big data in particular, are currently attracting enormous interest in the world of official statistics. An impressive body of work focuses on how different types of big data (telecom data, social media, sensors and geospatial data, etc.) can be used to fill specific data gaps, especially with regard to the post-2015 agenda and the associated technology challenges. This paper focuses on different aspects of big data, but ones that are of crucial importance: what are the perspectives of the commercial operations and national statistical offices that respectively produce and might use this data; and which incentives, business models and protocols are needed to leverage non-official data sources within the official statistics community?
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3nqp1g8wf-en
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  • 36
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    Innovating education and educating for innovation : the power of digital technologies and skills (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264265080 , 9789264265097
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (154 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Series Statement: Educational research and innovation
    Series Statement: Centre for educational research and innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovating education and educating for innovation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe: Innovating education and educating for innovation
    Keywords: Lernmethode ; Innovation ; Digitale Medien ; Bildungsforschung ; Internetnutzung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungswesen ; Innovation ; Neue Medien
    Abstract: OECD’s Innovation Strategy calls upon all sectors in the economy and society to innovate in order to foster productivity, growth and well-being. Education systems are critically important for innovation through the development of skills that nurture new ideas and technologies. However, whereas digital technologies are profoundly changing the way we work, communicate and enjoy ourselves, the world of education and learning is not yet going through the same technology-driven innovation process as other sectors. This report served as the background report to the second Global Education Industry Summit which was held on 26-27 September 2016. It discusses the available evidence on innovation in education, the impact of digital technologies on teaching and learning, the role of digital skills and the role of educational industries in the process of innovation. The report argues for smarter policies, involving all stakeholders, for innovation in education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264265097-en
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  • 37
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    Equations and inequalities : making mathematics accessible to all (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9264258485 , 9789264258488 , 9264258493 , 9789264258495 , 9264259341 , 9789264259348
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tous égaux face aux équations ?: Rendre les mathématiques accessibles à tous - Principaux résultats
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Equations and inequalities
    DDC: 371.262
    RVK:
    DP 4400
    Keywords: Mathematik ; Bildungspolitik ; Bildungschancen ; OECD-Staaten ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Mathematics Study and teaching ; Education ; Mathematikunterricht ; Bildungspolitik ; Chancengleichheit
    Abstract: More than ever, students need to engage with mathematical concepts, think quantitatively and analytically, and communicate using mathematics. All these skills are central to a young person’s preparedness to tackle problems that arise at work and in life beyond the classroom. But the reality is that many students are not familiar with basic mathematics concepts and, at school, only practice routine tasks that do not improve their ability to think quantitatively and solve real-life, complex problems. How can we break this pattern? This report, based on results from PISA 2012, shows that one way forward is to ensure that all students spend more “engaged” time learning core mathematics concepts and solving challenging mathematics tasks. The opportunity to learn mathematics content – the time students spend learning mathematics topics and practising maths tasks at school – can accurately predict mathematics literacy. Differences in students’ familiarity with mathematics concepts explain a substantial share of performance disparities in PISA between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged students. Widening access to mathematics content can raise average levels of achievement and, at the same time, reduce inequalities in education and in society at large.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (OECD iLibrary, viewed June 28, 2016) , Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (OECD iLibrary, viewed June 28, 2016)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264258495-en
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  • 38
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    OECD factbook : economic, environmental and social statistics (from 2005-2016)
    Paris : OECD ; 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-3879 , 1814-7364 , 1814-7364
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2005 - 6.2010; [7.]2011/12=2011; 8.2013; 2014 - 2015/2016 ; damit Erscheinen eingestellt
    Series Statement: OECD publishing
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Die OECD in Zahlen und Fakten
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD factbook
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    QG 010
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: OECD ; Statistische Grunddaten ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Umweltstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaft ; Umwelt ; Bevölkerung ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A review of international large-scale assessments in education : assessing component skills and collecting contextual data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264248373
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (239 Seiten)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cresswell, John A review of international large-scale assessments in education
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sozialer Indikator ; Bildungsstatistik ; Bildungspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Bildungsniveau ; Bildungsstatistik ; Evaluation ; Vergleich
    Abstract: The OECD has initiated PISA for Development (PISA-D) in response to the rising need of developing countries to collect data about their education systems and the capacity of their student bodies. This report aims to compare and contrast approaches regarding the instruments that are used to collect data on (a) component skills and cognitive instruments, (b) contextual frameworks, and (c) the implementation of the different international assessments, as well as approaches to include children who are not at school, and the ways in which data are used. It then seeks to identify assessment practices in these three areas that will be useful for developing countries. This report reviews the major international and regional large-scale educational assessments: large-scale international surveys, school-based surveys and household-based surveys. For each of the issues discussed, there is a description of the prevailing international situation, followed by a consideration of the issue for developing countries and then a description of the relevance of the issue to PISA for Development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264248373-en
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ensuring quality in cross-border higher education : implementing the UNESCO/OECD guidelines (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264248465 , 9789264243538
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Garantir la qualité de l'enseignement supérieur transnational
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan Ensuring quality in cross-border higher education
    Keywords: Studium ; International ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Qualität ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD ; Studium ; Internationale Kooperation ; Qualität
    Abstract: In the past decade, many countries have designed explicit internationalisation policies for their higher education systems, acknowledging the benefits of international exposure to prepare students for a globalising economy as well as the many opportunities of cross-border mobility for innovation, improvement and capacity development in higher education and in the economy. Cases of fraud and opportunistic behaviour have shown that these promises come with risks for students and other tertiary education stakeholders though. It is precisely to help all stakeholders to minimise these risks and strengthen the dynamics of openness, collaboration and transparency across countries that UNESCO and OECD jointly developed the Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-Border Higher Education. This book monitors the extent to which tertiary education stakeholders complied with the Guidelines in 2014. It will be of interest to policy makers, leaders of tertiary education institutions and quality assurance agencies, as well as to academics and other parties interested in higher education and its internationalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264243538-en
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Alcohol consumption and harmful drinking : trends and social disparities across OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 79
    Keywords: Alkoholkonsum ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Sozialstruktur ; Trend ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Harmful alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of ill health and premature mortality worldwide. This paper illustrates trends and social disparities in alcohol consumption and harmful drinking in 20 OECD countries. Analyses are based on individual-level data from national health and lifestyle surveys. Alcohol consumption, on average, remained relatively stable in OECD countries over the past 20 years, but with significant variations between countries. However, a closer look at trends and patterns of consumption in specific population groups reveals a more complex picture. Young people are increasingly taking up harmful drinking. Women with high education and high socio-economic status are more likely to engage in harmful drinking than their less educated and less well-off counterparts, while the opposite is observed in men. Levels and patterns of alcohol consumption have an impact on labour market. Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with less employment opportunities, high wage penalties, and lower productivity, whereas light and moderate consumption are associated with positive labour market outcomes. By shedding light on some of the dimensions of alcohol consumption in OECD countries, this paper aims at contributing to the design of appropriate health policies to prevent alcohol-related harms. The findings presented in the paper provide a basis for a quantitative assessment of the impacts of alternative policy options, and may contribute to a better targeting of such policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qwkz2p9s-en
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing government initiatives on public sector information : a review of the OECD Council Recommendation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 248
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; E-Government ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better access to and use of public sector information (PSI), including open government data, are inter-related parts of the shift towards knowledge-based economies, and drivers of innovation, growth and employment. PSI can be used directly to generate products and services, and it contributes in a wide variety of ways to improving efficiency and productivity across the economy (including within the public sector). Aggregate OECD economic impacts of PSI-related applications and use were estimated to be around USD 500 billion and there could be close to USD 200 billion of additional gains if barriers to use were removed, skills enhanced and the data infrastructure improved. Exploiting the potential PSI market thus requires lower pricing and less restrictive licensing agreements. There is also evidence that increasing access and lowering prices have large positive impacts on the number of users and new uses without significantly increasing costs. This report presents the results of the review of the OECD Council Recommendation for Enhanced Access and More effective Use of PSI. The review is based on the analyses of the information gathered through a survey of PSI strategies in 20 countries as well as the European Commission. The review also benefited from a complementary online survey on Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives undertaken by the Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development (GOV) in coordination with the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). In doing so, the reports illustrates different strategic approaches to PSI policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js04dr9l47j-en
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Developing an inventory and typology of land-use planning systems and policy instruments in OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 94
    Keywords: Landnutzung ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Bodenpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of spatial and land-use planning systems in OECD countries1 focusing on: (i) the governance systems across countries, (ii) the institutional and legal frameworks for spatial planning, and (iii) the various policy instruments used at different levels of territorial governance to articulate spatial development objectives, manage physical development and protect the environment. The report draws on available academic literature and policy documents. The analysis shows a strong relationship between governance models and authority and competences for spatial planning. Spatial plans at various spatial scales are used to create the preconditions for harmonising socio-economic development goals with environmental protection imperatives. Environmental assessment constitutes another key regulatory instrument. National plans, programmes, regional development and land-use plans as well as sector plans and policies are subjected to Strategic Environmental Assessment. Individual projects resulting from these policy instruments are subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment in most countries. In all countries, environmentally-related permits work together with environmental assessments to ensure that environmental considerations are taken into account in the siting of industrial installations and mega-infrastructure projects that would have significant impacts on the environment. The main challenges associated with environmental assessment in most countries include the political nature of the assessment process, the cost (time and money) of assessment particularly to businesses, limited consultation periods, limited technical capacity of institutions, the endeavour for independence and quality of the assessment and the absence of robust legislative frameworks.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp6wgxp09s-en
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cost-benefit analysis and the environment (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 97
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: While the basic principles of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are long-standing, the challenges entailed in applying these principles are constantly evolving. This paper reviews recent developments in environmental CBA since the publication of an OECD volume on this topic by Pearce et al. (2006). The character and direction of these developments also evolves over time and the current review reflects this process.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp6w76tstg-en
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparing profit shares in value-added in four OECD countries : towards more harmonised national accounts (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/03
    Keywords: profit share ; quasi-corporations ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Privatwirtschaft ; Selbstständige ; Rentabilität ; Vergleich ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Italien ; USA ; Economics ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This article gives methodological guidance on how best to compare the share of profits in value-added across countries using national accounts. Such comparisons are often based on accounts for institutional sectors such as non-financial corporations. It turns out that these are less internationally comparable than is usually assumed. The main issue is the allocation of certain types of self-employed workers to the corporations’ sector of some countries, most notably Germany and Italy. The consequence is that the measured gross operating surplus of corporations is overstated and has to be adjusted for international comparisons. If this is not feasible, it is preferable to rely on industry accounts, focus on a subset of industries and impute a labour compensation to self-employed workers for international comparisons. Profit shares in France, Germany, Italy and the United States are then much more similar than what the accounts for non-financial corporations suggest. The claim of a global increase in the profit share in the last decades is at best debatable for Germany and not backed with the evidence presented in this paper for France and Italy. It is only for the United States that we can confirm such an increase.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0bsm2g0lt-en
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inclusive growth : the OECD measurement framework (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/06
    Keywords: 1995 - 2012 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; China ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the Measurement Framework of the OECD Inclusive Growth Initiative, a horizontal project that the OECD launched in 2012 to develop a new vision of economic growth that can translate in higher living standards for all. This measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of Multidimensional Living Standards (MDLS) that combines monetary (income) and non-monetary (health and jobs) benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics. The paper discusses estimates of MDLS for 29 OECD countries and China in the period 1995-2012. It finds that between 1995 and 2007 living standards of the median household have increased in all countries under study and have gone up the most in countries where they were initially lower. The convergence in living standards has been driven by convergence in all underlying dimensions, namely income, unemployment and to a lesser extent, longevity. Between 2007 and 2012 living standards of median households hardly grew and several countries witnessed receding living standards. The bulk of the loss is explained by rising unemployment, while median household income growth has remained broadly stable.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Internet literacy in Japan (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsverhalten ; Japan ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rise in Internet usage among young people has seen a corresponding increase in international concern regarding their online safety. In February 2012, the OECD Council adopted a “Recommendation on the Protection of Children Online”. The Recommendation called for governments to support evidence-based policies for the protection of children, including surveys to better understand Internet usage by children and the evolving risks, and programmes to increase awareness of this issue. In line with this Recommendation, the Japanese government has inititated efforts to develop improved indicators to measure Internet literacy among youth. This report describes the results of the Internet literacy indicator development project and constitutes a feasibility study for the development of Internet literacy among youth in different countries. The project formulated an Internet Literacy Assessment Indicator for Students (ILAS), which targeted 15-year-old students to measure their ability to utilise the Internet safely and securely. In 2011, a formative evaluation was conducted for a sample of 569 first-year high-school students from 14 high schools. In 2012, the study conducted a revised nationwide test on a broader sample of 2 464 students from 23 high schools. Evaluation of the results of the ILAS test system confirmed its reliability and validity, attesting to its value as a useful and practical assessment system for measuring youth Internet literacy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0cqpxr6bq-en
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The use of patent statistics for international comparisons and analysis of narrow technological fields (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Umwelttechnik ; Innovation ; Patent ; Statistik ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Patent data provide an increasingly used means to analyse innovation performance worldwide including in countries with incomplete data coverage, such as some developing countries. This paper discusses the specific issues associated with using patent data for measuring and analysing innovation in narrow technological fields, such as many environment-related technologies. To improve cross-country comparability of patent statistics, the paper advocates the use of indicators based on patent family size because they are more flexible and can be adapted to various applications. The paper also examines certain idiosyncratic characteristics of patent databases and proposes approaches to mitigate potential biases in empirical cross-country analyses. While doing so is particularly important for analyses of narrow technological fields such as many environment- and climate-related technologies, some of these issues are relevant for patent analysis more broadly.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03z98mvr7-en
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The structure of steel exports : changes in specialisation and the role of innovation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Stahlindustrie ; Edelstahl ; Export ; Außenhandelsstruktur ; Produktentwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines changes in the steel-related export structure of the ten largest steelmaking economies between 2004 and 2014, in terms of the steel products exported and the market destination for those exports. To shed light on how exporters’ patterns of specialisation have changed in the period since 2004, indices of “Revealed Comparative Advantage” (RCA) are developed for a number of low, medium and high value-added steel products, indicating that export specialisation patterns may be changing noticeably as some steel producers in emerging economies move up the value chain and begin exporting more sophisticated steel products. The paper also assesses the role of innovation, as measured by patents, in determining the export structure of countries, and finds a positive correlation between innovation activity and export specialisation in higher value-added steel segments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxfmstf0xt-en
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Contribution of trade facilitation measures to the operation of supply chains (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 181
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Vorleistungen ; Transparenz ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses how specific border procedures impact on the operation of supply chains and the resulting policy implications, using data from the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) database and from the OECD-WTO database on trade-in-value-added. The assessment focusses on the impact of trade facilitation measures in three areas: on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in final domestic demand; on the amount of foreign value-added embodied in the gross exports of a reference country; and on the amount of domestic value-added embodied in foreign final demand for agriculture and primary products, low tech industries, medium-low tech industries, and high and medium-high tech industries. A small increase of 0.1 in TFIs performance could potentially generate increases in a country’s value-added “imports” in a range of between 1.5 and 3.5%, while in the case of “exports” these increases could range between 1 and 3%. Measures that enhance the predictability and the speed of movement of goods are critical factors that shape the sourcing decisions of companies. The impact is strongest when the value-added originates in medium-low tech industries, such as mining and quarrying or basic metals sectors, or in high and medium-high tech industries, such as transport equipment, chemicals and electrical and optical equipment, and is destined to high and medium-high tech industries. Key words: Customs, global value chains, GVCs, intermediate inputs, trade facilitation, trade flows, trade policy, transparency, simplification
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0bslh9m25-en
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water in the GATS : methodology and results (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 185
    Keywords: Dienstleistungssektor ; GATS ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The water in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) refers to the difference between the bound level of trade restrictiveness permitted by the GATS and the actual trade regime. Using the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), this report provides estimates of the water in 15 service sectors for 40 countries. The level of water in GATS commitments varies across sectors. It is highest in sectors where most countries have no commitments (unbound), such as audio-visual services or transport services, as well as sectors where countries tend to make commitments only for selected types of activities, such as legal services. The lowest level of water is observed in sectors such as telecoms, construction, computer and distribution services that are also characterised by a more liberal trade regime. Generally speaking, current services trade policies are much more open than what countries have committed in the GATS and sectors that are “unbound” can be fairly open.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs6k35nnf1-en
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing the minerals sector : implications for trade from Peru and Colombia (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 186
    Keywords: Bergbau ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Exportbeschränkung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Korruption ; Peru ; Kolumbien ; Trade ; Colombia ; Peru ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Managing and regulating the extractive industries can pose substantial challenges to minerals-rich countries. Aiming to overcome the “resource curse”, some countries attempt to generate greater gains from their natural resources by using trade policy instruments such as export restrictions. Others look to create a balanced regulatory framework to maximise gains from sustainable extraction and minimise the negative spillover effects. Colombia and Peru have aimed to do the latter. This study examines their experiences as regards some aspects of the management of their extractive industries. In particular, it examines the design of the tax system as it applies to non-renewable resources, the reform of the distribution of revenues from the sector, and strategies for tackling illegal mining. These policy areas are important to ensure that the extraction of natural resources benefits the economies and societies of the two Andean nations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrp6wrc2r7l-en
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financial education for long-term savings and investments : review of research and literature (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 39
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Long-term savings and investments (LTSI) by individuals enhances their financial security while also supporting growth and financial development. Evidence shows that financial knowledge and skills are positively related to LTSI behaviour, and indicates a strong correlation between levels of financial literacy and retirement wealth accumulation. However, both the quantity and quality of LTSI are often worryingly low, pointing to an important role for financial education to increase levels of financial literacy and thus improve LTSI among individuals. Evaluations of various types of financial education aimed at increasing LTSI have identified some promising results. Initial findings suggest the need for additional, targeted evaluation of education programmes to compare the effects of different delivery channels and the intensity of provision in order to identify optimal approaches. More detailed research is also important to fully understand why some evaluations indicate mixed outcomes from certain programmes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtgzfl6g9w-en
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The accidental birth of “official development assistance” (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 24
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungstheorie ; Geschichte ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan. Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries. The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined. An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines. Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the “grant element” methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation. That Supplement introduced the idea of “official development assistance”, but without defining it. It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined. This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall “softness” of aid programmes. Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries. Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms. The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs552w8736-en
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  • 55
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    Effects of pro-growth policies on the economic stability of firms, workers and households (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777tdqjf-en
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  • 56
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    Finance and inclusive growth (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js06pbhf28s-en
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  • 57
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    The experience of middle-income countries participating in PISA 2000-2015 (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264246195
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 Seiten)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lockheed, Marlaine E. The experience of middle-income countries participating in PISA 2000-2015
    Keywords: Schule ; Bildungsniveau ; Sozialer Indikator ; Bildungsstatistik ; Bildungspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; PISA-Studie ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Geschichte 2000-2015
    Abstract: This report provides a systematic review and empirical evidence related to the experiences of middle-income countries and economies participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2000 to 2015. PISA is a triennial survey that aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students. To date, students representing more than 70 countries and economies have participated in the assessment, including 44 middle-income countries, many of which are developing countries receiving foreign aid. This report provides answers to six important questions about these middle-income countries and their experiences of participating in PISA: What is the extent of developing country participation in PISA and other international learning assessments? Why do these countries join PISA? What are the financial, technical, and cultural challenges for their participation in PISA? What impact has participation had on their national assessment capacity? How have PISA results influenced their national policy discussions? And what does PISA data tell us about education in these countries and the policies and practices that influence student performance? The findings of this report are being used by the OECD to support its efforts to make PISA more relevant to a wider range of countries, and by the World Bank as part of its on-going dialogue with its client countries regarding participation in international large-scale assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264246195-en
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  • 58
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    Critical minerals today and in 2030 : an analysis for OECD countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 91
    Keywords: 2013 ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Kritische Metalle ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Raw materials are essential for the global economy and future development depends on their continued supply. Like fossil fuels, minerals are non-renewable. In general, their deposits in the Earth’s crust are also geographically clustered, making security of supply a potential risk. In many cases, the exhaustion of economically competitive minerals deposits in industrialized countries has made supplies increasingly dependent on the political stability of mineral-rich emerging economies. At the same time, increasing demand from these emerging markets, new technologies that require large amounts of rare minerals , low substitutability in applications and low rates of recycling have made economies more vulnerable to potential supply disruptions. Consequently policy-makers in several OECD countries and regions have developed reports that assess the vulnerability of their respective economies to disruptions in the supply of minerals. A common aim of many of these studies is the identification of a list of so-called ‘critical minerals’, defined as minerals for which the risk of disruptions in supply is relatively high and for which supply disruptions will be associated with large economic impacts.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtknwm5hr5-en
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  • 59
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    Monetary carbon values in policy appraisal : an overview of current practice and key issues (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 92
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Klimapolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Cost-benefit analyses and other quantitative appraisals are used in many countries to support decision-making in different areas of public policy, including many investment projects in sectors such as transport and energy. These decisions can have significant effects – either negative or positive – on future emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and it is important whether, and how, countries incorporate estimates of the marginal value of changes in carbon dioxide emissions into these analyses. This paper discusses the range of approaches which can be employed to value changes in carbon emissions in policy appraisals, setting out the key issues in the choice of valuation principles, and presents some case studies and a survey of current practice in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs8st3ngvh-en
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  • 60
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    The labour market impacts of obesity, smoking, alcohol use and related chronic diseases (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 86
    Keywords: Beschäftigungseffekt ; Körpergewicht ; Rauchen ; Alkohol ; Chronische Krankheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the labour market impacts of lifestyle risk factors and associated chronic diseases, in terms of employment opportunities, wages, productivity, sick leave, early retirement and receipt of disability benefits. It provides a review of the evidence of the labour market outcomes of key risk factors (obesity, smoking and hazardous drinking) and of a number of related chronic diseases, along with findings from new analyses conducted on data from a selection of OECD countries. Overall, the evidence suggests that chronic diseases and associated risk factors have potentially large detrimental labour market impacts, but with mixed findings in some areas. Obesity and smoking clearly impair employment prospects, wages and labour productivity. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have negative impacts on employment prospects and wages, and diabetes, cancer and arthritis lower labour productivity. Alcohol use, cancer, high blood pressure and arthritis have mixed effects on employment and wages, and are not always linked with increased sickness absence (e.g. cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure). Finally, this paper stresses the importance of these findings for the economy at large, and supports the use of carefully designed chronic disease prevention strategies targeting people at higher risk of adverse labour market outcomes, which may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more productive workforce.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqcn5fpv0v-en
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  • 61
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    The effects of vocational education on adult skills and wages : what can we learn from PIAAC? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (105 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 168
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Bildungsertrag ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this report we investigate the effects of vocational education and training (VET) on adult skills and labour market outcomes by using the PIAAC survey. Data comparability across countries, the breath of countries involved, and the almost unique presence of information on assessed skills, training, earnings and employment makes this survey especially valuable to study the different facets of VET as compared to more academic education.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en
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  • 62
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    Paid parental leave : lessons from OECD countries and selected U.S. states (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 172
    Keywords: Elternzeit ; Frauen ; Kinderbetreuung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The United States is at a crossroads in its policies towards the family and gender equality. Currently America provides basic support for children, fathers, and mothers in the form of unpaid parental leave, child-related tax breaks, and limited public childcare. Alternatively, the United States’ OECD peers empower families through paid parental leave and comprehensive investments in infants and children. The potential gains from strengthening these policies are enormous. Paid parental leave and subsidised childcare help get and keep more women in the workforce, contribute to economic growth, offer cognitive and health benefits to children, and extend choice for parents in finding their preferred work-life strategy. Indeed, the United States has been falling behind the rest of the OECD in many social and economic indicators by not adequately investing in children, fathers and mothers.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqgvqqb4vb-en
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  • 63
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    Comparing happiness across the world : does culture matter? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/04
    Keywords: Zufriedenheit ; Sozialer Indikator ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The issue of cultural bias in subjective well-being data is often raised, but rarely well-documented. This paper reviews the main barriers to interpreting national differences in subjective well-being, noting the challenge of distinguishing between cultural bias (understood as measurement error) and cultural impact (where culture plays a more substantive role in shaping how people experience their lives). Several methods are then used to attempt to quantify the role of culture in subjective well-being, drawing on multiple waves of the Gallup World Poll, conducted in over 150 countries and territories. Regression analysis is used to identify country-specific fixed effects, which capture unexplained variance in subjective well-being at the country level, over and above a basic set of socio-economic and demographic controls. These country fixed effects then become the subject of three further investigations. The first examines whether survey measures of “cultural values” are able to explain the size and direction of country fixed effects; the second considers the evidence for international differences in “appraisal styles” (e.g. a more positive or negative outlook on life in general); and the third explores the “cultural transmission” of subjective well-being, focusing on the experiences of migrants to separate the effects of culture from those of broader life circumstances. The paper shows that, although life circumstances explain well the overall pattern of cross-country variation in subjective well-being, a gap is observed for some countries. Culture may account for some 20% of the country-specific unexplained variance. This combined effect of “cultural impact” and “cultural bias” is small when compared to the role of objective life circumstances in explaining subjective well-being outcomes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppzd9bs2-en
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  • 64
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    Towards a distribution-sensitive better life index : design, data and implementation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/07
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Better Life Index was introduced by the OECD as a tool to chart the multi-dimensional well-being of OECD member countries, Brazil and the Russian Federation. However, the Better Life Index relies only on aggregate country-level indicators, and hence is insensitive to how multi-dimensional well-being outcomes are distributed within countries. This paper discusses how a distribution-sensitive Better Life Index could be designed and implemented. Based on five concrete recommendations for the design of the index, a family of indices is suggested. These indices are shown to be decomposable in interpretable building blocks. While a rich and comprehensive micro-level data set is necessary to implement the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index, no such data set is currently available for all OECD member countries. The paper proposes a ‘synthetic’ data set that relies on information about macro-level indicators and micro-level data from the Gallup World Poll. The implementation of the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index is illustrated with this synthetic data set. While the small sample size and other survey features of the Gallup World Poll imply a number of potential biases, illustrative calculations based on this synthetic data set indicates that, when taking distribution into account, Nordic countries are top-ranked whereas Greece, the Russian Federation and Turkey occupy the bottom positions. The results indicate sizeable losses due to multi-dimensional inequality for OECD member countries. Moreover, there are large differences in the level and composition of multi-dimensional inequality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx9xh8q-en
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  • 65
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    Measuring educational inequalities in mortality statistics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/08
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sterblichkeit ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: All OECD countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health status between socioeconomic groups within their populations. One aspect of these inequalities for which data are routinely available in many countries is inequalities in mortality by level of education: people with a lower level of education typically have considerably higher death rates and lower life expectancy than people with a higher level of education. The OECD recently started a project to generate measures of the distributions of ages at death by educational level, gender and cause of death for as many countries as possible. This working paper aims to highlight the most important methodological issues to be faced when trying to create valid statistics on mortality by level of education, and to highlight how different methodologies may affect results and comparisons. Topics covered include study designs (e.g. use of cross-sectional census-unlinked versus longitudinal census-linked data), data harmonization issues (e.g. use of a common educational classification scheme), and data analysis issues (e.g. choice of a summary measure of inequalities in mortality). The paper ends with a number of recommendations for data analysts.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx182zs-en
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  • 66
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    Which factors influence the international mobility of research scientists? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 1996 - 2011 ; Wissenschaftler ; Forschung ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the factors that influence the international mobility of research scientists using a new measure of mobility derived from changes in affiliations reported by publishing scientists in a major global index of scholarly publications over the period 1996-2011. Using a gravity-based empirical framework, our research shows that measures of geographic and socioeconomic and scientific distance correlate negatively with scientist mobility between two countries. Scientific collaboration appears to be a major factor associated with the mobility of scientists. The analysis shows that the mobility of scientists particularly relies on flows of tertiary-level students in the opposite direction, from destination to origin country. This provides strong evidence that brain circulation is a complex and multi-directional phenomenon. For a majority of country pairs (dyads) in our sample, the mobility of scientists is generally better described by commensurate knowledge flows in both directions, rather than one dominating the other. The analysis also shows that mobility can be positively influenced by convergence in economic conditions and resources dedicated to R&D, as well as reduced visa-related restrictions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1tmrr2233-en
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  • 67
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    Identifying and inducing breakthrough inventions : an application related to climate change mitigation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most of the projections of the cost of meeting climate change mitigation targets hinge crucially upon assumptions made about the cost and timing of the development of breakthrough technologies. However, very little is known about the conditions which are likely to give rise to breakthrough technologies. This paper seeks to uncover attributes of inventions – as reflected in patent data – which serve as “leading indicators” of subsequent technological and market development in climate change mitigation technologies. The role of industrial generality emerges as being robustly correlated with subsequent technological diffusion, whether measured as subsequent patent counts, commercial applicability, or attractiveness to risk finance. The indicator of closeness to science shows also a positive association with later technological diffusion. Originality and radicalness have more ambiguous results. This work can be seen as a foundation for the future development of a methodology providing guidance to policymakers in the choices made with respect to public support for different technological fields.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js03zd40n37-en
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  • 68
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    Trade, global value chains and wage-income inequality (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 182
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Einkommensverteilung ; Globalisierung ; Auslandsverlagerung ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rise in global value chain (GVC) participation has coincided with significant changes in the distribution of wage income both within and across countries. This paper sets out to identify the linkages between these phenomena. It shows that GVC participation has a small effect on the distribution of wages and, when it has, it can reduce wage inequality when it concerns participation related to low-skilled segments of the labour force. This suggests that the potential tensions between equity and aggregate economic outcomes of GVC participation hold only in particular cases, namely when participation relates to high-skilled segments of the labour force. For policy-makers seeking to maximise the benefits of GVC participation, questions of a more equitable distribution of returns to workers might focus on skill-upgrading of low-skilled labour by promoting further tertiary education and development of skills.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js009mzrqd4-en
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  • 69
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : logistics services (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 183
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Regulierung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; OECD-Staaten ; Brasilien ; China ; Indien ; Indonesien ; Russland ; Südafrika ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for logistics services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for logistics services and captures regulations in force in 2014. The scores range from 0.08 to 1 for cargo-handling services, 0.04 to 1 for storage and warehouse services, 0.02 to 0.58 for freight transport agency services and 0.03 to 1 for customs brokerage services. It is observed that the regulatory profile differs across countries. In cargo-handling and storage and warehouse services, one country reserves all services provision to a statutory monopoly while another country reserves cargo-handling to a monopoly at port. Freight transport agency has the lowest average score among four subsectors while restrictions on foreign entry, restrictions on the movement of people and regulatory transparency significantly contribute to the results. One country is completely closed to foreign participation in customs brokerage services. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw9bwpbskk-en
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  • 70
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    Immigrant students at school : easing the journey towards integration (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    ISBN: 9789264249509
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Migrant Education
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of migrant education
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Immigrant students at school
    DDC: 330#DNB
    Keywords: Schüler ; Migranten ; Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; OECD Programme for International Student Assessment ; Einwanderer ; Schulleistung ; Integration ; Chancengleichheit
    Abstract: How school systems respond to immigration has an enormous impact on the economic and social well-being of all members of the communities they serve, whether they have an immigrant background or not. Immigrant Students at School: Easing the Journey towards Integration reveals some of the difficulties immigrant students encounter – and some of the contributions they offer – as they settle into their new communities and new schools. Results from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicate that students with an immigrant background tend to perform worse in school than students without an immigrant background. Several factors are associated with this disparity, including the concentration of disadvantage in the schools immigrant students attend, language barriers and certain school policies, like grade repetition and tracking, that can hinder immigrant students’ progress through school. But successful integration is measured in more than academic achievement; immigrant students’ well-being and hopes for the future are just as telling. This report examines not only immigrant students’ aspirations and sense of belonging at school, but also recent trends in Europeans’ receptiveness to welcoming immigrants into their own countries – the context that could make all the difference in how well immigrant students integrate into their new communities. The report includes a special section on refugees and education, and an extensive discussion on education policy responses to immigration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264249509-en
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  • 71
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    A new profile of migrants in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 160
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wanderungsstatistik ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growing international migration and diverse characteristics of migrant populations make internationally comparable high-quality data on migrants essential. Regular update of these data is crucial to capture the changes in size and composition of migrant populations. This document presents the first results of the update of the Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC) for 2010/11. It describes immigrant and emigrant populations by socio-demographic characteristics and labour market outcomes in the OECD, and shows their evolution in the past decade. It also provides updated emigration rates and brain drain figures...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt2t3nnjr5-en
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  • 72
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    Industry self regulation : role and use in supporting consumer interests (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 247
    Keywords: Industrie ; Verhalten in Organisationen ; Selbstverpflichtung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2010, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy published a Consumer Policy Toolkit, which provides a framework for developing and implementing effective consumer policies (OECD, 2010). The report notes that industry self-regulation (ISR) can play an important role in addressing consumer issues, particularly when business codes of conduct and standards are involved.[1] This report examines the roles that ISR can play in these and other areas more closely, examining conditions and situations where there are likely to be benefits, and the steps that need to be taken to help ensure that such initiatives succeed. The report draws on 23 case studies where consumer issues are addressed. The case studies are based on material provided by governments, businesses, civil society and other experts; for the most part the case studies have not been independently evaluated. They cover a range of sectors and activities, including advertising, financial services, telecommunications, video games and software applications (apps), toys, and direct selling. The case studies are illustrative of the ways that ISR has been used to address consumer issues; they do not cover areas where ISR has not been effective.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4k1fjqkwh-en
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  • 73
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    Biodiversity policy response indicators (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (107 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 90
    Keywords: 2011 - 2020 ; Agrarpolitik ; Umweltbewertung ; Artenschutz ; Umweltökonomik ; Ökosystem ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews a number of OECD data sources to examine their potential for establishing indicators which can contribute to monitoring progress towards two of the 2011-2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), namely Target 3 on Incentives and Target 20 on Resource Mobilisation. Aichi Target 3 refers to the need to eliminate, phase out, or reform incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity and to develop and apply positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Aichi Target 20 refers to the need to substantially increase the mobilisation of financial resources from all sources to effectively implement the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The objectives of this work were twofold, namely to (a) identify the indicator needs to monitor progress towards these two targets, and (b) examine to what extent existing relevant OECD datasets and monitoring systems can be used for these purposes, including the types of modifications to data collection methodology or classification that may be useful to better align the data sources with the indicator needs. Within this context, six data sources are reviewed and assessed, and gaps and data limitations as they pertain to the reporting purposes of the CBD are highlighted. Given the caveats that are raised, as well as the upcoming need to assess progress on the achievement of the Aichi Targets in 2020, the analysis here aims to provide policy-makers and negotiators with the information needed to consider whether existing OECD datasets could be used and built upon so as to further develop indicators that are useful for the CBD.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxd8j24fbv-en
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  • 74
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    The causes and consequences of field-of-study mismatch : an analysis using PIAAC (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 167
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsmarktstatistik ; Matching ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Field-of-study mismatch occurs when workers educated in a particular field work in another. It is conceptually distinct from qualifications or skills mismatch, although a part of qualifications and skills mismatch results from graduates from a particular field having to downgrade to find work in another field. Some studies have identified labour market dynamics related to field-of-study mismatch, but few (if any) have sought to directly understand the interplay between labour supply factors (the types of skills brought to the workplace) and the labour demand factors (the types of skills demanded by employers) in field-of-study mismatch. Using data from the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies’ Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), this paper shows that although students may choose to specialise in a particular field, it is not solely up to them to actually work in that field. In accordance with assignment theories, both the degree of saturation of a particular field in the labour market and the level of generic skills of a particular field predict the occurrence of field-of-study mismatch, highlighting that mismatch is the result of both labour supply- and demand-side factors. The paper then evaluates the costs to individuals – in terms of wages, risk of being out of work and job satisfaction. Findings suggest that the costs of field-of-study mismatch may only be high in terms of individual earnings when it is associated to qualification mismatch. For economies, field-of-study mismatch, when associated with qualifications mismatch, can amount to important costs, meriting the attention of policy makers to better aligning course places to skill needs or by encouraging skill transferability across fields.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxm4dhv9r2-en
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  • 75
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    How should one measure economic insecurity? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Sicherheit ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: People feel economically insecure when they perceive a significant hazard or danger looming in the future, which they are unable to insure against, avoid or ignore. While all OECD countries devote significant resources to mitigate economic insecurity, no consensus exists on the best way to measure it. The paper reviews the pros and cons of the main approaches proposed by the literature and identifies a number of criteria than an ideal measure of economic insecurity should satisfy. It advocates the construction of household level sub-indices for the hazards identified in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e. unemployment, illness, widowhood, disability and old age) and their aggregation to an over-all summary measure of economic insecurity, discussing what could be done with existing data and what additional information should be collected.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4t78q9lq7-en
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  • 76
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    Beyond GDP : is there a law of one shadow price? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/05
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Verfügbares Einkommen ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Sterblichkeit ; Opportunitätskosten ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds a welfare measure encompassing household disposable income, unemployment and longevity, while using two different sets of “shadow prices” for non-income variables. The valuations of vital and unemployment risks estimated from life satisfaction data (“subjective shadow prices”) and those derived from model-based approaches and calibrated utility functions (“model-based shadow prices”) are shown to be broadly consistent once a number of conditions are fulfilled. Subjective shadow prices appear to be inflated by the downward bias on the income variable in life satisfaction regressions conducted at the individual level, while the latter bias is largely removed when running regressions at the country level. On the other hand, model-based shadow prices are typically underestimated as: i) the valuation of the unemployment risk is assumed to take place under the veil of ignorance (i.e. for a representative agent that has no information on her current or future unemployment situation); ii) the standard model relies on a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function, which has no specific relative risk aversion parameter for unemployment and vital risks; iii) the Value of Statistical Life that is used in standard calibration pertains to the adult lifespan while life expectancy at birth covers the entire lifetime.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxzss47-en
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  • 77
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    Cross-country evidence on start-up dynamics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides a description of start-up dynamics exploiting the richness of the recently collected DynEmp v.2 database. The contribution of new firms in terms of new jobs to the existing workforce can be expressed as a combination of four different elements: the start-up rate; the average size of firms at point of entry; the survival rate; and the average growth rate of survivors. This decomposition shows that the four elements interplay in very different ways, even across economies with similar aggregate start-up contributions. The most homogenous component across countries is the survival rate, which is equal to just above 60% after three years from entry, to about 50% after five years, and to just over 40% after seven years. Furthermore, in most countries the probability of exiting is highest at the age of two, and decreases (linearly) beyond that age. When looking at employment growth of surviving businesses, it is found that the large majority of surviving micro start-ups do not grow; however, the tiny proportion of small start-ups which do grow creates a disproportionate amount of jobs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtkb9mxtb-en
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  • 78
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    Cross-country estimates of employment and investment in organisational capital : a task-based methodology using PIAAC data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/08
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Humankapital ; Bildungsinvestition ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work proposes a task-based methodology for the measurement of employment and investment in organisational capital (OC) in 20 OECD countries. It builds on the methodology of Squicciarini and Le Mouel (2012) and uses information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). OC is defined as firm-specific organisational knowledge resulting from the performance of tasks affecting the long-term functioning of firms, such as developing objectives and strategies; organising, planning and supervising production; and managing human resources. Cross-country heterogeneity in OC-related occupations emerges: while 20 occupational classes of the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 2008) are on average identified as being OC-related, country-specific values range between 14 (in Korea) and 24 occupations (in Poland). A core group of managerial occupations are consistently identified as OC occupations across countries, whereas differences arise in the selection of professionals and associate professionals in science and engineering, health, education, and business administration. Estimates suggest the share of OC occupations in total employment to amount to 16% on average, with country-specific values that vary between 9.5% (Denmark) and 26% (United Kingdom); and that total investment in OC, as a share of value-added, ranges from 1.4% in the Czech Republic to 3.7% in the United Kingdom, with an average 2.2% across all countries. Managers appear to account for less than half of total employment and investment in OC. Total investment in OC results higher in services than in manufacturing. In the services sector, on average half of investment in OC comes from small firms, while in manufacturing, 45% of investment in OC comes from large firms. Finally, the importance of OC investment in the public sector is investigated. With only few exceptions, investment in OC is higher in the public sector than in the private sector. These estimates of OC investment can be used to analyse its role with respect to skill use and mismatch, its impact on the routinisation of tasks and resulting polarisation of wage distribution, and its role in firms' integration and upgrading along global value chains (GVC).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3smfgcjb-en
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  • 79
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    Emerging policy issues : localisation barriers to trade (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (125 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 180
    Keywords: Herkunftsbezeichnung ; CGE-Modell ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Handelshemmnisse ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite the predominately negative evidence of the impact of local content requirements on trade, they continue to play a significant role in trade policy. This has been particularly true since the financial crisis of 2008. The work presented here provides new evidence of the detrimental effects these policies have on the imposing country’s own economy. Most empirical studies have focused on the long run inefficiencies associated with LCRs, notably in the effected sector. This paper highlights the costs to other sectors in the economy, the different impacts on intermediate versus final demand, and the declines in trade in third-party economies, despite not engaging in direct trade with the imposing country. Economies imposing LCRs experience a decrease in exports in non-LCR effected sectors and a growing concentration of domestic activity in a few targeted sectors, undermining potential growth and innovation on a broader scale. The paper concludes by offering policy alternatives.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1m6v5qd5j-en
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  • 80
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    Financial education for migrants and their families (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 38
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Money remitted by international migrants is a major source of income for many countries around the world, exceeding all international development funds combined. Yet individual migrants and their families are often amongst the most vulnerable people in society, and many face significant barriers to the access and use of appropriate financial products. Recognising their importance and vulnerability, some home and host countries are taking measures to support migrant workers and their families and improve their financial literacy; in some cases this occurs within the framework of a national strategy for financial education. In order to increase the extent of such support and to improve international co-operation, this paper seeks to illustrate the key challenges and suggest possible ways forward. The lessons learned will be used by the OECD and its International Network on Financial Education to develop a checklist for policy makers in order to increase the coverage of high-quality financial education for migrants.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4h5rw17vh-en
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  • 81
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    Urban spatial structure in OECD cities : is urban population decentralising or clustering? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: 2001 - 2011 ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtstruktur ; Stadtwachstum ; Trend ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of urban spatial structure and its trends in the OECD between 2001 and 2011. It does so by using a standardised definition of urban areas in 29 OECD countries as composed of high density cores and their respective commuting zones. While urban population is growing everywhere, the way in which populations locate throughout the urban space differs across OECD cities and countries. The prevalent trend is an increasing dispersion of the population, with growth taking place outside existing centres. However, in specific countries, there are cities experiencing a higher growth in their central cores, while others are strengthening their polycentric structures. Overall, the population has grown more in relatively low-density locations close to the main centre, but outside it. Closeness to sub-centres also proves to be a strong advantage for growth and suggests the emergence of new centralities shaping urban spatial structures.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3d834r3q7-en
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  • 82
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    Assessing the impacts of alcohol policies : a microsimulation approach (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (127 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 80
    Keywords: Alkoholkonsum ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Alkoholpolitik ; Mikrosimulation ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Alcohol policies have significant potential to curb alcohol-related harms, improve health, increase productivity, reduce crime and violence, and cut government expenditure. The WHO Global Strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol provides a menu of policy options based on international consensus, which the OECD has used as a starting point in identifying a set of policies to be assessed in an economic analysis based on a computer simulation approach. This working paper provides a comprehensive illustration of the modelling approach, input data and underlying assumptions that have been used to carry out the analyses. The policies assessed in three country settings – Canada, the Czech Republic and Germany – include price policies, regulation and enforcement policies, education programmes and health care interventions. The results of the OECD analyses show that brief interventions in primary care, typically targeting high-risk drinkers, and tax increases, which affect all drinkers, have the potential to generate large health gains. The impacts of regulation and enforcement policies as well as other health care interventions are more dependent on the setting and mode of implementation, while school-based programmes show less promise. Alcohol policies have the potential to prevent alcohol-related disabilities and injuries in hundreds of thousands of working-age people in the countries examined, with major potential gains in their productivity. Most alcohol policies are estimated to cut health care expenditures to the extent that their implementation costs would be more than offset. Health care interventions and enforcement of drinking-and-driving restrictions are more expensive policies, but they still have very favourable cost-effectiveness profiles.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qwkvx36d-en
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  • 83
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    The distributional effects of energy taxes (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 23
    Keywords: Energiesteuer ; Steuerwirkung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: New evidence for 21 OECD countries shows that the distributional effects of energy taxes differ by energy carrier. On an expenditure basis, taxes on transport fuels are not regressive on average, as households in lower expenditure deciles spend a lower proportion of their expenditure on taxes on transport fuels. While the unweighted 21-country average of the proportion of income spent on transport fuel taxes is highest for households in the lowest and in the middle deciles, there is heterogeneity across countries. Some countries show progressive effects of taxes on transport fuels both on an expenditure and an income basis, while others show more proportional effects or tend to place the highest burden on middle expenditure deciles. Taxes on heating fuels are slightly regressive, i.e., the percentage of expenditure spent on them decreases with expenditure. Taxes on electricity are more regressive than taxes on heating fuels.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qwkqqrbv-en
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  • 84
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    Structural reforms and income distribution (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 13
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Strukturpolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; Vergleich ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new empirical evidence on the effects of structural policies on household disposable incomes at different income levels. More specifically, it investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and on household incomes at different points of the distribution. One aim is to verify whether policy decisions may face tradeoffs between objectives of economic efficiency and equity. Many growth enhancing structural reforms are found to deliver stronger income gains for households at the lower end of the distribution compared with the average household, an indication that they may reduce inequality in disposable incomes. Such is the case of reducing regulatory barriers to domestic competition as well as to trade and FDI; stepping-up job-search support and activation programmes. Conversely, other reforms involve trade-offs between the efficiency and equity objective. This is the case of the tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed, which is found to lift GDP per capita and average household incomes, but also to reduce disposable incomes at the lower end of the distribution.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777lbxzn-en
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  • 85
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    Prudent debt targets and fiscal frameworks (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 15
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The sharp rise in debt experienced by most OECD countries raises questions about debt indicators and the prudent government debt level countries should target. It also raises questions about the fiscal frameworks needed to reach the prudent debt level and to accommodate cyclical fluctuations along the convergence path towards a prudent debt target. The objective of this paper is to define long-run prudent debt targets for OECD countries and country-specific fiscal rules. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of government liabilities and assets and formulates recommendations for debt indicators. It also reviews the different linkages between government debt and the economic activity. The lessons from these analyses are combined with an assessment of the uncertainties surrounding the development of macroeconomic variables to define a prudent debt target. Different fiscal rules are compared with regard their impact on fiscal discipline and the risk of recession for country-specific fiscal rules recommendations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtjmmt9f7-en
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  • 86
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    Emergency care services : trends, drivers and interventions to manage the demand (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 83
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Notaufnahme ; Nachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Emergency departments are the front line of health care systems and play a critical role in ensuring an efficient and high-quality response for patients in stress or crisis situations. A growing demand for emergency care might however reduce patients’ satisfaction (through waiting times), increase health provider workload and adversely affect quality of care. This working paper begins with an overview of the trends in the volume of emergency department visits across 21 OECD countries. It then explores the main drivers of emergency department visits in hospital settings, paying attention to both demand and supply side determinants. Thereafter, national approaches instituted by countries to reduce the demand for emergency care and to guarantee a more efficient use of emergency resources are presented.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrts344crns-en
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  • 87
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    How demanding are eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, quantitative indicators for OECD and EU countries (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 166
    Keywords: Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Lohnersatzleistungen ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, which require recipients to actively look for work, take up suitable job offers or take part in active labour market programmes (ALMPs), or risk benefit sanctions, can play an important role in offsetting the negative impact of generous unemployment benefits on employment incentives. This paper presents information on the strictness of eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits for 40 OECD and/or EU member countries. It covers availability requirements during ALMPs and suitable work criteria, job search requirements and monitoring of independent job search effort, and sanctions for voluntary unemployment, refusing a job offer or participation in active labour market measures. These qualitative data are then used to compile a composite indicator of the strictness of eligibility criteria and some comparisons are made with the results of a similar exercise by the OECD in 2011. This indicator complements existing cross-country indicators relating to unemployment benefits, such as net replacement rate data from the OECD Taxes and Benefits Database and data on ALMP expenditure compiled annually by Eurostat and the OECD.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtk1zw8f2-en
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  • 88
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    Working and learning : a diversity of patterns (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 169
    Keywords: Betriebliches Bildungsmanagement ; Weiterbildung ; OECD-Staaten ; Fachkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The combination of work and study has been hailed as crucial to ensure that youth develop the skills required on the labour market so that transitions from school to work are shorter and smoother. This paper fills an important gap in availability of internationally-comparable data. Using the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), it draws a comprehensive picture of work and study in 23 countries/regions. Crucially, it decomposes the total share of working students by the context in which they work (VET, apprenticeships or private arrangements) and assesses the link between field of study and students’ work. The paper also assesses how the skills of students are used in the workplace compared to other workers and identifies the socio-demographic factors and the labour market institutions that increase the likelihood of work and study. Finally, while it is not possible to examine the relationship between work and study and future labour market outcomes at the individual level, some aggregate correlations are unveiled.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw4bz6hl43-en
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  • 89
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    Fiscal redistribution in middle income countries : Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 171
    Keywords: 2010 ; Finanzpolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Einkommensverteilung ; Brasilien ; Chile ; Kolumbien ; Indonesien ; Mexiko ; Peru ; Südafrika ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the redistributive impact of fiscal policy for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru and South Africa using comparable fiscal incidence analysis with data from around 2010. The largest redistributive effect is in South Africa and the smallest in Indonesia. Success in fiscal redistribution is driven primarily by redistributive effort (share of social spending to GDP in each country) and the extent to which transfers/subsidies are targeted to the poor and direct taxes targeted to the rich. While fiscal policy always reduces inequality, this is not the case with poverty. Fiscal policy increases poverty in Brazil and Colombia (over and above market income poverty) due to high consumption taxes on basic goods. The marginal contribution of direct taxes, direct transfers and in-kind transfers is always equalizing. The marginal effect of net indirect taxes is unequalizing in Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia and South Africa. Total spending on education is pro-poor except for Indonesia, where it is neutral in absolute terms. Health spending is pro-poor in Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa, roughly neutral in absolute terms in Mexico, and not pro-poor in Indonesia and Peru.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrrwdt037mv-en
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  • 90
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    Estimating cross-country investment in training : an experimental methodology using PIAAC data (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/09
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2011 - 2012 ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Berufsbildung ; Weiterbildung ; Bildungsinvestition ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The present work proposes a novel methodology for the measurement of investment in human capital in the form of training. Differently from existing studies, the expenditures-based approach pursued encompasses investment in formal and on-the-job training, as well as in informal learning and yields estimates that account for both the opportunity and the direct cost of the different forms of training considered. Using a wide array of data sources, including new and rich individual-level data collected through the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey as well as Labour Force Surveys (LFS) and System of National Accounts (SNA) data, the study proposes estimates of investment in training for the years 2011-2012. These cover 22 OECD countries and are provided at both the economy and industry levels. Estimates suggest that average total investment in training corresponds to 6.7% of gross value added (GVA), with investment in on-the-job training (amounting to 2.4% of GVA, on average) that are substantially in line with those of previous literature. Wide sector and country heterogeneity in the relative importance of investment in formal and on-the-job and informal learning also emerge. On average, production appears more intensive in on-the-job training (relative to other training types) than overall services, but not relative to business services only. Public-oriented services such as education and health services invest a greater (smaller) proportion of total training expenditure in formal (on-the-job) training than other sectors and the overall economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3sftp8nw-en
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  • 91
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    Participation of developing countries in global value chains : implications for trade and traderelated policies (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 179
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Vorleistungen ; Investition ; Handelsabkommen ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Entwicklungsländer ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although global value chains (GVCs) are often considered a defining feature of the current wave of globalisation, little is known about: i) what drives GVC participation; ii) what the benefits associated to growing participation are; or iii) how developing countries engage and benefit from GVCs. This paper tackles these questions empirically. The evidence indicates there are important benefits to be had from wider participation in terms of enhanced productivity, sophistication and diversification of exports. Structural factors, such as geography, size of the market and level of development are found to be key determinants of GVC participation. Trade and investment policy reforms as well as improvements of logistics and customs, intellectual property protection, infrastructure and institutions can, however, also play an active role in promoting further engagement. A more in-depth analysis of GVC participation and policy context in five developing sub-regions in Africa, the Middle East and Asia highlights key differences and similarities, and can be a starting point for policy makers in the regions to assess their countries’ GVC engagement and to consider policy options.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
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  • 92
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    International trade and investment by state enterprises (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 184
    Keywords: Unternehmensstatistik ; Außenhandel ; Auslandsinvestition ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Subvention ; Handelspräferenzen ; Corporate Governance ; WTO-Verhandlungen ; Handelsabkommen ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent surge in competition between state and private firms in global markets calls for a reflection on how to minimise any potentially distortionary effects on international trade and investment created by state enterprises while at the same time restraining any undue protectionist policy responses directed at them. This paper provides an assessment of the extent and nature of existing and potential problems as well as a stocktaking of regulatory approaches that can be used to alleviate them. The new empirical evidence on the extent and nature of existing problems presented in this paper comes from the OECD Business Survey on State Influence on Competition in International Markets conducted on 157 firms in 2014. The characterisation of the regulatory landscape draws on the information contained in the OECD Database on National Practices and Regulations with Respect to State Enterprises which comprises 41 indicators covering relevant practices and regulations across 43 countries. In conclusion, cross-border effects of state enterprises remain an important policy issue but views on how to obtain a more level international playing field differ across countries. Further consideration of the definition of entities which should be the focus of guidance of potential international disciplines would be an important area for future exploration and, crucially, would require greater transparency both from the governments and the entities under their influence. These discussions should not be limited only to state-owned entities, but should be extended to a broader spectrum of state firms. In the meantime, it is important that governments neither use state enterprises to influence competition in international markets, nor unduly discriminate against foreign state enterprises that trade and invest according to market principles.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrtcr9x6c48-en
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  • 93
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    Agricultural specific trade facilitation indicators : an overview (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers 74
    Keywords: perishable product ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Pflanzenschutz ; Landhandel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade facilitation matters. Estimates of trade friction costs from border and custom procedures are relatively high. Trade facilitation to allow for the speedy movement of traded goods may be more important for agricultural, especially perishable, products than for other goods because of their time sensitivity, especially for developing countries. Data suggest that many countries across the geographic and income spectrum have improved their performance on several trade facilitation variables. Concurrently, agricultural trade has grown substantially, especially from low and lower middle income countries. The data suggest that further improvements to trade facilitation in many low and lower middle income countries are needed for them to catch up with best practices. Impediments to trade remain, as indicated by the relatively high tariff equivalent of trade costs, especially on agricultural products.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4wzp09q6f-en
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  • 94
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    Schools for 21st-century learners : strong leaders, confident teachers, innovative approaches (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    ISBN: 9789264231191
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 S.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Summit on the Teaching Profession
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Des écoles pour les apprenants du XXIe siècle : Des chefs d'établissement énergiques, des enseignants confiants et des méthodes novatrices
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Schools for 21st-Century Learners: Strong Leaders, Confident Teachers, Innovative Approaches (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Šole za učence 21. stoletja: Močni vodje, samozavestni učitelji, inovativni pristopi
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schleicher, Andreas, 1964 - Schools for 21st-century learners
    DDC: 371.2
    Keywords: Schule ; Lehrkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Schulleiter ; Schulverwaltung ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Lehrer ; Selbstwirksamkeit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Successful education systems are those that promote leadership at all levels, thereby encouraging teachers and principals, regardless of the formal positions they occupy, to lead innovation in the classroom, the school and the system as a whole. This report summarises evidence from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey and the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment that underpins the three themes of the 2015 International Summit on the Teaching Profession: school leadership, teachers’ self-efficacy and innovation in education. It also offers examples from around the world of how some schools are introducing innovative ways of teaching and learning to better equip students with the skills they need to participate fully in 21st-century global economies.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264231191-en
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