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  • 2005-2009  (4,697)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,979)
  • [Washington, D.C] : World Bank  (718)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cities, Climate Change and Multilevel Governance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 125 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.14
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cities represent a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. As the hubs of economic activity, cities generate the bulk of GHG emissions and are thus important to mitigation strategies. Urban planning will shape future trends and the concentration of population, socio-economic activity, poverty and infrastructure in urban areas translates into particular vulnerability to increased climate hazards. City governments and urban stakeholders will therefore be essential in the design and delivery of cost-effective adaptation policies. Further, by empowering local governments, national policies could leverage existing local experiments, accelerate policy responses, foster resource mobilization and engage local stakeholders. This paper presents a framework for multilevel governance, showing that advancing governance of climate change across all levels of government and relevant stakeholders is crucial to avoid policy gaps between local action plans and national policy frameworks (vertical integration) and to encourage cross-scale learning between relevant departments or institutions in local and regional governments (horizontal dimension). Vertical and horizontal integration allows two-way benefits: locally-led or bottom-up where local initiatives influence national action and nationally-led or top-down where enabling frameworks empower local players. The most promising frameworks combine the two into hybrid models of policy dialogue where the lessons learnt are used to modify and fine-tune enabling frameworks and disseminated horizontally, achieving more efficient local implementation of climate strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/220062444715
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.708
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds as a measure of (in) equality of opportunity in OECD countries and looks at the role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15- year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Policies allowing increasing social mix are found to reduce school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance. Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socioeconomic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.
    DOI: 10.1787/223056645650
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230; 21-day Fish Assay; A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay: A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo de certaines substances actives sur le système endocrinien sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). Cet essai couvre le dépistage de l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique, et l’inhibition de l’aromatase. L’essai a été validé sur le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), le médaka japonnais (Oryzias latipes) et le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio); cependant le poisson-zèbre ne permet pas de détecter l’activité androgénique. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, en fonction de l’espèce testée, un ou deux biomarqueur(s) sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique ou sur l’inhibition de l’aromatase. Ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. La vitellogénine est dosée chez le tête-de-boule, le medaka japonais et le poisson-zèbre tandis que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont mesurés chez le tête-de-boule et le medaka japonais uniquement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076235-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Impacts of the Phase-Out in 2005 of Quantitative Restrictions under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.90
    DOI: 10.1787/220185234525
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions : Review of Models (Russian version) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062238
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Keywords: Governance
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062238-ru
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infrastructure Investment : Links to Growth and the Role of Public Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.686
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure – the energy, water, transport and telecommunication networks – which performs a vital role for the functioning of the economy, can contribute to raising growth and social welfare. But more is not always better. While the paper shows that investment in the network industries has had a positive effect over and above the addition to the capital stock, there is evidence that investment in the past has sometimes been misallocated. This paper identifies the policy framework that promotes investment that is conducive to growth and ensures the appropriate use of infrastructure. Central aspects of this framework are identified as a robust decision making process, improving the selection of investment projects, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and vertical separation when this is appropriate. In addition, efficient investment can be promoted by the combination of regulator independence and the application of incentive regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/225678178357
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071186
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 ; Études de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a long-term carcinogenicity study is to observe test animals for a major portion of their life span for the development of neoplastic lesions during or after exposure to various doses of a test substance by an appropriate route of administration. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rats and mice, and for oral administration. Both sexes should be used. Each dose group and concurrent control group should contain at least 50 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used. Animals are dosed with the test substance daily (oral, dermal or inhalation administration) and the mode of exposure should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the study will normally be 24 months for rodents. For specific strains of mice, duration of 18 months may be more appropriate. Termination of the study should be considered when the number of survivors in the lower dose groups or the control group falls below 25 per cent. The results of these studies include: measurements (weighing, food consumption), and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071186-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Technology Roadmap: Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088177
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap focuses on electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles (EV/PHEV), presenting for the first time a detailed scenario for their evolution from annual production of a few thousand to over 100 million vehicles by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for EVs and PHEVs: governments, the automobile industry, electric utilities and other stakeholders must work together to roll out vehicles and infrastructure in a coordinated fashion, and ensure that the rapidly growing consumer market is ready to purchase them. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088177-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Green Growth : Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance verte ; La crise et au-delà
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance verte : La crise et au-delà
    Keywords: OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Alternative ; Investition ; Umweltschutzmarkt ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Beschäftigung ; Konjunkturpolitik ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltpolitik ; Innovation ; OECD-Länder Wirtschaftskrise ; Alternative ; Investition ; Umweltindustrie ; Wirkung/Auswirkung ; Beschäftigung ; Konjunkturprogramm ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltpolitik ; Innovation ; Environment
    Abstract: Within the context of sustainable development, natural resources and ecosystem services provided by the environment are essential to support economic growth social wellbeing, and human health. Inaction on key environmental challenges, such as climate change, could lead to severe economic consequences in the future. It is important that the measures governments are taking now to address the economic crisis are designed so that they support – and at least do not compromise – sustainable long-term, environmentally friendly growth in the future. This discussion paper highlights some of the measures governments are already taking to 'green' their approches to economic recovery, and some of the key issues they may wish to further consider going forward regarding the impact of these approaches on the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083639-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076358
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 441; Hershberger Bioassay in Rats; A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats: A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le bio-essai de Hershberger est un essai de dépistage in vivo à court terme. Il permet d’évaluer la capacité d’un produit chimique à induire des activités biologiques analogues à celles induites par des agonistes et des antagonistes d’androgène ou des inhibiteurs de 5α-réductase. L’essai actuel est fondé sur les variations de poids de cinq tissus dépendant des androgènes chez le rat mâle péri-pubertaire castré: la prostate ventrale, la vésicule séminale (plus les fluides et les glandes coagulantes), le muscle élévateur de l’anus et bulbo-caverneux, la paire de glandes de Cowper et le gland. Pour tester les androgènes ou les anti-androgènes, deux - respectivement trois - groupes de doses de la substance d’essai, plus un témoin positif et un témoin de véhicule (négatif) sont normalement suffisants. La substance d’essai est administrée par gavage ou injection sous-cutanée, chaque jour, pendant 10 jours consécutifs. Pour tester les anti-androgènes, la substance d’essai est administrée avec un agoniste d’androgène de référence. Chaque groupe traité ou témoin comprend au moins six animaux. Les animaux sont autopsiés environ 24 heures après la dernière administration de la substance d’essai. Les tissus sont excisés et les poids frais sont déterminés. Une augmentation (pour les androgènes) ou une diminution (pour les anti-androgènes) du poids de deux des cinq tissues, statistiquement significative, indique une réponse positive dans cet essai.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076358-fr
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076242
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 ; Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an amphibian metamorphosis assay intended to screen substances which may interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The assay was validated with the species Xenopus laevis, which is recommended for use in the Guideline. The assay uses three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. The assay starts with tadpoles at the development stage 51 on the Nieuwkoop and Faber scale and is extended for a duration of 21 days. Four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). After 7 days of exposure, a sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is sampled for the measurement of the length of the hind-limb. At termination of 21-day exposure period, developmental stage, snout-to-vent length and hind limb length are measured on all remaining tadpoles. A sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is fixed (whole-body or dissected) for histopathology of the thyroid gland.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076242-en
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  • 12
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    Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076266
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231; Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de métamorphose des amphibiens dans le but de dépister certaines substances pouvant intérférer avec le fonctionnement normal de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-thyroidien. L’essai a été validé sur le xénope (Xenopus laevis) qui est donc l’espèce recommandée dans la présente Ligne directrice. L’essai fait usage de trois niveaux de concentrations du produit chimique testé, ainsi que des témoins nécessaires, y compris un témoin-solvant au besoin. L’essai commence avec des têtards au stade de développement 51 sur l’échelle de Nieuwkoop et Faber, et s’étend sur une durée de 21 jours. Quatre cuves répliquats sont utilisés à chaque niveaux de traitement et pour le(s) témoin(s). Après 7 jours d’exposition, un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement et du(des) témoin(s) est échantillonné pour mesurer la longueur du membre antérieur. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, le stade de développement, la longueur museau-cloaque et la longueur du membre antérieur sont mesurés chez tous les têtards restants. Un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement, y compris du témoin, est fixé (in toto ou disséqué) pour l’évaluation histopathologique de la glande thyroide.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076266-fr
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076204
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 229; Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). L’essai à court terme de reproduction a été validé chez le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), qui est donc l’espèce de prédilection. L’essai est mené avec trois niveaux de concentration chimique et les contrôles appropriés, y compris un contrôle contenant le solvent si nécessaire. Pour le tête-de-boule, quatre réplicats sont utilisés pour chaque niveau de concentration et contrôle(s). Pendant toute la durée de l’essai, la fécondité est en outre évaluée quotidiennement sur le plan quantitatif. A l’issue de cette période d’exposition de 21 jours, deux biomarqueurs sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur le système endocrinien ; ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. Les gonades sont préservées et l’histopathologie gonadique peut être utilisée pour évaluer l’adaptation du système reproducteur des animaux testés et pour confirmer les éléments de preuve apportés par les autres biomarqueurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076204-fr
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  • 14
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    L' impact de la culture sur le tourisme (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060340
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Impact of Culture on Tourism
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: L'Impact de la culture sur le tourisme examine la corrélation croissante entre le tourisme et la culture, et comment ils sont devenus ensemble de puissants vecteurs de l'attractivité et de la compétitivité des destinations. Sur la base d'études de cas illustrant différents aspects des relations entre le tourisme, la culture et l’attractivité régionale ainsi que les initiatives publiques qui peuvent être prises pour renforcer ces relations, cette publication démontre comment le lien entre tourisme et culture peut être renforcé afin d'accroître l’attractivité des destinations pour les touristes, mais aussi leur compétitivité comme lieux de visite, de résidence, de travail et d’investissement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060340-fr
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  • 15
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    Essai n 438 : Méthode d'essai sur œil de poulet isolé pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076327
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438; Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai sur œil de poulet isolé (OPI) est une méthode d’essai in vitro pouvant être utilisée pour classer des substances parmi les substances « corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux ». La méthode OPI utilise des yeux prélevés sur des poulets provenant d’abattoirs, où ils sont tués à des fins de consommation humaine, évitant ainsi le recours à ders animaux de laboratoire. L’œil est énucléé et placé sur un support d’œil, la cornée étant en position horizontale. La substance d’essai et les contrôles négatifs/positifs sont appliqués sur la cornée. Les effets toxiques pour la cornée sont estimés à partir d’une évaluation qualitative de son opacité, une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement de l’épithélium sur la base de la rétention de fluorescéine, une mesure quantitative de l’augmentation de son épaisseur (gonflement), et une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement morphologique macroscopique de la surface. Chacune de ces évaluations se traduit par un classement OPI, et la combinaison des classements correspondants fournit un classement d’irritation pour chaque substance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076327-fr
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  • 16
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    Construire un cadre institutionnel pour l'analyse d'impact de la réglementation (AIR) : Orientations destinées aux décideurs (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050105
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (81 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Building an Institutional Framework for Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA); Guidance for Policy Makers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Building an Institutional Framework for Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA): Guidance for Policy Makers
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’analyse d’impact de la réglementation (AIR) est un instrument fondamental qui aide les autorités à évaluer les bienfaits, le coût et les effets probables de la réglementation en projet ou en vigueur. La réglementation étant ainsi mieux conçue, l’AIR contribue à l’efficience recherchée par les responsables de l’action publique. Cet apport est d’autant plus précieux que les autorités doivent faire face à des contraintes budgétaires et répondre par leur action à des impératifs concurrents. Ce guide, destiné aux décideurs qui souhaiteraient mieux connaître l’AIR, a pour but de traiter les principales étapes de l’AIR en insistant sur les conditions institutionnelles qu’il est indispensable de réunir pour que la réalisation aboutisse. Il s’appuie sur les très nombreux travaux que l’OCDE a consacrés à la pratique de l’AIR dans les pays membres. Le cadre de l’OCDE souligne l’intérêt de l’AIR, qui permet aux praticiens de mieux comprendre les conditions requises pour mettre en application un mécanisme d’AIR et pérenniser son fonctionnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050105-fr
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  • 17
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    Fédéralisme budgétaire en Belgique : Défis principaux et réformes envisageables (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.743
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fiscal Federalism in Belgium: Main Challenges and Considerations for Reform
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Ce document de travail porte sur l’état actuel des relations budgétaires entre les différents niveaux d’administration en Belgique ainsi que sur la manière dont celles-ci ont évolué au fil du temps. Partant du constat que le système qui donne corps au fédéralisme budgétaire est source de déséquilibres entre l’administration fédérale et les échelons infra-fédéraux (déséquilibre vertical) de même qu’entre les différentes entités fédérées (déséquilibre horizontal), les auteurs esquissent des orientations pour l’améliorer. Faute de réformes, le déséquilibre vertical ne fera que s’accentuer dans la mesure où la charge budgétaire imposée par le vieillissement de la population grèvera principalement le budget fédéral. Aussi la réforme devra-telle viser à renforcer la capacité budgétaire de l’administration fédérale en améliorant ses sources de recettes et en faisant basculer la charge représentée par certaines dépenses obligatoires sur les entités fédérées. Le déséquilibre entre régions résulte du manque de cohérence entre fiscalité et dépenses. Les recettes partagées provenant de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques sont attribuées à la région de résidence tandis que la région du lieu de travail n’en bénéficie pas, ce qui pénalise particulièrement la région de Bruxelles-Capitale en termes de recettes. Cette anomalie pourrait être corrigée en attribuant à la région du lieu de travail une proportion plus élevée des recettes partagées de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques. Par ailleurs, il conviendrait de réorganiser le système des subventions de péréquation afin d’inciter les régions bénéficiaires à développer leurs propres sources de recettes fiscales. La performance du système budgétaire pourrait être encore améliorée si l’on réussissait à accroître l’efficience des dépenses dans les domaines d’intérêt national qui sont du ressort des entités fédérées ou dans lesquels on observe un chevauchement de compétences, qu’il s’agisse des politiques de l’emploi, de la R-D, de la formation, de l’éducation, de l’énergie et de l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/218553473765
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  • 18
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    Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076273
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 ; Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproduction of collembolans in soil. The parthenogenetic Folsomia candida is the recommended species for use, but an alternative species such as sexually reproducing Folsomia fimetaria could also be used if they meet the validity criteria. This Guideline can be used for testing both water soluble and insoluble substances but it is not applicable to volatile ones. The Guideline aims to determine toxic effects of the test substance on adult mortality and reproductive output expressed as LCx and ECx respectively, or NOEC/LOEC value. The number of treatment concentrations varies depending on endpoints to be determined. For a combined approach to examine both the NOEC/LOEC and ECx, eight concentrations in a geometric series with four replicates for each concentration as well as eight control replicates should be used. In each test vessel, 10 juveniles F. candida (or 10 males and 10 females adults F. fimetaria) should be placed on 30 g of modified OECD artificial soil using a 5 % organic matter content. The duration of a definitive reproduction test is 4 weeks for F. candida or 3 weeks for F. fimetaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076273-en
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  • 19
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    Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088184
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Windenergie ; Energietechnik ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkulation ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Einstellung ; Akteur ; Energiewirtschaft ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Global Windkraft ; Energietechnik ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Relation ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Haltung von Akteuren zu Einzelfragen ; Energiewirtschaft ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: Wind energy is perhaps the most advanced of the “new” renewable energy technologies, but there is still much work to be done. This energy technology roadmap identifies the key tasks that must be undertaken in order to achieve a vision of over 2 000 GW of wind energy capacity by 2050. Governments, industry, research institutions and the wider energy sector will need to work together to achieve this goal.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088184-en
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  • 20
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    Gérer les migrations de travailleurs hautement qualifiés : Une analyse comparative des politiques migratoires et des enjeux des migrations dans les pays de l'OCDE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.79
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Highly-Skilled Labour Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Migration Policies and Challenges in OECD Countries
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: La plupart des pays de l’OCDE s’attendent à des pénuries croissantes de travailleurs qualifiés dans les prochaines deux décennies, et l’immigration pourrait bien être une des réponses à ce phénomène. Ces dernières années, ils ont mis en place des politiques pour faciliter le recrutement de ces travailleurs et l’on peut s’attendre à ce qu’ils poursuivent leurs efforts dans ce sens. Ce document donne un aperçu des questions portant sur la gestion des travailleurs immigrés hautement qualifiés. Généralement, un migrant hautement qualifié est sensé avoir au moins une éducation de niveau supérieur, mais d’autres définitions sont possibles, notamment sur la base de la profession exercée. Le niveau de salaire est aussi une référence pratique utilisée par certains pays pour considérer que les migrants hautement qualifiés sont les personnes qui reçoivent une rémunération au-dessus d’un certain seuil. Il y a deux principaux moyens pour recruter des travailleurs hautement qualifiés résidant à l’étranger. Le premier est à l’initiative de la demande des employeurs. L’autre est fondé sur l’offre et consiste à inviter les candidats à postuler, et leur admission dépend de certains critères sélectifs comme l’âge, le niveau d’instruction, la maîtrise de la langue et la profession exercée. Il s’agit d’un système à points au-delà d’un certain niveau de points obtenus, les candidats ont le droit de s’installer dans le pays d’accueil. Les systèmes fondés sur l’offre ont montré leurs limites au cours des décennies récentes, les pays d’accueil éprouvant des difficultés de recruter de manière à garantir une insertion réussie sur le marché du travail. Les employeurs semblent attribuer moins de valeur aux qualifications et à l’expérience professionnelle acquises dans un pays hors de la zone OCDE. Ainsi, les immigrés arrivant sans emploi préalable, éprouvent de sérieuses difficultés à trouver l’emploi correspondant à leur qualification et leur expérience. En conséquence, on note une tendance générale à transférer à l’employeur tout ou partie de la responsabilité du processus de sélection des candidats à l’immigration. De cette façon, toutes les questions de qualification et d’expérience sont abordées dans le cadre des négociations d’embauche entre les employeurs et les personnes à recruter avant l’immigration. Une deuxième option est de favoriser les candidats à la migration ayant obtenu leurs qualifications dans un pays de l’OCDE et encore plus s’il s’agit du pays d’accueil lui-même. La plupart des pays de l’OCDE ont en fait adopté des mesures pour permettre aux étudiants étrangers ayant achevé leurs études, de rester dans le pays pour rechercher un emploi en relation avec leur niveau et leur domaine d’étude. Dans certains pays, dont la langue nationale est peu parlée au-delà de leurs frontières, le recrutement direct reste problématique, sauf si la langue de travail est internationale, comme l’anglais. Pour de tels pays, le recrutement direct peut encore être possible, si une langue internationale est largement parlée dans les lieux de travail. Autrement, la migration impulsée par devrait être envisagée avec des investissements linguistiques importants demandés aux nouveaux arrivés. Une politique active de recrutement signifie bien davantage que la simple possibilité d’accorder des permis à des employeurs ou à des candidats à l’immigration, sur la base de la reconnaissance de leur niveau de connaissance. Si les migrants hautement qualifiés peuvent être attirés, quels que soient les obstacles à surmonter, par des pays où les salaires sont élevés et dont les langues nationales sont largement parlées, les pays ayant une langue peu parlée en dehors du territoire national et offrant des salaires moins élevés ne pourront se contenter uniquement de la levée des barrières administratives. Dans la plupart des pays, les effets de l’évolution démographique commencent tout juste à se faire sentir. Mais, à l’horizon 2010, plus de la moitié des pays de l’OCDE auront des cohortes entrantes de main d’œuvre moins nombreuses que les cohortes sortantes. L’objectif à moyen terme pour les pays de l’OCDE est d’avoir des mouvements dont l’ampleur et la nature permettront de répondre aux besoins du marché du travail. Il serait prématuré de prétendre que toutes les politiques requises sont d’ores et déjà en place.
    DOI: 10.1787/225488071868
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  • 21
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    Turning African Agriculture into a Business : A Reader (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075887
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine ; Quelques jalons
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine : Quelques jalons
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development
    Abstract: African agriculture is a sleeping giant. Agribusiness remains in its infancy in most sub-Saharan African countries. Many of them now pay higher prices for imported food products and struggle to keep inflationary pressures under control. Given the strong long-term prospect for world food prices, increasing the productivity of food crops becomes a top priority. It requires sizeable investments in irrigation, storage, transport infrastructure and logistics, as well as better access to markets for inputs (fertilizers, seeds, planting materials and credit). While successful contract-farming schemes exist for export crops, they remain rare for food crops. Greater involvement of the private sector in designing and implementing such food-crop commercialisation programmes could develop viable local food industries. Existing international financing facilities such as the Enhanced Private Sector Assistance (EPSA) for Africa should get full use. Whether Africa can unleash the potential of commercial agriculture in the coming decades also depends in no small part on the continuous and effective support of the international development community. The findings summarised in this volume can serve as building blocks for further international discussions on fostering agro-based private-sector development and lifting smallholders out of poverty.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075887-en
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  • 22
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    Intégration, non-intégration des transports maritimes, des activités portuaires et logistiques : quelques évidences empiriques ; Contribution à la Table Ronde des 5-6 février 2009 sur "Intégration verticale du transport et de la logistique" (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2009-1
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/01
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: En cinquante années, la conteneurisation est devenue l’épine dorsale de la mondialisation. Ce processus peut s’expliquer par une interaction vertueuse entre trois grands types de facteurs : des facteurs techniques, économiques et organisationnels. En effet, la conteneurisation n’est à l’origine qu’une simple innovation technique. Mais le conteneur, outil intermodal, ouvre la voie à de nouveaux schémas organisationnels de transport qui s’inscrivent dans la durée. Ces facteurs organisationnels mettent en cause les acteurs du transport qui ont dû redéfinir les frontières de leur métier respectif, afin de mettre en oeuvre des chaînes de transport porte à porte fiables et globales par leur étendue géographique. Ces possibilités ouvertes par la conteneurisation seraient restées lettre morte, si elles n’avaient pas correspondu à de profonds bouleversements des facteurs économiques depuis les années 1970. La très forte croissance du commerce international des produits manufacturés, systématiquement supérieures à celle de l’ensemble du commerce international, elle-même supérieure à celle du PIB, caractérise une accentuation de la division internationale du travail qui n’était possible que sous-tendue par un puissant système de transport.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Frémont, Antoine: Empirical Evidence for Integration and Disintegration of Maritime Shipping, Port and Logistics Activities , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/227542743751
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  • 23
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    The Making of Global Finance 1880-1913 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015364
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les origines de la mondialisation financière 1880-1913
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: This study traces the roots of global financial integration in the first “modern” era of globalisation from 1880 to 1913 and can serve as a valuable tool to current-day policy dilemmas by using historical data to see which policies in the past led to enhanced international financing for development. A major conclusion is that the successful management of international financial integration depends primarily on broad institutional and political factors and financial policies, rather than simply opening or closing individual economies to the international winds. "A careful and vigorously argued monograph… an important book that future research in this area will have to take into account." – eh.net book review by Hugh Rockoff of Rutgers University.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015364-en
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  • 24
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    Mejorar el liderazgo escolar, Volumen 1 : política y práctica (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264074026
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1; Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la direction des établissements scolaires, Volume 1 ; Politiques et pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1 (Estonian version); Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1; Policy and Practice (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la direction des établissements scolaires, Volume 1 : Politiques et pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1 (Estonian version): Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice (Lithuanian version)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: A medida que los países se esfuerzan por reformar sus sistemas educativos y mejorar los resultados de los estudiantes, el liderazgo escolar se ha convertido en una prioridad de política educativa. Pero en muchos países, los hombres y mujeres que dirigen las escuelas están sobrecargados de trabajo, reciben salarios bajos y se acercan a su retiro. Y hay pocas personas que aspiran a ser los futuros directores escolares. ¿Cuáles son las funciones de dirección más eficaces para mejorar el aprendizaje de los alumnos? ¿Cómo asignar y distribuir mejor las distintas tareas de liderazgo? ¿Cómo desarrollar las habilidades apropiadas para un liderazgo eficaz? ¿Cómo hacer la profesión atractiva para candidatos de alta calidad? Este libro está basado en un estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y prácticas de liderazgo escolar en el mundo. Ofrece una valiosa perspectiva internacional, identifica cuatro áreas específicas de acción y una gama de opciones de política educativa para ayudar a los gobiernos a mejorar el liderazgo escolar ahora y desarrollar un liderazgo escolar sostenible para el futuro. Volúmenes complementarios Improving School Leadership Volume 2: Case Studies on System Leadership examina métodos innovadores para compartir el liderazgo entre las escuelas de Bélgica (Flandes), Finlandia y el Reino Unido (Inglaterra), así como los programas de desarrollo de liderazgo para la mejora del sistema en Australia y Austria. Mejorar el liderazgo escolar: herramientas de trabajo está diseñado para apoyar a los encargados de política educativa y a los practicantes en la planificación de procesos de reforma para escuelas y sistemas educativos en su contexto nacional. El liderazgo escolar eficaz es considerado como clave para la reforma educativa en el mundo. Estos libros serán de interés para encargados de política educativa, consejos escolares, administradores escolares, directores, maestros y padres de familia.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264074026-es
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  • 25
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    Promouvoir les avantages connexes liés à la biodiversité dans le cadre de la REDD (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Biodiversity Co-Benefits in REDD
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La réduction des émissions liées à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts (REDD) dans les pays en développement est un nouveau mécanisme financier proposé pour le régime climatique post-2012 sous l'égide de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). L’obtention d’un accord sur un futur mécanisme de REDD constituerait un progrès majeur et sans précédent vers la création d’un dispositif international visant à internaliser les services écosystémiques forestiers liés au carbone, et pourrait sensiblement contribuer à relever le défi du changement climatique global. Les forêts jouent également un rôle essentiel pour assurer la biodiversité, et pour fournir d’autres services écosystémiques non liés au carbone. Le plan d’action de Bali reconnaît que l’action en faveur de la REDD « peut avoir des retombées positives et servir les buts et objectifs d’autres conventions et accords internationaux pertinents ». Un exemple notable est celui de la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Le présent rapport examine les moyens de renforcer les avantages connexes pouvant être tirés de la REDD sur le plan de la biodiversité, tant au niveau de la conception qu’à celui de la mise en oeuvre. Il analyse les répercussions potentielles sur la biodiversité des différents dispositifs de REDD envisageables qui ont été avancés dans les négociations internationales sur le changement climatique et poursuit en examinant comment compléter la REDD en créant des incitations supplémentaires spécifiquement axées sur la biodiversité, de manière à cibler directement les avantages liés à celle-ci. Les principaux aspects de la conception d’un mécanisme de REDD sur lesquels il reste à trouver un accord, et qui sont susceptibles d’avoir des répercussions sur la biodiversité, sont notamment la portée du mécanisme, son financement, les niveaux de base ou de référence, la permanence, etc. Par exemple, une approche du financement de la REDD s’appuyant sur le marché (plutôt que sur un système de fonds) permettra vraisemblablement d’obtenir des ressources financières beaucoup plus importantes (en mobilisant directement le secteur privé), d’où un plus grand volume d’activités de REDD, une superficie accrue des zones forestières conservées, et par conséquent des avantages connexes plus importants en termes de biodiversité. Dans l’ensemble, un mécanisme de REDD bien conçu sera susceptible de procurer des avantages connexes substantiels sur le plan de la biodiversité, dans la mesure où le ralentissement de la déforestation et de la dégradation contribue nécessairement à freiner la destruction des habitats et par conséquent la perte de biodiversité. Toutefois, certains des aspects de la conception d’un mécanisme international de REDD peuvent présenter des risques potentiels pour la biodiversité, par exemple les activités de boisement et de reboisement qui aboutissent à des mono-plantations, aussi peut-il être nécessaire de prévoir des mesures de sauvegarde appropriées.
    DOI: 10.1787/218787172420
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  • 26
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    Money Laundering Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264081093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: The purpose of this handbook is to raise the awareness level of tax examiners and auditors on money laundering. It provides guidance in identifying money laundering during the conduct of normal tax audits. It also describes the resources and tools that are available for effective detection and deterrence. While the handbook does not detail criminal investigation methods, it does describe the nature and context of money laundering activities so that tax examiners and auditors can better understand how their contribution can assist criminal investigators in countering money laundering. Tax administrations can adapt the handbook to suit their particular circumstances and to take into account the varying roles that tax administrations have in relation to reporting unusual or suspicious transactions, receiving suspicious transaction reports and investigating money laundering offences. To aid this adaptation key areas of the handbook have been highlighted for “Country Specific Insertions”. While the aim of this handbook is to raise the awareness of tax examiners and tax auditors about the possible implications of transactions or activities related to money laundering and tax crimes, the handbook is not meant to replace domestic policies and procedures.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264081093-en
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  • 27
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    Cadre d'analyse coût-avantages pour l'évaluation des mesures non tarifaires s'appliquant aux échanges agroalimentaires (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Cost-Benefit Framework for the Assessment of Non-Tariff Measures in Agro-Food Trade
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un cadre conceptuel pour l’évaluation des coûts et bénéfices associés aux mesures non tarifaires. Il permet une évaluation comparative basée sur les faits des diverses approches réglementaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/218778445444
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  • 28
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    Le secteur financier peut-il rester le principal moteur de la croissance au Luxembourg? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.660
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Can the Financial Sector continue to be the Main Growth Engine in Luxembourg?
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Le secteur financier a été le principal moteur de l'économie au cours des deux dernières décennies. Les avantages comparatifs du Luxembourg en matière d'activités financières résident essentiellement dans le caractère évolutif de son cadre législatif et réglementaire ainsi que dans le faible niveau de sa fiscalité. En conséquence, le Luxembourg est aujourd'hui un des principaux centres internationaux pour les fonds d'investissement. Au-delà des effets directs et indirects de ce secteur d'activité sur l'emploi, sa retombée la plus importante est l'ampleur des recettes fiscales qu'il permet aux pouvoirs publics d'engranger, puisqu'il représente directement plus de 20 % de l'ensemble des rentrées d'impôts. Cela dit, ces recettes fiscales sont très fluctuantes, dans la mesure où ce secteur est extrêmement sensible à l'évolution des marchés de capitaux internationaux. De fait, les contractions intervenues par le passé sur ces marchés ont eu tendance à entraîner un net ralentissement de la croissance de l'économie luxembourgeoise ainsi que des revenus du secteur financier, ce qui laisse à penser que les risques associés aux turbulences financières internationales actuelles sont très substantiels. Au-delà de ces considérations à court terme, le taux de croissance tendanciel du secteur va probablement diminuer à moyen terme. Les principales activités du secteur sont les prestations d'administration financière correspondant aux services de suivi de marché et de postmarché, que les nouvelles technologies de l'information permettront de délocaliser de plus en plus. Par ailleurs, le secteur a des difficultés à attirer des spécialistes hautement qualifiés pour prendre pied dans le domaine plus rémunérateur des activités de service de clientèle. À plus long terme, la concurrence internationale continuera à exercer des pressions qui pourraient finir par remettre en cause la position du Luxembourg. L'ampleur du déclin de la croissance tendancielle du secteur financier dépendra de la capacité du Luxembourg à préserver et renforcer l'attrait qu'il exerce sur les investisseurs et les travailleurs. Pour ce faire, les autorités devront parvenir à adapter leurs politiques dans les domaines de la fiscalité, des infrastructures et du logement pour attirer des étrangers très compétents, tout en révisant la réglementation du secteur financier et en renforçant sa transparence.
    DOI: 10.1787/227614230400
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  • 29
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    OECD Biotechnology Statistics 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073937
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD Biotechnology Statistics – 2009 edition brings together the latest available economic and activity data on biotechnology and innovation, collected by OECD member and non-member countries. The report builds on the extensive work of the OECD and national experts to improve the comparability of biotechnology statistics. The results should provide a valuable source of information on biotechnology for policy makers, academics and business managers. The 2009 edition contains government survey data for 22 OECD countries and additional data for four non-member countries. The survey data provide results on the number of biotechnology firms, business expenditures on R&D, biotechnology employment, and sales of biotechnology goods and services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073937-en
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    Le point sur les coûts des échanges : Le transport maritime et son effet sur les échanges (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Clarifying Trade Costs: Maritime Transport and its Effect on Agricultural Trade
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Les coûts du transport maritime ont un effet significatif sur les échanges de biens agricoles. Ces coûts représentent une proportion élevée de la valeur des produits agricoles importés, 10% en moyenne, ce qui est un niveau similaire à celui des barrières douanières agricoles. Cette étude montre que le doublement du coût d’expédition est associé à une diminution de 42% en moyenne des échanges pour l’ensemble des biens agricoles. La tentation de se procurer les biens importés dans les pays à faibles coûts de transport est donc forte. Les échanges de certains produits sont particulièrement affectés par les évolutions des coûts de transport maritime, en particulier les céréales et les oléagineux qui sont expédiés en vrac. Le temps de transit a également un effet marqué sur le commerce : un jour supplémentaire passé en mer par rapport à un voyage d’une durée moyenne de 20 jours implique une diminution des échanges de 4,5% entre deux pays partenaires. Les coûts de transport et l’efficience pour amener les produits agricoles vers le marché de destination sont ainsi des facteurs explicatifs importants des flux commerciaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/218843212846
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  • 31
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    Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay : A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 ; Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons ; un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for certain endocrine active substances where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). This assay covers the screening of oestrogenic and androgenic activity, and aromatase inhibition. The assay was validated on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio); however zebrafish does not allow the detection of androgenic activity. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, depending on the species used, one or two biomarker endpoint(s) are measured in males and females as indicators of oestrogenic, aromatase inhibition or androgenic activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka only.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076228-en
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  • 32
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    Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats : A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076334-en
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  • 33
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    Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity production is responsible for 32% of total global fossil fuel use, accounting for 132 EJ, and 41%, or 10.9 Gt of energy-related CO2 emissions. Improving the efficiency of electricity production therefore offers economic benefits and a significant opportunity for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which helps to combat climate change and improve energy security.A set of indicators has been developed to analyse the energy efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels on a global level and for a number of key countries and regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061996-en
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  • 34
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    Revue économique de l'OCDE : Volume 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-fr
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  • 35
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    Les Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060333
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les Principes directeurs de l’OCDE à l’intention des entreprises multinationales constituent le plus complet des instruments qui existent aujourd’hui concernant la responsabilité des entreprises et bénéficiant de l’appui des pouvoirs publics. Les gouvernements adhérents – représentant toutes les régions du monde et 85 pourcent de l’investissement direct étranger – se sont engagés à encourager les entreprises opérant sur leur territoire à respecter, partout où elles exercent leurs activités, un ensemble de principes et de normes largement reconnus qui visent à assurer de leur part un comportement responsable. Ce livret comprend le texte, les procédures de mise en œuvre et les commentaires adoptés en juin 2000, à l’occasion de la révision la plus récente des Principes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060333-fr
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  • 36
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    Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Les éléments constitutifs du système fiscal belge influe sur le processus de croissance par des canaux différents et à des degrés divers. Les impôts sur la consommation sont parmi ceux qui faussent le moins la croissance et il est tout à fait possible, en Belgique, d’exploiter davantage cette source de recettes fiscales. La taxation différenciée des instruments d’épargne fausse les décisions d’investissement, entravant le redéploiement des capitaux vers leur emploi le plus productif. Cependant, les impôts qui occasionnent le plus de distorsions sont ceux qui frappent le revenu du travail, en raison de leur impact sur les décisions des travailleurs en matière d'emploi. Conscientes de cela, les autorités belges ont cherché à alléger la fiscalité du travail. Cette dernière demeure cependant lourde en comparaison des autres pays, en raison de nombreuses exonérations, qui réduisent les bases d’imposition et nécessitent donc, pour compenser, des taux d’impôt plus élevés. Afin d’améliorer les perspectives des différents groupes sur le marché du travail, on a eu recours largement à des subventions salariales et des réductions de cotisations de sécurité sociale, créant ainsi un système complexe, souvent mal ciblé et visant parfois des objectifs contradictoires. En fin de compte, l’interaction entre l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques, les cotisations de sécurité sociale et le généreux système de prestations a créé une multitude de pièges du marché du travail qui brident l’emploi. Les nouvelles réformes fiscales sont limitées par les problèmes importants et grandissants de viabilité des finances publiques, ce qui signifie que, à moins de procéder à de fortes compressions de dépenses, ces réformes devront s’autofinancer. Pour ce faire, il faut déplacer la charge fiscale vers les sources qui créent le moins de distorsions et élargir les bases d’imposition afin de pouvoir appliquer des taux plus bas. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Belgique, 2009 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/belgique).
    DOI: 10.1787/218613767672
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  • 37
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    Empowering Variable Renewables Options for Flexible Electricity Systems (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077201
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: A number of renewable electricity technologies, such as wind, wave, tidal, solar, and run-of-river hydro share a characteristic that distinguishes them from conventional power plants: their output varies according to the availability of the resource. This is commonly perceived to be challenging at high shares, but there is no intrinsic, technical ceiling to variable renewables’ potential. Variability has to be looked at in the context of power system flexibility: if a power system is sufficiently flexible, in terms of power production, load management, interconnection and storage, the importance of the variability aspect is reduced.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077201-en
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  • 38
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    The Control and Management of Government Expenditure (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076822
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public expenditure control has become a central element of economic policy in many countries. This report analyses budget practices and some recent innovations from the point of view of senior public servants in the central budget offices of nineteen OECD Member countries. It also summarises the institutional framework and procedures governing budgeting in each of these countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076822-en
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  • 39
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    La mano visible de China en América Latina (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065017
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (211 p.)
    Series Statement: Estudios del Centro de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: América Latina está volviendo los ojos hacia China y Asia, y éstas le corresponden. Se trata de un cambio signi­cativo: por primera vez en su historia, América Latina puede bene­ciarse no de uno, sino de tres importantes motores del desarrollo mundial. Hasta la década de los ochenta, Estados Unidos era el mayor socio comercial de la región. En los noventa, un segundo motor de desarrollo surgió con el boom de la inversión europea en América Latina. Ahora, en los albores del nuevo siglo, la creciente in‑uencia económica global de Asia, y en particular la de China, supone un potencial tercer motor de desarrollo. Este libro plantea las oportunidades y los retos que las economías latinoamericanas enfrentarán a medida que aumente la preponderancia de China en la economía mundial y en los mercados tradicionales de América Latina.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065017-es
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  • 40
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    Assessing Measures of Energy Efficiency Performance and their Application in Industry (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039544
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This paper explores different measures of energy efficiency performance (“MEEP”) and considers the importance of so-called boundary definitions when measuring energy performance, and how these affect the appropriateness of country comparisons to guide policy decisions. The paper also addresses the limitations of both energy intensity and technology diffusion indicators as measures of energy efficiency performance. A case study on Japan’s iron and steel industry illustrates the critical role of proper boundary definitions for a meaningful assessment of energy efficiency in industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039544-en
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  • 41
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    Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076457
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 ; Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Crop field trials are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to: (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice; (2) determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) determine residue values such as the “Supervised Trial Median Residue” and “Highest Residue” for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). This Test Guideline requires one sample from treated plots at each sampling interval for crops that have eight or more crop field trials. The test substance(s) should be stored under appropriate conditions for the study duration and applied soon after preparation or mixing. Test substance applications should not be made in strong wind, during rain or when rainfall is expected shortly after application. For all applications, the application rate should be expressed in terms of amount of product and/or active ingredient per unit area. At the end of each crop field trial, the (stored) samples are analysed for residue level (expressed for example in mg/kg).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076457-en
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  • 42
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    La croissance verte : La crise et au-delà (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083646
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth; Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth: Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Dans le contexte du développement durable, les ressources naturelles et les services écosystémiques fournis par l’environnement sont essentiels à la croissance économique, au bien-être social et à la santé humaine. L’inaction face aux grands problèmes d’environnement comme le changement climatique pourrait être à terme lourde de conséquences économiques. Il importe que les mesures prises aujourd’hui par les gouvernements pour parer à la crise économique soient conçues de manière à favoriser à l’avenir – ou du moins à ne pas compromettre – une croissance durable et respectueuse de l’environnement sur le long terme.Le présent document de réflexion met en évidence des exemples de mesures qu’adoptent d’ores et déjà les gouvernements pour inscrire leurs stratégies de redressement économique dans une perspective plus « verte », et certains des grands enjeux qu’ils pourraient juger utile d’étudier plus avant concernant l’impact de ces stratégies sur l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083646-fr
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    Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide capture and storage ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Gesetz ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale Kooperation ; Umweltpolitik ; Global Kohlendioxid-Abscheidung und -Lagerung ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Rechtliche Regelung ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale umweltpolitische Zusammenarbeit ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap on carbon capture and storage (CCS) identifies, for the first time, a detailed scenario for the technology’s growth from a handful of large-scale projects today to over three thousand projects by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for CCS; governments, industry and public stakeholders must act rapidly to demonstrate CCS at scale around the world in a variety of settings. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088122-en
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  • 44
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    Cement Technology Roadmap: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088061
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The cement energy technology roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the industry to make continued contributions towards a halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050. As part of this contribution, this roadmap estimates that the cement industry could reduce its direct emissions 18% from current levels by 2050. This roadmap is a first step. It is only attainable with a supportive policy framework, and appropriate financial resources invested over the long term.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088061-en
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  • 45
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    Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine : Quelques jalons (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075894
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business; A Reader
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business: A Reader
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development
    Abstract: L’agriculture africaine est un géant endormi. Dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, l’agro-industrie en est encore à ses balbutiements. Nombre d’entre eux paient désormais le prix fort pour leurs importations de denrées alimentaires et tentent de juguler les pressions inflationnistes. En raison de la vigueur attendue des prix alimentaires mondiaux à long terme, l’augmentation de la productivité des cultures vivrières devient une priorité absolue pour l’Afrique. Cela suppose d’investir massivement dans les infrastructures d’irrigation, d’entreposage et de transports, mais aussi de faciliter l’accès aux marchés des facteurs de production (engrais, semences, matériel agricole et crédit). Si un cadre contractuel donne de bons résultats dans le cas des cultures d’exportation, ce genre de dispositif est encore rare pour les cultures vivrières. Une implication accrue du secteur privé dans la conception et la mise en oeuvre de ce type de programmes de commercialisation pour les cultures vivrières devrait permettre d’assurer un développement durable des industries alimentaires locales. Les facilités actuelles de financement internationales – à l’instar de l’EPSA (Initiative pour le soutien renforcé au secteur privé en Afrique) – devraient être pleinement exploitées. L’aptitude de l’Afrique à libérer le potentiel de son agriculture commerciale dans les décennies à venir dépend aussi largement d’un soutien efficace et durable de la part de la communauté internationale du développement. Les conclusions résumées ici posent les jalons de futures discussions à l’échelle internationale sur le développement du secteur privé agricole en Afrique et la manière de sortir les petits paysans de la pauvreté.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075894-fr
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  • 46
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    Test No. 302C: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070400-en
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  • 47
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    Le défi de redressement de la compétitivité française (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.720
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Challenge of Restoring French Competitiveness
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Depuis le début des années 2000, la France a connu une détérioration marquée de sa performance à l’exportation, conduisant à des préoccupations accrues de la part des autorités et de la société civile sur la capacité d’adaptation de l’économie à une mondialisation croissante des échanges et de l’investissement en biens et services. Les mauvaises performances enregistrées du commerce extérieur sont liées à une série de facteurs plutôt qu’à une seule cause unique. Elles ne peuvent être expliquées par les seuls déterminants externes tels que le taux de change, l’avènement dans le commerce mondial de pays émergents à fort potentiel d’exportation ou la forte hausse des prix du pétrole en 2007-08. En effet, ce n’est pas tant la perte de parts de marchés en soi qui est inquiétante – elle s’est produite dans de nombreux pays – mais plutôt son ampleur dû à la difficulté à répondre à l’accélération de la demande mondiale dans les années 2000, datant d’avant l’apparition de la crise économique actuelle. En effet, l’analyse de la dégradation de la compétitivité renvoie davantage à des facteurs d’offre liés à la moindre aptitude des entreprises françaises à servir les marchés étrangers, mais aussi au développement de stratégies industrielles d’établissement à l’étranger de la totalité du processus de production. Le redressement de la compétitivité passera par un renforcement de la croissance potentielle et une action sur ses principaux déterminants à long terme, tels que l’accroissement de la recherche et développement, la promotion de l’innovation, la baisse du poids de la fiscalité, une amélioration de la concurrence et la création de conditions propices à une croissance rapide des entreprises. Le manque de compétitivité est le plus souvent un symptôme, et non la cause d’une ou plusieurs faiblesses économiques sous-jacentes. C’est pourquoi, il est préférable que l’intervention publique soit globale et porte sur les sources du problème de compétitivité et non qu’elle prenne la forme d’aides ciblées visant à remédier directement au déficit croissant de la balance commerciale. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France, 2009 (www.oecd.org/eco/études/France).
    DOI: 10.1787/222047285620
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  • 48
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    Les migrants et l'emploi (Vol. 2) : L'intégration sur le marché du travail en Belgique, en France, aux Pays-Bas et au Portugal (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055711
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (370 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2); Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2): Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; France ; Netherlands ; Portugal
    Abstract: Lorsque des immigrants arrivent dans un pays, ils sont confrontés à un marché du travail peu connu qui a ses propres exigences. Avoir une bonne maîtrise de la langue du pays hôte et une bonne connaissance des procédures de recherche d’emploi et du fonctionnement du marché du travail sont autant d’atouts qu’ils n’ont pas forcément. Les nouveaux immigrants ne sont pas les seuls à rencontrer ces difficultés, il en va de même pour leurs enfants même s’ils sont nés et ont été scolarisés dans le pays d’accueil. Cet ouvrage examine l’intégration sur le marché du travail des immigrés et de leurs enfants dans quatre pays de l’OCDE (Belgique, France, Pays-Bas et Portugal), et formule des recommandations propres à chacun de ces pays. Les pouvoirs publics se doivent de promouvoir l’enseignement des langues et la formation professionnelle, et d’encourager la diversité au travail. Pour leur part, les immigrés doivent accepter les exigences des employeurs des pays d’accueil. La viabilité des futures politiques migratoires et le recours accru à l’immigration dépendent en grande partie de l’aptitude des pays de l’OCDE et des immigrés à réaliser ces objectifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055711-fr
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  • 49
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    Guidance Document on Overview of Residue Chemistry Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264614574
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.32
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Overview Guidance Document summarises the major guidance aspects provided in the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5. This document also develops an approach for a Global Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) process to achieve use of a single globally acceptable feeding study for MRL setting and risk assessment for livestock food commodities that involves four key components: 1) Harmonised Guidance for the Definition of Residue; 2) Reasonable Worst Case Animal Diets/Maximum Reasonably Balanced Diet; 3) Harmonised Table of Livestock Feed Commodities; and 4) Definition of Reasonable Worst Case Livestock Feeding Levels. Each of these components is described and supported by the following resources: (i) a table of raw agricultural commodities; (ii) national and regional tables of livestock feedstuffs; (iii) a glossary of Terms; (iv) comprehensive submission criteria for supervised field trials in support of registration in all OECD countries; and (v) instructions for calculating the 1x (lowest dose) pesticide oral administration level for livestock feeding studies, taking into account the various livestock diets around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/226617da-en
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  • 50
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    Economic Growth and the Role of Taxation - Disaggregate Data (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.715
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economic growth is the basis of increased prosperity. This makes the attainment of growth a key objective for governments across the world. The rate of growth can be affected by policy choices through the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions and through productive public expenditures. This paper surveys the empirical analysis of disaggregate data on growth. The aim is to identify how economic policy can affect the choices that have been identified as influences upon the rate of growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/222775817802
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  • 51
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    Taking Stock of Existing Structural Policy and Outcome Indicators (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.676
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews and assesses in terms of availability, reliability and transparency existing policy and outcome indicators that have been found to be linked both directly and indirectly to economic growth and living standards. Indicators aiming at capturing the political and social situation of countries, as well as governance-related issues, are examined (e.g. political system, political stability, corruption, crime and violence). Topics also include product and labour markets, infrastructure, trade, financial indicators and composite indices of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/226415705182
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  • 52
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    How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Individual elements in Belgian tax system affect the growth process through different channels and to a varying degree. Consumption taxes are among the least distortive for growth, and there is considerable scope to increase the reliance on this tax source in Belgium. The Belgian differential taxation of saving vehicles distorts investment decisions, hampering the reallocation of capital towards its most productive use. However, the most distortive Belgian taxes are on labour through their effects on workers’ labour market decisions. Recognising the latter, the authorities have aimed at reducing taxation on labour. However, its level remains internationally high, reflecting numerous exemptions, which reduce tax bases and thus require higher tax rates than otherwise. To promote labour market prospects for individual groups on the labour market, wage subsidies and social security contribution reductions have been used extensively, leading to a complex system, often poorly targeted and at times subject to conflicting objectives. The end result is that the interaction between the personal income tax, the social security contributions, and the generous benefit systems has created a multitude of labour market traps which hold back employment. New tax reforms are constrained by the large and growing fiscal sustainability problem, implying that, unless substantial expenditure cuts are implemented, new tax reforms must be self-financed. This can be achieved by shifting the reliance of the tax system towards the least distortive sources and by broadening tax bases to allow lower tax rates. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/belgium).
    DOI: 10.1787/218662261017
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  • 53
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    Measuring the Relationship between ICT and the Environment (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.162
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: While the links between ICT and environmental outcomes are becoming clearer, there is no separate statistical field that links the two. Nevertheless, some data are available from official statistical sources, from analytical work and from product life cycle studies. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for the new statistical field “ICT and the environment” based on an existing OECD framework for information society statistics. Sources of official data to populate the framework are investigated and some relevant work has been identified.
    DOI: 10.1787/221687775423
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  • 54
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    ICT in Initial Teacher Training: Research Review (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This research review reports on articles presenting empirical research in the area of how teacher-training institutions work on preparing future teachers for the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in their future classrooms. It was conducted mainly in English and French and covers research in 11 OECD-countries during the years 2002–2009. The research is unanimous, even if it is not comprehensive, and it shows that ICT is not used regularly or systematically in the countries reviewed. There are good examples, carried out by enthusiastic teacher trainers, but only a minority of the student teachers benefit from this. Very few articles report innovative use of recent technology. Most of the research reports on the use of computers and traditional computer software. Overall, student teachers do not integrate technology into their teaching. A number of reasons for this are identified. The overall picture is that implementation is necessary at all levels (macro, meso, micro) for a successful outcome, but research also gives examples of how problems can be overcome at a micro-level, which is the level of the actors' pedagogical practice. Enthusiasts do seem to have room for maneuver, but the lack of incentives makes it difficult to involve everyone.
    DOI: 10.1787/220502872611
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  • 55
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    Évolutions du statut du Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 83-93
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 11 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changes in the Legal Status of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA)
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 83-93
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: L’article précité issu de l’ordonnance du 18 octobre 19451 se présente comme l’acte de naissance du Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA), établissement public dont la nature juridique a longtemps été singulière et objet de débat, et qui fêtera pourtant, le 18 octobre 2009, ses soixante-quatre années d’existence.
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-v2009-art4-fr
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  • 56
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    Infrastructure and Growth : Empirical Evidence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.685
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure can boost long-term economic growth in OECD countries. Moreover, infrastructure investment can have a positive effect on growth that goes beyond the effect of the capital stock because of economies of scale, the existence of network externalities and competition enhancing effects. This paper, which is part of a project examining the links between infrastructure and growth and the role of public policies, reports the results on the links with growth from a variety of econometric approaches. Time-series results reveal a positive impact of infrastructure investment on growth. They also show that this effect varies across countries and sectors and over time. In some cases, these results reveal evidence of possible over-investment, which may be related to inefficient use of infrastructure. Bayesian model averaging of cross-section growth regressions confirm that infrastructure investment in telecommunications and the electricity sectors has a robust positive effect on long-term growth (but not in railways and road networks). Furthermore, this effect is highly nonlinear as the impact is stronger if the physical stock is lower.
    DOI: 10.1787/225682848268
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  • 57
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    Compendium des exemples pays et enseignements tirés de l'application de la Méthodologie d'évaluation des régimes nationaux de passation des marchés : Mise en commun des expériences (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 65-160
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 96 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compendium of Country Examples and Lessons Learned from Applying the Methodology for Assessment of National Procurement Systems: Sharing Experiences
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 65-160
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Ce document présente l’expérience de 22 pays d’Afrique, d’Amérique latine et d’Asie et les enseignements qu’ils ont tirés de l’application de la Méthodologie d’évaluation des régimes nationaux de passation des marchés proposée par l’Activité conjointe du CAD-OCDE sur la passation des marchés. La Méthodologie a été mise au point et jugée apte à être testée sur le terrain en 2006 comme un outil visant à faciliter la réalisation des objectifs de la Déclaration de Paris et à promouvoir le renforcement des systèmes de passation des marchés. Elle est le résultat des efforts conjoints de partenaires du développement multilatéraux et bilatéraux et de pays partenaires à travers le monde. Ces expériences et enseignements constituent les premiers résultats obtenus par un panel de gouvernements partenaires qui se sont portés volontaires travaillant en coopération avec les parties prenantes nationales de la société civile, du secteur privé, des médias, des membres élus des assemblées représentatives et leurs partenaires du développement international. Le présent document se limite à la mise en commun des expériences relatives à l’utilisation de la Méthodologie. Les exemples pays tirés des exercices pilotes et d’autres applications sont utilisés au titre d’études de cas. On trouvera en Annexe A une cartographie des expériences de divers pays ayant appliqué la Méthodologie. Ce document a pour ambition de réunir des informations contextuelles utiles tirées de diverses sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art22-fr
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    Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/07
    DOI: 10.1787/223853273815
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  • 59
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    Rankings and the battle for world-class excellence : Institutional strategies and policy choices (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 21, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Global rankings are creating a furore wherever or whenever they are published or mentioned. They have become a barometer of global competition measuring the knowledge-producing and talent-catching capacity of higher education institutions. These developments are injecting a new competitive dynamic into higher education, nationally and globally, and encouraging a debate about its role and purpose. As such, politicians regularly refer to them as a measure of their nation’s economic strength and aspirations, universities use them to help set or define targets mapping their performance against the various metrics, while academics use rankings to bolster their own professional reputation and status. Based on an international survey (2006) and extensive interviews in Germany, Australia and Japan, (2008), this paper provides a comparative analysis of the impact and influence of rankings on higher education and stakeholders, and describes institutional experiences and responses. It then explores how rankings are influencing national policy and shaping institutional decision making and behaviour.Some changes form part of the broader modernisation agenda, improving performance and public accountability, while others are viewed as perverse. Their experiences illustrate that policy does matter. Les classements mondiaux suscitent l’enthousiasme chaque fois qu’ils sont publiés ou mentionnés. Ils sont devenus le baromètre de la concurrence mondiale, mesurant la capacité des institutions d’enseignement supérieur en termes de production de savoir et de captation des talents. Ces développements injectent une nouvelle dynamique de compétition dans l’enseignement supérieur, au niveau national et mondial, et suscitent un débat sur son rôle et ses objectifs. À ce titre, les hommes/femmes politiques y font régulièrement référence en tant qu’instrument de mesure de la puissance économique et des aspirations de leur nation, les universités s’en servent pour établir ou définir leurs objectifs en termes de performance par rapport à diverses métriques, tandis que les universitaires utilisent les classements pour appuyer leurs propres réputation et statut professionnels. Cet article se fonde sur une enquête internationale (2006) et des entretiens approfondis menés en Allemagne, en Australie et au Japon (2008) pour réaliser une analyse comparative de l’impact et de l’influence des classements sur l’enseignement supérieur et ses parties prenantes et pour décrire les expériences et réponses institutionnelles. Cet article étudie également la manière dont les classements influencent la politique nationale et façonnent la prise de décision et les comportements institutionnels. Certains changements s’inscrivent dans le cadre plus large du programme de modernisation qui tend vers une amélioration des performances et une plus grande responsabilité publique, tandis que d’autres sont considérés comme pervers. Leurs expériences démontrent l’importance des choix politiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v21-art4-en
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  • 60
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    Transactional sex as a response to risk in Western Kenya (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4857
    Parallel Title: Robinson, Jonathan Transactional sex as a response to risk in Western Kenya
    Keywords: AIDS (Disease) ; Prostitutes Health and hygiene ; Prostitution Health aspects ; AIDS (Disease) ; Prostitutes Health and hygiene ; Prostitution Health aspects
    Abstract: "Formal and informal commercial sex work is a way of life for many poor women in developing countries. Though sex workers have long been identified as crucial in affecting the spread of HIV/AIDS, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, the nature of sex-for-money transactions remains poorly understood. Using a unique panel dataset constructed from 192 self-reported sex worker diaries which include detailed information on sexual behavior, labor supply, and health shocks, the authors find that sex workers adjust their supply of risky, better compensated sex to cope with unexpected health shocks, exposing themselves to increased risk of HIV infection. In particular, women are 3.1 percent more likely to see a client, 21.2 percent more likely to have anal sex, and 19.1 percent more likely to have unprotected sex on days in which a household member falls ill. Women also increase their supply of risky sex on days after missing work due to symptoms from a sexually transmitted infection. Given that HIV prevalence has been estimated at 9.8 percent in this part of Kenya, these behavioral responses entail significant health risks for sex workers and their partners, and suggest that sex workers are unable to cope with risk through other formal or informal consumption smoothing mechanisms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4857
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    Professional services and development : a study of Mozambique (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4870
    Parallel Title: Fernandes, Ana Margarida Professional services and development
    Keywords: Professional education ; Professions ; Professional education ; Professions
    Abstract: "Professional skills are scarce in Mozambique, even by the standards of low-income countries. The solution, however, is not necessarily to create more Mozambican training institutions but to address market-specific problems. Where skills are already the binding constraint (for example, in auditing and engineering), policy action is indeed needed to remedy supply-side problems: capital market imperfections that inhibit investment in training institutions by entrepreneurs and in education by individuals; weakness in upstream school education, which handicaps Mozambican students in their pursuit of higher education; inadequacies in professional education and training, including curricula not attuned to industry needs; and a fragmentation of the regional education market by regulatory and language differences that prevent the emergence of regional institutions that can exploit economies of scale.Where skills may be limited but are not yet the binding constraint, the priority is to stimulate demand for appropriate skills. In this respect, the emergence of professional guilds offers opportunities, but also creates risks. The guilds can design, with government support, a regulatory framework, for example, in accounting and basic engineering, which is more attuned to the needs of Mozambican firms. They can also help make firms more aware of the benefits of professional help, for example, in accounting and information technology. The risk is that guilds will create unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry, particularly for foreign or foreign-trained professionals. Greater coherence between policies affecting professional services and international migration policy can help deal with both supply-side and demand-side problems. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4870
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  • 62
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    Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in South Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4871
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in South Africa
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unskilled labor ; Labor market ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: "In this paper, the authors use a highly disaggregate general equilibrium model to analyze the feasibility of a wage subsidy to unskilled workers in South Africa, isolating and estimating its potential employment effects and fiscal cost. They capture the structural characteristics of the labor market with several labor categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results on relative prices, wages, and employment to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities in order to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences of the policy. The impact of a wage subsidy on employment, poverty, and inequality in South Africa depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labor are complements in production. The desired results are attainable only if there is sufficient flexibility in the labor market. Although the impact in a low case scenario can be improved by supporting policies that relax the skill constraint and increase the production capacity of the economy especially towards labor-intensive sectors, the gains from a wage subsidy are still modest if the labor market remains very rigid. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4871
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    Small businesses in South Africa : who outsources tax compliance work and why? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4873
    Parallel Title: Coolidge, Jacqueline G Small businesses in South Africa
    Keywords: Small business Taxation ; Small business Taxation
    Abstract: "The authors use firm-level survey data on 998 small and medium enterprises registered for tax in South Africa regarding tax compliance costs to investigate the use of outsourcing to complete tax compliance tasks. Overall, about 43 percent of the enterprises do all their tax compliance work in-house, 11 percent outsource all their tax compliance work, and the remaining 46 percent use a combination of both ("partial outsourcing"). The data display an inverted-U shape for outsourcing of tax compliance tasks: the smallest firms (those under R 300,000 turnover or well under US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4873
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    Natural disasters and the dynamics of intangible assets (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4874
    Parallel Title: López, Ramón Natural disasters and the dynamics of intangible assets
    Keywords: Human capita ; Intangible property ; Natural disasters Economic aspects ; Human capita ; Intangible property ; Natural disasters Economic aspects
    Abstract: "Empirical evidence suggests that the higher-order effects of natural disasters, which affect intangible assets, may be even more important than the material inter-industry effects. However, most existing general equilibrium models ignore higher order effects concerning human capital. Moreover, it is recognized that natural resource dependence increases vulnerability to natural disasters. Recent studies have indeed shown the potential importance of subsistence traps caused by asset losses in low-income economies from a partial equilibrium perspective. This paper presents an analysis that allows for endogenous investments in real assets (physical capital) as well as in human capital, explicitly considering the potential for subsistence traps arising from minimum consumption and minimum natural resource irreversibility thresholds. The general equilibrium ramifications of subsistence traps are developed. The main issue is that the economy may be subject to hysteresis: A temporary shock such as a natural disaster may leave permanent consequences for the economy. An obvious permanent effect of a one-time disaster shock is that physical man-made and natural assets owned especially by poor households may end up completely wiped out. The disaster may not be the direct cause; it may be that poor households would have to obtain minimum subsistence consumption out of depleted assets. However, not all permanent effects of a one-time shock are negative. Under certain conditions, the destruction of man-made physical and natural capital may have general equilibrium effects that increase the incentives to invest in human capital and may even propel a formerly stagnating economy into a virtuous path of continuing growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4874
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
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    Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groups in India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4886
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus W Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groups in India
    Keywords: Self-help groups ; Self-help groups
    Abstract: "Despite the popularity and unique nature of women's self-help groups in India, evidence of their economic impacts is scant. Based on two rounds of a 2,400 household panel, the authors use double differences, propensity score matching, and pipeline comparison to assess economic impacts of longer (2.5-3 years) exposure of a program that promoted and strengthened self-help programs in Andhra Pradesh in India. The analysis finds that longer program exposure has positive impacts on consumption, nutritional intake, and asset accumulation. Investigating heterogeneity of the impacts suggests that even the poorest households were able to benefit from the program. Furthermore, overall benefits would exceed program cost by a significant margin even under conservative assumptions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4886
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
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    Poverty effects of higher food prices : a global perspective (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4887
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Poverty effects of higher food prices
    Keywords: Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The spike in food prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 has highlighted the vulnerabilities of poor consumers to higher prices of agricultural goods and generated calls for massive policy action. This paper provides a formal assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of higher prices on global poverty using a representative sample of 63 to 93 percent of the population of the developing world. To assess the direct effects, the paper uses domestic food consumer price data between January 2005 and December 2007--when the relative price of food rose by an average of 5.6 percent --to find that the implied increase in the extreme poverty headcount at the global level is 1.7 percentage points, with significant regional variation. To take the second-order effects into account, the paper links household survey data with a global general equilibrium model, finding that a 5.5 percent increase in agricultural prices (due to rising demand for first-generation biofuels) could raise global poverty in 2010 by 0.6 percentage points at the extreme poverty line and 0.9 percentage points at the moderate poverty line. Poverty increases at the regional level vary substantially, with nearly all of the increase in extreme poverty occurring in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4887
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 67
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    Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4888
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics ; Informal sector (Economics ; Informal sector (Economics ; Informal sector (Economics
    Abstract: "This paper studies the causes and consequences of informality and applies the analysis to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It starts with a discussion on the definition and measures of informality, as well as on the reasons why widespread informality should be of great concern. The paper analyzes informality's main determinants, arguing that informality is not single-caused but results from the combination of poor public services, a burdensome regulatory regime, and weak monitoring and enforcement capacity by the state. This combination is especially explosive when the country suffers from low educational achievement and features demographic pressures and primary production structures. Using cross-country regression analysis, the paper evaluates the empirical relevance of each determinant of informality. It then applies the estimated relationships to most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in order to assess the country-specific relevance of each proposed mechanism. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4888
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 68
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    Enabling conditions for second pillars of pension systems (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4890
    Parallel Title: Rudolph, Heinz P Enabling conditions for second pillars of pension systems
    Keywords: Pension trusts ; Pension trusts
    Abstract: "This note adds to the existing literature by examining the enabling conditions for the creation of mandatory funded pension funds, and identifying additional factors that are important to consider in the early stages of the reform. The note stresses the importance of some factors that had already been identified in previous literature but not fully observed by reforming countries, including the strong and lasting commitment of the authorities with the reform, the fiscal commitment with the reform, and some basic financial infrastructure. The analysis is also extended to analyze the role of supervision in the early stages of the reform and the role of the government in fostering the development of the domestic capital market. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4890
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 69
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    Local sources of financing for infrastructure in Africa : a cross-country analysis (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4878
    Parallel Title: Irving, Jacqueline Local sources of financing for infrastructure in Africa
    Keywords: Financial institutions ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Financial institutions ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "With the exception of South Africa, local financial markets in sub-Saharan Africa remain underdeveloped and small, with a particular dearth of financing with maturity terms commensurate with the medium- to long-term horizons of infrastructure projects. But as financial market reforms gather momentum, there is growing awareness of the need to tap local and regional sources. Drawing on a comprehensive new database constructed for the purpose of this research, the paper assesses the actual and potential role of local financial systems for 24 African countries in financing infrastructure. The paper concludes that further development and more appropriate regulation of local institutional investors would help them realize their potential as financing sources, for which they are better suited than local banks because their liabilities would better match the longer terms of infrastructure projects. There are clear signs of positive change: private pension providers are emerging in Africa, there is a shift from defined benefit toward defined contribution plans, and African institutional investors have begun taking a more diversified portfolio approach in asset allocation. Although capital markets remain underdeveloped, new issuers in infrastructure sectors-particularly of corporate bonds-are coming to market in several countries, in some cases constituting the debut issue. More than half of the corporate bonds listed at end-2006 on these countries' markets were by companies in infrastructure sectors. More cross-border listings and investment within the region-in both corporate bonds and equity issues-including by local institutional investors, could help overcome local capital markets' impediments and may hold significant promise for financing cross-country infrastructure projects. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4878
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 70
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    Career placement of skilled migrants in the U.S. labor market : a dynamic approach (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4891
    Parallel Title: Neagu, Ileana Cristina Career placement of skilled migrants in the U.S. labor market
    Keywords: Foreign workers ; Skilled labor ; Foreign workers ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "The initial occupational placements of male immigrants in the U.S. labor market vary significantly by country of origin even when education and other factors are taken into account. Does the heterogeneity persist over time? Using data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Censuses, this study finds that the performance of migrants from countries with lower initial occupational placement levels improves at a higher rate compared with that of migrants originating from countries with higher initial levels. Nevertheless, the magnitude of convergence suggests full catch-up is unlikely. Country specific attributes are found to have less direct impact on the rate of assimilation than on the initial performance. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4891
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
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    Welfare impacts of rural electrification : a case study from Bangladesh (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4859
    Parallel Title: Khandker, Shahidur R Welfare impacts of rural electrification
    Keywords: Income ; Rural electrification ; Income ; Rural electrification
    Abstract: "Lack of access to electricity is one of the major impediments to growth and development of the rural economies in developing countries. That is why access to modern energy, in particular to electricity, has been one of the priority themes of the World Bank and other development organizations. Using a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2005 of some 20,000 households in rural Bangladesh, this paper studies the welfare impacts of households' grid connectivity. Based on rigorous econometric estimation techniques, this study finds that grid electrification has significant positive impacts on households' income, expenditure, and educational outcomes. For example, the gain in total income due to electrification can be as much as 30 percent and as low as 9 percent. Benefits go up steadily as household exposure to grid electrification (measured by duration) increases and eventually reach a plateau. This paper also finds that rich households benefit more from electrification than poor households. Finally, estimates also show that income benefits of electrification on an average exceed cost by a wide margin. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4859
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 72
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    The crisis-resilience of services trade (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4917
    Parallel Title: Borchert, Ingo The crisis-resilience of services trade
    Keywords: Service industries ; Service industries
    Abstract: "Much attention has focused on the impact of the current crisis on goods trade; hardly any on its impact on services trade. Using new trade data from the United States, and more aggregate data from other OECD countries, the authors show that services trade is weathering the current crisis much better than goods trade. As of February 2009, the value of US goods imports had declined year-on-year by 33 percent and the value of goods exports by 21 percent; services imports and exports each had declined by less than 7 percent. Within services, interesting patterns are emerging. Trade in goods-related transport services and crisis-related financial services has shrunk, as has expenditure on tourism abroad. But trade in a range of business, professional, and technical services is still increasing, with US exports growing even faster (at 10 percent) than US imports (at 7 percent). Developing countries like India, which are relatively specialized in business process outsourcing and information technology services, have suffered much smaller declines in total exports to the United States than countries like Brazil and China and regions like Africa, which are specialized in exports of goods, transport services, or tourism services. On the basis of new evidence from Indian services exporters, the authors suggest that services trade is buoyant relative to goods trade for two reasons: demand for a range of traded services is less cyclical, and services trade and production are less dependent on external finance. Even though few explicitly protectionist measures have so far been taken in services, the changing political climate and the widening boundaries of the state in crisis countries may introduce a national bias in firms' procurement and location choices. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4917
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
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    Exit and save : migration and saving under violence (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4918
    Parallel Title: Grun, Rebekka E Exit and save
    Keywords: Saving and investment ; Saving and investment ; Colombia Emigration and immigration ; Colombia Emigration and immigration
    Abstract: "This paper examines how households trade off migration and savings when subject to exogenous violence. The authors propose that households under violence decide jointly on migration and saving, because a higher asset-stock is more difficult to carry to a new place. When confronted with exogenous violence, households are expected to consider migration, and reduce their assets, both in order to reduce their exposure to violence, and to make migration easier. In some cases, after a migration decision has been taken, savings can increase as a function of violence to ensure a minimum bundle to carry. Empirical evidence from rich Colombian micro-data supports the conceptual framework for violence that carries a displacement threat, such as guerrilla attacks. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4918
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
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    AIDS and dualism : Ethiopia's burden under rational expectations (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4919
    Parallel Title: Bell, Clive AIDS and dualism
    Keywords: AIDS (Disease) Economic aspects ; AIDS (Disease) Economic aspects
    Abstract: "An AIDS epidemic threatens Ethiopia with a long wave of premature adult mortality, and thus with an enduring setback to capital formation and economic growth. The authors develop a two-sector model with three overlapping generations and intersectorally mobile labor, in which young adults allocate resources under rational expectations. They calibrate the model to the demographic and economic data, and perform simulations for the period ending in 2100 under alternative assumptions about mortality with and without the epidemic. Although the epidemic does not bring about a catastrophic economic collapse, which is hardly possible in view of Ethiopia's poverty and high background adult mortality, it does cause a permanent, downward displacement of the path of output per head, amounting to 10 percent in 2100. An externally funded program to combat the disease is socially very profitable. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4919
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
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    May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4921
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction?
    Keywords: Economic development ; Income distribution ; Economic development ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "In a relative deprivation framework, unless inequality is reduced, growth is associated with both higher satisfaction and higher deprivation. This may help explain the discontent with growth despite its benefits. As is well known in the literature, knowledge of the population's mean income and Lorenz curve is all that is needed to analyze a distribution, so that this can also be used to assess the satisfaction and deprivation of each individual. Given the normalization used to derive the satisfaction and deprivation measures, satisfaction and deprivation add up to the mean income for the population as a whole as well as for each individual. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4921
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  • 76
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    Can risk averse competitive input providers serve farmers efficiently in developing countries ? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4922
    Parallel Title: Makdissi, Paul Can risk averse competitive input providers serve farmers efficiently in developing countries ?
    Abstract: "Under price ceilings and quality floors for agricultural inputs in cash crop sectors in developing countries where credit markets are weak, imperfect information on the ability of farmers to pay for their inputs at the end of the cropping season may lead the decentralized production of those inputs by risk averse private input providers to be inefficient. A coordinating agency and/or subsidies for new farmers could help to produce and distribute more agricultural inputs, thereby increasing the profits for input providers while also enabling more farmers to produce the crops that are key to their livelihood. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4922
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  • 77
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    Natural disasters, self-insurance and human capital investment : evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Malawi (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4910
    Parallel Title: Yamauchi, Futoshi Natural disasters, self-insurance and human capital investment
    Keywords: Human capital ; Natural disasters ; Human capital ; Natural disasters
    Abstract: "This paper examines the impacts of disasters on dynamic human capital production using panel data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Malawi. The empirical results show that the accumulation of biological human capital prior to disasters helps children maintain investments in the post-disaster period. Biological human capital formed in early childhood (long-term nutritional status) plays a role of insurance with resilience to disasters by protecting schooling investment and outcomes, although disasters have negative impacts on investment. In Bangladesh, children with more biological human capital are less affected by the adverse effects of floods, and the rate of investment increases with the initial human capital stock in the post-disaster recovery process. In Ethiopia and Malawi, where droughts are rather frequent, exposure to highly frequent droughts in some cases reduces schooling investment but the negative impacts are larger among children embodying less biological human capital. Asset holdings prior to the disasters, especially the household's stock of intellectual human capital, also helps maintain schooling investments at least to the same degree as the stock of human capital accumulated in children prior to the disasters. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4910
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  • 78
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    Simple model frameworks for explaining inefficiency of the clean development mechanism (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4931
    Parallel Title: Rosendahl, Knut Einar Simple model frameworks for explaining inefficiency of the clean development mechanism
    Keywords: Greenhouse gas mitigation ; Greenhouse gas mitigation
    Abstract: "The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an offset mechanism designed to reduce the overall cost of implementing a given global target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in industrialized "Annex B" countries of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses various ways in which CDM projects do not imply full offset of emissions, thus leading to an overall increase in global GHG emissions when considering the Annex-B emissions increase allowed by the offsets. The authors focus on two ways in which this may occur: baseline manipulation; and leakage. Baseline manipulation may result when agents that carry out CDM projects have incentives to increase their initial (or baseline) emissions in order to optimize the value of CDM credits. Leakage occurs because reductions in emissions under a CDM project may affect market equilibrium in local and/or global energy and product markets, and thereby increase emissions elsewhere. Remedies against these problems are discussed. Such remedies are more obvious for the baseline problem (where one is simply to choose an exogenous baseline independent of the project) than for the leakage problem (which is difficult to prevent, and where a prediction of the effect must rely on information about overall market equilibrium effects). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4931
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  • 79
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    Assessing the economic impacts of an economic partnership agreement on Nigeria (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4920
    Parallel Title: Andriamananjara, Soamiely Assessing the economic impacts of an economic partnership agreement on Nigeria
    Keywords: European Union countries Foreign economic relations ; Nigeria Foreign economic relations ; European Union countries Foreign economic relations ; Nigeria Foreign economic relations
    Abstract: "This study discusses potential economic implications for Nigeria of an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union. It uses the World Bank's Tariff Reform Impact Simulation Tool to assess the effects of preferential tariff liberalization with respect to the European Union. The results suggest that the impact of an Economic Partnership Agreement on total imports into Nigeria will be slight. This is in part because the Agreement will likely allow the most protected sectors to be excluded from liberalization, and also because where substantial tariffs are involved much of the increase in imports from the European Union will occur at the expense of other suppliers of imports. It is this trade diversion, arising from the discriminatory nature of the EPA, which generates a negative welfare impact of the tariff reforms. One way for Nigeria to limit these losses is to pursue non-preferential trade liberalization before implementing an EPA. The paper looks at the large number of import bans in Nigeria and argues that the positive impact on welfare of removing these import bans is likely to be substantial. Their removal would undermine a major reason for cross border smuggling and pave the way for a return to normal regional trade flows. The paper shows how an Economic Partnership Agreement presents an opportunity for accelerating the reforms that are needed to support a strategy to increase regional and global trade integration. Such an agreement is more likely to have positive and significant impacts when integrated into a comprehensive strategy toward competitiveness and alleviation of the supply constraints that have stifled the impact of previous trade agreements. Key issues that should be addressed include liberalization and regulatory strengthening of services sectors to ensure that all firms in Nigeria have access to efficiently produced backbone services and initiatives to address the country's poor trade logistics performance. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4920
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  • 80
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    Household welfare and natural resource management around national parks in Zambia (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4932
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Household welfare and natural resource management around national parks in Zambia
    Keywords: Wildlife management areas ; Wildlife management areas ; Zambia Economic conditions ; Zambia Economic conditions
    Abstract: "Game management areas in Zambia aim to combine nature conservation with economic empowerment of rural households. By looking at households inside and outside game management areas, this study advances the knowledge of the impact of community based natural resource management on household welfare. The paper focuses on the economic welfare of households living inside game management areas. It tries to answer the question: Do the households in game management areas enjoy higher levels of welfare relative to the conditions they would have been in had the area not been designated as a game management area? Within the game management area, the paper tries to determine the factors that influence household participation in natural resource management, and whether the participating households get any extra benefits. Also of interest is whether such benefits of living in a game management area, and, once in such an area, those of participating accrue more to the poorer segments of the communities. The study finds that the gains from living in a game management area and from active participation in natural resource management are large but unevenly distributed. Only game management areas near Kasanka, Lavushi, Isangano, and South Luangwa national parks in the sample show significant benefits to general and participating households. And in those areas, the poor do not seem to gain even when they participate actively. More even distribution of gains from game management areas across households near different park systems and across the poor and the non-poor should be a continuing goal of national policy makers. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4932
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  • 81
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    Tax policy to reduce carbon emissions in South Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4933
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Tax policy to reduce carbon emissions in South Africa
    Keywords: Carbon taxes ; Carbon taxes
    Abstract: "Noting that South Africa may be one of the few African countries that could contribute to mitigating climate change, the authors explore the impact of a carbon tax relative to alternative energy taxes on economic welfare. Using a disaggregate general-equilibrium model of the South African economy, they capture the structural characteristics of the energy sector, linking a supply mix that is heavily skewed toward coal to energy use by different sectors and hence their carbon content. The authors consider a "pure" carbon tax as well as various proxy taxes such as those on energy or energy-intensive sectors like transport and basic metals, all of which achieve the same level of carbon reduction. In general, the more targeted the tax to carbon emissions, the better the welfare results. If a carbon tax is feasible, it will have the least marginal cost of abatement by a substantial amount when compared to alternative tax instruments. If a carbon tax is not feasible, a sales tax on energy inputs is the next best option. Moreover, labor market distortions such as labor market segmentation or unemployment will likely dominate the welfare and equity implications of a carbon tax for South Africa. This being the case, if South Africa were able to remove some of the distortions in the labor market, the cost of carbon taxation would be negligible. In short, the discussion of carbon taxation in South Africa can focus on considerations other than the economic welfare costs, which are likely to be quite low. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4933
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 82
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    Innovative firms or innovative owners? : determinants of innovation in micro, small, and medium enterprises (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4934
    Parallel Title: De Mel, Suresh Innovative firms or innovative owners?
    Keywords: Small business ; Technological innovations ; Small business ; Technological innovations
    Abstract: "Innovation is key to technology adoption and creation, and to explaining the vast differences in productivity across and within countries. Despite the central role of the entrepreneur in the innovation process, data limitations have restricted standard analysis of the determinants of innovation to consideration of the role of firm characteristics. The authors develop a model of innovation that incorporates the role of both owner and firm characteristics, and use this to determine how product, process, marketing, and organizational innovations should vary with firm size and competition. They then use a new, large, representative survey from Sri Lanka to test this model and to examine whether and how owner characteristics matter for innovation. The survey also allows analysis of the incidence of innovation in micro and small firms, which have traditionally been overlooked in the study of innovation, despite these firms comprising the majority of firms in developing countries. The analysis finds that more than one-quarter of the microenterprises are engaging in innovation, with marketing innovations the most common. As predicted by the model, firm size has a stronger positive effect, and competition a stronger negative effect, on process and organizational innovations than on product innovations. Owner ability, personality traits, and ethnicity have a significant and substantial impact on the likelihood of a firm innovating, confirming the importance of the entrepreneur in the innovation process. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4934
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
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    Optimal pre-merger notification mechanisms : incentives and efficiency of mandatory and voluntary schemes (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4936
    Parallel Title: Rodríguez González, Aldo Javier Optimal pre-merger notification mechanisms
    Keywords: Consolidation and merger of corporations ; Consolidation and merger of corporations
    Abstract: "The authors compare the two merger control systems currently employed worldwide: a mandatory system based on merger size threshold and a voluntary system with ex-post monitoring and fines. The voluntary system possesses two informational advantages: (i) the enforcement agency employs more information -verifiable and non verifiable parameters- to decide the set of mergers to investigate, and (ii) the first move of merging firms reveals useful information to the agency about the competitive risk of a merger. If fines for undue omission to notify are upward limited, then a mixed mechanism is optimal, where small transactions are under a voluntary regime while the big mergers are obliged to report. Remedies for fixing anticompetitive mergers act as an instrument that induces firms to notify the operation, improving further the advantage of the voluntary mechanism. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4936
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
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    Optimal devaluations (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4926
    Parallel Title: Hevia, Constantino Optimal devaluations
    Keywords: Devaluation of currency ; Recessions ; Devaluation of currency ; Recessions
    Abstract: "According to the conventional wisdom, when an economy enters a recession and nominal prices adjust slowly, the monetary authority should devalue the domestic currency to make the recession less severe. The reason is that a devaluation of the currency lowers the relative price of non-tradable goods, and this reduces the necessary adjustment in output relative to the case in which the exchange rate remains constant. This paper uses a simple small open economy model with sticky prices to characterize optimal fiscal and monetary policy in response to productivity and terms of trade shocks. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, in this framework optimal exchange rate policy cannot be characterized just by the cyclical properties of output. The source of the shock matters: while recessions induced by a drop in the price of exportable goods call for a devaluation of the currency, those induced by a drop in productivity in the non-tradable sector require a revaluation. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4926
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
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    Climate change governance (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4941
    Parallel Title: Meadowcroft, James Climate change governance
    Keywords: Climatic changes Government policy ; Climatic changes Government policy
    Abstract: "Climate change governance poses difficult challenges for contemporary political/administrative systems. These systems evolved to handle other sorts of problems and must now be adapted to handle emerging issues of climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper examines long-term climate governance, particularly in relation to overcoming "institutional inertia" that hampers the development of an effective and timely response. It argues that when the influence of groups that fear adverse consequences of mitigation policies is combined with scientific uncertainty, the complexity of reaching global agreements, and long time frames, the natural tendency is for governments to delay action, to seek to avoid antagonizing influential groups, and to adopt less ambitious climate programs. Conflicts of power and interest are inevitable in relation to climate change policy. To address climate change means altering the way things are being done today - especially in terms of production and consumption practices in key sectors such as energy, agriculture, and transportation. But some of the most powerful groups in society have done well from existing arrangements, and they are cautious about disturbing the status quo. Climate change governance requires governments to take an active role in bringing about shifts in interest perceptions so that stable societal majorities in favor of deploying an active mitigation and adaptation policy regime can be maintained. Measures to help effect such change include: building coalitions for change, buying off opponents, establishing new centers of economic power, creating new institutional actors, adjusting legal rights and responsibilities, and changing ideas and accepted norms and expectations. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4941
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
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    Uncivil societies : a theory of sociopolitical change (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4942
    Parallel Title: Monga, Célestin Uncivil societies
    Keywords: Civil society ; Economic development ; Civil society ; Economic development
    Abstract: "In times of crises, it is always useful to revisit some of the paradigms that underlie collective thinking and action. For nearly 200 years, most social science has relied on the assumption that the emergence of strong and nurturing social capital through a vibrant civil society yields all kind of positive externalities to society. Following intuition and anecdotal observations from Alexis de Tocqueville, a large body of theoretical and empirical research has attempted to confirm that societies strive politically and economically when they are able to build strong non-state actors and community organizations. Many disciplines-mainly political science, economics, law, and international relations-have constructed influential analytical frameworks in support of that general proposition. This paper examines the philosophical foundations of conventional wisdom and observes that it often fails to take into account the dark side of some civil society groups, from the mafia to Al Qaeda. While acknowledging the potential contribution of civil society to the development process, the paper also cautions again the rush to circumvent the state, which sometimes sustains community-based initiatives in poor countries. It suggests the possibility of the production of negative social capital by non-state actors. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4942
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
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    Entrepreneurship in post-conflict transition : the role of informality and access to finance (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4935
    Parallel Title: Demirgüç-Kunt, Aslı Entrepreneurship in post-conflict transition
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship ; Self-employed ; Entrepreneurship ; Self-employed
    Abstract: "The authors examine the factors affecting the transition to self-employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using the World Bank Living Standard Measurement Survey panel household survey for the years 2001-2004. In the beginning of the sample, the country changed its legal framework, with the primary aim to promote labor market flexibility and to encourage entrepreneurial activity. The analysis identifies individuals that switched to self-employment (employers and own account) during the sample period and the viability of this transition, in terms of business survival for more than one year. The results suggest an important role for financing constraints. Specifically, wealthier households are more likely to become entrepreneurs and survive in self-employment. After controlling for household wealth, having an existing bank relationship increases the likelihood of starting a business with hired employees and increases the chances of survival for the new entrepreneur. By contrast, overseas - and in some cases domestic - remittances decrease the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4935
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
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    Convergence in institutions and market outcomes : cross-country and time-series evidence from the business environment and enterprise performance surveys in transition economies (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4819
    Parallel Title: Mitra, Pradeep Convergence in institutions and market outcomes
    Keywords: Economics ; Economics
    Abstract: "This paper uses firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys to study the process of convergence of transition countries with developed market economies. The study focuses on competition and market structure, finance and the structure of lending to firms, and how firms respond to the economic environment by restructuring. The authors find substantial evidence of convergence in a number of dimensions. The pattern of growth at the country, sector, and firm levels shows rapid growth of the new private sector and of the micro and small-firm sectors, with the size distribution of firms moving toward the pattern observed in the surveys of developed market economies. In finance, increasing reliance on retained earnings in transition countries reflects a maturation of the sector as new firms come to rely less on informal and family sources of finance. The authors find evidence of an inverse-U pattern, with the peak of restructuring activity taking place in 2002, the middle of the period analyzed. Throughout, the regional patterns suggest greater convergence in the transition countries that joined the European Union in 2004 than in the other, lower-income transition economies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4819
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
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    Social health insurance vs. tax-financed health systems : evidence from the OECD (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4821
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Social health insurance vs. tax-financed health systems
    Keywords: Health insurance ; Health insurance
    Abstract: "This paper exploits the transitions between tax-financed health care and social health insurance in the OECD countries over the period 1960-2006 to assess the effects of adopting social health insurance over tax finance on per capita health spending, amenable mortality, and labor market outcomes. The paper uses regression-based generalizations of difference-in-differences and instrumental variables to address the possible endogeneity of a country's health system. It finds that adopting social health insurance in preference to tax financing increases per capita health spending by 3-4 percent, reduces the formal sector share of employment by 8-10 percent, and reduces total employment by as much as 6 percent. For the most part, social health insurance adoption has no significant impact on amenable mortality, but for one cause-breast cancer among women-social health insurance systems perform significantly worse, with 5-6 percent more potential years of life lost. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4821
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
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    Leveling the intra-household playing field : compensation and specialization in child labor allocation (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4822
    Parallel Title: V. Del Carpio, Ximena Leveling the intra-household playing field
    Keywords: Child labor ; Transfer payments ; Child labor ; Transfer payments
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes changes in the allocation of child labor within the household in reaction to exogenous shocks created by a social program in Nicaragua. The paper shows that households that randomly received a conditional cash transfer compensated for some of the intra-household differences, as they reduced child labor more for older boys who used to work more and for boys who were further behind in school. The results also show that households that randomly received a productive investment grant, in addition to the basic conditional cash transfer benefits, both targeted at women, show an increased specialization of older girls in nonagricultural and domestic work, but no overall increase in girls' child labor. The findings suggest that time allocation and specialization patterns in child labor within the household are important factors to understand the impact of a social program. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4822
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
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    Cross-border purchases of health services : a case study on Austria and Hungary (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4825
    Parallel Title: Obermaier, Andreas J Cross-border purchases of health services
    Keywords: Medical care ; Medical care ; Medical care ; Medical care
    Abstract: "This paper explores the structure of cross-border health purchasing between Austria and Hungary and determines the size of this phenomenon as well as the barriers to a further increase. Austrian patients may receive health care treatment in Hungary in three different ways. First, patients may receive benefits in the context of the European Community Regulations 1408/71 and 574/72 (Category I patients). Second, outside those regulatory structures, Austrian patients travel to Hungary to receive medical treatment, especially dental treatment, and then seek reimbursement from their Austrian insurance (Category II patients). Third, some patients receive medical treatment in Hungary outside both schemes (Category III patients). There are about 42,500 Category I patients per year; and 58,000 Category II patients world-wide per year. An unknown but supposedly greater number of patients travel to Hungary to receive mainly dental treatment and cosmetic surgery (Category III). Most health actors in both Austria and Hungary do not regard cross-border purchasing of health services as having cost-saving effects. They put forward major legal, institutional, political, and psychological barriers, which inhibit public and private Austrian providers, to facilitate trade in health care and which inhibit individual patients to realize cost savings through capitalizing on lower health care prices in Hungary. Therefore, for the time being, trade in health care and patient mobility between Austria and Hungary is a circumscribed phenomenon in terms of quantities, and it will most probably remain so in the near future. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4825
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
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    Valuing mortality and morbidity in the context of disaster risks (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4832
    Parallel Title: L. Cropper, Maureen Valuing mortality and morbidity in the context of disaster risks
    Keywords: Disasters ; Mortality ; Disasters ; Mortality
    Abstract: "Benefit-cost analyses of disaster risk reduction (DRR) projects are an important tool for evaluating the efficiency of such projects, and an important input into decision making. These analyses, however, often fail to monetize the benefits of reduced death and injury. The authors review the literature on valuing reduced death and injury, and suggest methods for calculating order-of-magnitude estimates of these benefits. Because few empirical estimates of the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) are available for developing countries, methods for transferring estimates from high income to middle and low income countries are reviewed. The authors suggest using the range of values implied by an income elasticity of 1.0 and an elasticity of 1.5. With regard to injury valuation they discuss arguments for and against monetizing Quality Adjusted Life Years, and provide shortcuts to valuing injuries that may be used to assess their importance in DRR benefit-cost analyses. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4832
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
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    Age at first child : does education delay fertility timing? the case of Kenya (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4833
    Parallel Title: Ferre, Celine Age at first child
    Keywords: Education ; Fertility, Human ; Teenage pregnancy ; Education ; Fertility, Human ; Teenage pregnancy
    Abstract: "Completing additional years of education necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life. This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan education reform as an instrument for years of education. The authors find that adding one more year of education decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of having one's first child before age 20, when having at least completed primary education, is about 65 percent; therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and decision makers who set up health and educational policies. This paper shows that investing in education can have positive spillovers on health. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4833
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 94
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    Foreign informational lobbying can enhance tourism : evidence from the Caribbean (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4834
    Parallel Title: Gawande, Kishore S Foreign informational lobbying can enhance tourism
    Keywords: Lobbying ; Lobbying ; Tourism ; Lobbying ; Lobbying ; Tourism
    Abstract: "There exist legal channels for informational lobbying of U.S. policymakers by foreign principals. Foreign governments and private sector principals frequently and intensively use this institutional channel to lobby on trade and tourism issues. This paper empirically studies whether such lobbying effectively achieves its goal of trade promotion in the context of Caribbean tourism, and suggests the potential for using foreign lobbying as a vehicle for development. Panel data are used to explore and quantify the association between foreign lobbying by Caribbean principals and U.S. tourist arrivals to Caribbean destinations. A variety of sensitivity analyses support the finding of a strong association. The policy implications are obvious and potentially important for developing countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4834
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  • 95
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    Democracy and reforms (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4835
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Democracy and reforms
    Keywords: Democracy ; Economic policy ; Democracy ; Economic policy
    Abstract: "The authors use a sample of 147 countries to investigate the link between democracy and reforms. Democracy may be conducive to reforms, because politicians have the incentive to embrace growth-enhancing reforms to win elections. By contrast, authoritarian regimes do not have to worry as much about public opinion and may undertake reforms that are painful in the short run but bring future prosperity. This paper tests these hypotheses, using data on micro-economic reforms from the World Bank's Doing Business database. These data do not suffer the endogeneity issues associated with other datasets on changes in economic institutions. The results provide robust support for the claim that democracy is good for growth-enhancing reforms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4835
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
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    The impact of EU accession on human capital formation : can migration fuel a brain gain? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4845
    Parallel Title: Farchy, Emily The impact of EU accession on human capital formation
    Keywords: Brain drain ; Human capital ; Brain drain ; Human capital
    Abstract: "Can a brain drain be good for development? Many studies have established the theoretical possibility of such a brain gain. Yet it is only recently that the relaxation of data constraints has allowed for sound empirical assessments. In utilizing the dramatic policy change that accompanied European Union accession as a natural experiment, this paper is able to assuage fears of reverse causality between migration and human capital formation. The results highlight a significant impact of European Union accession on human capital formation indicating that the prospect of migration can indeed fuel skill formation even in the context of middle-income economies. And, if accompanied by policies to promote return migration, as well as a functioning credit market to enable private investment, international labor mobility could represent a powerful tool for growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4845
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  • 97
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    Bidders' entry and auctioneer's rejection : applying a double selection model to road procurement auctions (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4855
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Bidders' entry and auctioneer's rejection
    Abstract: "Limited competition has been a serious concern in infrastructure procurement. Importantly, however, there are normally a number of potential bidders initially showing interest in proposed projects. This paper focuses on tackling the question why these initially interested bidders fade out. An empirical problem is that no bids of fading-out firms are observable. They could decide not to enter the process at the beginning of the tendering or may be technically disqualified at any point in the selection process. This paper applies the double selection model to procurement data from road development projects in developing countries and examines why competition ends up restricted. It shows that bidders are self-selective and auctioneers also tend to limit participation depending on the size of contracts. Therefore, limited competition would likely lead to high infrastructure procurement costs. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/5/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4855
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  • 98
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    Market integration and structural transformation in a poor rural economy (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4856
    Parallel Title: Söderbom, Måns Market integration and structural transformation in a poor rural economy
    Keywords: Rural development ; Rural development
    Abstract: "By developing a simple theoretical model of the impact of market integration on sectoral output and employment in a poor rural setting, this paper demonstrates that trade can induce asymmetric growth. Under certain, plausible, assumptions, the non-farm sector will grow much faster than the agricultural sector when markets become integrated. Promoting market integration may thus be an effective way of encouraging diversification beyond agriculture and catalysing structural change in poor rural economies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4856
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  • 99
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    Weakly relative poverty (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4844
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Weakly relative poverty
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Prevailing measures of relative poverty put an implausibly high weight on relative deprivation, such that measured poverty does not fall when all incomes grow at the same rate. This stems from the (implicit) assumption in past measures that very poor people incur a negligible cost of social inclusion. That assumption is inconsistent with evidence on the social roles of certain private expenditures in poor settings and with data on national poverty lines. The authors propose a new schedule of "weakly relative" lines that relax this assumption and estimate the implied poverty measures for 116 developing countries. The authors find that there is more relative poverty than past estimates have suggested. In 2005, one half of the population of the developing world lived in relative poverty, half of whom were absolutely poor. The total number of relatively poor rose over 1981-2005, despite falling numbers of absolutely poor. With sustained economic growth, the incidence of relative poverty becomes less responsive to further growth. Slower progress against relative poverty can thus be seen as the "other side of the coin" to success against absolute poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4844
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global distortions to agricultural markets : new indicators of trade and welfare impacts, 1955 to 2007 (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4865
    Parallel Title: Lloyd, P. J Global distortions to agricultural markets
    Keywords: Agricultural prices ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and state ; Agricultural prices ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and state
    Abstract: "Despite recent reforms, world agricultural markets remain highly distorted by government policies. Traditional indicators of those price distortions can be poor guides to the policies' economic effects. Recent theoretical literature provides indicators of trade and welfare-reducing effects of price and trade policies which this paper builds on to develop more-satisfactory indexes. The authors exploit a new Agricultural Distortion database to generate estimates of them for developing and high-income countries over the past half century. These better approximations of the trade and welfare effects of sector policies are generated without a formal model of global markets or even price elasticity estimates. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4865
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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