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  • 1
    Article
    Article
    Associated volumes
    In:  Les saisons d'Alsace (2015), 64, Seite 24-111 | year:2015 | number:64 | pages:24-111
    ISSN: 0048-9018
    Language: French
    Additional Material: Ill., Lit.Hinw.
    Titel der Quelle: Les saisons d'Alsace
    Publ. der Quelle: Strasbourg : Ed. des Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, 1949
    Angaben zur Quelle: (2015), 64, Seite 24-111
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2015
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:64
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:24-111
    DDC: 306.09
    Keywords: Entdeckung ; Geschichte ; Innovation ; Traditionale Kultur ; Kulturkontakt ; Kolonisation ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Frankreich ; Erde
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.686
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure – the energy, water, transport and telecommunication networks – which performs a vital role for the functioning of the economy, can contribute to raising growth and social welfare. But more is not always better. While the paper shows that investment in the network industries has had a positive effect over and above the addition to the capital stock, there is evidence that investment in the past has sometimes been misallocated. This paper identifies the policy framework that promotes investment that is conducive to growth and ensures the appropriate use of infrastructure. Central aspects of this framework are identified as a robust decision making process, improving the selection of investment projects, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and vertical separation when this is appropriate. In addition, efficient investment can be promoted by the combination of regulator independence and the application of incentive regulation.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 892
    Keywords: Investitionsentscheidung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Deregulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1111
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of how households’ income has fared compared with GDP. While the prime focus is on incomes around the median, attention is paid also to the bottom of the income distribution. Thus, one contribution of the paper is to deliver a fresh assessment of the evolution of inequality and poverty across OECD countries over the last fifteen years. The analysis relies on a rich array of indicators, producing new evidence of the various patterns of differences in income distributions across countries and over time. For example, it assesses the extent to which stability in overall income inequality masks compensating changes between the lower and upper halves of the income distribution. Also, it explores whether contracting inequalities coexist with increasing poverty. The paper adds to previous studies by introducing, measuring and analysing income polarisation in a cross-country comparative perspective. Distinguishing polarisation from inequality and comparing their evolution over time provides new policy-relevant perspectives on the nature of the changing income distribution.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1295
    Keywords: Handelseffekt ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; CGE-Modell ; Economics ; Trade ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil remains a fairly closed economy, with small trade flows relative to its share of world income. This paper explores the effects of three possible policy reforms to strengthen Brazil’s integration into global trade: a reduction in import tariffs, less local content requirements and a full zero-rating of exports in indirect taxes. A simulation analysis using the OECD Multi-Region Trade CGE model suggests that current policies are holding back exports, production and investment in Brazil. The model simulations suggest significant scope for trade policy reforms to strengthen industrial development and export competitiveness. Results also show that the expansion of investment and production would be accompanied by significant employment gains. Moreover, employment growth is higher for low-skilled occupations, implying that a major trade and tax policy reform aiming at liberalising trade flows would particularly help those at the lower end of the income distribution.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 1-23
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2011, no. 1, p. 1-23
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: How can public policy influence investment in infrastructure in network industries? Network industries rely mainly on fixed networks to deliver services, with investment being lumpy and largely irreversible. As a result, public policies – such as public provision, the introduction of competition and the regulatory environment – can potentially have an important impact on investment behaviour, with the net effect depending on the extent that policies boost socially-productive investment or reduce inefficient investment. Drawing on responses to a unique questionnaire assessing public policy in the network sectors, the information in this paper presents a systematic picture of relevant policies in place across OECD countries. Econometric analysis – both at the sectoral and firm level – finds that public policies can have significant quantitative effects. In particular, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and the combination of regulator independence and incentive regulation can promote investment in the sector.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1213
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Frauen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Berufsbildung ; Fachkräfte ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Czech labour market has undergone significant changes as a consequence of economic restructuring. This paper analyses these changes, highlighting both the impact of the recent economic crisis and some of the longer-run determinants of the Czech labour market. The higher share of tertiary education graduates has increased the supply of skills. Simultaneously, the development of services and the integration into global value chains have changed the composition of employment, away from construction and agriculture, and with significant shifts within the manufacturing sector. Although at an aggregate level the labour market performs well, a deeper analysis reveals several weaknesses. In particular, long-term and youth unemployment are persistent and especially affect the lower-skilled. Skill and occupational mismatches of vocational education graduates show that the education system fails to provide the qualifications required by the labour market. At the same time, regional differences in labour market performance have grown. Raising the low employment rate of women with young children would mitigate labour force ageing and prevent skill deterioration of a highly educated labour force. Over time, the labour market has been responding faster to output shocks and output growth consistent with constant unemployment has dropped significantly. Young people are more vulnerable to fluctuations in economic output than the rest of the labour force. The volume of labour market flows increased substantially during the recent years, both for short- and long-term unemployment.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 8
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Costa Rica: Restoring fiscal sustainability and setting the basis for a more growth-friendly and inclusive fiscal policy
    Keywords: Economics ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: Años consecutivos de déficits primarios han conducido a una creciente deuda pública de casi el 50% del PIB, uno de los aumentos más rápidos en América Latina en la última década, y los intentos del gobierno para restablecer la salud fiscal se han visto socavados por la paralización en la Asamblea Legislativa. Aunque para contener el gasto se han promulgado reformas menores, los esfuerzos para frenar la evasión fiscal y aumentar la eficiencia de la administración tributaria son dignos de admiración. Sin embargo, no se ha logrado que los aumentos en los ingresos fiscales igualen los aumentos del gasto obligatorio y como resultado, las calificaciones soberanas de riesgo país han disminuido por debajo del nivel de inversión, y las perspectivas negativas de la deuda de Costa Rica indican que los costos del financiamiento aumentarán. Ante este escenario, el riesgo de una crisis fiscal va en aumento, a medida que las condiciones financieras mundiales también se tornan menos favorables y la estructura de la deuda se ha reorientado hacia una mayor dependencia de las tasas flotantes y los bonos denominados en dólares. La promulgación de un programa de consolidación fiscal de 3 años del 1% del PIB cada año permitirá estabilizar la deuda en los niveles actuales para el año 2032. El actual proyecto de Ley de Fortalecimiento de las Finanzas Públicas propone un paquete integral de reforma fiscal, con medidas tanto en los ingresos como en los gastos, así como una regla fiscal, que debe complementarse con medidas adicionales para contener la asignación obligatoria de ingresos con fines específicos. Una reducción de la fragmentación excesiva de las instituciones del sector público permitiría que el Ministerio de Hacienda recupere el control del presupuesto. También existe un margen para reducir el gasto en remuneraciones de los trabajadores del sector público, uno de los rubros de gasto que ha crecido con mayor rapidez y una fuente de desigualdad de ingresos. Se recomienda fortalecer la regla fiscal propuesta, con la adopción de un marco de gastos multianual y la instauración un consejo fiscal, así como modernizar la gestión de la deuda mejorando la comunicación con los mercados y reduciendo el número de valores de referencia. Con el tiempo, la mejora de la eficiencia y la calidad del gasto social, así como la modificación de la estructura impositiva para que no dependa de las contribuciones a la seguridad social, y la ampliación de la base impositiva, permitirían que la política fiscal contribuya de manera más significativa al crecimiento y a la equidad.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Raising skills in Portugal
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Não obstante o progresso significativo conseguido, melhorar as competências e as qualificações continua a ser um dos principais desafios que Portugal enfrenta para aumentar o crescimento, os níveis de vida e o bem-estar. A requalificação da população adulta continua a ser uma prioridade e as atividades de aprendizagem ao longo da vida devem centrar-se mais nas pessoas pouco qualificadas. Embora as políticas ativas do mercado de trabalho tenham aumentado a componente de formação nos últimos anos, a despesa por desempregado continua a ser baixa. Um controlo sistemático dos diferentes programas permitiria concentrar os recursos nos programas que são mais eficazes para aumentar as competências e as perspetivas de emprego. No sistema de ensino, aumentos sucessivos do ensino obrigatório não eliminaram o abandono escolar precoce, e uma parte significativa dos jovens abandona o ensino sem concluir o ensino secundário, enfrentando assim fracas perspetivas no mercado de trabalho e arriscando-se a cair na pobreza. Um outro desafio para o sistema de ensino é reduzir a associação existente entre os resultados da aprendizagem e as origens socioeconómicas. Para tal, será necessário prestar mais cedo um apoio individualizado aos alunos em risco de insucesso escolar, reforçar a formação e a exposição de professores e diretores escolares às melhores práticas, e criar incentivos para atrair mais professores experientes para escolas com contextos económico-sociais menos favorecidos. Até recentemente foi dada menor atenção ao ensino e formação vocacional e profissional (EFVP) relativamente ao ensino geral e o EFVP padece de uma gestão fragmentada. Isto acabou por restringir as perspetivas de emprego dos jovens que não pretendiam prosseguir para o ensino superior. Criar um único sistema de EFVP e reforçar a aprendizagem em contexto laboral contribuiria a melhorar este problema. O ensino superior expandiu-se consideravelmente nos últimos anos, mas pode centrar-se mais nas necessidades do mercado de trabalho, através da criação de um ensino superior técnico. Um maior apoio às atividades de investigação das empresas pode ser conjugado com um reforço das competências de gestão e das ligações entre as empresas e os investigadores, por exemplo, criando incentivos para a cooperação de académicos com o setor privado. Este Documento de Trabalho está relacionado com o Estudo Económico de Portugal de 2017 da OCDE (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-portugal.htm).
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.803
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: How can governments reap the potential benefits of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the provision of infrastructure? Private sector involvement in the provision of public goods is long-standing, often relying on franchises or concessions. More recently, PPPs have risen in prominence, promising innovative solutions and a better allocation of inputs than traditional procurement with separate concessions. However PPPs are not without risks with the outcome depending on the identification of the most efficient bidder, the risk sharing between the public and private sector and the design of the contractual relationship. Furthermore, PPPs, particularly when they are used to circumvent budgetary constraints, present risks to government budgets by creating large contingent liabilities. Drawing on a discussion of the economics of PPPs in relation to infrastructure and questionnaire responses, synthetic indicators are used to assess how well-suited policy frameworks in the OECD are to benefit from PPPs. The results show marked heterogeneity across countries, suggesting there is scope to improve performance and gain expertise by considering other countries? experiences.
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