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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty
    Keywords: Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    More Relatively-Poor People in a Less Absolutely-Poor World (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Shaohua Chen More Relatively-Poor People in a Less Absolutely-Poor World
    Abstract: Relative deprivation, shame and social exclusion can matter to the welfare of people everywhere. The authors argue that such social effects on welfare call for a reconsideration of how we assess global poverty, but they do not support standard measures of relative poverty. The paper argues instead for using a weakly-relative measure as the upper-bound complement to the lower-bound provided by a standard absolute measure. New estimates of global poverty are presented, drawing on 850 household surveys spanning 125 countries over 1981-2008. The absolute line is
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6114
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ? : Evidence From Rural China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ?
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The paper revisits the site of a large, World Bank-financed, rural development program in China 10 years after it began and four years after disbursements ended. The program emphasized community participation in multi-sectoral interventions (including farming, animal husbandry, infrastructure and social services). Data were collected on 2,000 households in project and nonproject areas, spanning 10 years. A double-difference estimator of the program's impact (on top of pre-existing governmental programs) reveals sizeable short-term income gains that were mostly saved. Only modest gains to mean consumption emerged in the longer term-in rough accord with the gain to permanent income. Certain types of households gained more than others. The educated poor were under-covered by the community-based selection process-greatly reducing overall impact. The main results are robust to corrections for various sources of selection bias, including village targeting and interference due to spillover effects generated by the response of local governments to the external aid
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Absolute Poverty Measures For The Developing World, 1981-2004 (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Absolute Poverty Measures For The Developing World, 1981-2004
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors report new estimates of measures of absolute poverty for the developing world over 1981-2004. A clear trend decline in the percentage of people who are absolutely poor is evident, although with uneven progress across regions. They find more mixed success in reducing the total number of poor. Indeed, the developing world outside China has seen little or no sustained progress in reducing the number of poor, with rising poverty counts in some regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. There are encouraging signs of progress in reducing the incidence of poverty in all regions after 2000, although it is too early to say if this is a new trend
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dollar A Day Revisited (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Benefit Incidence with Incentive Effects, Measurement Errors and Latent Heterogeneity (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Benefit Incidence with Incentive Effects, Measurement Errors and Latent Heterogeneity
    Abstract: Empirical studies of tax and benefit incidence routinely ignore behavioral responses and measurement errors. This paper offers an econometric method of estimating the mean benefit withdrawal rate (marginal tax rate) allowing for incentive effects, measurement errors, and correlated latent heterogeneity in incidence. Under the method's identifying assumptions, a feasible instrumental variables estimator corrects for incentive effects and measurement errors, and provides a bound for the true value when there is correlated incidence heterogeneity. A case study for a large cash transfer program in China indicates that past methods of assessing benefit incidence using either nominal official rates or raw tabulations from survey data are deceptive. The program entails a nominal 100 percent benefit withdrawal rate-a poverty trap. However, the paper finds that the actual rate is much lower, and clearly too low in the light of the literature on optimal income taxation. The paper discusses likely reasons based on the qualitative observations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6573
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sangraula, Prem New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors provide new evidence on the extent to which absolute poverty has urbanized in the developing world, and the role that population urbanization has played in overall poverty reduction. They find that one-quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas and that the proportion has been rising over time. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate but did little for urban poverty. Over 1993-2002, the count of the
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4703
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The paper presents a major overhaul to the World Bank's past estimates of global poverty, incorporating new and better data. Extreme poverty-as judged by what "poverty" means in the world's poorest countries-is found to be more pervasive than we thought. Yet the data also provide robust evidence of continually declining poverty incidence and depth since the early 1980s. For 2005 we estimate that 1.4 billion people, or one quarter of the population of the developing world, lived below our international line of
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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