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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Survey of Land And Real Estate Transactions In The Russian Federation : Statistical Analysis of Selected Hypotheses (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kisunko, Gregory Survey of Land And Real Estate Transactions In The Russian Federation
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Auctions ; Cities ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disclosure ; Enterprises ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land ; Land Prices ; Land Pricing ; Land Taxes ; Land Use and Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Laws ; Legislation ; Local Government ; Municipal ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Administrative Costs ; Auctions ; Cities ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disclosure ; Enterprises ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land ; Land Prices ; Land Pricing ; Land Taxes ; Land Use and Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Laws ; Legislation ; Local Government ; Municipal ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Administrative Costs ; Auctions ; Cities ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disclosure ; Enterprises ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Land ; Land Prices ; Land Pricing ; Land Taxes ; Land Use and Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Laws ; Legislation ; Local Government ; Municipal ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: This paper analyzes land transactions between municipalities and private businesses based on official data and business surveys in 15 regions of the Russian Federation. Since the Russian Federation passed the new Land Code in 2001, land privatization has been officially encouraged by the federal government and in particular, land under previously privatized buildings was supposed to be privatized to the owner at a nominal price. The paper shows that many subnational authorities (which own or control the vast majority of land of interest to businesses) appear to use a combination of high statutory land buy-out prices and administrative barriers to deter land privatization and to offer "long-term leases" (which are not fully marketable) instead. On the other hand, regions that have established low buy-out prices and taken steps to remove unnecessary administrative barriers to land privatization appear to have higher rates of land ownership by businesses, and to face lower levels of corruption in the privatization process. The paper concludes that further reductions in the statutory prices for privatization of land under buildings and elimination of unnecessary administrative barriers should help to encourage further land privatization and the development of a competitive, secondary market in commercial land
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How businesses see government : responses from private sector surveys in 69 countries (1998)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082134174X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 66 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / IFC, International Finance Corporation no.33
    DDC: 338.9
    Keywords: Business enterprises Government policy ; Entrepreneurship ; Industrial policy ; Trade regulation ; Business enterprises Government policy ; Entrepreneurship ; Industrial policy ; Trade regulation
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Challenges to enterprise performance in the face of the financial crisis : Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2011)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821388013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 125 p)
    Edition: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.50947
    Keywords: Business enterprises ; Business enterprises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Industries ; Industries ; Business enterprises ; Business enterprises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Industries ; Industries ; Business enterprises ; Business enterprises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Asia, Central ; Europe, Eastern ; Industries ; Industries ; Asia, Central ; Europe, Eastern ; Asia, Central Economic conditions 21st century ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 21st century ; Asia, Central Economic conditions 21st century ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 21st century
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8800-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Governors and Governing Institutions : A Comparative Study of State-Business Relations in Russia's Regions (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gharafutdinova, Gulnaz Governors and Governing Institutions
    Abstract: The paper uses the latest 2011 round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey for the Russian Federation, which for the first time was designed to be representative of Russian regions. The paper takes a closer look at regional-level factors influencing the business environment in Russia and, more specifically, conditions that favor the emergence of symbiotic relations between regional authorities and regional businesses. Considering the argued significance of informal rules, norms, and agreements for the regional-level business environment in Russia, the paper uses proxy variables such as tenure and origin of regional governors to identify how these rules are being institutionalized. The findings reveal that, at least in case of Russia, juxtaposing the state and business actors as separate and opposed to each other may overstate the distinction between these two groups of actors and understate the fact that many localities in Russia have witnessed the emergence of mutually beneficial state-business arrangements. Defining whether these arrangements are beneficial or harmful to regional development is beyond the scope of this exploratory paper
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7038
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Small businesses in South Africa : who outsources tax compliance work and why? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4873
    Parallel Title: Coolidge, Jacqueline G Small businesses in South Africa
    Keywords: Small business Taxation ; Small business Taxation
    Abstract: "The authors use firm-level survey data on 998 small and medium enterprises registered for tax in South Africa regarding tax compliance costs to investigate the use of outsourcing to complete tax compliance tasks. Overall, about 43 percent of the enterprises do all their tax compliance work in-house, 11 percent outsource all their tax compliance work, and the remaining 46 percent use a combination of both ("partial outsourcing"). The data display an inverted-U shape for outsourcing of tax compliance tasks: the smallest firms (those under R 300,000 turnover or well under US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4873
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    External Finance and Firm Survival in the Aftermath of the Crisis : Evidence from Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: George R.G. Clarke External Finance and Firm Survival in the Aftermath of the Crisis
    Abstract: Two data sets are used to study how country and firm characteristics affected firms' financial constraints and their likelihood of survival during the early phase of the recent global financial crisis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a region that was especially hard hit. The first data source provides information on the reported severity of financial constraints for 360 firms from 23 countries in 2002, 2005, and 2008. By following the same firms over time, the study summarizes both the gradual easing of financial constraints from 2002 to 2005 and their tightening during the crisis. Key findings are that financial constraints during the crisis were less severe in countries with well-established foreign banks (entered prior to year 2000), and that changes in the severity of financial constraints were more pronounced for large firms than others during the crisis (although large firms continued to have less severe constraints on average). The second data source provides information on whether firms remained in operation in 2009 in six countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Controlling for other relevant characteristics, firms were more likely to survive the crisis if they had access to external credit
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6050
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trends in private investment in developing countries : Statistics for 1970-97 and Perceived Obstacles to Doing Business (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821344757 , 9780821344750
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This is the tenth annual edition of "Trends in Private Investment in Developing Countries." To mark this event, this report includes figures for each of the countries for which data are available as well as the first country-specific results of a worldwide survey on obstacles to doing business perceived by executives in 74 countries (including several industrial countries for comparison). The first part of this report documents trends in private and public fixed investment. The second part presents country-specific results of a 1996/97 worldwide survey of business executives. The discussion focus on obstacles to doing business and their relationship to levels of private investment. A few factors emerge as being of particular importance to private investment decisions:the real exchange rate, the rule of law, predictability of judiciary systems, and the extent to which financing is available to enterprises
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Institutional obstacles to doing business : region-by-region results from a worldwide survey of the private sector (1997)
    Washington, DC : World Bank, Office of the Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, Development Economics
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1759
    Parallel Title: Brunetti, Aymo Institutional obstacles to doing business
    Keywords: Business enterprises Government policy ; Business enterprises Law and legislation ; Business enterprises Government policy ; Business enterprises Law and legislation
    Note: "April 1997"--Cover , "Background paper for World development report 1997"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 44)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Credibility of rules and economic growth : evidence from a worldwide survey of the private sector (1997)
    Washington, DC : World Bank, Office of the Chief Economist and Senior Vice President, Development Economics
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1760
    Parallel Title: Brunetti, Aymo Credibility of rules and economic growth
    Keywords: Risk Mathematical models ; Saving and investment Mathematical models ; Uncertainty Mathematical models ; Risk Mathematical models ; Saving and investment Mathematical models ; Uncertainty Mathematical models
    Note: "April 1997 , "Background paper for World development report, 1997 , Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uncertainty as a Factor in Investment Decisions : The Case of the Russian Federation's Regions (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A. Levina, Irina Uncertainty as a Factor in Investment Decisions: The Case of the Russian Federation's Regions
    Abstract: This paper argues that although the bulk of the literature tends to focus on regulatory uncertainty stemming from formal practices, uncertainty that comes from unpredictable informal practices surrounding regulation is an underexplored additional form of regulatory uncertainty. The paper uses the results of empirical analysis of several unique firm-level data sets to argue that firms in Russian institutional environments adapt to informal practices of business-government interactions, so long as these practices are predictable. The paper draws a distinction between differences in levels of relatively well-ordered (and often centralized) and therefore predictable corruption-a predictable component of the cost of doing business-and variation in experiences with corruption, which often results from decentralized, unconstrained ("administrative") corruption and the rent-seeking incentives of lower level officials. It argues that a significant obstacle to investment decisions at the regional level is not so much formal or informal rules per se, but lack of predictability of their application. It also examines in-country inconsistency in property rights enforcement as another source of underexplored regulatory uncertainty tied to informal practice. Unlike administrative corruption, inconsistent property rights enforcement is a fundamental, existential threat to businesses. To test this hypothesis, the paper draws on a measure that captures private "raiders" attacks on firms-hostile, often violent takeovers of firms by outsiders aided and often abetted by law enforcement agencies. The paper argues that the greater is the number of raider attacks for a given region, the greater is the uncertainty and the less likely is investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7806
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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