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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fertiliser and Biofuel Policies in the Global Agricultural Supply Chain : Implications for Agricultural Markets and Farm Incomes (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Edition: Online-Ressource Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
    Edition: Online-Ausg.:
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.69
    Note: Online-Ausg.: , Online-Ausg; [Online-Ausg.]
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxsr7tt3qf4-en
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cadre d'analyse coût-avantages pour l'évaluation des mesures non tarifaires s'appliquant aux échanges agroalimentaires (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Cost-Benefit Framework for the Assessment of Non-Tariff Measures in Agro-Food Trade
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un cadre conceptuel pour l’évaluation des coûts et bénéfices associés aux mesures non tarifaires. Il permet une évaluation comparative basée sur les faits des diverses approches réglementaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/218778445444
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Growing together or growing apart? : a village level study of the impact of the Doha round on rural China (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3696
    Parallel Title: Kuiper, Marijke Growing together or growing apart?
    Abstract: "Most studies of the opening of the Chinese economy focus at the national level. The few existing disaggregated analyses are limited to analyzing changes in agricultural production. The authors use an innovative village equilibrium model that accounts for nonseparability of household production and consumption decisions. This allows them to analyze the impact of trade liberalization on household production, consumption, and off-farm employment, as well as the interactions among these three aspects of household decisions. They use the village model to analyze the impact of price changes and labor demand, the two major pathways through which international trade affects households. Analyzing the impact of trade liberalization for one village in the Jiangxi province of China, the authors find changes in relative prices and outside village employment to have opposite impacts on household decisions. At the household level the impact of price changes dominates the employment impacts. Comparing full trade liberalization and the more limited Doha scenario, reactions are more modest in the latter case for most households, but the response is nonlinear to increasing depth of trade reforms. This is explained by household-specific transaction (shadow) prices in combination with endogenous choices to participate in the output markets. Rising income inequalities are a growing concern in China. Whether trade liberalization allows incomes to grow together or to grow apart depends on whether one accounts for the reduction in consumption demand when household members migrate. Assessing the net effect on the within-village income distribution, the authors find that poorer households that own draught power gain most from trade liberalization. The households that have to rely on the use of own labor for farm activities and are not endowed with traction power, nor with a link to employment opportunities in the prospering coastal regions, have fewer opportunities for adjustment."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/26/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The long-term implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery measures on environmental pressures : A quantitative exploration (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.176
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Effets à long terme de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des mesures de relance sur les pressions environnementales : Etude quantitative
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government responses on the environment. It uses large-scale modelling to investigate the impact of sectoral and regional shocks to the economy until 2040. These detailed economic impacts are linked to a range of environmental pressures, including greenhouse gas emissions, emissions of air pollutants, the use of raw materials and land use change. The short-term reductions in environmental pressures are significant: in 2020, energy-related greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions dropped by around 7%. Environmental pressures related to agriculture observed a smaller drop in 2020. The reduction in the use of non-metallic minerals, including construction materials, reached double digits. From 2021, emissions are projected to increase again, gradually getting closer to the pre-COVID baseline projection levels as growth rates recover fully. But there is a long-term – potentially permanent – downward impact on the levels of environmental pressures of 1‑3%.
    DOI: 10.1787/123dfd4f-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding structural effects of COVID-19 on the global economy : First steps (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.261
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated policy responses are likely to alter the global economy in a way that affects its ability to adjust to future shocks and changes. This paper develops a point of reference for thinking about developments which could be deemed long-term and which could in turn be incorporated into what we call a “post-COVID-19 baseline”. Using the OECD’s CGE model METRO, the paper finds that output declines observed in 2020 were driven primarily by reductions in labour productivity due to varying abilities to telework across countries. Negative economic impacts were largely mitigated by government support to firms and households. Border measures to control the spread of the virus also had less of an impact on total output, reflecting important government efforts to facilitate cross border flows of goods and services whilst managing cross border movements of people. Demand shifts had the smallest impact on global GDP, but had significant and heterogeneous impacts on consumption, output and trade changes across countries and sectors. This in turn contributed to pressures on some global supply chains.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6a9ef88-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Effets à long terme de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des mesures de relance sur les pressions environnementales : Etude quantitative (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The long-term implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery measures on environmental pressures: A quantitative exploration
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: La présente synthèse contient une analyse des effets à long terme de la pandémie de COVID 19 et des mesures publiques de relance économique adoptées pour y faire face sur l’environnement. À l’aide de modélisations à grande échelle, il étudie les impacts des chocs sectoriels et régionaux sur l’économie jusqu’en 2040. Elle fait le lien entre des chocs sectoriels et régionaux sur l’économie jusqu’en 2040 et une série de pressions sur l’environnement, dont les émissions de gaz à effet de serre ou de polluants atmosphériques, l’utilisation de matières premières et les changements d’affectation des terres.. La réduction à court terme des pressions environnementales est notable : en 2020, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants atmosphériques liées à l’énergie ont baissé de 7 % environ. Les pressions en rapport avec l’agriculture ont enregistré un recul plus modeste cette même année. Le recul de l’utilisation de minerais non métalliques, dont les matériaux de construction, a atteint un pourcentage à deux chiffres. D’après les projections, les émissions remonteront à partir de 2021 et se rapprocheront progressivement des niveaux de référence antérieures au COVID, les taux de croissance rattrapant tout leur retard. Cependant, à long terme, un effet à la baisse - potentiellement permanent - sur le niveau des pressions environnementales est chiffré entre 1 et 3 %.
    DOI: 10.1787/28ebe842-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    The impact of COVID-19 on directions and structure of international trade (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.252
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: 2020 marked some of the largest reductions in trade and output volumes since WWII. Focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic and using the latest monthly and quarterly data on international trade of selected countries and products, this paper documents key shifts in geographical direction and product composition of international trade in 2020. Trade in services declined by more than twice as much as trade in goods and its recovery has also been slower. While the size of the drop in global trade relative to the drop in output in 2020 was smaller than during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), this was not related to the overall size of the trade impacts in 2020, but rather reflects the significant heterogeneity of trade and production impacts across specific goods, services and trade partners from COVID-19. Trade in several types of goods plummeted, while that in others increased markedly. As a result, the variation in trade impacts across the different product categories in 2020 was not only larger than during the GFC, but also larger than in any other year during the past two decades. The product structure of countries’ goods trade also changed significantly in 2020, indicating large adjustments. While some international supply chains came under pressure in early months of the pandemic, the data also show that supply chains were instrumental in the resumption of economic activity. The distance travelled by imported products actually continued to increase in 2020, largely as a result of China and other Asian countries filling supply gaps resulting from lockdowns and demand changes in other regions. These shifts occurred in the context of significant perturbations in the international transport sector. While it is not known which of the changes in 2020 will be only short-lived, some seem to show signs of longer-term shifts or are likely to result in long-term adjustments. Above all, the unprecedented heterogeneity of changes in trade flows across products, sources and destinations seen in 2020 suggests high uncertainty and adjustment costs, and implies an increased need ‒ and incentives ‒ for consumers, firms and governments to adopt new or intensify existing risk mitigation strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/0b8eaafe-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Modelling trade policy scenarios : Macroeconomic and trade effects of restrictions in cross border labour mobility (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.259
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: COVID-19 has drawn renewed attention to the economic importance of cross border mobility. Frictions in cross border mobility of labour can substantially impact the economy and international trade, by causing a long-term decrease in net migration that would alter the labour supply in many economies. To capture these macro-economic and trade effects, a global macroeconomic model (NiGEM) and a general equilibrium trade model (METRO) were used to simulate a stylised scenario equivalent to a 20% reduction in net-migration accumulated over the past ten years for all economies and regions. In OECD countries, this would translate into a reduction of the overall labour supply, and this shock would shift some economic activity towards non-OECD countries. At the sectoral level, exports of labour intensive manufacturing activities in OECD countries would contract, with electronics (13% of the total reduction of exports in the long term), automobiles (12%) and pharmaceuticals (9%) among the most affected.
    DOI: 10.1787/b37fa34f-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Trade impacts of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1698
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the medium term impact of the United Kingdom leaving the EU Single Market under the terms of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) reached at the end of 2020 using the OECD METRO CGE model. The analysis does not include any transitional costs to fully implementing the new trade agreement, nor does it take into account stress on the economy as a result of COVID-19. Lastly, only the implications on services trade from regulatory restrictions on the free movement of people have been incorporated in the analysis while the wider labour market impacts of cross-border movement of people are left aside. Results from the simulation show that real GDP losses in the European Union, in the worst case scenario are expected to be around 0.6% in the medium term, but would vary markedly across countries. Ireland would experience the largest losses, while countries with loose trade links with the United Kingdom would barely be affected. The decline in trade is not uniform among sectors. European Union member states are expected to import less professional services such as financial services and insurance, communication, and other business services. UK exports are estimated to fall by about 6.3% and imports by 8.1% in the medium term. The overall medium-term loss in real GDP could amount to 4.4%.
    DOI: 10.1787/eeeea3ec-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Elaboration et mise en oeuvre des politiques agricoles : une synthèse (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Agricultural Policy Design and Implementation: A Synthesis
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Les politiques agricoles sont-elles à ce jour fondées sur des objectifs mesurables ? Parviennent-elles à atteindre correctement les objectifs avoués ? A quoi pourrait ressembler une politique agricole améliorée ? Comment s’embarquer sur une trajectoire de réforme ? Ces questions sont examinées, parmi d’autres, dans cette publication. Elle s’appuie sur plusieurs projets réalisés ces dernières années sous les auspices du Comité de l’Agriculture de l’OCDE et formule de manière succincte des recommandations pratiques pour mettre en oeuvre la réforme de la politique agricole. Elle présente les caractéristiques opérationnelles d’un ensemble de politiques qui permettrait d’atteindre les objectifs internes des politiques tout en minimisant les distorsions et les effets secondaires sur les marchés mondiaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/243785574180
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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