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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (746)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (579)
  • Financial Literacy  (255)
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pacific Economic Update, August 2023 : Recovering in the Midst of Uncertainty - Special Focus: Harnessing the Benefits of Pacific Migration (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Benefits ; Human Capital ; Integration ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Job Markets ; Labor Markets ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Welfare
    Abstract: The global economic recovery remains fragile, creating choppy seas for the recovering Pacific. While global conditions have gradually improved since the pandemic and spillovers from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, progress on reducing inflation in major economies has proven more challenging than expected. Given that all Pacific countries are net importers, this has resulted in persistently high imported inflation. The speed of monetary policy tightening by major central banks has slowed, but easing is unlikely in the near term. Aggregate demand in major trading partners of the Pacific (particularly Australia and New Zealand) remains lackluster. This could limit demand for travel and tourism services and other income sources such as remittance and commodity exports. Despite uncertainties in the global economic recovery, Pacific economies are expected to see ongoing expansion in 2023 and 2024. Fiji led the Pacific's post-COVID-19 recovery with open borders and a strong rebound in 2022 and is now on track to reach its pre-pandemic output level in 2023. Ongoing recovery expectations in the Pacific are broadly in line with March 2023 World Bank projections except for Tuvalu and Palau, where growth has been revised down given weaker than expected outcomes in construction and tourism. In 2023, Pacific growth is expected to reach 3.9 percent and then moderate to 3.3 percent in 2024 as the initial post-COVID-19 rebound dissipates and the region moves towards its long-term trend growth of 2.6 percent. Nonetheless, uncertainty remains high and depends on whether a soft landing can be achieved among key trading partners as they battle ongoing inflation. Inflation remained stubborn across the Pacific at an average of over 6.7 percent in 2022, a substantial increase from the 1.5 percent average during 2019-2021. This has increased the risk of vulnerable populations falling into poverty. In line with global trends, Pacific inflation is expected to decline to an average of 6.0 percent in 2023 and gradually subside thereafter
    DOI: 10.1596/40146
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards Better Labor Migration Systems in Northern Central America : Overview of Findings from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Foreign Labor Markets ; International Access ; Labor Markets ; Labor Migration ; Legal Framework ; NCA Countries ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note aims to close the knowledge gap about the effectiveness and capacity of labor migration sending systems in NCA countries. The report assesses whether NCA countries have the fundamental elements of an effective labor migration sending system, identifies the missing elements, and offers recommendations for strengthening the systems over time. Filling such a knowledge gap is critical to inform policies that maximize the benefits and minimize the costs of economic migration. Programs and policies that help expand legal pathways for regular migration will not only promote mutually beneficial migration, but could be a step, albeit small, towards dissuading individuals from pursuing risky migration patterns. Indeed, evidence from Mexico indicates that investing in legal labor pathways can reduce irregular migration (Clemens and Gough, 2018). In this context, this note summarizes the main findings from three institutional diagnostics of the labor migration sending systems in NCA countries, with a view to deepening the understanding of the supply side of labor flows. To this end, and building on previous World Bank experience globally, a diagnostic tool was developed to identify what steps the NCA governments have taken to recognize and respond to foreign demand for workers. The tool examines if appropriate structures, systems, processes, and resources exist to prepare and deliver adequate labor supply arrangements in the context of bilateral agreements (BLAs) or Temporary Work Agreements (TWAs) with other countries. The diagnostic tool is organized around four main pillars to regulate, facilitate, fortify, and further access of labor migrants to international labor markets
    DOI: 10.1596/40131
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Active Labor Market Policy ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Search Assistance ; Job Training Effectiveness ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker Skills Training
    Abstract: Governments around the developing world face pressure to intervene actively to help jobseekers find employment. Two of the most common policies used are job training, based on the idea that many of those seeking jobs lack the skills employers want, and job search assistance, based on the possibility that even if workers have the skills demanded, search and matching frictions make it difficult for workers to be hired in the jobs that need these skills. However, reviews of the first generation of evaluations of these programs found typical impacts to be small, casting doubt on the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of these programs. This paper reexamines the arguments for whether, when, and how developing country governments should undertake job training and job search assistance policies. The authors use their experience with policy implementation, and evidence from recent impact evaluations, to argue that there is still a role for governments in using these programs. However, success depends critically on program design and delivery elements that can be difficult to scale effectively, and in many cases the binding constraint may be a lack of firms with job openings, rather than a lack of workers with the skills to fill these openings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10576
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Davies, Elwyn Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom: Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Adult Remote Learning ; Business Training ; Digital Delivery ; Educational Sciences ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Remote Skill Training Effectiveness ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Standard in-person business training programs are costly and difficult to scale to the millions of microenterprises in the developing world. The authors conducted an experiment to test the feasibility, cost-savings, and impact of delivering live training sessions over Zoom to microentrepreneurs in Mexico and Guatemala. This paper demonstrates that it is now feasible to recruit and train self-employed women online, covering a wide geographic area, with few technology issues. However, the cost savings over in-person classes are less than expected. Training improved business practices and performance over two months, but the impacts had dissipated within six months
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10574
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  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identifying Skills Needs in Vietnam : The Survey of Detailed Skills (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Granata, Julia Identifying Skills Needs in Vietnam: The Survey of Detailed Skills
    Keywords: Digital Skills ; Employment ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; O*net ; Poverty Reduction ; Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) ; Remote Work ; Routine Skills ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Skills Toward Employability and Productivity (STEP) ; Social Protections and Labor ; Socioemotional Skills
    Abstract: This paper describes a new survey designed to collect comprehensive and granular information about required skills and tasks for detailed occupations in Vietnam. The Survey of Detailed Skills asks workers in Vietnam about their skills and tasks for a set of 30 occupations that are in demand or of strategic importance for economic growth. In doing so, the survey generates practical, detailed information at the occupation level that policy makers and practitioners can use to inform their efforts to build skills in Vietnam. The Survey of Detailed Skills makes several contributions. Most existing efforts to profile occupational skills and tasks in developing countries draw on data from other countries, most frequently the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) in the United States. However, recent research has shown that translating these data across countries via occupational crosswalks yields inaccurate results. The Survey of Detailed Skills is among the first surveys to collect detailed O*NET-type information at the detailed occupational level in a developing country setting. The collection of information about detailed skills means that these skills can be flexibly grouped into different categories (for example, socioemotional skills, digital skills, routine skills, and interpersonal skills) as needed. The use of a consistent scale anchored to the time spent using or performing a skill or task creates clarity for respondents while also yielding a measure of skill and task importance that is easily interpreted. The Survey of Detailed Skills requires outlays on administering the survey, and inclusion of all occupations in Vietnam with regular updating would require ongoing investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10565
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 106
    Online Resource
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    Does Food Insecurity Hinder Migration? : Experimental Evidence from the Indian Public Distribution System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baseler, Travis Does Food Insecurity Hinder Migration?: Experimental Evidence from the Indian Public Distribution System
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Food Voucher Policy ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Hunger Risk ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Migration
    Abstract: People may avoid migrating if they cannot insure themselves against the risk of a bad outcome. Governments can reduce the consumption risk faced by migrants by allowing them to access social protection programs in the destination. This study randomly informed around 62,000 households across 18 Indian states about a new program allowing migrants to collect their food ration across the country, together with information about practical barriers to using the program. Four months later, treated households held lower beliefs about food ration portability, and were less likely to migrate to cities. The findings indicate that food insecurity risk reduces urban migration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10549
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  • 107
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    Stronger Social Protection and Labor Systems in Central America for a Resilient and Inclusive Recovery (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Adaptive ; COVID-19 ; Inclusive Recovery ; Limited Spending ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; SPL
    Abstract: Social Protection and Labor (SPL) Systems help individuals and societies manage risk and volatility and protect them from poverty through instruments that address the challenges of resilience, equity and opportunity. SPL systems include social safety nets, social insurance, and labor market programs. As recent events have shown, the relative emphasis among goals - resilience, equity and opportunity - can change over time, with demands put on SPL program design and delivery systems differing in each context. In relatively stable times, programs are likely to focus on human capital formation, equality of opportunity, poverty reduction, and redistribution. This was the case in Central America prior to the COVID-19 emergency, albeit with some shortcomings. The goal of shock-responsiveness (resilience) dramatically came to the fore during the pandemic, even if recognized earlier during natural disasters and now more broadly with climate change. Globally and in Central America, SPL systems had a critical role in the response to the COVID-19 emergency
    DOI: 10.1596/40226
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  • 108
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    Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Piza, Caio Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades
    Keywords: Behavioral Modification ; Education ; Elementary Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Education ; Financial Law ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Proficiency Promotion ; Law and Development ; Middle School Financial Literacy
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether providing financial education in elementary and middle school grades improves students' financial proficiency and actual behavior. It uses a cluster randomized control trial to evaluate a pilot program implemented in 101 Brazilian municipal schools in 2015. The findings show positive impacts on financial proficiency, mainly among middle school students, and suggestive evidence of improvements in short-term behavioral outcomes. However, the analysis indicates that the program did not impact students' school achievements in both the short and longer terms, which suggests that the program's effects were not strong enough to shift students' behavior decisions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10511
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  • 109
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    Greening Firms in Georgia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Economic Investment and Savings ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Environment ; EU Standards ; Financial Literacy ; GHG ; Industry ; Rise
    Abstract: This report explores priorities and challenges faced by Georgia to promote green transition and support its businesses to reduce their emissions through energy efficiency. The report stresses the need for improved incentives and opportunities for business investments in energy efficiency and renewables. The report points to the importance of productivity as a driver of energy efficiency at the firm-level, as well as the importance of information and knowledge spillovers from more efficient firms to less efficient ones when these are in close-by locations and in similar sectors. The report finds that key drivers of energy efficiency upgrading include prices of energy, as these generate key incentives for businesses to upgrade their investments and organization, as well as technology adoption and quality green and general management practices. To support green transition, the report recommends a comprehensive policy package of reforms and programs, including: (i) Horizontal economy-wide policies centered around price signals and regulations, improvements to the grid infrastructure, and reliability of electricity services; (ii) Information - raising firms awareness about potential benefits of becoming more energy efficient and available energy saving. (iii) Capabilities - helping firms identify opportunities for improvement of management, organization, technology, and skills; and (iv) Finance - easing access to financial resources required for upgrading firms' technology. Finally, the report emphasizes the importance of targeting by using appropriate diagnostic and benchmarking tools to assess specific needs and readiness of businesses to upgrade and invest in energy efficiency
    DOI: 10.1596/40546
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  • 110
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    Developing Skills for Tanzanian Youth Through Dynamic TVET : A World Bank Policy Note for Tanzania - Mainland (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 11872
    Keywords: Economic and Employment Structure ; Economic Growth ; Governance ; Inflation ; Labor Force Participation ; Learning Employable Skills ; Skills Development System ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: Tanzania's rapidly growing population, particularly its youth, faces challenges in entering the labor market due to limited employable skills. This policy note first reviews the demand-side factors including Tanzania's economic, employment, and labor force characteristics, then it critically analyzes the technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and skills development system. It draws from existing studies and available data to provide an overview of key sector issues and highlights the challenges that require attention as they relate to cultivating employable skills for all Tanzanian youth. This policy note complements the World Bank Policy Note on Strengthening Basic Education System and Improving Learning Outcomes and offers timely input to the government's ongoing effort to strengthen the TVET sector
    DOI: 10.1596/40488
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  • 111
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    Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? : F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Covid-19 Pandemic Firm-Level Impact ; Crisis Recovery In Informal Economies ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firm's Investment Decision ; Informality ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Bank Business Pulse Survey
    Abstract: Using three rounds of the World Bank's Business Pulse Surveys in South Asia, this paper quantifies the relationship between informality and firms' investment and employment decisions. Accounting for multidimensionality in definition and the margins of informality, the analysis suggests that first, informal firms remain credit and liquidity constrained before and during the crisis, especially the necessity firms. In the pre-crisis period, access to finance is correlated with the extensive margin of informality, while during the crisis, both margins of informality matter. Second, informal firms perceive uncertainty to be higher because of pessimistic expectations on recovery and lower ability to predict future sales, especially the necessity firms. Third, credit constraints and accentuated uncertainty among informal firms discourage investments. Finally, while employment growth is slow and gradual for formal firms as they begin to recover sales, job growth in informal firms does not correspond to the recovery. The results suggest that countries with a large informal sector may face unusually depressed investments and jobs recovery and may have to deploy additional policy levers to accelerate recovery in the post-crisis period
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10580
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  • 112
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    Use of Assistive Education Technologies to Support Children with Visual and Hearing Difficulties in the East Asia and Pacific Region (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2113
    Keywords: Assistive Technology ; Economic Growth ; Edtech ; Education ; Hearing Impairment ; Inclusive Education ; Inflation ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Visual Impairment
    Abstract: Evidence on the uptake, use, and impact of EdTech at scale on participation and learning among students with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries remains very limited. This report presents findings on access to EdTech for children with difficulties in hearing and vision in middle-income countries (MICs) in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region using three approaches: (i) a systematic regional literature review; (ii) interviews with 17 actors from the education technology private sector across the EAP region; and (iii) case studies from four countries: Vietnam, the Philippines, China, and Tonga. The main findings from the literature review are that most EdTech solutions in EAP MICs were applied at very small scale, with a focus on the tech testing stage, and only two of the 13 identified studies from a sample of 1,661 studies measured changes in student learning outcomes. The private sector interviews indicate qualitatively that most actors in this space are unaware of the needs of children with vision and hearing disabilities, and that other challenges such as profitability and general inequalities related to access to devices and high-speed internet receive the most attention. The case studies report no examples of national deployment of any assistive education technology, though there are multiple examples of small-scale digital approaches developed by individual schools or NGOs and shared locally or, in two cases, regionally. In looking at country contexts for the case studies, we found a lack of publicly available data on spending for assistive EdTech in EAP, a lack of data on (a) prevalence of disabilities among the student population, (b) student learning, and (c) student persistence in higher grades
    DOI: 10.1596/40510
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  • 113
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    The Macroeconomic Effects of Cash Transfers : Evidence from Brazil (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mendes, Arthur The Macroeconomic Effects of Cash Transfers: Evidence from Brazil
    Keywords: Bartik Instrument ; Bolsa Familia ; Cash Transfer ; Developing Countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Employment ; Fiscal Multiplier ; Informality ; Local Multiplier ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Relative Multiplier ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper provides new evidence on the macroeconomic impact of cash transfers in developing countries. Using a Bartik-style identification strategy, the paper documents that Brazil's Bolsa Familia transfer program leads to a large and persistent increase in relative state-level GDP, formal employment, and informal employment. A state receiving 1% of GDP in extra transfers grows 2.2% faster in the first year, with RD 100,000 of extra transfers generating five formal-equivalent jobs, half of which are informal. Consistent with a demand-side mechanism, the effects are concentrated in non-tradable sectors. However, an open-economy New Keynesian model only partially captures the high multipliers estimated
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10652
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  • 114
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    Disability-Inclusive Health Care Systems : Technical Note for World Bank Task Teams (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Health Indicators ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The objective of this Technical Note is to provide task teams and task team leaders (TTLs) with tools for designing and delivering health care services that are inclusive of disability. More specifically, the ambition of this Technical Note is to improve awareness and skills of TTLs and other World Bank employees toward recognizing the rights of persons with disabilities to receive equitable health care from the outset, to help drive demand from governments, and to identify concrete actions to promote disability-inclusion in health service delivery. The guide provides the rationale for disability inclusion, tips for engaging in dialogue, information and examples on disability-inclusive practices and operations, and specific guidance on integrating disability into health service programming and delivery supported by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/38353
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  • 115
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    Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Disability ; Labor Law ; Labor Standards ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The Disability Inclusion and Accountability Framework, updated in 2022, lays out a road map for (i) including disability in the World Bank's policies, operations, and analytical work; and (ii) building internal capacity for supporting clients in implementing disability-inclusive development programs. The primary target audience of the Framework is Bank staff but it is also relevant to the Bank`s client countries, development partners and persons with disabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/38345
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  • 116
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    Factors Explaining Child Work and Education in Myanmar (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dall-Aglio, Chiara Factors Explaining Child Work and Education in Myanmar
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Bivariate Probit ; Child Education ; Child Labor ; Child Labor Law ; Child Work and Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Informal Economy ; Informality ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unprotected Child Labor Market
    Abstract: Child workers constitute a significant share of the Myanmar labor force, which has translated into an unprotected child labor market. Given the prevalence of issues surrounding school enrollment and dropout rates, this paper investigates the relationship between child work and education. Using data from the 2015 Labor Force survey, it studies what factors explain child work and how this can in turn affect schooling outcomes. The study differentiates between children's household chores and wage work. To understand if these two types of activities affect schooling differently, the paper explores if and how work intensity (number of hours worked) plays a role. The findings show that child work has a negative correlation with school enrollment and attendance, to differing degrees depending on the type of work and work intensity, regardless of gender. Overall, wage work is negatively correlated with enrollment and attendance disproportionately more than household chores. Work intensity seems to play a smaller role, but it still matters when looking at girls' participation in household chores. Working long hours does not seem to have a link with the likelihood of being enrolled and attending school, although it could affect learning outcomes as it reduces the amount of time dedicated to homework and study. However, the data source being some years old, the analysis may not fully reflect the most recent economic and social developments and conditions in Myanmar
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10260
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  • 117
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    Tunisia's Jobs Landscape (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Demography ; Employment ; Gender ; Growth ; Labor Supply and Labor Demand ; Living Standards ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized in four chapters. Chapter1 describes trends in growth, productivity, demography, employment, and living standards to inform the analysis of labor supply and labor demand carried out in the chapters that follow. The chapter starts by depicting aggregate trends in economic growth and living standards of the Tunisian population, the drivers of growth (e.g. remittances and migration, FDI, exchange rate, productivity, et cetera), and broad structural changes in terms of job creation and labor productivity growth. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the composition of the labor market and how it has changed over time, including demographics and labor force participation, employment and employment composition in terms of type of job, industrial sector, occupation both at the aggregate level and for different population groups based on gender, age, educational level, and geographical location. It turns the spotlight on two groups that face particular difficulties in accessing the labor market, namely women and youth, and advances hypotheses regarding key barriers to their engagement in the labor market. Chapter 3 shifts the focus to one of the most relevant dimensions that characterize the Tunisian labor market, namely the distinction between the public sector, formal and informal employment. The chapter investigates how individual characteristics are correlated with the probability of working in different types of employment; it provides an overview of recent trends in wages and of conditional wage gaps along a number of dimensions (men/women, public/private, formal/informal employment); and it illustrates how wage workers with different characteristics, in particular different educational endowments, benefit from the labor market. Finally, building on the findings of Chapter 1, Chapter 4 examines recent trends in the patterns of structural and spatial transformation along the employment and firm dimension. It provides an overview of the firm landscape in terms of size, industrial sector, geographical area as well as recent trends in firms' performance, dynamics, labor decisions and capital investments, as well as constraints and opportunities firms face
    DOI: 10.1596/38381
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  • 118
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    Fewer Questions, More Answers : Truncated Early Stopping for Proxy Means Testing (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Julian, Tim Fewer Questions, More Answers: Truncated Early Stopping for Proxy Means Testing
    Keywords: Adaptive Survey Design ; Cash Transfer Elidgibility ; Determinint Soci-Economic Eligibility ; Governance ; Interview Length Reduction ; Local Government ; Policy Simulation ; Proxy Means Testing ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The assignment of social programmes to their target population, known as targeting, is key to effective policy implementation. Proxy means testing is a widely used targeting approach where means testing is infeasible due to economic informality. This paper proposes a novel, practically feasible assessment approach that aims to reduce average proxy means test data collection costs, or allow more extensive data collection within a given resource envelope. Combining variable selection and prediction intervals, it develops a household-level truncated early stopping algorithm, which can reduce average interview length while maintaining predictive accuracy close to a standard proxy means test baseline. Applying the approach to Indonesian data, simulation of a 40 percent population coverage programme shows that targeting questionnaires could be shortened by 61 percent while maintaining PMT-level accuracy. A case study of a large health insurance programme in an urban area suggests that the share of intended beneficiaries who are among the targeted population can potentially be increased from 65.6 percent to 78.3 percent if enumerators conducted more of the shorter surveys that the truncated early stopping algorithm generates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10255
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  • 119
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    Accelerating Paraguay's International Integration through Enhanced Trade, Investment and Competition Policies (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Economic Inclusion ; International Economic Integration ; International Economics and Trade ; National Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policies
    Abstract: This report seeks to inform the policy dialogue on how to accelerate Paraguay's international economic integration and in turn its medium- and long-term growth prospects. It benchmarks Paraguay's global integration; analyzes trade, investment and competition policies and the quality of related institutions; and provides recommendations for strengthening them and accelerating the country's global connection. Chapter 2 benchmarks Paraguay's trade outcomes along several dimensions, including export diversification, quality upgrading and export survival, and Chapter 3 follows with an analysis of how trade policies and the quality of the institutional framework are affecting trade performance and identifies opportunities for improvements. It also estimates the impact of the MERCOSUR-European Union (EU) Free Trade Agreement on Paraguay. Chapter 4 focuses on FDI patterns and the strengths and shortcomings of the supporting FDI policy framework to help integrate in regional and global value chains. Chapter 5 examines competition challenges in Paraguay's markets that could be affecting trade and FDI attraction and provides recommendations for strengthening competition policies and institutions. The preparation of this report has benefitted from the analysis of multiple data sources as well as extensive consultations with stakeholders from the private and public sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/38365
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    Firm Heterogeneity and the Impact of Payroll Taxes (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biro, Aniko Firm Heterogeneity and the Impact of Payroll Taxes
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Employment of Older Workers ; Firm Hetrogeneity ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Older Workers ; Payroll Tax ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Incidence ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of a large payroll tax cut for older workers in Hungary. Motivated by the predictions of a standard equilibrium job search model, the paper examines the heterogeneous impact of the policy. Employment increases most at low-productivity firms offering low-wage jobs, which tend to hire from unemployment, while the effects are more muted for high-productivity firms offering high-wage jobs. At the same time, wages only increase at high-productivity firms. These results point to important heterogeneity in the incidence of payroll tax cuts across firms and highlight that payroll taxes have a significant impact on the composition of jobs in the labor market
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10265
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  • 121
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    Indonesia's Online Vacancy Outlook : From Online Job Postings to Labor Market Intelligence 2020 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Labor Market ; Occupations ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The objective of this technical report and the accompanying skills profiles report is twofold. First, the technical report explains the methodology used to transform job postings text into OV data and in turn, illustrates how to use those data to produce labor market intelligence valuable to different users. Second, the report presents answers to questions often asked by end-users and policymakers. This work is part of a series produced by the World Bank to support the Government of Indonesia in strengthening its labor market information system (LMIS). The OVO presents the results of one of four data pilots that, if adopted by the government, will provide the information needed to fill in important data gaps and to provide key labor market intelligence services to different users. Moreover, while this work focuses on the Indonesian context, it may also inform decisions in other developing countries that are considering the utilization of these data and having concerns about their validity when there is limited access to the internet and widespread informality
    DOI: 10.1596/36947
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  • 122
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    Tracing Labor Market Outcomes of Technical and Vocational Training Graduates in Saudi Arabia : A Study on Graduates from the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Human Capital ; Labor Market ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical and Vocational Education and Training ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: This paper exploits a rich dataset from various administrative sources to study short- and medium-term labor market outcomes of vocational education and training graduates in Saudi Arabia. It examines five cohorts of graduates from institutes operated by the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation who are formally employed in the private sector. The outcome measures for the study are based on monthly earnings data from the private sector social insurance records covering up to five years after graduation for the first cohort. The analysis finds positive returns to technical and vocational education are sustained over time. However, program orientation and economic conditions at the time of graduation appears to impact wages. Furthermore, vocational education and training in Saudi Arabia is associated with higher job mobility after graduation from the program. Students' mobility premium is enhanced by completion of the program, suggesting improved skills signaling and utilization contributing to higher returns to vocational education and training. The analysis identifies several challenges and opportunities to further improve outcomes of graduates, such as reducing the gender gap in labor market outcomes of female graduates and reducing the high incidence of vertical mismatch among graduates' field-of-study selection and the occupations group in which they are employed
    DOI: 10.1596/36863
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  • 123
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    Spatial Misallocation, Informality, and Transit Improvements : Evidence from Mexico City (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zarate, Roman D Spatial Misallocation, Informality, and Transit Improvements: Evidence from Mexico City
    Keywords: Access To Employment ; Allocative Efficiency ; Formal Economy ; Informal Urban Economy ; Informality ; Inter-Urban Roads and Passenger Transport ; Labor Market Informality ; Labor Markets ; Public Transportation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spatial Misallocation ; Transport ; Urban Infrastructure ; Urban Transport ; Urban Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new mechanism to explain resource misallocation in developing countries: the high commuting costs within cities that prevent workers from accessing formal employment. To test this mechanism, the paper combines a rich collection of microdata and exploits the opening of new subway lines in Mexico City. The findings show that transit improvements reduce informality by 7 percent in areas near the new stations. The paper develops a spatial model that accounts for the direct effects of infrastructure in perfectly economies and allocative efficiency. Changes in allocative efficiency driven by workers' reallocation to the formal sector amplify the gains by 20-25 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9990
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  • 124
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    How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? : Evidence from Uganda (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kadigo, Mark Marvin How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? Evidence from Uganda
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Civil War ; Demographic Composition ; Displaced Population ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Employment and Unemployment ; Female Refugees ; Humanitarian Assistance ; International Border ; Labor Markets ; Number Of Refugees ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa hosts a large proportion of the world's refugees, raising concerns about the consequences of hosting refugees. This paper focuses on Uganda, which is the largest refugee hosting country in Africa and is praised for its progressive refugee policy. The paper analyzes the effects of hosting refugees, relying on longitudinal data and an instrumental variable approach. The results indicate that Ugandan households benefit from living close to the refugee settlements. In contrast with the existing literature, the analysis finds that those initially involved in subsistence agriculture benefit the most. The effect seems to be driven by the few households able to move from subsistence agriculture to commercial farming and to some extent, to wage employment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9950
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  • 125
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    The Labor Market Implications of Restricted Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya : Evidence from Nationally Representative Phone Surveys (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Heemann, Markus The Labor Market Implications of Restricted Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: Evidence from Nationally Representative Phone Surveys
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Global Pandemic ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Force Participation ; Law and Development ; Mobility ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic affected people's livelihoods in many ways, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the degree to which recovering mobility levels impacted labor market outcomes in Kenya over the course of the pandemic, starting from May 2020 until June 2021. It uses an instrumental variable approach to identify the causal impacts of mobility reduction induced by policy changes on labor market outcomes. The findings show that a 10 percent recovery of mobility led to a 12 percentage points increase in labor force participation and a 9 percent points increase in household members being employed. At the same time, a 10 percent recovery of mobility caused an increase of 11 wage hours per week (formal and informal). Among the factors influencing self-reported mobility-reducing behavior, trust in the government's ability to deal with the pandemic correlates with less self-reported mobility reduction, while people who knew someone with an infection tend to reduce mobility less. Finally, countrywide policy stringency levels clearly reduce self-reported mobility. Given the demonstrated adverse impacts of reducing mobility on economic indicators, the government should explore options to limit the economic fall-out while protecting citizens from infections, for example, by using partial or geographically constrained lockdowns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9963
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  • 126
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    Electronic Payment Technology and Tax Compliance : Evidence from Uruguay's Financial Inclusion Reform (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brockmeyer, Anne Electronic Payment Technology and Tax Compliance: Evidence from Uruguay's Financial Inclusion Reform
    Keywords: Consumer Transaction ; Debit Transaction ; Global Payment ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Payment Method ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Authority ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Law ; Tax Withholding ; Tax-Inclusive Price
    Abstract: Does the digitization of transactions in an economy increase tax compliance This paper studies the effect of financial incentives on the adoption of electronic payment technology and on tax compliance by firms. Exploiting administrative data and policy variation from Uruguay, the paper shows that i) consumer value-added tax rebates for credit and debit card transactions trigger an immediate 50 percent increase in the number of card transactions, ii) firms' use of card machines increases only on the intensive margin, and iii) tax compliance is unaffected. Endogenous card machine adoption and a low share of card sales in total reported sales can rationalize the findings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9947
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  • 127
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    Rural Employment in Africa : Trends and Challenges (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Labor Markets ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural off farm activities remains low. This paper uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services which rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digitization, the imperative of greening and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/37023
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  • 128
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    Addressing Gender-Based Segregation through Information : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in the Republic of Congo (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gassier, Marine Addressing Gender-Based Segregation through Information: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in the Republic of Congo
    Keywords: Africa Gender Policy ; Earnings ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Gender Innovation Lab ; Labor Markets ; Male-Dominated Trades ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education ; Vocational Training ; Wages ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Women and Employment ; Women and Work
    Abstract: This paper describes a randomized experiment that used a sample of men and women who were eligible for a vocational training program in the Republic of Congo to test the effect of providing information on trade-specific earnings on trade choice. The analysis finds that women are 28.6 percent more likely to apply to a traditionally male- dominated trade when receiving this information. Men and women are also both more likely to apply to more lucrative trades. This may in part be driven by the intervention filling an information gap. The analysis suggests, however, that behavioral mechanisms, which make trade-specific returns more salient in the decision process of applicants, play an even bigger role. Indeed, there are much larger treatment effects among women who have technical knowledge and experience or male role models, even though the information does not impact their expectations of earnings in male-dominated trades. The treatment is thus most effective among women who are already well positioned to cross over into male-dominated trades and can give greater weight to earning considerations when choosing a trade. The results indicate that this low-cost intervention can be a useful tool to encourage women to cross over to more lucrative trades in which their presence has been limited, and thereby contribute to reducing the gender gap in earnings. There is also a high potential for interventions that would pair information on returns and trade exposure
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9934
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  • 129
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    Honduras - Paths Toward Building a Resilient Society : Systematic Country Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Disability ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Inequality ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; State-Owned Banks ; Total Factor Productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/37081
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  • 130
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    Calamities, Debt, and Growth in Developing Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Yuting Fan, Rachel Calamities, Debt, and Growth in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Coronavirus Economic Recovery ; COVID-19 Recovery ; Debt Financed Public Spending ; Developing Country Debt ; Disaster Recovery ; Economic Impact Of Covid Pandemic ; Economic Recover In Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Debt ; Pandemic Economic Impact ; Public Debt ; Public Debt Restructuring ; Public Sector Development ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Public debt in developing economies rose at a fast clip during 2020-21, at least partly due to the onset of the global Covid-19 pandemic. Nobel laureate Paul Krugman opined in early 2021 that "fighting covid is like fighting a war." This paper argues that the Covid-19 pandemic shares many traits with natural disasters, except for the global nature of the pandemic shock. This paper empirically examines trends in debt and economic growth around the onset of three types of calamities, namely natural disasters, armed conflicts, and external-debt distress in developing countries. The estimations provide quantitative estimates of differences in growth and debt trends in economies suffering episodes of calamities relative to the trends observed in economies not experiencing calamities. The paper finds that debt and growth evolve quite differently depending on the type of calamity. The evidence indicates that public debt and output growth tend to rise faster after natural disasters than in the counterfactual scenario without disasters, thus illustrating how debt-financed fiscal expansions can help economic reconstruction. The findings are different for episodes of debt distress defined as periods of debt restructuring, however. Economies experiencing debt distress are associated with growth trends that are on average below the growth rates of unaffected economies prior to and after the beginning of an episode of debt restructuring
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10015
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  • 131
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    Paths Toward Green Mobility : Perspectives on Women and Rail Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Transport Papers
    Keywords: Gender ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report explores two aspects of the rail transport sector - mobility, and employment--in the countries of Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from a gender perspective. It examines issues of rail transport for women both as passengers, and as sector employees. It highlights the urgency of transport decarbonization for the Western Balkan countries (WB6) in the context of the European Union's Green Deal,2 which aims to achieve net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. This report shows that Covid-19 has decimated rail transport use at a time when global and WB6 regional efforts must dramatically increase their movement toward decarbonization. The study confirms that the pandemic has drawn people away from public transport including rail, and toward more carbon-intensive individual modes of transportation. It also makes a rarely made connection between getting more women into the transport sector and improved mobility for women. Rail services remain male-dominated across the world. The report finds clear parallels between women's employment and mobility. Finally, while this study focuses on women and rail transport, it has the benefit of making rail more attractive for other cohorts as well, including those who primarily use private vehicles (mainly men)
    DOI: 10.1596/37324
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    Toward More Accessible and Inclusive Social Assistance Delivery : A Geospatial Analysis in the Philippines (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Mobile Money ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Philippines' experience in implementing the social amelioration program (SAP) in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the pressing need for financial inclusion, especially among the poor. The absence of a national identification (ID) system and low bank account ownership posed a challenge in the delivery of SAP. The Government of the Philippines (GoP) expedited the development and registration for the national ID system (PhilSys) and used the opportunity to facilitate bank account opening. Not only ownership of bank or mobile money accounts but also accessibility to financial services is essential for financial inclusion. This study assesses the challenges and opportunities in financial inclusion, especially among the poor in remote communities. First, the study carries out a mapping of all financial transaction points and estimates the travel time to the nearest point. Second, the map is superimposed with the poverty and potential vulnerability of families in remote communities. Finally, the study assesses the coverage of 4Ps in remote areas in view of the potential challenges in implementing the social assistance program in hard-to-reach communities
    DOI: 10.1596/37178
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  • 133
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    Western Balkans Social Protection Situational Analyses : Kosovo (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Natural Disasters ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: An effective and equitable social protection system can help Kosovo to promote human capital, foster productivity, and reduce poverty. Since its independence in 2008, the country has made considerable socioeconomic progress, benefiting from the support of the international community and its own diaspora. Kosovo's economic growth has not been sufficient to reduce the high rates of unemployment or create formal jobs. It stands out as the Western Balkan country with the lowest labor market outcomes, especially for women, and is one of the poorest countries in Europe and the poorest in the Western Balkans, secondly to Albania. The recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of the population to the negative effects of shocks, which are anticipated to become more frequent with climate change. And yet, in contrast with other Western Balkan countries, Kosovo's working-age population is on the rise and the country stands to benefit from the demographic dividend. Kosovo can respond to these challenges and harness opportunities by investing in human capital while promoting employment and protecting those vulnerable to shocks. A strong social protection system can play an important role in promoting these objectives. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system of Kosovo. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short-, medium-, and long-term. The note is based on analysis of administrative data, the most recent European Union Survey on Individual Living Conditions (EIJ-SILC) and Household Budget Survey (HBS), a review of relevant literature, and engagement with technical experts in the Ministry of Finance, Labor and Transfers (MFLT) and with select development partners. The situational analysis of the social protection system in Kosovo unfolds as follows. After the introduction, section 2 reviews the country's main poverty and labor market outcomes; Section 3 provides a brief overview of the social protection system; Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, vulnerable and disabled; Section 5 examines social services; Section 6 analyzes pensions; Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs; Section 8 reviews the social protection response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; and Section 9 concludes by identifying the knowledge gaps and main areas for reform
    DOI: 10.1596/37192
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    Humanitarian and Social Protection Linkages with Examples from South Asia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Employment and Unemployment ; Resilience ; Social Development ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: Traditionally social protection (SP) and humanitarian programs were quite distinct in their objectives, scope, and operations, but over time those distinctions have diminished and with that the gains from better integration. Humanitarian programs are committed to more involvement of national actors, more use of cash, and greater popular participation all matters that are important for SP actors. On the other side, SP has gradually shifted into shock-responsive or adaptive SP that explicitly targets not only the poor but also those affected by shocks. Beyond presenting the divide and overlap of concepts, principles, and commitments from the SP and humanitarian realms, this paper attempts at unbundling a framework for humanitarian and SP integration across the delivery chain (based on the paper by Seyfert and others 2019). Global experiences across the integration spectrum, as well as the practical application of the framework in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, are exemplified. The analysis shows how programs apply a 'mix and match' approach building on factors such as political will, technical capacity, and alignment of objectives across implementing agencies, donors, and the government. The paper identifies constraints and opportunities for better integration and proposes a set of actions to enhance benefits for affected populations
    DOI: 10.1596/37442
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    Voluntary Savings Schemes to Protect Informal Workers in Jordan (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Informal Sector ; Informal Workers ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper proposes a framework of voluntary savings schemes (VSS) in Jordan that can complement the current formal sector arrangements to better protect informal workers against economic shocks, unemployment, old age, or disability. As benefits of traditional mandatory pension systems worldwide have been cut substantially since the 1990s, voluntary defined contribution schemes are increasingly trying to fill the gap. In many countries, including in low-income countries, special voluntary savings schemes have been introduced to protect informal workers. Blending the knowledge from best practices internationally with the cluster methodology developed specifically for Jordan, the paper provides an overview of the current system of social security in Jordan and presents policy options to lower informality, extend social protection coverage, and provide more adequate protection to workers
    DOI: 10.1596/37362
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    Mongolia Economic Update : Navigating Stronger Headwinds - Fiscal Sustainability of the Mongolian Pension Scheme (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Recovery ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report provides recent macroeconomic developments, outlook, and risks that Mongolia faces. The timing of the release of this report is ideal considering that, the Mongolian economy, which was recovering from the COVID-19 on the back of a successful vaccination program and income support, faced new challenges due to tightening of global financing conditions, triggered by a surge in inflation in advanced economies. This development complicates Mongolia's repayment of its large external debt. Mounting instability and heightened risks call for adjustments in macroeconomic policies. The report also includes a special topic on fiscal sustainability of the Mongolian pension scheme. A series of parametric reforms are recommended to improve the financial sustainability of the current pensions system, which relies heavily on budget subsidy. Produced in collaboration with the SPJ team, this discussion was timely considering a forthcoming pension reform to improve Mongolia's long-term fiscal sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/37373
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    Combining Survey and Geospatial Data can Significantly Improve Gender-Disaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Merfeld, Joshua D Combining Survey and Geospatial Data can Significantly Improve Gender-Disaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes
    Keywords: Data Integration ; Economic Empowerment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gendered Employment Data ; Geospatial Data ; Human Capital ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Local Employment Estimates ; Local Labor Participation ; Municipal Unemployment Results ; Small Area Estimation ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Women's Labor Market Outcomes
    Abstract: Better understanding the geography of women's labor market outcomes within countries is important to inform targeted efforts to increase women's economic empowerment. This paper assesses the extent to which a method that combines simulated survey data from urban areas in Mexico with broadly available geospatial indicators from Google Earth Engine and OpenStreetMap can significantly improve estimates of labor force participation and unemployment rates. Incorporating geospatial information substantially increases the accuracy of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates at the state level, reducing mean absolute deviation by 50 to 62 percent for labor force participation and 25 to 52 percent for unemployment. Small area estimation using a nested error conditional random effect model also greatly improves municipal estimates of labor force participation, as the mean absolute error falls by approximately half, while the mean squared error falls by almost 75 percent when holding coverage rates constant. In contrast, the results for municipal unemployment rate estimates are not reliable because values of unemployment rates are low and therefore poorly suited for linear models. The municipal results hold in repeated simulations of alternative samples. Models utilizing Basic Geo-Statistical Area (AGEB)-level auxiliary information generate more accurate predictions than area-level models specified using the same auxiliary data. Overall, integrating survey data and publicly available geospatial indicators is feasible and can greatly improve state-level estimates of male and female labor force participation and unemployment rates, as well as municipal estimates of male and female labor force participation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10077
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    Poverty and Food Security in Brazil during the Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In contrast with the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil's poverty rate is estimated to have decreased between 2019 and 2020 to 13.1 percent. Auxilio Emergencial (AE), a large emergency cash transfer program launched in April 2020, is believed to be the main driver of that decrease, because it more than offset economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, food insecurity (FI) estimates showed an opposite trend: Severe and moderate FI went up in 2020. This apparent paradox can be mostly explained by the way in which poverty and FI are measured: Measurements of poverty are based on annualized income estimates, while those of FI are based on the occurrence of an event, whereby the sudden, uncompensated loss of a job or reduction of benefits (such as AE) can turn into the loss of a household's ability to feed itself in the short term. In 2021, both poverty and FI may have increased. Simulations suggest that poverty increased in 2021 to 18.7 percent. Meanwhile, about 18 percent of households reported running out of food in the past 30 days owing to a lack of resources, twice the pre-pandemic rate. Overall and food inflation, a sluggish labor market recovery with falling real wages, and the significant scaling down of the AE program are all factors in this trend. The war in Ukraine has pushed inflationary expectations upward. Given the projected 0.7 percent gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2022, labor incomes are not expected to boost households' consumption levels significantly. Coupled with the complete elimination of AE, poverty and FI may further deteriorate in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/37551
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  • 139
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    Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa : Evidence from the Enterprise Survey (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Enterprise Surveys
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Human Capital ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has been weak since the global financial crisis of 2007-09 and the Arab Spring of the early 2010s. Achieving higher and sustainable growth is particularly important in view of other economic challenges facing the region: public debt in MENA countries has increased considerably over the last decade, accompanied by declining investment. This report seeks to understand what lies beneath that relatively slow growth, with a particular focus on the reasons for stagnating productivity and inadequate accumulation of human capital and physical capital in the region's private sector. To this end, the report summarizes the main findings from nine background papers based on enterprise survey data. It also draws conclusions for policy, not only for promoting stronger firm performance, but also for addressing the challenge of climate change by pursuing sustainable growth
    DOI: 10.1596/37601
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  • 140
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    Cape Verde : Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A World Bank mission undertook applied the Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) methodology to evaluate the government's debt management (DM) capacity and institutions in Cabo Verde during March 28 to April 5, 2022. The assessment covers the legal, institutional, and regulatory framework governing DM. The primary counterpart was the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and within it, the Department of the National Treasury / Financial Operations Service which is the main DM office for the central government. The mission identified DM strengths and areas in need of reform, which are useful for measuring progress in DM capacity, supporting policy dialog with the authorities in the context of the second series of the Development Policy Financing operation (DPF). The policy dialogue helped to build on what has changed since the 2016 DeMPA and discussing persisting gaps in government debt management practices. Reducing debt vulnerabilities is an urgent priority for the government of Cabo Verde and would require a combination of debt reprofiling, higher economic growth and fiscal consolidation. With limited space to borrow, it would also require effective Debt Management
    DOI: 10.1596/37562
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  • 141
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    The Long-Term Impact of High School Financial Education : Evidence from Brazil (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bruhn, Miriam The Long-Term Impact of High School Financial Education: Evidence from Brazil
    Keywords: Curriculum and Instruction ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Education ; Financial Literacy ; Highschool Education ; Knowledge for Development ; Personal Credit Usage ; Youth Economic Development
    Abstract: In 2011, the impact of a comprehensive financial education program was studied through a randomized controlled trial with 892 high schools in six Brazilian states. Using administrative data, this paper follows 16,000 students for the next nine years. The short-term findings were that the treatment students used expensive credit and were behind on payments. By contrast, in the long-term, treatment students were less likely to borrow from expensive sources and to have loans with late payments than control students. Treatment students were also more likely to own microenterprises and less likely to be formally employed than control students
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10131
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  • 142
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    Socio-Emotional Drivers of Youth Unemployment : The Case of Higher Educated Youth in Sudan (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental Health ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This study seeks to contribute to the existing literature in Sudan by analyzing psychological, social, and behavioral drivers of youth employment in combination with key structural issues identified in the country. Our analysis is based in existing literature on the structural problems that Sudanese youth face to accessing the labor market and uses a novel dataset to examine the factors that determine youth's career aspirations as well as the factors that serve as barriers to achieve their career aspirations. In addition, the study explores the role of mindsets and soft skills, both as direct determinants of labor market outcomes as well as indirect determinants through their impact on aspirations. Specifically, we measure mental health (anxiety), core self-beliefs, and job-relevant soft skills that moderate the way individuals manage and interact socially in the labor market. Core self-evaluation beliefs determine the way individuals perceive their own basic capabilities, and soft skills are a set of learned, realized behaviors that allow individuals to effectively manage inter- and intrapersonal situations. The aim of this study is to provide a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the youth unemployment challenge to help identify potential cost-effective interventions that support youth's job search and employability in Sudan
    DOI: 10.1596/37820
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  • 143
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    Remarks by World Bank Group President at the Opening Session of the 8th Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD 8) (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President, David Malpass at the Opening Session of the 8th Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD 8) on August 27, 2022. He said that the World Bank Group remains a committed, long-term partner to Africa, and nearly half of IBRD and IDA funding goes to Africa, and they work together closely in several areas as follows: First, the World Bank Group is advising governments on necessary trade policies, including on the need to avoid export bans and other trade-restrictive measures; Second, help African countries provide much needed, targeted social protection for the most vulnerable; and Finally, much of work in Africa is supported by IDA, their fund for the world's poorest. He concluded by reaffirming his special thanks to Prime Minister Kishida for his leadership in promoting the cause of developing countries and effective international financial institutions, and their very strong partnership with Japan
    DOI: 10.1596/37969
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  • 144
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    Firm Entry, Exit and Suspension : Evidence from Household Businesses in Vietnam (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islamaj, Ergys Firm Entry, Exit and Suspension: Evidence from Household Businesses in Vietnam
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Home-Based Work ; Household Business Resilience ; Informal Employment ; Informal Sector ; Informality Impact of COVID-19 ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Self-Employment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Registered Home Business Resilience ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Household businesses make up the majority of firms in developing economies. This paper uses a novel tax census database that covers the universe of tax-registered household businesses to analyze the entry and exit of owner-operated firms in Vietnam during January 2018 to August 2020. It documents new stylized facts about the survival dynamics of informal businesses. First, the entry and exit rates were about 5-6 percent a year for tax-registered household businesses during the pre-pandemic period. Second, an additional 25 percent of household businesses suspended their activity in a year on average, with the annual suspension duration exceeding 2.5 months. The suspension rate spiked to 40 percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Third, the findings show that the pandemic-related effects were more pronounced for businesses dependent on face-to-face interactions with customers and suppliers. However, these effects were short lived, and activity and earnings rebounded by August 2020. The findings may reflect the relatively short COVID-19 distress in Vietnam during the first phase of the pandemic, but they illuminate both the vulnerabilities and resilience of the household business sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10223
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  • 145
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    Peru Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Financial Structures ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Peru's economic growth and poverty reduction slowed markedly after the end of the commodity boom. After 15 years of remarkable growth, sources of shared prosperity were drying up as the external context became less favorable. The subsequent slowdown exposed two main structural challenges documented in the Peru 2017 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD): low productivity in the private sector, which hindered growth and the creation of quality jobs, and the persistence of large geographic disparities in development outcomes. The first is associated with low technology adoption and innovation, which reduces export diversification and constrains the creation of better-paying jobs and income opportunities for the bottom 40 percent. The second makes it difficult for particular population groups to overcome poverty given the poor quality of services and opportunities in certain parts of the country. To achieve higher productivity from a thriving private sector and decrease spatial disparities, the first SCD identified and prioritized key micro-structural reforms aiming to improve human capital, infrastructure, and the quality of public services and to reduce market rigidities. Five years later, these development challenges not only persist but have worsened. Productivity continues to be low, offsetting other sources of economic growth. Spatial disparities also persist, with new pressures brought to urban areas by a sharp increase in Venezuelan migration. The COVID-19 shock highlighted the structural shortcomings of the Peruvian economy. The pandemic led to a significantly higher number of deaths in Peru than in the rest of the world, a sharp economic contraction, steep poverty increases, and extensive learning disruptions. Concerns over long-term impact, particularly from human capital erosion, remain. And while macroeconomic management strengths prevented an even more profound impact and aftermath effects, the COVID crisis revealed the limitation of the country's buffers and its low capacity to respond to non-financial shocks and manage social conflict. This Update to the SCD argues that the root cause of limited progress toward addressing the two development challenges of low productivity and spatial inequality lies with the weak and declining capacity of public institutions. Institutional instability has substantially increased since the first SCD, further weakening the capacity of the state to design and implement needed reforms, let alone deliver quality services across the territory. An unprecedented turnover in high-profile civil servants has fundamentally disrupted the functioning of the state. At the same time, the business environment has deteriorated. Private investments have plummeted to record low levels, and capital outflows have persisted in the context of more binding regulatory burdens, rising transaction costs, and a volatile and uncertain political context
    DOI: 10.1596/38187
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  • 146
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    Charting a Course Towards Universal Social Protection : Resilience, Equity, and Opportunity for All (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Labor Standards ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Charting a Course Towards Universal Social Protection: Resilience, Equity, and Opportunity for All, known as the Social Protection and Jobs Compass updates the World Bank strategy for social protection amid rapid change both within the sector and beyond. The Compass puts at its heart the vision of universal social protection. It recognizes that the progressive realization of universal social protection, which ensures access to social protection for all whenever and however they need it, is critical for effectively reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/38031
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  • 147
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    Exports and Labor Demand : Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berg, Claudia N Exports and Labor Demand: Evidence from Egyptian Firm-Level Data
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Employment ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: Unlike many countries, the Arab Republic of Egypt did not experience significant labor market improvements following trade liberalization. This paper investigates why increased Egyptian exports did not directly increase employment. To illustrate the relationship between firm-level exporting and employment, the paper presents a simplified general equilibrium model with two sectors: one able to export and one "reserve" sector. The paper tests the implications of this theory using firm-level data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys in 2013, 2016, and 2020. The firm-level microanalysis demonstrates that although there is a positive employment response to export expansion, it does not occur at a large enough scale to be felt at the macro level. To seize the benefits of trade, Egypt requires deeper business environment reforms to incentivize large export, labor-intensive sector growth and integrate its economy into global value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10213
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  • 148
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    Explaining the Evolution of Job Tenure in Europe, 1995-2020 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Explaining the Evolution of Job Tenure in Europe, 1995-2020
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Employment Security Regulation ; Eurostat Labor Force Survey ; Export Competitiveness ; Ict Job Trend ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Job Protection Legislation ; Job Tenure ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Law ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Short-Term Employmentincrease ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Openness
    Abstract: During the last quarter century, job tenure in Europe has shortened. Using data from Eurostat Labor Force Surveys of 29 countries from 1995 to 2020 and applying an age-period-cohort decomposition to analyze changes in tenure for specific birth cohorts, this paper shows that tenure has shrunk for cohorts born in more recent years. To account for compositional changes within cohorts, the analysis estimates the probability of holding jobs of different durations, conditional on individual and employment-related characteristics. The estimations demonstrate that, over time, the likelihood of having a medium- or long-term job decreased and holding a short-term job increased. The paper also finds that stricter job protection legislation appears to decrease the probability of holding a short-term job, and higher trade openness and ICT-related technological change are correlated with an increase of that probability
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10205
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  • 149
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    Towards a Just Coal Transition Labor Market Challenges and People's Perspectives from Wielkopolska (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal ; Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Energy Sector ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Wielkopolska, which is most advanced in the transition out of coal. Finding viable job transitions is of enormous importance. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, even though limited from a regional perspective (4,000 workers), affected jobs are highly concentrated in a few already lagging and depopulating municipalities. Second, while coal-related workers are similarly skilled as other workers in Wielkopolska, non-coal related workers in the at-risk municipalities are substantially less skilled, exposing them to potential displacement effects. Finally, while ready to work and to be re-skilled, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that all workers are averse both to commuting and relocating for work, even more so than in Silesia and Lower Silesia. Complementary social protection and employment support will be needed, and the paper suggests some policy options based on international experience. The paper concludes by illustrating how a big-data driven job-matching tool, calibrated on the Polish labor market, could be used to assist caseworkers in identifying "viable-job-transition-pathways" for affected workers as well as to help policymakers identify reskilling needs and attract investments
    DOI: 10.1596/38175
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  • 150
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    The Argentine Pension System, its Success and Challenges : Contributions to an Informed Policy Debate (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Fiscal Sustainability ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, the Argentine pension system has made extraordinary progress in extending coverage--now reaching to nearly one hundred percent of the elderly--by expanding its non-contributory scheme and establishing automatic benefit adjustment mechanisms and increasing the replacement rate. Nonetheless, important challenges remain which may require public policy interventions in the near future. Some challenges are relevant in the short term, relating to coverage and equity of the system, while others are important in the longer term associated with the financial sustainability of the system in the context of population aging. The non-contributory benefits to reduce the coverage gap did not consider the labor history of workers and their past partial contributions, generating a horizontal inequality problem. Additionally, the coexistence of different pension schemes is a source of inequity within the national system, where provincial schemes and special and differential regimes coexist, each with its own rules and different generosity of benefits. The achievements of the pension system in terms of coverage and adequacy have impacted costs. In 2020, public spending on pensions reached almost 12 percent of GDP, similar to that of developed countries where population aging is considerably higher. In this context, policy options presented in this paper seek to redefine the objectives of the system, seeking greater equity and sustainability. Based on this premise, the document explores the benefits of redesigning the system using a two-pillar model, id est a universal and basic benefit related to the protection against the risk of ending up in a situation of poverty plus a contributory scheme, proportional to the contribution made by workers during their employment history. Addressing the coverage issue by incorporating this dimension would not only improve equity of contributions and benefits, but also generate incentives to extend the working life of older adults. At the same time, a strategy that harmonizes rules across different schemes, eliminates inequities and management issues, and focuses on the beneficiary -and not on the benefit- as the center of the system, would bring the model closer to a more equitable and sustainable system
    DOI: 10.1596/38208
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  • 151
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    Business Case for Creating Respectful Workspaces in Sri Lanka (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Law and Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Workplace violence and harassment is pervasive, and it affects all countries, occupations, and work arrangements. This problem comprises a range of unacceptable behaviors that result in, or threaten physical, psychological, sexual, or economic harm, including gender-based violence and harassment. Between 2020 and 2022, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) conducted a study to better understand the prevalence and impact of violence and harassment on employees and businesses in Sri Lanka. This research covered workplace experiences and behaviors, and how these affect employees. The findings presented in this report will be used to develop tools and resources to help companies prevent and address violence and harassment connected with the workplace. The findings demonstrate the importance of employers' measures to address workplace violence and harassment, including through implementing measures that are consistent with International Labour Organization Convention 190 on Violence and Harassment
    DOI: 10.1596/38338
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  • 152
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    Cox's Bazar : Inclusive Growth Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
    DOI: 10.1596/36841
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  • 153
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    Revisiting Labor Market Regulations in the Middle East and North Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Labor Law ; Labor Market ; Labor Policy ; Labor Regulation ; Labor Standards ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages
    Abstract: Labor regulations are important determinants of resource allocation, productivity, and labor market outcomes. They can protect workers' rights, enhance job security, and improve working conditions. However, overly restrictive regulations can also increase business costs, becoming barriers to creating formal employment, particularly for vulnerable workers. This paper analyzes the key characteristics of labor market regulations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and benchmarks them against international practices. The main objective is to identify strengths and weaknesses in the regulations and to inform governments about policy options to enhance employment outcomes in the region. The paper focuses on labor laws and regulations concerning hiring, working hours, minimum wage, redundancy rules and cost, unemployment insurance, labor tax and social security contributions, and legal frameworks affecting women's work. This paper finds that the region has generally flexibly hiring rules, but that redundancy regulations are relatively rigid and costly compared to international practices. Statutory minimum wages and labor taxes are not very high, with the exception of a few countries. Although many countries have made efforts to remove legal barriers for women workers, discriminatory laws still restrict their participation in the labor market. While labor market regulations vary by country, the findings suggest areas where there is clear scope to improve the design and implementation of labor market regulations to facilitate stronger formal labor demand and to enhance efficient resource allocation; and at the same time, to strengthen compliance to provide necessary protections to workers
    DOI: 10.1596/36887
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  • 154
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    Nudging in the Time of the Coronavirus : Evidence from an Experimental Tax Trial in Albania at the Onset of a Global Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karver, Jonathan George Nudging in the Time of the Coronavirus: Evidence from an Experimental Tax Trial in Albania at the Onset of a Global Pandemic
    Keywords: Compensation From Injury ; Global Pandemic ; Governance ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Public Sector Development ; Random Effects Model ; Randomized Controlled Trials ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security Contribution ; Tax Authority ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Trade and Investment
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of taxpayer communications informed by behavioral science in inducing business payroll tax compliance at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, an experimental tax trial targeting 5,423 firms was implemented, coinciding with the national lockdown due to the global pandemic. The Albanian tax authority sent postal letters to employers and selected employees highlighting a suspicion that wages were under-declared to avoid personal income tax withholding. Employers and employees suspected of under-declaring were randomly assigned to receive a soft-tone letter (highlighting the social importance of contributing through taxes), a strong-tone letter (highlighting the penalties associated with under-declaring), or none (forming a control group against which the impact of receiving the letters could be estimated). For employers receiving soft-tone letters, the study finds large, statistically significant increases on subsequent payroll declarations (by as much as 10 percent relative to the control group), which gradually attenuate over the following six months. No statistically significant effects are found for letters sent to employees or strong-tone letters. The findings highlight (i) the importance of framing of communications as well as the importance of smart selection of letter recipients for taxpayer communication campaigns, (ii) which type of taxpayer communications were most effective in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (iii) the role that randomized controlled trials and behavioral science can play in strengthening the effectiveness of government policy, particularly for public revenue mobilization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9961
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  • 155
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    Balancing Work and Childcare : Evidence from COVID-19 School Closures and Reopenings in Kenya (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biscaye, Pierre E Balancing Work and Childcare: Evidence from COVID-19 School Closures and Reopenings in Kenya
    Keywords: Child Agricultural Labor ; Childcare ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Households With Child ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Equity ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; School Closure ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper identifies the impact of childcare responsibilities on adult labor supply in the context of COVID-19-related school closures in Kenya. It compares changes in parents' labor participation after schools partly reopened in October 2020 for households with children in a grade eligible to return against households with children in adjacent grades. Using nationally-representative panel data from World Bank phone surveys in 2020-21, the findings show that the partial reopening increases affected adults' weekly labor hours by 22 percent, with increases concentrated in household agriculture. The results suggest that school closures account for over 30 percent of the fall in average work hours in the first few months after COVID-19 cases were detected. The effects are driven by changes in household childcare burdens and child agricultural labor when a student returns to school. The impacts are not significantly different by sex of the adult. Although both women and men increased hours spent on childcare during the pandemic, women benefited more than men from reductions in childcare needs, but took on more of the childcare burden when the returning student was a net childcare provider. The results highlight the importance of siblings in household childcare and suggest that policies that increase childcare availability and affordability could increase adult labor supply in Kenya
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9958
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  • 156
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    Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries : The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Burger, Martijn Heterogeneous Agglomeration Economies in the Developing Countries: The Roles of Firm Characteristics, Sector Tradability, and Urban Mobility
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economy ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Crime and Society ; Economic Potential Of City ; Effect Of Congestion ; Fixed Effect Model ; General Manufacturing ; Labor Markets ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Random Effects Model ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using geo-coded, firm-level data on more than 51,000 establishments in 649 metropolitan areas in 98 developing economies, from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys and a new global database on city-level mobility and congestion, this paper estimates the "pure" firm productivity gains of urban density, net of negative externalities associated with limited mobility, crime, and pollution. The results suggest that the average size of agglomeration economies in the developing world is comparable to the one observed in advanced countries, but the magnitude of the benefits of density on firm productivity substantially varies across firms. Returns to urban density are higher for firms operating in the tradables sector, exporters, foreign-owned firms, larger firms, and more experienced firms. Agglomeration economies are lost through both limited uncongested mobility and congestion, but the latter has a stronger negative effect on agglomeration economies and reduces relatively more the agglomeration benefits of firms in the non-tradables sector than those producing tradables
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9954
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 157
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    A Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI) : A Simple Measure of the Economic Gains from Closing Gender Employment Gaps, with an Application to the Pacific Islands (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pennings, Steven Michael A Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI): A Simple Measure of the Economic Gains from Closing Gender Employment Gaps, with an Application to the Pacific Islands
    Keywords: Change in Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Employment Categories ; Employment GAP ; Female Employment ; Female Labor Supply ; Female Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Gap ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Despite a policy consensus that closing gender employment gaps will boost economic growth, relatively little is known about the size of these gains in many developing countries. This paper develops a new Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI), which is equal to the size of long-run GDP per capita gains from closing gender employment gaps. The GEGI is simple and transparent and can be easily constructed using closed-form expressions for almost all countries using macroeconomic employment rate data by gender. The basic variant of the GEGI is the gap between male and female employment as a share of total employment. The full GEGI is similar, but instead of using an aggregate employment gap, the full GEGI is the weighted average of a "better employment gap" and "other employment gap." The basic and full GEGIs are similar (correlation of 0.97), and both average 19 percent across countries. This means that GDP per capita in the long run would be almost 20 percent higher if female employment were exogenously increased to be the same as men's (other things being equal). The paper also provides an application for the Pacific Islands, for which a simple measure like the GEGI is particularly important given the lack of alternative estimates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9942
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 158
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    Bureaucrats, Tournament Competition, and Performance Manipulation : Evidence from Chinese Cities (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Xu, Gang Bureaucrats, Tournament Competition, and Performance Manipulation: Evidence from Chinese Cities
    Keywords: Amount Of Power ; Development ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth Rate ; Economic Theory and Research ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Gender and Development ; High Population Density ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Labor Markets ; Local Economic Growth ; Local Government ; Local Government Budget ; Open Door ; Prior Work Experience ; Public Sector Job ; Quality Of Bureaucracy ; Real Economic Activity ; Real GDP ; Regional Economic Performance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Tournament competition is viewed as motivating bureaucrats in promoting growth. This paper examines how this incentive leads to economic performance manipulation. Using data from Chinese cities, the analysis shows that performance exaggeration increases over the course of the first term of the top bureaucrat, peaking in the last year of his or her term. Winning a tournament competition is behind this performance manipulation: political rivals reinforce each other in exaggerating performance, and political competition intensifies the tendency for manipulation. Performance exaggeration leads to higher chances of promotion, but the ratchet effect (that is, better performance today leading to a higher target tomorrow) and the potential to blame predecessors induce restraint. A good local institutional environment also restrains performance manipulation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9938
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  • 159
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    Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys for Better Transport Policy Analysis (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lebrand, Mathilde Sylvie Maria Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys for Better Transport Policy Analysis
    Keywords: Access To Public Good ; Demographic and Health Survey ; Development Research Group ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Rights ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Occupation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Traditional Occupations
    Abstract: Household surveys remain underutilized for understanding transport choices such as expenditure level and composition, the economic impacts of road accidents, and the economic and distributional impacts of environmental policies such as vehicle restrictions or fuel taxes. This paper reviews more than 30 Living Standards Measurement Study surveys conducted after 2010, non-Living Standards Measurement Study surveys, and two World Bank harmonized household survey databases, to compile and categorize an extensive list of transport-related questions. The paper discusses current limitations in using Living Standards Measurement Study household surveys. Most of the transport-related questions in the Living Standards Measurement Study survey collection are not harmonized across years and countries. Consistent and more detailed data on road accidents and the type and use of vehicles should be added to help design and evaluate road safety and climate policies. A standard set of guidelines and sample questions to be integrated into future household surveys is therefore provided
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9944
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  • 160
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    Gendered Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis in Uganda and Opportunities for an Inclusive and Sustainable Recovery (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: As Uganda builds back from the COVID-19 shock, the Ugandan government is strengthening its commitment to a more gender-inclusive and sustainable economy. This report supports these efforts by describing the gendered impacts of COVID-19 and provides recommendations for Ugandan policy makers and World Bank Group operations to ensure women's participation in an inclusive and sustainable recovery. It presents gender-disaggregated data from three main sources: (1) high-frequency phone surveys that track the impacts of the COVID-19 shock: one of Ugandan nationals conducted in June and one of refugees conducted in November 2020; (2) interviews with 28 representatives of government institutions, development partners, and women's organizations in Kampala and in rural areas; and (3) a review of relevant policy and gray literature on climate change, the green economy, and women's economic empowerment. The report is structured in five sections: introduction in chapter one, chapter two describes the methodology and guiding questions. Chapter three gives an overview of Uganda's policy environment for women's economic empowerment and green growth. Chapter four covers the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on women, their coping mechanisms, and their sources of resilience. The analysis is broken down by sex, age, geography, and refugee status to describe the impacts of the COVID-19 shock across select subgroups. Chapter five identifies opportunities for Uganda to pursue a more gender-inclusive and green recovery, and concludes by offering policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/37112
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  • 161
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    Understanding and Predicting Job Losses Due to COVID-19 : Empirical Evidence from Middle Income Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hatayama, Maho Understanding and Predicting Job Losses Due to COVID-19: Empirical Evidence from Middle Income Countries
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firms ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Job Loss ; Labor Market ; Pandemic Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; Survey
    Abstract: This paper utilizes firm survey data to understand which formal private sector jobs are most at risk from COVID-19 or similar future crises, based on empirical evidence from two middle-income economies. In particular, it estimates the importance for formal private sector job losses of various COVID-19 pandemic-related labor market shocks and mitigating factors, such as the closure of non-essential industries, workers' ability to perform their jobs from home, infection risks to workers, customers' infection risk, global demand shocks, input supply constraints, employers' financial constraints, and government support, in determining the level and distribution of job losses. This provides an empirical identification of the main risk factors for job loss and a basis for predicting the level and distribution of these losses due to the crisis for permanent formal private sector (PFPS) jobs in core productive manufacturing and service sectors (captured by World Bank Enterprise Surveys) in Jordan and Georgia. Comparing the empirical findings across the two countries, the paper assesses the degree of commonality of these risk factors. Job losses are projected for different groups within the employed population prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 and compared with post-crisis labor force data. The results indicate that in these countries the level of job losses is predominantly due to a reduction in demand rather than a reduction in the supply of labor. Closures, global demand shocks, supply disruptions, and other unexplained demand-side shocks are significant determinants of jobs lost. The sensitivity of employment to closures, supply disruptions, and sales shocks was of similar magnitudes in both countries; however, variation in infection risk was a significant determinant of sales only in Georgia. At the same time, Georgian formal firms were better able to rebound their sales and hire back workers than formal firms in Jordan. Finally, the paper finds no evidence that firms with workers performing tasks that can be performed from home were better able to preserve jobs, given the dominant role of firm-level demand and supply chain shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9933
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  • 162
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    A Better Future for All Nigerians : Nigeria Poverty Assessment 2022 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Climate Shocks ; Employment and Unemployment ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This poverty assessment lays out the broad development challenges that Nigeria faces, which constrain the country's poverty reduction. The discussion provides the backdrop for the detailed analysis presented in later parts of the report. First, the introductory section links Nigeria's macroeconomic performance with its prospects for poverty reduction, emphasizing that the country may be struggling to stimulate inclusive growth: that is, growth that would benefit Nigerians across the welfare distribution. Second, the section examines the proliferating climate and conflict shocks that Nigeria faces, which further complicate poverty reduction. Third, the section describes how the "double shock" of COVID-19 has affected Nigeria, through both health and economic impacts and discusses the recent acceleration in inflation. Finally, this introduction considers Nigeria's data landscape, explaining how new microdata offer vital insights into the country's pathways out of poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/37295
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  • 163
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    Building Stability between Host and Refugee Communities : Evidence from a TVET Program in Jordan and Lebanon (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferguson, Neil T. N Building Stability between Host and Refugee Communities: Evidence from a TVET Program in Jordan and Lebanon
    Keywords: Access To Jobs ; Access To Labor Market ; Competition For Resources ; Displaced People ; Employment of Displaced Persons ; Equity ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Prejudice ; Refugees ; Skills Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education ; Vocational Training ; Vocational Training Intervention (TVET) ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: The resettlement of refugees in host communities increases (perceived) competition for scarce economic and non-economic resources, which can contribute to tensions between the communities. This study tests the impact of a TVET program in Jordan and Lebanon that aims to tackle stresses associated with competition, particularly in the labor market. The authors test the impact of the program on economic outcomes, economic and life optimism, experience and perception of economic competition and ingroup-outgroup discrimination using a range of survey measures and behavioral experiments. They also conduct heterogeneity analyses to assess whether the intervention affects host and refugee communities similarly. The authors show that by the end of the training, the program has not yet achieved its employment aims for either hosts or refugees. However, for refugees, there are significant improvements in optimism and decreases in the experience of short-term economic stress. There are also improvements in inter-group behavior for refugees. These results provide insights on how to better tailor labor market programs to host and refugees while being conflict sensitive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10101
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  • 164
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    Transcript of Conversation with David Malpass and Samantha Power on the Way Forward (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Food Security ; Fragile States ; Inflation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Nets ; Usaid
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass in conversation with Samantha Power, USAID Administrator on June 21, 2022. They discussed about the impact of overlapping global crises on the poorest and most vulnerable people. The world, as people know, is in a very complicated situation, especially for people in poorer countries and the poor worldwide. It has to do with inflation, with food, with conflict, fragility, issues that we work with every day at the World Bank and USAID does, too. As people know, the World Bank works on an array of development issues and including and especially right now food and fertilizer. We have announced 30 billion dollars of assistance in the food-related areas as part of our response to the current set of crises. And one of the challenges is, in specific country areas, to find the right program. And we work very, very closely with development assistance agencies around the world, including and especially USAID
    DOI: 10.1596/37768
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  • 165
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    Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at World Bank Group 2022 Spring Meetings Ministerial Roundtable for Support to Ukraine (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Assistance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at World Bank Group 2022 Spring Meetings Ministerial Roundtable for Support to Ukraine on April 21, 2022. He said that he has been deeply horrified and shocked by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the atrocities committed against the civilian population, and the loss of life and livelihoods for millions of Ukrainians. He mentioned that since the invasion, the World Bank Group has provided fast-disbursing financial support to help the government provide critical services, pay wages for hospital workers, public servants, and the elderly. He insisted that It will be important for all partners to continue coordinating their support for Ukraine's budget needs. He described that the World Bank Group is working toward three phases of the recovery effort of relief, recovery, and resilience. He said that as the war continues, the World Bank Group will work to build confidence in Ukraine's financial, monetary, and fiscal institutions, fostering currency stability as they go forward. He mentioned that rebuilding will take hard work, determination, and struggle, but he remains optimistic. He concluded by saying that with our collective support, Ukraine can achieve a brighter future
    DOI: 10.1596/37782
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  • 166
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    Chad Systematic Country Diagnostic : Boosting Shared Prosperity in a Landlocked Country Beset by Fragility and Conflict (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Chad remains among the least developed countries in the world, and its GDP per capita has contracted since 2015. Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (in constant 2010 US dollars) was US
    DOI: 10.1596/37800
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  • 167
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    Jordan Economic Monitor - Spring 2022 : Global Turbulence Dampens Recovery and Job Creation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Jordan's economy achieved a relatively strong rebound, registering 2.2 percent growth in 2021. The nascent recovery was led by a broad-based expansion of the services and industrial sectors, while the rebound in the travel and tourism also exceeded expectations. This robust economic recovery was supported by accommodative but prudent monetary and fiscal policy along with a recovery in domestic demand and the gradual reopening of the economy. However, the recovery of some subsectors, particularly contact-intensive services continues to lag behind pre-pandemic level, leading to weak recovery in jobs, especially among the Jordanian youth. Moreover, the underlying improvement in domestic demand amid an unprecedented increase in the global commodity prices has kept the current account deficit elevated for another year. Nonetheless, Jordan ended 2021 on a strong footing as Central Bank's gross foreign reserves remained at a comfortable level, on the back of strong multilateral and bilateral support. Meanwhile, the Central Government resumed its fiscal consolidation path, aided by strong growth in both tax and non-tax revenues. The Jordanian economy is expected to sustain recent momentum during 2022, aided by a full opening of the economy and a return in tourism and travel which is anticipated to boost Jordan's services sector. However, persistent global headwinds, including rising international commodity prices, global supply chain bottlenecks, negative spillovers from Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Fed tapering, pose major downside risks to Jordan's economic outlook. Thus, a private sector driven growth and investment reform agenda needs to be put in place immediately which can help Jordan manage turbulence and uncertainty better
    DOI: 10.1596/37748
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  • 168
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    Cash Transfers in Pandemic Times : Evidence, Practices, and Implications from the Largest Scale Up in History (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Covid-19 ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Is Coronavirus (Covid-19) a "game changer" for cash transfers? This tantalizing question has animated a large body of recent literature and over 60 virtual panels. This paper offers some clues to address the question by bringing together data, evaluations and practical experiences generated over the course of the pandemic. In particular, the paper flashes out differences between Covid-19 and other crises; it lays out an anatomy of global responses and offers novel data analysis around stylized international trends; synthesizes fresh empirical evidence on response effectiveness based on over 40 evaluations; discusses country-level operational practices as emerging from an array of high and lower-income contexts; and distills key insights with possible future implications
    DOI: 10.1596/37700
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  • 169
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    Digital Economy for Latin America and the Caribbean : Country Diagnostic - El Salvador (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The widespread adoption of digital technologies is transforming how individuals, businesses, and governments interact, as well as creating new opportunities for boosting shared prosperity and reducing poverty. Digital technologies are playing an increasingly important role in El Salvador's economic development and will play an even larger role as the global economy continues to digitize. Digital transformation can help El Salvador address its persistent growth challenges and explore new avenues toward green, resilient, and inclusive development. This report builds on the strategic priorities of the digital agenda (DA) 2020-2030, assesses the state of digital economy development in El Salvador, and provides detailed analysis and policy recommendations to inform the reform agenda in the country. The report provides a comprehensive overview El Salvador's digital economy development across six foundational elements of a digital economy: digital infrastructure, digital platforms, digital financial services, digital businesses, digital skills, and trust environment. The diagnostic and recommendations are based on analysis of secondary data, structured interviews, surveys, and focus group discussions with key government and private sector stakeholders. The findings of the report are organized in six chapters - each dealing with a pillar of the digital economy. Policy recommendations are presented in the form of sequenced action plans that can inform relevant efforts by national authorities, the private sector, and development partners. The report summarizes the main findings on each digital economy pillar
    DOI: 10.1596/37886
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  • 170
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    Protect Incomes or Protect Jobs? : The Role of Social Policies in Post-Pandemic Recovery (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Protect Incomes or Protect Jobs? The Role of Social Policies in Post-Pandemic Recovery
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Economic Intervention Effectiveness ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Protection Measures ; Job Retention ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Pandemic Stimulus Effectiveness ; Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment Insurance
    Abstract: This paper examines the effectiveness of income protection and job protection policies for the post-pandemic economic recovery of the second half of 2020 through 2021. The paper is based on a new data set of the budgets of social protection programs implemented as a part of the pandemic stimulus package in 154 countries. The empirical analysis shows that, in the short run, higher expenditure on job protection measures is associated with more robust gross domestic product growth, increased employment, and decreased inactivity and poverty rates compared to the expansion of income protection programs. Both policies had a significant economic impact only in countries with weaker pre-pandemic social insurance systems. In countries with broader coverage of the social insurance system, the income and job protection programs appear to have had a limited impact on post-pandemic recovery. Because the structural economic changes induced by the pandemic are expected to materialize fully in several years, more research is needed to understand the longer-term effects of job protection and income protection policies on labor markets and economic recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10166
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  • 171
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    Digitizing Cash Transfers to Remote Rural Populations : Challenges and Solutions from the Experience of Zambia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There is currently a major focus on digitization within African countries, with the interest of, on the one hand, increasing efficiency and lowering the cost-of-service delivery, and on the other hand, increasing financial inclusion for excluded parts of the population. Zambia provides an important case study of digitization of social protection transfers. Whilst Zambia is sparsely populated with remote rural populations often living up to 100 km from the nearest town, making beneficiaries hard to reach with digital services, the country has successfully demonstrated that cash transfers can be digitized for remote rural populations to varying extents, tailored to their particular context. This Discussion Note presents challenges faced and solutions found in digitizing cash transfer payments in Zambia, which may be of interest to other countries embarking on similar endeavors
    DOI: 10.1596/38221
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  • 172
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    Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Etang, Alvin Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan
    Keywords: Coping Strategy ; Economic Shock ; Household Welfare ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: The Sudanese economy has faced several shocks over the years?sometimes resulting in devastating impacts on the economy and the welfare of Sudanese households. Poor households are often particularly vulnerable to shocks. The extent of the impacts of shocks on household welfare depends on the nature and severity of the shocks as well as households? capacity to manage its risk of exposure to shocks ex ante and/or mitigate the impact of shocks ex post. This paper applies this framework to examine the impact of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households and explore coping strategies typically utilized by households to mitigate the negative effects of shocks. The paper uses the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and the 2014/15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) to document the main types of shocks that Sudanese households are exposed to and describe the profile of Sudanese households likely to be vulnerable and/ or resilient to shocks. To complement this analysis, the paper uses the most recent round of the data collected in 2014/15 (containing information on idiosyncratic shocks) together with data on covariate shocks such as rainfall and conflict obtained from other sources to estimate the impact of shocks on household welfare. Since the impact of shocks on household welfare is likely to be multidimensional, various indicators of household welfare such as consumption, poverty status, assets, dietary quality, and diversity are considered in the paper. Results from the analysis are used to highlight the state of social protection in Sudan and discuss the need for an expansion of the existing system. The prevalence of shocks in Sudan is most common among poor, agricultural, and rural households. Floods/droughts have the largest negative effect on the welfare of Sudanese households. The large negative effects of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households (particularly those with low capacity to cope with shocks) highlight significant limitations in households? ability to fully mitigate the impact of shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10243
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  • 173
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    Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment? : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abel, Martin Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment? Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Formal Employment ; Labor Markets ; Reservation Wages ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Subsidy ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: Formal sector entry-level jobs in Mexico offer low starting salaries but substantial wage growth. This paper experimentally tests whether a six-months wage incentive can increase formal employment among secondary school graduates. Combining survey and high-frequency social security data, the paper shows that the incentive increases formal employment among vocational school graduates by 4.2 percentage points (14.5 percent) over the first two years driven by a 5 percentage point (25 percent) increase in permanent formal jobs. These employment gains are due to both extensive and intensive margin effects. Treatment effects are concentrated among youths with binding reservation wages who also tend to underestimate formal wage growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10234
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  • 174
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    Asset Transfers and Anti-Poverty Programs : Experimental Evidence from Tanzania (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baird, Sarah Asset Transfers and Anti-Poverty Programs: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania
    Keywords: Anti-Poverty Programs ; Asset Transfers ; Business Development ; Cash Transfers ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper uses a set of randomized experiments to examine the impact of a group business development program implemented by the Tanzanian government, along with a set of complementary training and cash transfer interventions targeted to vulnerable households in rural areas. In contrast with much of the recent literature, the analysis finds little effect of the business development program. While most enterprises remain operative three years after formation, even the highest estimates of effective wage rates suggest returns roughly equivalent to the opportunity cost of time for these households. Trainings on business skills and group transparency did not improve outcomes, although they appear to have exerted a redistributive effect from group elites to rank and file members. Unconditional and unanticipated lump sum cash transfers to randomly selected members of these groups induce all members to invest more in the enterprise, with seemingly little to no return on these marginal investments. The results emphasize the importance of profitability as the key motivation for asset transfer?based social protection programs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10251
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  • 175
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    Pollution and Labor Productivity : Evidence from Chilean Cities (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jooste, Charl Pollution and Labor Productivity: Evidence from Chilean Cities
    Keywords: Developing Economies ; Effect Of Pollution on Productivity ; Environment ; Fine Particulate Pollution ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Productivity ; Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Pollution Mitigation Policy ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions ; Working Conditions
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of pollution on labor productivity in Chile. Data on fine particulate matter pollution in Chile were collected and matched to sectoral labor productivity at the city level. The endogeneity between labor productivity and pollution is controlled for by instrumenting on the presence of coal and diesel power plants. The paper finds that pollution reduces labor productivity. A series of robustness checks demonstrate that pollution has a statistically significant effect on productivity when the analysis controls for labor costs and entry rates. The paper provides extensive evidence to support a causal interpretation of this finding. The identification strategy is based on a stylized macroeconomic model. The pollution elasticity of labor productivity is used to demonstrate how the co-benefits of reducing pollution can be incorporated into mitigation policies in a general equilibrium framework
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10236
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  • 176
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    Policy Brief : Economic Shocks and Human Trafficking Risks; Evidence from IOM's Victims of Human Trafficking Database (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Crime and Society ; Human Trafficking ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Trade ; Sex Workers ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This policy brief presents the main findings of the report "Economic Shocks and Human Trafficking Risks. The report focuses on risk factors that are expected to increase the vulnerability to human trafficking from and within origin countries such as economic shocks, measured by large, discrete changes to export commodity prices and to GDP. It also explores the role that institutions play through enforcing the rule of law, providing access to justice, and implementing anti-trafficking policies, as protective factors that could weaken the link between economic shocks and an increase in human trafficking. The analysis verifies that economic shocks are significant risk factors that increase vulnerability to human trafficking. In origin countries, economic vulnerabilities, especially those caused by global commodity price shocks, are strongly positively correlated with observed cases of trafficking. For instance, the economic shock produced by a typical decrease in export commodity prices is associated with an increase in the number of detected victims of trafficking of around 12 percent. The analysis suggests that good governance institutions and particularly a commitment to the rule of law and access to justice as well as stricter anti-trafficking policies and social assistance can have a limiting effect on the number of observed cases of trafficking following economic shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/37257
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  • 177
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    Challenges and Potentialities for Implementing Social Protection Responses to Emergency Through Decentralized Administration : Lessons from Brazil's Auxilio Emergencial (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: With the advent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Brazil has come out with one of the fastest and most generous social protection responses globally. Auxilio Emergencial (AE's) operation is in contrast to that of regular social protection programs due to its highly centralized setup with limited formal involvement of subnational governments. Therefore, this analysis aims at understanding some core reasons why this happened and what were the main implications of this centralized operation to the program. The text also describes measures that were enacted to mitigate challenges due to the exclusion of subnational governments from the operation of AE and discusses the extent to which these can integrate traditional decentralization mechanisms of regular programs in the future and further improve the sectoral case management capacity at large. This paper is structured in seven chapters. Chapter one is introduction, chapter two presents a conceptual framework describing main forms of decentralization and discussing their adequacy to different contexts and traditional functions of the social protection sector. Chapter three presents an overview of AE highlighting its centralized setup and already discussing some main reasons why traditional decentralization mechanisms, such as the unified social assistance system (SUAS), were not formal members of the program. Chapter four discusses legacies of SUAS historical support to social protection in Brazil and how these have contributed to AE even if the system was not formally involved in the program. Chapter five describes some main challenges faced by AE and that can arguably have been mitigated had SUAS and or other subnational governments been part of its formal operation. Chapter six considers how SUAS and decentralized forms of social protection were nevertheless relevant as complementary measures to that provided by AE. Finally, chapter seven concludes by summarizing some core lessons learned for engaging decentralized mechanisms in emergency responses in the future
    DOI: 10.1596/36839
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  • 178
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    From Protracted Humanitarian Relief to State-led Social Safety Net System : Somalia Baxnaano Program (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In 2019, with support from the International Development Association (IDA), the Federal Government of Somalia established its first national safety net program, the Baxnaano Program. Despite institutional challenges, political and economic fragility, the Program is delivering promising results. This paper discusses the design and implementation experience of the Baxnaano Program to (i) understand the opportunities and challenges leading to the establishment of a national safety net program in a context of high fragility, insecurity, and protracted humanitarian relief interventions; (ii) identify if and how the Program is supporting the vision to transition from protracted humanitarian response to longer-term safety net system; and iii) examines if and how the Program is supporting state-building
    DOI: 10.1596/36864
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  • 179
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    Immigration, Labor Markets and Discrimination : Evidence from the Venezuelan Exodus in Peru (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Groeger, Andre Immigration, Labor Markets and Discrimination: Evidence from the Venezuelan Exodus in Peru
    Keywords: Crisis-Driven Migration ; Discrimination ; Immigrant Labor Benefits ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Refuge Migration ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Sustainability and Inclusion ; Specialized Immigrant Survey ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Venezuela is currently experiencing the biggest crisis in its recent history. This has led to a large increase in emigration. According to recent estimates, there are a total of 5.6 million Venezuelan immigrants worldwide with over one million now living in Peru, which has led to an over 2 percent increase in the country's population. Unlike in many other episodes of refugee migration, Venezuelan immigrants are not only very similar in cultural terms, but are, on average, also more skilled than Peruvians. This study first examines Venezuelans' perceptions about being discriminated against in Peru. Using an instrumental variable strategy, the results document a causal relationship between the level of employment in the informal sector-where most immigrants are employed-and reports of discrimination. The second part is focused on studying the impact of Venezuelan migration on local's labor market outcomes, reported crime rates and attitudes using a variety of data sources. The results provide evidence that inflows of Venezuelans to particular locations in Peru lead to better labor market outcomes for locals, decreased reported crime, as well as improved reported quality of local services, greater trust in neighbors and higher community quality
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9982
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  • 180
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    The Impact of Covid-19 on Household Welfare in the Comoros : The Experience of a Small Island Developing State (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mendiratta, Vibhuti The Impact of Covid-19 on Household Welfare in the Comoros: The Experience of a Small Island Developing State
    Keywords: Below The Poverty Line ; Health Care Services Industry ; Household Welfare ; Inequality ; Labor Market Outcome ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability To Climate Change ; Welfare Indicator
    Abstract: This paper investigates the causal impact of a Covid-19 lockdown policy on the Comoros's household welfare, poverty, and labor market outcomes. The identification strategy uses the national government lockdown policy implemented to curtail the unexpected outbreak of Covid-19. The lockdown policy coincided with the 2020 Harmonized Survey on Living Conditions of Households data collection, lending itself to a quasi-natural experiment in which households that were interviewed before the lockdown policy fall into the control group, while those that were interviewed after the lockdown fall into the treated group. The paper explores the impact of the Covid-19 using descriptive regression analysis and estimates the causal impact using matching techniques. The analysis finds a reduction in household expenditure, increased poverty, and a reduction in the likelihood of employment. Investigation of differential impacts along the expenditure distribution finds larger impacts at the top of the distribution, suggesting that Covid-19 may have reduced inequality, although the poor were also negatively affected. The evidence also suggests that the ability to use assets as a coping mechanism was limited. In a context of limited safety nets and government interventions, stringent lockdown policies appear to increase the vulnerability of the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9964
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  • 181
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    Raising the Quality of Child Caregiving in Bangladesh (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Curriculum and Instruction ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Educational Institutions and Facilities ; Lifelong Learning ; School Health ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: Access to quality childcare is critical for improving child development outcomes and ensuring that the next generation of Bangladeshi children are better prepared to contribute as active citizens. Child caregivers play a pivotal role in developing children's physical and cognitive growth in the early years of life. Moreover, access to quality childcare has been linked to higher women's labor force participation and better economic growth. However, there remains a knowledge gap in the area of child caregiver skills, globally and particularly in the case of Bangladesh. In the case of Bangladesh, there is critical need to understand the complex child caregiver training structure and means to improve the system in helping the country ensure better child development outcomes, higher female workforce participation and ultimately its goal of becoming a developed country in the next two decades. This study uses a mixed method approach to - first, understand the current status of child caregivers and childcare services in Bangladesh and second, assess the current training programs available and opportunities for professional development for the childcare workforce. The study investigates the socio-economic profiles; training acquired and perceptions of skills gaps and the environment in which child caregivers and center managers operate across different types of providers. The key recommendations emerging from the study are then discussed along four areas: polices, quality caregivers, pedagogical approach and enabling environment
    DOI: 10.1596/37093
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  • 182
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    What Do You Want to Be? : Youth Aspirations in the Time of the COVID-19 Crisis - Evidence from Three Sub-Saharan Countries (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Sciences ; Gender ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policy ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth
    Abstract: Understanding the aspirations and goals of the youth is essential to developing effective employment policies. Policies should be designed to allow educational and professional aspirations of young people to align with pathways to achieving them. The data collected is nationally representative and age distribution is similar across countries. Recent surveys on youth or sub-populations of youth have included questions to capture career aspirations and life goals in the time of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis. Incorporating the youth aspirations and employment module for High Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) into multi-topic household surveys has several advantages. In conclusion, measuring youth aspirations helps shed light on the possible employment outcomes that can be observed in adulthood and play a role in breaking poverty circles, which is highly relevant for public policy
    DOI: 10.1596/37077
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  • 183
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    Unemployment Benefits, Active Labor Market Policies, and Labor Market Outcomes : Evidence from New Global Data (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ulku, Hulya Unemployment Benefits, Active Labor Market Policies, and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from New Global Data
    Keywords: Developing Country Labor Markets ; Econometric Analysis With Interaction Terms ; Econometrics ; Economic Stabilization ; Employment and Unemployment ; Global Employment Data ; Global Indicators Group ; Labor Market Outcome ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomic Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Productivity Analysis ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment Benefit Policy Data
    Abstract: Using novel data on unemployment benefits and active labor market policies in 191 countries in 2019 and 2020, this paper investigates the patterns of unemployment benefits and active labor market policies and their relationship with labor market outcomes. This study is unique in that it covers a large number of developing as well as developed countries and examines the association of both unemployment benefits and active labor market policies with several labor market outcomes at different income levels. According to new data, in the first half of 2020, about 48 percent of countries had an unemployment benefit scheme compared to 82 percent that had some form of active labor market policy. The econometric analyses show that productivity growth has a positive relationship with both unemployment benefits and active labor market policies in upper-middle-income countries and with active labor market policies in low- and lower-middle-income countries, but a negative relationship with both unemployment benefits and active labor market policies in high-income countries. The findings also indicate a consistent negative association of active labor market policies with the rate of self-employment in all income groups and a negative association with the rate of employment in upper middle-income countries. These findings provide new insights on the patterns of unemployment benefits and active labor market policies and their interlinkages with labor market policies at different income levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10027
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  • 184
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    Benefits and Costs of Public Schooling in Ghana (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Raju, Dhushyanth Benefits and Costs of Public Schooling in Ghana
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis Of Public Schooling ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge Economy ; Education Quality ; Education Spending ; Employment and Unemployment ; Ghana Household Survey Data Analysis ; Monetary Benefits Of Education In Ghana ; Private Spending On Public Schooling ; Public Education Benefits ; Public Education Interventions ; Public Education Spending Analysis ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This paper examines the monetary benefits and costs of the quantity of public schooling (that is, years of schooling completed) in Ghana. The paper also examines the monetary benefits and costs of some aspects of the quality of public schooling, measured by the gains in achievement produced by selected interventions in public schools. The analysis uses estimates of (i) labor-earnings returns to schooling and private spending on public schooling, based on the latest national household sample survey data; (ii) government spending on public schooling, based on administrative information; (iii) impacts on test scores, and costs, of education interventions in public schools, drawn from experimental studies; and (iv) conversions of impacts on test scores produced by education interventions to (future) labor earnings, all for Ghana. The results are a set of benefit-cost ratios in the style of the Copenhagen Consensus
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10017
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  • 185
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    Cash in the City : The Case of Port-au-Prince (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Cholera ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor
    Abstract: Following the 2010 devastating earthquake and subsequent cholera epidemic, Port-au-Prince's residents have been increasingly affected by food insecurity, socio-economic unrest including periods of complete lock-down, and gang violence. In light of the insecurity which limits the possibilities to collect the necessary information to target the vulnerable residents of Port-au-Prince, this paper aims at providing meaningful evidence to inform the remote targeting and delivery of a potential social assistance program. Putting together household and geospatial data, we compute a composite vulnerability indicator for the metropolitan area, offering a first snapshot of inequality and vulnerability within the city, and discuss the results' implications for social protection programming
    DOI: 10.1596/37443
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  • 186
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    Strengthening Services Trade in the Malaysian Economy March 2022 : The Malaysia Development Experiece Series (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Labor Market ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: While Malaysia's economy has had great success, it also faces several challenges including limited services trade. This report seeks to explain the main constraints that are holding back the services sector in the country. The key finding is that Malaysia's development strategy needs to pivot to better capture new trade patterns. This will need to address some of the main constraints facing the development of Malaysia's services sector. First, is low labor productivity. Secondly, is informality. Thirdly, weak educational outcomes in Malaysia contribute to skills shortages. Finally, limits to competition and regulatory restrictions in services restrict Malaysia's ability to deepen foreign linkages. The key recommendation of the report is that to fulfill the potential of its services sector, Malaysia should take an integrated approach that progressively and gradually addresses artificial policy distinctions between goods and services, and between trade and investment in a world increasingly governed by international production networks
    DOI: 10.1596/37471
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  • 187
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    Colombia Jobs Diagnostic : Structural Challenges for the Creation of More and Better Jobs (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In mid-2020, the Government of Colombia launched a labor reform consultation process (Mision de Empleo) in response to a deterioration in pre-Covid19 employment indicators and changing economic and labor market conditions. Based on a comprehensive review of Colombia's labor market performance for the 2009-2019 period, this report seeks to provide analytical underpinnings to this process. At the macro level, the report shows that employment in Colombia is insufficiently diversified relying almost exclusively on job creation in the services sectors. This exposes the labor market to cyclical changes in internal demand that are typical for commodity rich economies like Colombia. At the worker level, the report shows that the economy generates too few formal employment opportunities for those with fewer skills and those living in rural areas, implying low earnings, high rates of self-employment, and high levels of informality. At the firm level, the reports shows that the labor regulatory regime has contributed to strong increases in labor costs with important effects on entry and exit dynamics of firms contributing to a compositional shift towards larger, more capitalized, and more skill-intensive firms
    DOI: 10.1596/37403
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  • 188
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    Labor Market Rigidity at Home and Multinational Corporations' Flexible Task Reallocation Abroad (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ahn, JaeBin Labor Market Rigidity at Home and Multinational Corporations' Flexible Task Reallocation Abroad
    Keywords: Employment Adjustment ; Foreign Affiliates ; Labor Market Rigidity ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Minimum Wage ; MNC ; Multinational Corporations ; Political Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Task Reallocation ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: An unprecedented regime change following the 2017 presidential impeachment led to a dramatic shift to more rigid labor market policies in the Republic of Korea, represented by consecutive double-digit hikes in the minimum wage in the next two years. Using a firm-level data set with detailed information about foreign affiliates for 2013~19, this paper assesses the employment consequences of stricter labor market regulations. The empirical evidence uncovers a relatively unexplored mechanism through which domestic labor market rigidity can potentially reduce domestic employment as multinational firms with flexible internal networks reallocate tasks across borders
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10114
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  • 189
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    Bring a Friend : Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anukriti, S Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India
    Keywords: Contraception ; Family Planning ; Family Planning Research ; Female Autonomy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peers ; Reproductive Autonomy ; Social Networks ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vouchers ; Women
    Abstract: This paper experimentally tests whether enabling individuals to incentivize others to socialize with them can strengthen social networks and improve well-being. The paper examines family planning access for women in India, who tend to be socially isolated and for whom peer support may overcome intrahousehold constraints. Enabling women to jointly visit a clinic with other women not only increased social ties and strengthened peer engagement, but also increased clinic visits and contraceptive use. Moreover, this intervention was more effective in improving reproductive autonomy of women who faced greater intrahousehold opposition than an intervention that only improved women's own access to the clinic
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10107
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  • 190
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    Labor Informality and Market Segmentation in Senegal (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Castelan, Carlos Labor Informality and Market Segmentation in Senegal
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Equity ; Equity and Development ; Income Vulnerability ; Informal Employment ; Informal Employment Preference ; Labor Informality ; Labor Market ; Labor Segmentation ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uneducated Workers
    Abstract: Understanding the selection of workers into informality is a policy priority to design programs to increase formalization across Sub-Saharan Africa, where nine out of ten workers are informal. This paper estimates a model of self-selection with entry barriers into the formal sector to identify the extent of involuntary informality in Senegal, a representative country in terms of levels of informality in West Africa and with one of the most rigid labor markets in the world. The results show that the desire of being formal is greater for workers with formal education, married, and a lower proportion of children younger than age five living in the household. The individual's preference for the formal sector also grows with age at a decreasing rate. The results also show that labor informality is mainly a voluntary phenomenon, with 30 percent of informal workers being involuntarily displaced into the informal sector. The results are robust to different model specifications, definitions of labor informality, and heterogeneous groups of workers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10129
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  • 191
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    Welfare Analysis of Changing Notches : Evidence from Bolsa Familia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bergstrom, Katy Welfare Analysis of Changing Notches: Evidence from Bolsa Familia
    Keywords: Bounds ; Bunching ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Jumping ; MVPF ; Notches ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sufficient Statistics ; Welfare Analysis
    Abstract: This paper develops a framework to bound the welfare impacts of reforms to notches using two sufficient statistics: (1) the number of households bunching at the old notch who move toward the new notch, and (2) the number of households who "jump" down to the new notch. The bounds hold in a wide class of models, highlighting a new way to use reduced-form bunching evidence for welfare analysis without strong assumptions on the economic environment. These two statistics are estimated using a difference-in-difference strategy for a reform to the anti-poverty program Bolsa Familia, finding that the reform's marginal value of public funds lies between 0.90 and 1.12
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10117
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  • 192
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    Inequalities in Job Loss and Income Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 Crisis (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Contreras-Gonzalez, Ivette Inequalities in Job Loss and Income Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 Crisis
    Keywords: Coronavirus (COVID-19) ; COVID-19 Impact ; Economic Shock ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender and Employment ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Household Survey Data ; Inequality ; Inequaliy ; Job Loss ; Job Loss by Age ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability to Poverty ; Gender
    Abstract: This paper uses high-frequency phone survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda to analyze the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on work (including wage employment, self-employment, and farm work) and income, as well as heterogeneity by gender, family composition, education, age, pre-COVID19 industry of work, and between the rural and urban sectors. The paper links phone survey data collected throughout the pandemic to pre-COVID-19 face-to-face survey data to track the employment of respondents who were working before the pandemic and analyze individual-level indicators of job loss and re-employment. Finally, it analyzes both immediate impacts, during the first few months of the pandemic, as well as longer run impacts through February/March 2021. The findings show that in the early phase of the pandemic, women, young, and urban workers were significantly more likely to lose their jobs. A year after the onset of the pandemic, these inequalities disappeared and education became the main predictor of joblessness. The analysis finds significant rural/urban, age, and education gradients in household-level income loss. Households with income from nonfarm enterprises were the most likely to report income loss, in the short run as well as the longer run
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10143
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  • 193
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    Brazil 2020 Data Update : Methodological Adjustments to the World Bank's Poverty and Inequality Estimates (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC in Portuguese) is the main source of information for poverty monitoring in Brazil. The PNADC 2020 annual release was published in November 2021. The 2020 survey underwent methodological changes compared to earlier years. Most changes do not affect comparability with previous years. However, there is evidence of significant under-coverage of the "Auxilio Emergencial" (AE) program. While administrative records indicate over 68 million AE recipients, only about 20 million are observed in the survey. This paper describes an approach to impute AE beneficiary status as a way to complement the observed AE status as reported in the survey and to better capture the evolution of income and poverty in Brazil during COVID-19. Incorporating eligibility criteria from the AE (demographic, employment, and income), the method results in 42.2 million AE recipients in the survey - leading to a more reasonable undercoverage rate. Sensitivity analyses find similar results. The adjustments described in this paper are included in the World Bank's poverty and inequality estimates for Brazil 2020 (published in April 2022). The poverty estimates in 2020 are 13.1 percent at the USD 5.50 poverty line and 1.7 percent at the USD 1.90 line. The Gini coefficient is estimated at 0.488
    DOI: 10.1596/37513
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  • 194
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    Is Social Protection a Luxury Good? (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lokshin, Michael Is Social Protection a Luxury Good?
    Keywords: Distribution ; Economic Assistance ; Engel Curve ; Governance ; ICT Economics ; ICT Support To Social Protections ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Selective Data Reporting ; Social Protection ; Social Protection Expenditure ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The claim that social protection is a luxury good-with a national income elasticity exceeding unity-has been influential. The paper tests the "luxury good hypothesis" using newly-assembled data on social protection spending across countries since 1995, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts. While the mean income share devoted to social protection rises with income, this is attributable to multiple confounders, including relative prices, weak governance in low-income countries and access to information-communication technologies. Controlling for these, social protection is not a luxury good. This was also true during the pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10174
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  • 195
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    Egypt Public Expenditure Review for the Human Development Sectors (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development and Poverty ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) aims at informing government efforts to pursue its commitment to enhancing socioeconomic outcomes through more and better spending on human capital. To achieve this important objective, the Government of Egypt (GoE) aims at creating the fiscal space needed to increase growth-enhancing spending in a way that reflects positively on socioeconomic outcomes. This PER analyzes the adequacy, efficiency, and equity of public spending on the human development sectors. It examines options to create fiscal space by reducing inefficient and wasteful spending within this sector and increasing the impact of existing resources. From an equity perspective, the PER examines how public resources are distributed within the sector, and across income groups and/or geographical regions, and how system-wide reforms can reduce inequality in spending and outcomes. Drawing on a fiscal incidence analysis jointly carried out with the MOF, the distributional impact of potential fiscal measures and other policy changes is simulated to inform the reforms agenda. The first part of the review (Volume I) presents the macro-fiscal context and its constraints. It also presents an analysis of the social protection system in place to mitigate the effects of the challenging macroeconomic environment. The second part of the review (Volume II) focuses on the most difficult challenges facing the core human development sectors, namely health, education and higher education
    DOI: 10.1596/38081
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  • 196
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    Ukraine Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment, August 2022 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Public Sector Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: The Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, which began February 24, 2022, has caused significant civilian casualties and damage to infrastructure and has taken a severe human, social, and economic toll. As a result of the war, which still continues after more than six months, dwellings and public infrastructure have been demolished or damaged, public services and economic activity have been impeded, and significant numbers of Ukrainians have been displaced from their homes. This Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) is part of an ongoing effort, undertaken jointly by the government of Ukraine, the World Bank, and the European Commission and supported by other partners, to take stock of Ukraine's damage and losses from the war - but just as importantly to assess the scale of economic and social needs for Ukraine's survival during the war and its prospering afterward
    DOI: 10.1596/37988
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  • 197
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    Understanding Multidimensional Determinants of Disability-Inclusive Education : Lessons from Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Zambia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Education ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Children with disabilities undoubtedly face barriers within the education system, however they also face significant challenges within the broader ecosystem that can significantly undermine their and their family's ability to pursue educational opportunities on par with their peers without disabilities. This study aimed to understand what key determinants beyond school-based factors shaped the experiences of children with disabilities and their families' ability to support their educational participation in primary school through case studies in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Zambia. The report also includes findings from a short regional survey of parents' and caregivers' perceptions across Sub-Saharan Africa. The study explored factors such as: (1) parental aspirations and involvement in their child's education; (2) stigma and attitudes about children with disabilities; (3) access to necessary supports such as assistive devices, learning materials, and personal assistance; (4) additional and out-of-pocket costs borne by families to support the educational participation of children with disabilities as compared to children without disabilities; (5) accessibility of community infrastructure and transportation; and (6) financial resources and government benefits available to families to support their child's education
    DOI: 10.1596/37967
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  • 198
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    Job Tenure and Structural Change in the Transition Economies of Europe (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Job Tenure and Structural Change in the Transition Economies of Europe
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Stability ; Job Tenure ; Job Tenure Decline ; Labor Force Survey Data ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Labor Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Change Process ; Transition Economies
    Abstract: This paper uses labor force survey data for 1995-2020 to analyze the dynamics of job tenure in seven transition economies of Europe and a comparator country (Turkiye). The country-specific age-period-cohort decomposition demonstrates that, except in Albania, the job tenure of the cohort of workers entering the labor market in the 2000s is four to nine years shorter than that of workers who started working in the 1970s. This difference is at least twice as large as the difference in job tenure observed among workers from the same cohorts in European Union countries. These trends in tenure persist after accounting for changes in cohort composition, but they are significantly attenuated by controlling for differences in individual worker characteristics. These results suggest that the evolution of tenure in the transition economies of Europe is still driven mainly by the transition-induced structural change processes in the labor market
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10206
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  • 199
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    National Digital Identity and Government Data Sharing in Singapore : A Case Study of Singpass and APEX (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Digital Identity ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Private Sector ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Innovation
    Abstract: This case study describes Singpass, Singapore's national digital identity (NDI), and API Exchange (APEX), the government's data-sharing platform. It highlights not just how they work but also how they work together. Built by the Government Technology Agency of Singapore (GovTech), both products have helped to improve the lives of Singaporeans and residents, and to enable government agencies and businesses to offer better services. This has contributed greatly to Singapore becoming a leading digital government, economy, and society, which are the three pillars of its Smart Nation Initiative
    DOI: 10.1596/38201
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  • 200
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    Social Protection, Food Security and Nutrition : An Update of Concepts, Evidence and Select Practices in South Asia and Beyond (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Early Warning Systems ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Nutrition ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A leading economist recently stated that "food security may be the defining global challenge of the Century." And in underscoring the importance of social protection, the head of an international organization declared that "[w]e must recognize, share, scale up and build on these successful measures." In a way, this volume aims to help bridge these two worlds - that of food security and nutrition, on the one hand, and that of social protection, on the other - by reflecting on how the mechanisms of the latter might be employed to address the needs of the former
    DOI: 10.1596/38210
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