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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How does participation in value chains matter to African farmers? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8506
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dihel, Nora How Does Participation in Value Chains Matter to African Farmers?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade and participation in global value chains can play a key role in economic diversification and development. This paper deepens the discussion about productivity growth and upgrading in agriculture in Africa, and the role of national, regional, and international value chains in supporting such structural change. The analysis in this report is based on quantitative and qualitative surveys undertaken in 2016 in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia, where 3,935 farmers, 60 aggregators, and 56 buyers in the maize, cassava, and sorghum value chains were interviewed in the three countries. The descriptive results show that farmers who were on a contract saw greater structural transformation; higher output; and better access to seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, technology, and extension services compared with farmers who were not on a contract. To identify more robustly the link between value chain participation and contract farming with productivity and upgrading, the paper looks at the relationship using a variety of empirical methodologies, ranging from ordinary least squares and probit regressions to propensity score matching. Based on the empirical evidence, the hypothesis that value chain participation leads to structural transformation cannot be confirmed. The paper does find evidence that formal or informal contractual arrangements that regulate the provision of inputs to production, such as fertilizer, technology, extension services, and market information, positively affect upgrading. It remains nevertheless important to understand the impact of government policies on the emergence of value chains given that value chains support contractual arrangements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8506
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Place, Productivity, and Prosperity : Revisiting Spatially Targeted Policies for Regional Development (2021)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : World Bank Publications
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464817946
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (265 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Place, Productivity, and Prosperity: An Introduction -- Introduction -- The Attraction of Place-Based Policies -- Three Forces Shaping the Economic Landscape -- Lagging Places, Left-Behind People-and Perhaps, Missed Opportunities -- Notes -- References -- 2. Agglomeration Economies, Productivity, and the Persistence of Place -- Introduction -- A Virtuous Cycle of Economic Concentration, Higher Productivity, and More Prosperity -- The Developing Country Urban Productivity Puzzle -- Changing Drivers of Spatial Activity: The Future Isn't What It Used to Be -- Unpacking the Association of Density with Productivity -- Measuring the Benefits of Spatial Concentration -- Measuring the Full Costs of Agglomeration: Accounting for the Extra Expense of Working in Developing Country Cities -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A. Estimating Productivity, Marginal Cost, and Markups -- Notes -- References -- 3. The Promise of Labor Mobility Introduction -- Introduction -- The Evidence on Internal Migration -- The Barriers to Internal Migration -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4. Globalization and Digital Development: Bridging Distances within Countries -- Introduction -- Globalization and Regional Growth within Countries -- How Trade Costs, Infrastructure, and Institutions Affect Growth within Countries -- The Role of Digital Connectivity in Narrowing Disparities between Regions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5. Lagging Places: Missed Opportunities, Left-Behind People -- Introduction -- Two Tales of Cities: Not Every Place Has Potential for Growth -- Why Is a Region Not Thriving Already? -- Three Arguments Often Used to Support Place-Based Policies for Nonviable Regions -- Complementarities, Silver Bullets, and Big Pushes.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    Online Resource
    MPI-MMG
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? : Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia
    Keywords: COVID Shock To Informal Firms ; COVID-19 Economic Recovery ; COVID-19 Impact ; Equity and Development ; Firms in Crisis ; Informality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Support
    Abstract: Using three rounds of data from the Business Pulse Survey in South Asia, this paper studies the differential effects of the COVID-19 shock on informal firms. It also captures heterogeneity within informal firms based on the degree and motivation of informality. The findings suggest that the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 shock and the recovery speed are strongly associated with the degree of informality. Firms' external attributes, such as size, sector, age, and gender of the owner, do not explain the depth of the impact. Internal characteristics such as poor management capabilities and education of the manager and owners are strong predictors of vulnerability among informal firms. In particular, necessity firms experience a larger drop in sales relative to the parasitic type of informal firms. To add to this, the adjustment response (for example, the use of digital platforms) of informal firms is smaller, which perpetuates the gap between formal and informal firms. Within informal firms, the parasitic type typically have a smaller adjustment response. These findings have implications for policies to support the private sector in the presence of informality, including considerations pertaining to targeting, modality of support, and the instruments required for designing more impactful programs during shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10579
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Masters of Disasters : The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brucal, Arlan Masters of Disasters: The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Pulse Survey Data ; COVID-19 Impact ; Crisis and Micro and Small Firms ; Crisis Effects ; Informality ; International Finance Corporation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Resilience ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Most crises have a disproportionately larger negative effect on micro-sized firms. Yet, the heterogeneity of impact within micro-sized firms is lesser known. Using five waves of the World Bank's Business Pulse Survey data, this paper finds that firms with zero to four employees have a much larger drop in sales and slower recovery rate compared to micro-sized firms with five to nine employees. The overall differences in the resilience between the two groups of micro-sized firms could potentially be due to a uniformly lower productivity level of firms with zero to four employees. Within the two groups of micro-sized firms, resilience is correlated with their liquidity position, managerial attitudes as well as their abilities. Using discriminant analysis, this paper confirms that a significant proportion of micro-sized firms mimic the behavior of larger firms in terms of their resilience to shocks and could potentially be "misclassified" as micro-sized. These findings have important implications for targeting and tailoring support for enhancing businesses' resilience to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10556
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Firms far up! : productivity, agglomeration and high-growth firms in Ethiopia (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9099
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover Arti Firms Far Up! Productivity, Agglomeration, And High-Growth Firms In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: High-growth firms have been widely studied in advanced countries, but little is known about such stellar performers in Africa. Using establishment-level data from Ethiopia, this paper finds that the incidence of high-growth firms stands at an average of 7 percent, a figure comparable to that of advanced countries. High-growth episodes are short-lived, and the likelihood of survival or a subsequent episode is not any higher for high-growth firms. It is difficult for firms to sustain high growth, and the likelihood of a repeated episode is low. There is only a 6.5 percent chance that a manufacturing plant in Ethiopia will repeat a high-growth event in the subsequent three-year period. This likelihood is not greater than that of plants that did not experience high growth in the previous period. The paper explores the drivers of high growth and finds a tight link between exemplary performance and initial plant productivity, which is robust to many controls, including plant location. Plants located in Ethiopia's capital city or agglomerations have a higher probability of high growth. And high growth in plant employment is found to be self-reinforcing, that is, past high-growth experience is positively and significantly associated with subsequent growth in firm productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9099
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using experimental evidence to inform firm support programs in developing countries (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9461
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Using Experimental Evidence to Inform Firm Support Programs in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Countries design programs for supporting firms, with varying levels of success. Firm growth is constrained by several factors, such as low firm capabilities (e.g. management), availability of finance, and access to markets. Based on the available experimental evidence on firm support programs in developing countries, this paper makes three broad observations. First, there are huge knowledge gaps in understanding the success of instruments that alleviate firm constraints. Various instruments, such as early-stage equity finance, incubators, and accelerators, remain untested due to the lack of good design, results framework, or monitoring and evaluation systems and so on. Second, since these interventions are expensive, policy makers expect such programs to be designed more effectively to pursue their objectives. However, evidence provides little guidance on the criterion for firm selection because the existing evaluations of instruments reveal little information on the heterogeneous impact by firm characteristics, such as the age, size, sector, and location of firms. Third, most interventions seek to address only one of the broad constraints faced by firms. To this end, the paper concludes with a novel proposal for a firm support program that attempts to sequentially address multiple constraints to firm growth. This program will be implemented in Malawi through the "Financial Inclusion and Entrepreneurship Scaling" project
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9461
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policies to support businesses through the COVID-19 shock : a firm-level perspective (2021)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9506
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Cirera, Xavier Policies to Support Businesses through the COVID-19 Shock: A Firm-Level Perspective
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Firms ; Policies ; Uncertainty ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Relying on a novel dataset covering more than 120,000 firms in 60 countries, this paper con-tributes to the debate about D policies to support businesses through the COVID-19 pandemic. While governments around the world have implemented a wide range of policy support measures, evidence on the reach of these policies, the alignment of measures with firm needs, and their targeting and effectiveness remains scarce. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment to date of these issues, focusing primarily on the developing economies. It shows that policy reach has been limited, especially for the more vulnerable firms and countries, and identifies mismatches between policies provided and policies most sought. It also provides some indicative evidence regarding mistargeting of policies and their effectiveness in addressing liquidity constraints and preventing layoffs. This assessment provides some early guidance to policymakers on tailoring their COVID-19 business support packages and points to new directions in data and research efforts needed to guide policy responses to the current pandemic and future crises
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9506
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Coping with COVID-19 : Does Management make Firms More Resilient? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Grover, Arti Coping with COVID-19: Does Management make Firms More Resilient?
    Abstract: The spread of COVID-19 has disrupted firm operations on a global scale. Using a comprehensive data set that observes over 3,000 firms in 16 countries, including several developing countries, shortly before and after the pandemic, we relate firms' structured management practices to post- COIVD-19 outcomes, and report four main findings. First, structured management practices are associated with more limited downside impacts of the crisis on firm sales and survival in manufacturing but not in services. Better managed manufacturing firms, on average, experience a smaller reduction in sales. Second, in both manufacturing and services, structured management practice scores are correlated with a firm's ability to adjust or convert product mix and shift to online work arrangements. Third, management scores are not correlated with firm's ability to adjust on employment margins. Fourth, the resilience of better managed firms is related primarily to incentive practices and is uncorrelated with operations or targeting practices. Monitoring practice scores show a modest correlation with a firm's ability to switch to remote work arrangements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9514
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Agglomeration Economies in Developing Countries : A Meta-Analysis (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Grover, Arti Agglomeration Economies in Developing Countries: A Meta-Analysis
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economies ; Labor Markets ; Meta-Analysis ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: Recent empirical work suggests that there are large agglomeration gains from working and living in developing country cities. These estimates find that doubling city size is associated with an increase in productivity by 19 percent in China, 12 percent in India, and 17 percent in Africa. These agglomeration benefits are considerably higher relative to developed country cities, which are in the range of 4 to 6 percent. However, many developing country cities are costly, crowded, and disconnected, and face slow structural transformation. To understand the true productivity advantages of cities in developing countries, this paper systematically evaluates more than 1,200 elasticity estimates from 70 studies in 33 countries. Using a frontier methodology for conducting meta-analysis, it finds that the elasticity estimates in developing countries are at most 1 percentage point higher than in advanced economies, but not significantly so. The paper provides novel estimates of the elasticity of pollution, homicide, and congestion, using a large sample of developing and developed country cities. No evidence is found for productivity gains in light of the high and increasing costs of working in developing country cities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9730
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Firm Recovery during COVID-19 : Six Stylized Facts (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Cirera, Xavier Firm Recovery during COVID-19: Six Stylized Facts
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Firm Performance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact ; Private Sector Economics ; Recovery ; Sales Revenue
    Abstract: Building on prior work that documented the impact of COVID-19 on firms in developing countries using the first wave of Business Pulse Surveys, this paper presents a new set of stylized facts on firm recovery, covering 65,000 observations in 38 countries. This paper suggests that: One, since the outset of the pandemic, some aspects of business performance such as sales show signs of partial recovery. Two, other aspects remain challenging, including persistently high uncertainty and financial fragility. Three, recovery is heterogeneous across firms and more sensitive to firm-level attributes such as size, sector, and initial productivity than to country-level differences in the severity of the initial shock. In particular, larger and more productive firms are recovering faster, with implications for competition policy and allocative efficiency. Four, the decline in jobs has been steeper during the initial shock than the expansion in employment during recovery, raising the risk of a "jobless" recovery pattern. Five, the diffusion of digital technology and product innovation accelerated during the pandemic but did so unevenly, further widening gaps between small and large firms. Six, businesses now have more access to policy support, but poorer countries continue to lag behind and appropriate targeting of firms remains a challenge
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9810
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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