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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Synthesis of the Impacts of Covid-19 on India's Labor Market : Looking at People, Places and Policies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als He, Yiming Synthesis of the Impacts of Covid-19 on India's Labor Market: Looking at People, Places and Policies
    Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic Impact ; Employment of Marginalized Social Groups ; Gender and Rural Labor ; Informal Jobs ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market ; Post-Pandemic Employment Recovery
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of Covid-19 on a host of labor market outcomes in India, using a continuous household survey. Cross-sectional trends of headline indicators like unemployment and labor force participation indicate a quick recovery after the unprecedented shock of the pandemic. However, women, marginalized social groups, and youth were more adversely affected, largely due to the nature of their employment before the pandemic. Next, a fixed-cohort analysis with a difference-in-differences regression framework is used to follow the labor market trajectories of a Covid-affected cohort and a pre-Covid cohort for comparison, over a span of 12-16 months. A story of downward transitions emerges, with movements out of the labor force, into more informal and lower-paid types of work in agriculture and rural areas. Higher education and being located in dense, urban areas partially mediated the adverse shocks of Covid-19. Lastly, India's extensive vaccination campaign had significant positive impacts on employment recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10366
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    A Growing Crisis : Work, Workers, and Wellbeing in Myanmar (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gaps ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Township Level ; Wellbeing ; Work ; Workers
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy has been affected by numerous internal and external shocks since 2020. This report takes stock of the effect of these shocks on Myanmar's workers and their well-being using a reliable new source of household data. The report compares employment indicators from 2017 and 2022 to spotlight the extent of adversity faced by workers and households. Employment indicators for 2017 are based on official Myanmar living conditions survey (MLCS) data. MSPS provides reliable employment indicators at the sub-national level for 2022 that are comparable with baseline official data from 2017. MSPS provides reliable employment indicators at the sub-national level for 2022 that are comparable with baseline official data from 2017. While anchored in the MSPS, this report complements quantitative data with qualitative insights from the community welfare monitoring surveys, in particular the March 2023 round, conducted by the World Bank since 2020. This report is organized as follows: chapter 1 provides a snapshot of overall labor market changes since 2017 and focuses on disparities by gender, employment type, industry of occupation, and other worker characteristics. Chapter 2 analyzes similarities and differences in level employment indicators by state and regions. Chapter 3 concludes by spotlighting key township level characteristics that have influenced workers, their work prospects, and their overall well-being
    DOI: 10.1596/39882
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Does Food Insecurity Hinder Migration? : Experimental Evidence from the Indian Public Distribution System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baseler, Travis Does Food Insecurity Hinder Migration?: Experimental Evidence from the Indian Public Distribution System
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Food Voucher Policy ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Hunger Risk ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Migration
    Abstract: People may avoid migrating if they cannot insure themselves against the risk of a bad outcome. Governments can reduce the consumption risk faced by migrants by allowing them to access social protection programs in the destination. This study randomly informed around 62,000 households across 18 Indian states about a new program allowing migrants to collect their food ration across the country, together with information about practical barriers to using the program. Four months later, treated households held lower beliefs about food ration portability, and were less likely to migrate to cities. The findings indicate that food insecurity risk reduces urban migration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10549
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The employment effect of place-based policies : evidence from India (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice & South Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9477
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Li, Yue The Employment Effect of Place-Based Policies: Evidence from India
    Keywords: place-based policies ; tax incentives ; agglomeration economies ; coagglomeration ; boundary discontinuity ; employment ; firm location ; India ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many governments in developing countries have pursued policies targeting specific geographic areas over the past several decades. However, only a few have rigorously evaluated the causal impact of these interventions. This paper examines the effectiveness of a prominent place-based policy in India: the centrally sponsored New Industrial Policy for the state of Uttarakhand. Using georeferenced economic census data, the analysis applies a boundary discontinuity research design and zones in on the unique border between Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, two states that were officially one before the implementation of the New Industrial Policy. The findings show that there was a significant and abrupt increase in employment at the town and village level when crossing the state border from Uttar Pradesh to Uttarakhand after the full implementation of the New Industrial Policy. The conclusion even holds for firms within the same sector. The increase is mainly due to larger firm sizes and expansions into new industries. A main component of the New Industrial Policy was excise tax incentives for certain industries. The paper finds that the increase in cross-border employment is higher for sectors receiving excise tax incentives than others. Additionally, exploring spillovers between industries, the paper shows that, controlling for the direct effects, the sectors with labor requirements similar to those receiving excise tax incentives also experience an increase in employment. Finally, the growth in the number of firms in Uttar Pradesh close to the border remained stable before and after the New Industrial Policy, which suggests the results are not fully driven by firms relocating from Uttar Pradesh to Uttarakhand
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9477
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    A Household-Level Model of Demand for Electricity Services and Welfare Analysis of Electricity Prices in Rajasthan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Sinha Roy, Sutirtha A Household-Level Model of Demand for Electricity Services and Welfare Analysis of Electricity Prices in Rajasthan
    Abstract: This paper estimates a model of household-level demand for electricity services and electricity demand in the Indian state of Rajasthan using a combination of household-level survey and administrative data. The model incorporates customer-level demographic characteristics, billing cycle-level weather variables, and the fact that households face increasing block prices of electricity. The model allows estimating consumer response to price changes by four categories of energy services demand, namely, heating and cooling, lighting, and for domestic and business end-uses. The knowledge of demand response across different end-use helps in differentiating the impact of price changes along the income distribution. The model finds that the demand for heating and cooling energy is the most price inelastic and income elastic service, whereas the demand for domestic end-use is the most price elastic and income inelastic service of all four categories. The structural demand model also helps in comparing the welfare implications of current energy tariffs to those based on normative principles of efficient retail electricity pricing. For this analysis, first, the social marginal cost of electricity is calculated using publicly available data on generation, transmission, and distribution losses and emissions. The social marginal cost estimate, in combination with observable household characteristics, is then used to examine alternative tariff structures that are more affordable, equitable, and revenue sufficient for the utility than current price structure. An alternative tariff design, comprising of an energy price set to the social marginal cost of electricity and a fixed cost component determined by proxy indicators of household willingness to pay, performs better on the above parameters than the current schedule. Other sources of technical losses, related to transmission or distribution, are not studied in this paper
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9718
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Intent to Implementation : Tracking India's Social Protection Response to COVID-19 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: The article takes stock of the social protection measures implemented through the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) to respond to the livelihoods impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India. The paper reports the share of households that received food, cash transfers and both forms of assistance under the PMGKY program at the national and state level. While a few surveys have reported coverage and benefit receipt information related to PMGKY, the current analysis draws on a robust, nationally representative and panel survey of households from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) to better quantify the coverage and targeting parameters. Results find that nearly eighty percent of all households received at least one social protection benefit from government programs. Relief measures have been pro-poor and broad-based. However, there are state level variations in benefit delivery. Urban areas have lagged in coverage and cash transfers reached fewer shares of households relative to food distribution through the Public Distribution System (PDS). Furthermore, analysis highlights the need to bolster benefit levels for any future relief measures. Drawing on lessons from PMGKY implementation, the article concludes with suggestions on designing a decentralized and adaptive social protection system in India to protect the poor and vulnerable against impacts from the second wave of the pandemic and any future crises
    DOI: 10.1596/35746
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Trucking Costs and the Margins of Internal Trade : Evidence from a Trucking Portal in India (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lall, Somik Trucking Costs and the Margins of Internal Trade: Evidence from a Trucking Portal in India
    Keywords: Freight Rates ; Network Externalities ; Transaction Rates ; Transport ; Transportation Costs ; Trucking Costs
    Abstract: This paper uses data on nearly half a million actual shipments from a trucking portal in India to provide evidence on how trucking costs depend on route characteristics and affect the intensive and extensive margins of shipment flows. The empirical analysis using pre-pandemic data (before March 24, 2020) confirms the presence of thick market externalities along a route and spillovers across routes due to network externalities, both of which confer advantages to origins and destinations with larger market sizes. The paper utilizes exogenous variations in value-added tax on gasoline across states to provide causal estimates of the elasticity of shipment flows with respect to trucking costs. The empirical estimates suggest that a 1 percent increase in trucking unit costs reduces trade flows by 2.8?3.9 percent. On the extensive margin of trade, three eastern states and several smaller territories constitute isolated regions that were largely cut off from the trading networks during the pre-pandemic period. Trucking costs increased by 32 percent during the early post-lockdown period (June 2020 to February 2021). The increase was greater along longer routes. In the short run, the increase in freight rates led to a proportionate decrease in trade flows across states. It pushed a significant number of poorer and remoter states into the ranks of isolated regions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10059
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Poverty in India has Declined over the Last Decade but not as Much as Previously Thought (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sinha Roy, Sutirtha Poverty in India has Declined over the Last Decade but not as Much as Previously Thought
    Keywords: Consumer Pyramid Household Survey (CPHS) ; Consumption Data ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Decline ; Poverty In India ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Survey Data ; Poverty Trends ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty
    Abstract: The last expenditure survey released by India's National Sample Survey organization dates back to 2011, which is when India last released official estimates of poverty and inequality. This paper sheds light on how poverty and inequality have evolved since 2011 using a new household panel survey, the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey conducted by a private data company. The results show that: (1) extreme poverty is 12.3 percentage points lower in 2019 than in 2011, with greater poverty reductions in rural areas; (2) urban poverty rose by 2 percentage points in 2016 (coinciding with the demonetization event) and rural poverty reduction stalled by 2019 (coinciding with a slowdown in the economy); (3) poverty is estimated to be considerably higher than earlier projections based on consumption growth observed in national accounts; and (4) consumption inequality in India has moderated since 2011
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9994
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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