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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (262)
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
  • Rural Development  (262)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ragui, Assaad Connecting People to Projects: A New Approach to Measuring Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Employment Survey Questionnaire ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Informatics ; Household Enterprises ; Labor Market Panel Surveys ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Survey Design ; Women's Employment
    Abstract: Innovations to date in detecting women's employment have focused primarily on improving individual-level questions. This paper explores an alternative approach, using data on household enterprises and asking who participates in these activities. This research uses the latest waves of the Labor Market Panel Surveys for the Arab Republic of Egypt (2018) and Tunisia (2014). The research questions are (1) How do men's and women's employment rates change when adding enterprise-based detection questions to standard individual-level questions (2) Was the additional market employment detected with project-based approaches classified as subsistence work with individual measurement approaches (3) For which women is additional employment detected using project-based approaches The paper presents descriptive results on work based on the different approaches. It also estimates changes in state (being reclassified as working) from adding enterprise-level data. The findings show large increases in employment rates for rural women in both countries when including enterprise-based detection questions
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Pose, Andres Overcoming Left-Behindedness: Moving beyond the Efficiency versus Equity Debate in Territorial Development
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Efficiency ; Equity Territories ; Growth ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Rural Development ; Regional Urban Development ; Regions ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Territorial development theory and practice have witnessed significant change in recent times. This change has increasingly put the spatial dimension at the center of development policies. Although agglomeration-focused policies derived from urbanization and agglomeration economics were once prominent, their empirical limitations have become increasingly apparent. Greater territorial polarization and pervasive left-behindedness have underscored the need for a more inclusive territorial development approach, prompting increased interest in understanding and addressing regional disparities to ensure more equitable economic growth. This paper synthesizes the growing interest in territorial development, which has driven the adoption of what are increasingly place-based and place-sensitive approaches to development. The paper also emphasizes the need for complementarity between efficiency-driven and equity-focused interventions, while highlighting emerging topics in regional economics research, including the role of institutions, agency, and external megatrends such as the green transition. The paper concludes by advocating a place-sensitive approach that tailors policies to regional challenges, promoting economic potential, diversification, and inclusivity across all regions
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Demographics and Aging ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Human Development and Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Urban and Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This report begins with an Executive Summary, which introduces the territorial development approach and the rationale for applying it in Lesotho's development context before going on to summarize key takeaways and recommendations. It is followed by four chapters: chapter 1, Introduction, lays out the country context, presenting in brief Lesotho's economic and demographic situation, population projections, governmental structure, and poverty profile and the government's goals. Chapter 2, territorial development framework and analysis in Lesotho, discusses the territorial development approach, its objectives, and the challenges it aims to address before presenting a customized 2 by 2 territorial framework for Lesotho and explaining how it can be applied. Chapter 3, analyzing Lesotho's Challenges through a Territorial Lens, lays out a spatial analysis centering on four development challenges: economic opportunities, internal connectivity and regional integration, access to basic services, and climate preparedness. To highlight the challenges, the chapter includes 4D heat maps linked to density, distance, disparity, and disaster risk. It also summaries case studies and real-life applications of the territorial development approach in Lesotho. Full case studies are in an annex. Chapter 4, recommendations, covers guiding principles and recommendations based on the territorial development approach and analysis
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iimi, Atsushi Agglomeration Economies and Transport Connectivity Revisited: A Regional Perspective based on Evidence from the Caucasus and Central Asian Countries
    Keywords: Dynamic Panel Data Regression ; Firm Agglomeration ; International Economics and Trade ; Local Market Accessibility ; Regional Connectivity ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Transport ; Transport Connectivity ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Transport connectivity is an important determinant of agglomeration economies and urbanization. However, measuring its impacts is a complex task when causality is considered. An important empirical challenge comes from potential endogeneity of infrastructure placement. To deal with the endogeneity problem, first, the paper constructs detailed georeferenced connectivity measurements based on micro shipping data collected over 10 years. Then, the system generalized method of moments regression is applied. Using unique data from the Caucasus and Central Asian countries, the paper estimates the impact of transport connectivity on agglomeration economies. It finds that agglomeration economies are significant and persistent in the region. Thus, the existing firm clusters are likely to continue growing. However, a constraint is also found. Large cities exhibit congestion diseconomies. Finally, the paper shows that the improvement of transport connectivity, especially local market accessibility, has a significant effect on agglomeration. By contrast, no clear evidence to support the impact of improved regional connectivity on agglomeration is observed yet. To take full advantage of agglomeration economies at the regional level, further efforts may be needed, for instance, toward increasing efficiency in transportation and logistics, improving the freight load, and/or reducing the time and costs of border crossing, which add to overall transport costs and times
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iimi, Atsushi Estimating Road Freight Transport Costs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia using Large Shipping Data
    Keywords: International Economics and Trade ; Regional Integration ; Road Freight Rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Shipping Charge Elasticity ; Shipping Cost Increase ; Supply Chain ; Trade and Transport
    Abstract: The recent global crises, such as the COVID-19 crisis, remind us of the importance of efficient transportation and logistics. Notably, however, even before the crises, some regions were already experiencing a gradual increase in freight costs, with more and more empty trucks observed. The paper recasts light on the question of how road freight costs are determined using large, unique shipping data from Eastern European and Central Asian countries. It finds that economies of scale are significant in both freight weight or load factor and distance. The elasticity with respect to freight weight is particularly high at about 0.3 to 1.0 in absolute terms. Thus, to contain trucking costs, it is important to maximize the load factor through freight consolidation at origins and destinations. The elasticity with respect to distance is relatively modest at 0.04 to 0.16 in absolute terms but still statistically significant, indicating that distance may not necessarily be a constraint on trade and regional integration. Trucking costs also decrease with driving speed, a proxy for efficiency of movements or road conditions. The elasticity is significant for food products (-0.03) and other consumer goods (-0.11). Finally, the paper finds that border crossing adds 3-4 percent to freight costs
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedoya, Guadalupe The Enduring Impacts of a Big Push during Multiple Crises: Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan
    Keywords: Big Push Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Extreme Poverty Intervention ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Poverty ; Livestock Ownership ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Productive Asset Transfer ; Reproducibile Research Repository ; Rural Development ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: How do proven strategies to improve the economic conditions of ultra-poor households hold up against the increasing severity and co-incidence of economic, security, and climate shocks Five years after receiving an economic livelihoods package, and shortly prior to the 2021 regime change, "ultra-poor" women in Afghanistan continued to have significantly higher levels of consumption, assets, market work participation, financial inclusion, children's school enrollment, and women's psychological well-being and empowerment, relative to the control group. Households boost resilience by diversifying productive activities and the program improves equality by reducing the gaps between ultra-poor and non-ultra- poor households across multiple dimensions. The results illustrate how an increasingly popular approach to improve the conditions of the very poor through a one-off "big push" intervention can strengthen household resilience through multiple shocks in one of the most fragile settings worldwide
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zaveri, Esha D Droughts and Deficits: The Global Impact of Droughts on Economic Growth
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Resilience ; Drought ; GDP Growth and Drought ; Green Water ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rainfall Shocks ; Rural Development ; Soil Moisture
    Abstract: As climate change intensifies, dry rainfall shocks and droughts are a growing concern. At the same time, scientific evidence suggests that the world has surpassed the safe planetary boundary for green water, which is water stored in biomass and soil that is crucial for maintaining climate resilience. Yet, evidence at the global scale of these combined forces on economic growth is poorly understood. This paper attempts to fill this gap by using data on annual subnational gross domestic product for 82 countries from 1990-2014. Using rainfall shocks as plausibly exogenous variations in a spatially specific panel at the grid level, the analysis finds that the global effects of droughts on economic activity are substantial. Moderate to extreme droughts reduce gross domestic product per capita growth between 0.39 and 0.85 percentage point, on average, depending on the level of development and baseline climatic conditions, with low- and middle-income countries in arid areas sustaining the highest relative losses. In high-income countries, moderate droughts have no impact, and only extreme droughts have adverse effects, reducing growth by about 0.3 percentage point, a little less than half the impact felt in the low- and middle-income country sample for the same intensity of drought. Crucially, the impact of a dry shock of a given magnitude also depends on antecedent green water availability. The results show that increases in soil moisture in previous years can neutralize the harmful impacts from a dry shock, with suggestive evidence that local and upstream forest cover are key channels through which these impacts manifest. These findings have important implications for measuring the economic impact of droughts and can inform adaptation investments
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ulate, Mauricio Labor Market Effects of Global Supply Chain Disruptions
    Keywords: COVID Impact On Labor Market ; Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth, Rural Labor Markets, Supply Chain Disruption ; Pandemic Labor Market Impact ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Cost ; US Labor Force Participation Decline
    Abstract: This paper examines the labor market consequences of recent global supply chain disruptions induced by COVID-19. Specifically, it considers a temporary increase in international trade costs similar to the one observed during the pandemic and analyzes its effects on labor market outcomes using a quantitative trade model with downward nominal wage rigidities. Even omitting any health-related impacts of the pandemic, the increase in trade costs leads to a temporary but prolonged decline in U.S. labor force participation. However, there is a temporary increase in manufacturing employment as the United States is a net importer of manufactured goods, which become costlier to obtain from abroad. By contrast, service and agricultural employment experience temporary declines. Nominal frictions lead to temporary unemployment when the shock dissipates, but this depends on the degree of monetary accommodation. Overall, the shock results in a 0.14 percent welfare loss for the United States. The impact on labor force participation and welfare across countries varies depending on the initial degree of openness and sectoral deficits
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Attracting Business Investment ; Business Environment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation and Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Regulations ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce aims to inform jobs policy by examining key determinants and outcomes of jobs. Jobs are created when the macroeconomic environment is conducive and policies are predictable to businesses with sustained growth, trades, and investments. At the same time, a large body of literature also shows that economic growth alone is not sufficient for generating jobs. Jobs are created when firms pursue expansion through innovation and competitiveness and demand for more labor input, while workers' skills and human capital are able to meet the needs of firms. Intrahousehold resource allocation and decisions for labor supply also affect the jobs outcomes. It is not uncommon that workers as self-employed create jobs by initiating their own business. The market clearing process of labor is then affected by labor market institutions, most notably labor market regulations and labor policies and programs. These are key determinants of how easy it is to start a business or to hire a worker, how high labor costs are, and how efficiently firms and workers are matched. Part I looks into the country's labor market in chronological order, while Part II discusses three major areas of Philippine jobs - labor regulation, international migration, and emerging demands for green and digital jobs
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arezki, Rabah Natural Resource Dependence and Monopolized Imports
    Keywords: Domestic Prices ; Energy ; Energy Markets ; Fuel Exporting Economies ; Imports ; Market Concentration ; Monopoloization of Imports ; Natural Resource Curse ; Natural Resources ; Rural Development ; Tariff Evasion
    Abstract: Countries with greater commodity export intensity have more concentrated markets for imported goods. Within countries over time, import market concentration is associated with higher domestic prices, suggesting that markups due to greater concentration outweigh any potential cost efficiency. Hydrocarbon fuel exporting economies especially have higher tariffs, tariff evasion, and non-tariff measures that concentrate markets. These results suggest a novel channel for the resource curse stemming from the monopolization of imports
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Buri, Sinja Alternative Delivery Channels and Impacts: Agent Banking
    Keywords: Access To Banking ; Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Financial Literacy ; Microfinance ; Microfinance Channel Development ; Microfinance Product Development ; Rural Development ; Transformation of Microfinance Institutions
    Abstract: This paper reviews evidence on agent networks of microfinance institutions and other financial services providers, which have expanded rapidly in recent years in some low- and middle-income contexts. There is emerging evidence that clients become more financially active as a result of the convenience and security of transacting with agents, especially with respect to depositing, withdrawing, and transferring funds. Agent networks could also help increase the savings of low-income clients, although evidence suggests that commitment devices may also be required, and there is little evidence that agents expand credit to clients, although they can facilitate loan repayment. Building on their physical and social proximity to customers, agents can become a potential gateway for expanding and deepening financial inclusion, but the pricing of agent transactions and consumer protection remain important considerations
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Crisis ; Environmental Sustainability ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Municipal and Civil Engineering ; Plastic Marine Pollution ; Plastic Recycling Use ; Road Construction ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport, Circular Plastic Economy ; Urban Development, Environmental Engineering
    Abstract: As global plastic waste continues to grow, the global community is coalescing to reduce plastic waste. Some stakeholders are also exploring new options to use plastic waste as partial substitute for raw material. The use of plastic waste as a bitumen modifier in road construction, referred to here as 'plastic roads', is one option being explored. We reviewed the scientific literature, news articles, and patents; conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis; and interviewed representatives from private companies and independent, scientific researchers to determine the existing knowledge gaps regarding the (1) technology feasibility, including engineering performance; (2) environmental issues; (3) occupational health; (4) economic viability; and (5) industry standards surrounding plastic roads. We found that many companies are starting to implement or pilot this technology worldwide though key gaps in engineering performance, such as cracking resistance, remain. The environmental issues reviewed also have research gaps, including the generation of hazardous air pollutants during production; microplastics and nanoplastics generation during use; and leaching of additives from plastic waste during use. Industry standards for the use of plastic waste in road construction are lacking. In addition, there is prevailing uncertainty in the economic viability of the technology. As a result of these key research gaps, the Ways Forward section presents a roadmap for short- and longterm research priorities
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reyes-Retana, Graciela Using Behavioral Science to Increase Women's Participation in Natural Resource Management in Mexico
    Keywords: Behavior Change Communication ; Deforestation Emissions ; Degradation ; Gender ; Gender and Environment ; Natural Resource Management ; Outreach Strategies ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Reducing Emissions ; Rural Development ; Rural Gender Inclusion
    Abstract: Natural resources management (NRM) helps protect forests and promote sustainable development. Although women are key in strengthening activities in NRM, they are dramatically underrepresented in public funding for forest projects in many countries, such as Mexico, limiting their participation and impact. While structural barriers, such as land tenure and low capacity, cause this problem, this is exacerbated by barriers such as lack of information, complex application processess, gender norms, and rural women's low aspirations and limited agency and self-efficacy to participate in NRM projects. This paper tests whether additions and modifications to the standard outreach strategies of a call for proposals for NRM grants in Mexico increase the number of applications submitted by localities and the share of women participating. The study uses a randomized controlled trial in 113 rural localities, where the standard outreach approach (control) is complemented with additional information channels and simplified materials (treatment 1), aiming to appeal more directly to inexperienced populations. A second treatment group further modifies the informational materials using insights from behavioral science (loss aversion, norms framing, and others) and adds proactive text message reminders to prompt behavior (treatment 2), hoping to address the barriers to women's participation. The results suggest that treatment 1 localities had, on average, 2.3 more applications per locality than the control group (increasing the participation of both men and women). Treatment 2 complemented this, having, on average, 6.4 more women per locality participating of these applications than in treatment 1. This shows that women manifested interest in participating in these activities. A representative survey of women in the study localities (1,485 women in 52 localities) suggests that women in treatment localities were more likely to recognize the name of the project or informational materials. The analysis also suggests that the complementary strategies had no effect on the likelihood of being selected to receive a grant under the project, suggesting that additional support is needed to translate this increased interest into successful applications that would allow participation in NRM
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stokenberga, Aiga The COVID-19 Mark on Urban Mobility: A Tale of two Cities' Journey to Recovery
    Keywords: Big Data ; COVID-19 Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Mobility ; Pre and Post-Pandemic Travel ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Transport Policy ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed mobility patterns in the Bogota and Buenos Aires metropolitan areas, as shown by the differences between the October 2019, 2020, and 2021 indicator values derived from call detail record-based origin-destination matrices. The differences between 2019 and 2020 were more notable than between 2019 and 2021 on most mobility indicators, demonstrating a reversal of the pre-pandemic mobility habits. However, by late 2021, the return to pre-pandemic levels was still very partial in the case of public transport use (especially so in Buenos Aires), while in Bogota the pandemic appeared to have induced a permanent-and increasing-shift to nonmotorized modes. Other mobility indicators that appear to have changed more permanently in Bogota include the lower average distances traveled and the relatively higher importance of non-home-based mobility. In the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, the key persistent changes include the lower overall trip generation rates and specifically peak-hour travel, and the higher relative weight of travel to work and school compared to other travel purposes. These findings are partly explained by the underlying policy and regulatory context in the two cities and are relevant for designing transport policy in the post-pandemic context, including in terms of public transport route and schedule planning, cycleway network expansion, and, more broadly, the leveraging of big data as a complement to traditional mobility surveys
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hapsari, Indira Maulani Informality in Indonesia: Levels, Trends, and Features
    Keywords: Agricultural Informality ; Cross-Country Informality Analysis ; Employment ; Growth ; Informality ; Macroeconomics ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets
    Abstract: Informality is a multidimensional development challenge with features that potentially differ across workers, firms, and countries. This paper first briefly summarizes the literature, discusses the multiple existing definitions of informality, and adapts the cross-country analytical framework on informality to the context of Indonesia. It then uses several novel datasets and a range of modeling approaches to capture the levels and trends of both output and employment informality in Indonesia. It further contributes to the existing literature by estimating informality in Indonesia at the regional, provincial, and sectoral levels. Those estimates were then benchmarked to the levels, trends, and features of the informal sector in emerging markets and developing economies to examine whether the major features of the informal sector in Indonesia deviate from those observed in other emerging markets and developing economies. The paper finds that despite the declining trend, both output and employment informality remain elevated and broadly above the comparator countries in the region. Informality in Indonesia is mostly concentrated in agriculture and low-skilled services and is associated with higher poverty at the provincial level. There also appear to be productivity, education, and salary gaps between formal and informal workers. Moreover, markets are not segregated as informal firms compete strongly with formal ones. Finally, informality seems to pose macroeconomic challenges as tax efforts and financial sector depth remain below the averages for emerging markets and developing economies
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2153
    Keywords: Access To Digital Infrastructure ; Access To Financial Infrastructure ; Digital Divide ; Government To Person Payments (G2P) ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Social Protection Rapid Deployment ; Urban Informal Sector ; Urban Partnerships and Poverty ; Urban Poverty ; Use of Big Data
    Abstract: The COVID-19 response in many Sub-Saharan African countries included the rapid deployment of social protection programs leveraging digital systems to counteract the income losses that were disproportionately experienced by urban informal populations. Using data from three in-depth country case studies, this paper finds that these digital government-to-person (G2P) payments contributed to countries reaching beneficiaries quickly and safely and that G2P payments may be particularly viable in urban, as compared to rural, areas due to greater access to digital and financial infrastructure, creative use of big data, and population density that allows for mass communication. However, there are still pockets of exclusion in urban areas emerging from incomplete digital access, limited financial inclusion, underdeveloped financial ecosystems, and high population mobility. It is particularly challenging to identify, communicate with, assess, and deliver G2P services to informal workers in urban areas due to their non-registration status, variable income flows, the blending of the home and household enterprises into a single entity, and the governments' limited experience in identifying eligible beneficiaries within this segment. While adopting a digital G2P architecture provides a promising avenue to strengthen the safety nets for this segment in the region, exclusion challenges remain. Given the ubiquity of urban informality in the region, countries will need to work to include the urban informal in foundational digital systems, such as national IDs and social registries, adopt flexible regulatory and hybrid delivery models to address the sector's varied needs, and seek to foster robust digital payment ecosystems to maximize the potential for spillover benefits
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedi, Tara Shifting Spousal Decision-Making Patterns: Whom you Target in an Agricultural Intervention Matters
    Keywords: Africa Gender Innovation Lab ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Family Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Difference ; Gendered Decision Making ; Innovation Fund ; Rural Development ; Targeting Agriculture Interventions
    Abstract: Does it matter whether poverty reduction programs target the female or male spouse? A randomized controllled trial in Ethiopia is used to study the differential impacts of easing information and financial constraints on agricultural productivity and household welfare, using data from 1,214 households in two regions of Ethiopia. The program targeted the husband, the wife, or both in a married household. The results indicate that the targeted spouse determines the type and channel of impacts. Targeting both spouses increased agricultural productivity in the short run and the monetary value of small ruminants and poultry in the long run, with a marginal positive impact on nonfood expenditure. Targeting only the female spouse resulted in increased business income from businesses with female involvement. This consequently increased household use of formal savings devices. This is in line with female preferences outside agriculture and for off-farm activities, and it results in little impact on agricultural productivity, despite an increase in women's access to extension services. Targeting only the male spouse has no impact on household savings or expenditure even though it increases men's wage income. The results suggest that the sharing of knowledge about the intervention changed household decisions. This would explain the different outcomes when both spouses were targeted, rather than only one
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Perez-Sebastian, Fidel Spatial Misallocation of Complementary Infrastructure Investment: Evidence from Brazil
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Electrical Grid ; Energy ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Investment Allocation ; Local Return on Infrastructure Investment ; Public Roads ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Spatial Misallocation
    Abstract: How does the misallocation of complementary public capital affect the spatial organization of economic activity To answer this question, this paper endogenizes the government's decision to invest in the transport and electricity networks. A novel multi-sector quantitative spatial equilibrium model incorporates the quality of the electric power and the road transportation infrastructure networks, which determine sectoral productivities and trade costs. Simulation results for the Brazilian economy point to significant welfare gains from reallocating infrastructure investment. Spatial and fiscal complementarities in heterogeneous infrastructure provision determine a sizeable part of those gains. Misallocation of both infrastructure investments is positively associated with local political support for the incumbent authority
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; High Poverty Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Rural Development ; Rural Economy ; Slow Growth
    Abstract: This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) argues for a significant shift in policy to enable a virtuous cycle of sustained and inclusive economic growth, outlined infive building blocks. Chapter 1 identifies policy priorities to restore the macroeconomic fundamentals for growth through fiscal reform, debt sustainability, external rebalancing, and monetary stability. The following three chapters address three core structural constraints to growth and propose key reforms to accelerate agricultural commercialization and improve rural labor markets (Chapter 2), enable the private sector to drive productivity growth (Chapter 3), and catalyze exports and foreign investment (Chapter 4). Acknowledging that implementing key growth-enhancing policies--be they macroeconomic or structural--are the result of complex political economy and governance arrangements, Chapter 5 focuses on how past Malawian successes can inform future sectoral policies, reforms, and strategies to achieve the goals outlined in the Malawi 2063
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Renewable Energy ; Rural Development ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: The World Bank is exploring opportunities to accelerate climate action and low-carbon resilient development pathways by supporting Ghana in enhancing and implementing its nationally determined contribution (NDC). One of the areas identified under the NDC is the support to increase utility-scale solar energy (USSE) generation in the country which is in line with the policy action to increase the share of renewable energy (RE) generation in Ghana's energy mix. In preparation for this, the World Bank has commissioned this consultancy assignment titled Institutional Analysis of the Implementation of Utility-Scale Solar Projects in Ghana
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deniniger, Klaus Impacts of Transparent Online Auctions on Public Land Lease Revenue: Evidence from Legal and Administrative Changes in Ukraine
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Collusion-Proof System ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Decentralization ; Governance ; Government Land Lease ; Land Administration ; Land Auction ; Land Transfer ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Local Government Revenue ; Public Land ; Public Land Administration Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Although millions of hectares of public land are transferred to private parties each year, often with unsatisfactory results, evidence on mechanisms to achieve better outcomes is scant. This paper analyzes the impact of a 2021 reform in Ukraine that -after earlier digitization efforts did not produce desired results- mandated use of transparent online auctions by local government to transfer rights to public agricultural land. The shift to a collusion-proof electronic auction system led to a near-instantaneous doubling of lease revenue. Had all public land Ukraine transferred since 2015 auctioned using post-reform mechanisms, local governments would have received incremental lease revenue of USD 500 million per year. In countries with large public land endowments, legal and regulatory reform to ensure rights to public land are allocated competitively and in a decentralized way could possibly improve social, economic, and environmental outcomes
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biscaye, Pierre E Balancing Work and Childcare: Evidence from COVID-19 School Closures and Reopenings in Kenya
    Keywords: Child Agricultural Labor ; Childcare ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Households With Child ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Equity ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; School Closure ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper identifies the impact of childcare responsibilities on adult labor supply in the context of COVID-19-related school closures in Kenya. It compares changes in parents' labor participation after schools partly reopened in October 2020 for households with children in a grade eligible to return against households with children in adjacent grades. Using nationally-representative panel data from World Bank phone surveys in 2020-21, the findings show that the partial reopening increases affected adults' weekly labor hours by 22 percent, with increases concentrated in household agriculture. The results suggest that school closures account for over 30 percent of the fall in average work hours in the first few months after COVID-19 cases were detected. The effects are driven by changes in household childcare burdens and child agricultural labor when a student returns to school. The impacts are not significantly different by sex of the adult. Although both women and men increased hours spent on childcare during the pandemic, women benefited more than men from reductions in childcare needs, but took on more of the childcare burden when the returning student was a net childcare provider. The results highlight the importance of siblings in household childcare and suggest that policies that increase childcare availability and affordability could increase adult labor supply in Kenya
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vintar, Mirko Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Market Outcomes of Refugees and Nationals in Kenya
    Keywords: Access To External Finance ; Access To Government Service ; Agriculture ; Employment Rate ; Gender and Development ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Equity ; Refugee Migration ; Refugee-Hosting Country ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Socioeconomic Impact ; Stateless Person
    Abstract: This paper investigates the labor market outcomes for refugee and urban national communities in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic, using five waves of a novel high-frequency phone survey collected between May 2020 and June 2021. Even after conditioning on age, gender, educational attainment, and area of living, only 32 percent of refugees were employed in February 2020 compared with 63 percent of nationals. With the onset of the pandemic in March 2020, the share of employed for both refugees and nationals fell by around 36 percent, such that in May-June 2020, only 21 percent of refugees were still employed compared with 40 percent of nationals. Using a panel setup with wave and location fixed effects, the analysis finds that the recovery in the share of employed, hours worked, and household incomes was slower and often stagnant for refugees compared with the recovery of nationals. These differences cannot be explained by demographic factors, living in an urban or camp environment, having been employed previously, or sectoral choice, suggesting that a third, unobservable "refugee factor" inhibits refugees' recovery after a major shock and aggravates preexisting vulnerabilities
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This Country Forest Note offers an in-depth picture of the forest sector of Uzbekistan, viewed through a forest landscape lens, and provides guidance to help define goals and identify opportunities for the continued development of the sector. Despite a large number of current challenges, forest landscape management presents opportunities for sustainable development: increasing the forest area will provide additional benefits in terms of climate change. A holistic approach to soil degradation is required that includes improved livestock husbandry, soil management, and agricultural practices, all of which have a role to play. Leskhozes have a central role in transforming the forest sector and augmenting their capacity and skills needs to be an important consideration. Equally important is to encourage community participation through mahallas and create favorable conditions for private sector involvement. Strong government commitment and institutional and stakeholder buy-in and ownership are required to support the transition to more adaptive management in forestry. This transition is critical to address climate change issues, increased threats to forests, soil and water conservation, economic management of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) from forested landscapes, and improvement of livelihoods of rural households
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cosar, A. Kerem Overland Transport Costs: A Review
    Keywords: Domestic Freight ; Domestic Freight Policy ; Economic Activity ; Freight Cost ; Gravity Regression ; International Economics and Trade ; Road Transportation ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Transport Cost Estimates ; Trucking Cost ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Poor infrastructure and high domestic shipping costs are often cited as important impediments to economic activity in developing countries. Domestic shipping being mostly overland, understanding the level and structure of costs in road freight transportation could thus help formulate policies that aim to lower them. This review provides a summary of overland transport cost estimates with a focus on trucking, the dominant mode of domestic freight. By describing conceptual issues, highlighting sources of data and alternative methodologies with their key findings, it is intended to help practitioners and researchers navigate the literature
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Education Sector Review
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Institutions and Facilities ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Education
    Abstract: The ReadHome Track and Trace to Strengthen Book Supply Chains project involved the creation of a best practices guide to implementing track and trace solutions for Teaching and Learning Materials (TLM). Support was also provided to five target countries to adapt these best practices to the country context to enable the development of robust, locally-owned supply chain monitoring systems to ensure delivery of TLM to the schools and families that need them most
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Porcher, Charly A Model of Amazon Deforestation, Trade and Labor Market Dynamics
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Amazon Deforestation ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Sustainabilty ; Green Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Growth ; Manufacturing and Environmental Sustainability ; Rural Development ; Skills Training ; Spacial Equalibrium Model of Deforestation ; Structural Policy and Reform ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic spatial equlibrium model of Amazon deforestation, accounting for trade and labor markets dynamics. It uses this model to study the impact of local sectoral shocks and policies on deforestation. Conditional on the assumptions on key parameters, the analysis suggests the following: 1) an increase in external commodity demand increases deforestation; 2) agricultural productivity gains within the Amazon region likely increase deforestation (but reduce deforestation in the rest of the world) 3) manufacturing productivity in urban centers in the Amazon region decreases deforestation, especially if manufacturing firms have short rural value chains and if complemented by investments in education and training and measures to attract skills; 4) reducing transport costs increases deforestation unless it sufficiently supports higher export competitiveness of urban production; and 5) industrial policy focused on raising urban productivity, especially in sectors with short rural value chains, can reduce deforestation. The paper then discusses how policies aimed at increasing local sectoral productivity in the Amazon region could complement other measures specifically aimed at protecting the forest. Among such measures are incentivizing governments to designate undesignated public forests, enforcing forest protection laws (command and control), incentivizing afforestation, and creating alternative livelihoods for farmers in rural and urban areas
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento De Souza A Macroeconomic Perspective of Structural Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation ; CO2 Emissions ; Deforestation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy ; Environmental Sustainability ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Green Growth ; Land Use Patters ; Macroeconomics and Growth ; Rural Development ; Structural Policy AD Reform
    Abstract: Despite policy efforts in recent decades, deforestation remains a pervasive phenomenon in Brazil. Yet deforestation is not only affected by forest governance. It is also driven by global demand for commodities and the relative competitiveness of agriculture, which in turn depends on macroeconomic factors impacting product and factor prices. These macroeconomic mechanisms remain largely unexplored. This paper explores the role of economic productivity in shaping deforestation. It uses an economic model with an empirically founded land use extension to study the macro-structural drivers of land use patterns in Brazil's Legal Amazon. It demonstrates that productivity gains in the Legal Amazon's agriculture sector increase deforestation, while such gains in non-land intensive sectors (such as manufacturing) reduce deforestation by attenuating the relative competitiveness of agriculture. Higher productivity in other parts of Brazil also reduces incentives for forest conversion in the Legal Amazon. The paper points to the economic forces that forest protection efforts need to counter, while calling for complementary structural reforms to overcome "Brazilian disease" in the longer-term: addressing the legacy of import substitution industrialization and moving up the value chain will shift economic drivers beyond commodities, thus also reconciling development with standing forests
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Robertson, Raymond Is International Trade Always Beneficial to Labor Markets? A Case Study from Egypt
    Keywords: Bartik Instruments ; Competition Policy ; Econometrics ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Imports ; Inequity ; Informality ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade Case Study ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Trade ; Trade Liberalization
    Abstract: The Arab Republic of Egypt's industries rely heavily on imported goods for production. Thus, an increase in imports could have a potentially positive effect on the labor market as it means more inputs for the production of exporting goods. Alternatively, minimal backward linkages in global value chains could also mean that increasing imports substitute for domestic production and, thus, lost employment opportunities. This paper evaluates the relationship between regional trade agreements using a gravity model and import flows to test whether rising imports have impacted wages, informality, and female labor force participation. The results suggest that imports are not to blame for disappointing labor market outcomes in Egypt
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There is currently a major focus on digitization within African countries, with the interest of, on the one hand, increasing efficiency and lowering the cost-of-service delivery, and on the other hand, increasing financial inclusion for excluded parts of the population. Zambia provides an important case study of digitization of social protection transfers. Whilst Zambia is sparsely populated with remote rural populations often living up to 100 km from the nearest town, making beneficiaries hard to reach with digital services, the country has successfully demonstrated that cash transfers can be digitized for remote rural populations to varying extents, tailored to their particular context. This Discussion Note presents challenges faced and solutions found in digitizing cash transfer payments in Zambia, which may be of interest to other countries embarking on similar endeavors
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, A. Patrick Higher Levels of No-Till Agriculture Associated with Lower PM2.5 in the Corn Belt
    Keywords: Agriculture Emissions ; Agriculture Policy ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Carbon Mitigation ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Reduction ; Carbon Sequestration ; Conservation Agriculture ; Environment ; No-Till ; Particulate Air Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Remote Sensing ; Rural Development ; Soil Management Practices ; Sustainable Agriculture ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: No-till approaches to agricultural soil management have been encouraged as a means of reducing soil erosion, reducing water pollution, and increasing carbon sequestration. An understudied additional benefit of no-till approaches may be improvements in local air quality due to reductions in both machinery use and dust emissions. This paper leverages recent advances in remote sensing and air pollution modeling to examine this question at a landscape scale. Combining data on daily fine particulate matter levels with satellite measures of no-till uptake since 2005, the paper shows a strong association between increasing adoption of no-till agricultural practices and reductions in county average fine particulate matter pollution over more than 28 million hectares of cropland in the U.S. Corn Belt. The reduction in local pollution implies substantial monetary benefits from reductions in mortality that are roughly one-fourth as large as the carbon benefits. The benefits of mortality reductions are also, by themselves, nearly equal to the current monetary costs of subsidizing no-till practices
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Land Administration ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: Bangladesh has experienced a rapid pace of economic growth in the last two decades, with notable achievements across several social development parameters. To ensure sustained higher economic growth, the government of Bangladesh (GoB) aims to expand infrastructure related investment in the areas of strategic connectivity, industrialization, tourism development, and trade promotion, all of which require a significant amount of land. Age-old legal and institutional legacies and practices, issues pertaining to institutional capacity, and the lack of interoperability between departments involved in land administration make the overall land acquisition (LA) process extremely complicated and lengthy, with the scarcity of land making it even more challenging. The overall objective of the study was to assess the challenges and identify a mechanism for system strengthening and the scope of needed legal and institutional reform to improve the speed, accuracy, and accountability of the LA process. This report is presented in five chapters that discuss the study method, the analysis of the existing system and its challenges, measures to address the challenges, and the scope of possible legal and institutional reform. After introducing the study in this chapter, Chapter 2 discusses the country's LA system and the process in practice. Chapter 3 describes the overall land administration in Bangladesh, including the method for transferring property rights, the creation and updating of khatians, and the complexity involved in the ownership decision process, one of the primary causes of delays in the payment of compensation. Chapter 4 presents the key challenges in the LA process, from the frustrations faced by IAs, who watch the timelines for their projects extended years longer than planned, to the worries and concerns of affected landowners waiting for compensation. Chapter 5 presents the proposals for improving and strengthening aspects of the LA process, including pertinent issues identified for possible land administration reform
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness and Markets ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) investigates the potential for greater private sector investment to meet some of Uganda's development challenges. At least 600,000 Ugandans enter the labor market every year, making for a workforce that is increasingly younger and urban based. To address the country's simultaneous productivity and job challenge requires a focus on growth in sectors that can leverage demand from abroad, are labor intensive, and low skilled. Three sectors hold promise in this regard: agribusiness, which is important for productivity, employment, and export growth; energy as an enabler of overall productivity; and housing because of its role in fueling growth in the labor-intensive construction sector and alleviating the demographic pressures that rapid urbanization puts on Ugandan cities. Within the agribusiness sector, the CPSD considers three of the most promising value chains-fish, dairy, and maize-and undertakes a more disaggregated assessment of the environment for private investment
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Divya, Mehra Healthy and Sustainable Diets in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Climate Change and Health ; Dietary Recommendation ; Diets ; Eat Lancet Diet ; Eating Patterns ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Demand ; Food Production ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) ; Healthy Diet ; Nutrition ; Planetary Health Diet ; Public Health Promotion ; Rural Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Abstract: An ideal food system is envisioned to provide healthy diets for people and be sustainable for the environment. Such a food system is required to deliver on these goals even as diets are increasingly and disproportionately comprised of high-fat and/or high-sugar foods vis-a-vis nutritious diets. The ideal "planetary health diet," as defined in the EAT Lancet report for several countries, presents trade-offs when contextualized at the local level. Using Bangladesh as the case study, this paper examined the change in diets (between 2000 and 2016) and their greenhouse gas emissions over time and compared the nutritional value and environmental impact to two modeled diets: national food-based dietary guidelines and the planetary health diet/EAT Lancet diet. The analysis finds that despite a change of the diet toward the recommended diet, significant gaps remain from a nutritional perspective. Moreover, meeting the dietary guidelines would increase greenhouse gas emissions by at least 10 percent. Compared to the food-based dietary guidelines, the EAT Lancet diet requires dietary patterns to change even more significantly and would increase greenhouse gas emissions by 23 percent. The policy implications and options from the production and demand sides are complex and require assessing multiple trade-offs
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Beef ; Business Environment ; Forestry ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Rural Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Sugar ; Trade Facilitation
    Abstract: Eswatini is facing multiple challenges. It was already experiencing weak economic growth before the COVID-19 pandemic, a reflection of longstanding, deeply rooted issues such as fiscal unsustainability, declining private investment, weakening productivity and competitiveness, and falling export diversification and complexity, compounded by the impact of climate shocks. It shifted from a private investment-led higher-growth model to a government spending-led lower-growth model after the end of apartheid in South Africa. With weak investment in productive sectors, Eswatini's job market failed to keep pace with an expanding, younger labor force, leading to a large informal sector. Eswatini's public sector-driven growth model is unsustainable under current fiscally constrained conditions, and there is a need to reduce and reprioritize public spending. An assessment of existing sectoral data and consultations with Eswatini's private sector and policy makers suggest that four sectors can help drive the export-led private sector growth model. To return to an export-led growth model, Eswatini needs to increase export competitiveness by advancing regulatory reforms and improvements in trade logistics that include regional collaboration to address trade facilitation constraints. Finally, given the country's vulnerability to climate risks, policies to foster economic resilience amid extreme weather events (mainly droughts that affect agriculture) and improve disaster preparedness need to be pursued. The private sector must adapt to this challenge and work with the government to improve climate resilience
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Global Shocks ; Inequitable Access ; Inflation ; Rural Development ; Uneven Distribution
    Abstract: The economy has shown resilience to recent global shocks thus far, with output surpassing its pre-pandemic level in 2022 Q3, earlier than expected but trailing behind peers. Thailand's economic recovery, however, lagged that of its ASEAN peers, most of which returned to pre-pandemic levels by late 2021. In addition, exports of goods remained a drag on growth in contrast to many peers who benefitted from stronger good export growth in the first half of this year. Most recently, Thailand experienced a sharp slowdown in goods exports growth, also observed it its ASEAN peers and consistent with the contraction in global manufacturing Purchasing Manager Index (PMI). Despite higher revenue from tourism, the current account deficit remained wide in 2022 Q3. Price pressures have remained elevated and broadened to core inflation. Fiscal measures aimed at mitigating the cost-of-living shock have supported economic activity but contributed to the slowdown in fiscal consolidation. The financial system remains stable overall, although risks associated with increased levels of household and corporate debt have not been resolved. Labor market conditions have improved, but the phasing out of Coronavirus (COVID-19) relief measures and the rising cost of living may slow down poverty reduction. Thailand's relatively low tax revenue collection contributes to underinvestment in pro-poor spending. Short-term reforms to VAT and social assistance could result in a net increase of tax revenues and significant reductions in poverty and inequality. Thailand will face a difficult global environment in 2023
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amaral, Sofia Talk or Text? Evaluating Response Rates by Remote Survey Method during COVID-19
    Keywords: Alternative Survey Methods ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Survey Response Rate ; Household Survey Response Rate ; ICT Data and Statistics ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Phone Surveys ; Post-Covid Household Survey ; Rural Communications ; Rural Development ; Survey Experiments ; Survey Response Rate ; Whatsapp Surveys
    Abstract: Researchers and policy makers face significant challenges in selecting a method to conduct remote surveys, especially when collecting sensitive information or during turbulent life stages of hard-to-reach groups. In the context of the COVID-19 lockdown, this study randomly selected about 600 adults in El Salvador to survey using two different tools: telephone interviews or a self-completion survey via WhatsApp. The findings show that phone-based surveys increase the rate of survey completion by 42 percentage points. Even larger effects are documented for women and older adults. Although the direct costs of phone-based surveys are substantially higher-doubling implementation cost-the estimates imply that when adjusted for the probability of completion, the costs of conducting phone-based surveys can be 25 percent lower
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sinha Roy, Sutirtha Poverty in India has Declined over the Last Decade but not as Much as Previously Thought
    Keywords: Consumer Pyramid Household Survey (CPHS) ; Consumption Data ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Decline ; Poverty In India ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Survey Data ; Poverty Trends ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty
    Abstract: The last expenditure survey released by India's National Sample Survey organization dates back to 2011, which is when India last released official estimates of poverty and inequality. This paper sheds light on how poverty and inequality have evolved since 2011 using a new household panel survey, the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey conducted by a private data company. The results show that: (1) extreme poverty is 12.3 percentage points lower in 2019 than in 2011, with greater poverty reductions in rural areas; (2) urban poverty rose by 2 percentage points in 2016 (coinciding with the demonetization event) and rural poverty reduction stalled by 2019 (coinciding with a slowdown in the economy); (3) poverty is estimated to be considerably higher than earlier projections based on consumption growth observed in national accounts; and (4) consumption inequality in India has moderated since 2011
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mendiratta, Vibhuti The Impact of Covid-19 on Household Welfare in the Comoros: The Experience of a Small Island Developing State
    Keywords: Below The Poverty Line ; Health Care Services Industry ; Household Welfare ; Inequality ; Labor Market Outcome ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability To Climate Change ; Welfare Indicator
    Abstract: This paper investigates the causal impact of a Covid-19 lockdown policy on the Comoros's household welfare, poverty, and labor market outcomes. The identification strategy uses the national government lockdown policy implemented to curtail the unexpected outbreak of Covid-19. The lockdown policy coincided with the 2020 Harmonized Survey on Living Conditions of Households data collection, lending itself to a quasi-natural experiment in which households that were interviewed before the lockdown policy fall into the control group, while those that were interviewed after the lockdown fall into the treated group. The paper explores the impact of the Covid-19 using descriptive regression analysis and estimates the causal impact using matching techniques. The analysis finds a reduction in household expenditure, increased poverty, and a reduction in the likelihood of employment. Investigation of differential impacts along the expenditure distribution finds larger impacts at the top of the distribution, suggesting that Covid-19 may have reduced inequality, although the poor were also negatively affected. The evidence also suggests that the ability to use assets as a coping mechanism was limited. In a context of limited safety nets and government interventions, stringent lockdown policies appear to increase the vulnerability of the poor
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abbasi, Mansoureh Roads, Electricity, and Jobs: Evidence of Infrastructure Complementarity in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Complimentary Infrastructure Investments ; Electricity and Roads ; Energy ; Energy and Economic Development ; Energy and Poverty Alleviation ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Infrastructure Investment ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport
    Abstract: Evidence for road expansion and electrification as drivers of job creation is limited and mixed, with most studies having considered either one or the other, and only in isolation. This paper estimates the average and heterogeneous impacts of road and electricity investments and the interaction of the two on job creation over the past two decades in 27 countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Exploiting the exogenous location of ancestral ethnic homelands, a new instrumental variable is created for road accessibility, inspired by post-independence leaders' agenda of building roads to extend authority over the entire expanse of their country, and to promote nation building. Topography and lightning strikes-a key source of damage to electric lines and disruption of service-are used to instrument electricity supply. The paper finds positive and significant effects on employment from enhancing proximity to roads and to electric grids. Moreover, the interaction of the two enhances the effects, making them complementary investments. The impacts of both individual and bundled investments are positive, but with differences between men and women, workers of various ages, and countries at different stages of development. In urban areas, better access to roads and electricity promotes all types of employment. In rural areas, greater access induces a transition from low- to high-skilled occupations. These differential effects suggest that the structural transformation brought about by road and electricity expansion is primarily a rural phenomenon
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Abstract: This technical note is structured in the following manner. Section two provides an overview of the main barriers and frictions that SMEs face to access finance. Section three explores how digitization is an enabler for SME finance and how different fintech solutions address these barriers. The fintech solutions analyzed include digital credit, asset-based lending, and equity products. Also examined are innovative products such as digital payments, credit risk assessment using alternative data, tokenized assets, and electronic invoicing. Market enablers such as e-commerce and open banking, and the digitization of business processes, which contribute to addressing the barriers and frictions to SME access to finance, are also highlighted. Section four analyzes how the providers of these fintech solutions for SMEs impact traditional banks, financial institutions, and implications on the financial market structure. This section also discusses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of digital financial products for SMEs. Section five then addresses some of the key risks and challenges involved in the adoption of digital financial products and key market enablers. Finally, section six presents policy and regulatory recommendations to address the different challenges
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health Promotion ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This study of road safety lead agencies (RSLAs) in Africa takes place at an important time when serious injuries on roads are at the centre of discussions on sustainable development. RSLAs in Africa are considered to be critical vehicles for responding to road safety challenges, although how well they do this remains largely unknown. In literature, their functionality, complexity and autonomy has widely been assessed. However, there is limited attempt to link the management capacity of RSLAs to the observed road safety outcomes such as serious injuries and fatality reduction or reduction in the cost of road traffic crashes. Consequently, there is limited evidence as to whether or not lead agencies in Africa are achieving the intended goals of improving road safety status. This study sought to better understand these difficulties and the potential steps to success for RSLAs in Africa. It was commissioned by the African Development Bank and the World Bank and focuses on sixteen African countries. It is part of a global study of road safety lead agencies being undertaken by the World Health Organisation. The study is structured into four sections. Section 2 describes the two-phase methodology-desk study and preparation of the research instruments, data collection and analysis. This is followed in Section 3 by a discussion of the concept of lead agency, which lays the ground for presentation of the study results regarding lead agency performance in Section 4. Section 5 identifies lessons from the study and makes recommendations to improve lead agency performance
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Mozambique's economy has experienced strong growth over the last two decades, with GDP expanding at an annual average rate of 7.2 percent. However, this growth has been unequally shared and rural areas still lag far behind urban centers in both monetary and non-monetary dimensions of wellbeing. As most poor households live in rural areas, increasing rural incomes is essential to reducing poverty and ensuring the benefits of growth are distributed more equally. Income growth opportunities for rural poor households in Mozambique in the next 5-10 years are predominantly in the agricultural sector. Smallholder farming is the chief activity for most rural households, with income from non-farm sources and migration playing a lesser role and often constrained to specific regions. However, low levels of agricultural productivity, low participation in input and output markets, and high vulnerability to seasonality factors and shocks inhibits the capacity of rural households to increase their incomes. This report proceeds as follows: After setting out the framework and methods in more detail in section two, the following section provides some context by detailing the income, assets, and market engagements of rural households in Mozambique, focusing on a characterization of the livelihoods of the rural bottom 40 percent. Section four discusses the opportunities for growth across the main three sources of rural income (farm, non-farm, and migration). Section five then presents the main barriers to taking advantage of these opportunities, detailing the evidence behind this prioritization for the three most binding set of constraints. From this list of priority constraints, policy actions and investments to address the top three groups of binding constraints are discussed
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Labor Markets ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural off farm activities remains low. This paper uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services which rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digitization, the imperative of greening and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Electricity ; Energy ; Energy and Economic Development ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Energy Resources Development ; Renewable Energy ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This paper uses Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to validate the theory of change developed for an evaluation of renewable energy strategies, identifying pathways for scaling up RE in a variety of different contexts. QCA was used to translate qualitative judgements into quantitative information, triangulating findings from other methods and helping to draw conclusions on how best to meet global energy goals established by the international community. The analysis also helped identify three specific pathways through which precondition barriers could be addressed to overcome challenges facing the successful achievement of the clean energy transition
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Munoz Saavedra, Ercio Andres Does it Matter where you Grow Up? Childhood Exposure Effects in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Early Childhood Development ; Early Childhood Education ; Education ; Educational Populations ; Family Environment ; Households With Child ; Rural Development ; Rural Education
    Abstract: This paper studies whether the observed differences in intergenerational educational mobility across regions in Latin America and the Caribbean are due to the sorting of families or the effect of growing up in these different places. The analysis exploits differences in the ages of children at the time their families moved across locations, to isolate regional childhood exposure effects from sorting. The findings show a convergence rate of 3.5 percent per year of exposure between age 1 to 11, implying that children who moved at age of 1 would pick up 35 percent of the observed differences in mobility between origin and destination. These results are robust to using a specification that identifies the effect of place within households, the use of only anomalously high migration outflows, instrumenting the choice of destination with historical migration, and a combination of both approaches
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: Small island developing states (SIDS) are among the most exposed, vulnerable countries in the world to natural hazards and the impacts of climate change. SIDS are already experiencing significant economic and social losses from climate change impacts. Extreme weather events such as flooding and hurricanes significantly affect the transport sector, with damage from such events accounting for a large percentage of total infrastructure damage costs. The need for climate adaptation is recognized in SIDS' nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The World Bank supports its clients in implementing nationally determined contribution objectives and actions. The World Bank's programmatic technical assistance, Resilient Transport in Small Island Developing States, implemented with the aim of enhancing the resilience of the transport sector in SIDS, was delivered in three phases. The objective of this report is to help practitioners integrate climate resilience considerations into transport asset management and thus enhance climate resilience in the transport sector of SIDS (Phases 2 and 3 of the technical assistance). The report starts by introducing the topic of natural hazards and climate change in SIDS and how they affect the transport sector. The report describes how governments can develop resilient transport asset management systems (TAMS) and then summarizes the activities implemented in four SIDS, Cape Verde in Africa, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean, and Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in the Pacific,and shares lessons learned to improve the approach and framework. Finally, the report introduces an online training course on resilient TAMS and the i-Knowledge platform
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Park, Hogeun Geography, Institutions, and Global Cropland Dynamics
    Keywords: Land Governance ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Inequality ; Land ; Land Administration ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper studies the dynamics of agricultural land use at the global scale as measured from space using satellite imagery between 2003 and 2018. It shows large global movements in and out of cropland and correlates these movements with biophysical, economic, and institutional variables. The empirical identification of these effects relies on a two-stage approach that disentangles the effect of local geography from national-level characteristics. The paper finds that weak land governance, inequality, and pressure on land resources contribute to land degradation but are less able to explain movements into cropland which could more likely reflect national policies
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chaurey, Ritam Firm-Level Input Distortion in Indian States
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Competitiveness ; Corporate Data and Reporting ; Corporate Governance ; Distortions ; Factor Misallocation ; Firm Performance ; Firms ; Labor Market ; Land Market ; Misallocation ; National Labor Policy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Reallocation of Resources ; Resource Allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets
    Abstract: This paper measures trends in factor misallocation in India between 1999 and 2014, using data from a rich panel of Indian firms. The misallocation of a factor is modeled as an adjustment cost, that is, an implicit variable cost incurred by a firm when using that factor. Trends in the adjustment cost are estimated using a new adaptation of the firm-level cost-minimization approach. The paper documents these trends for four factors of production (permanent labor, contract labor, land, and fixed capital) across Indian states and by firm size. Overall, the findings show that adjustment costs declined over time for labor and land but with significant heterogeneity with respect to state growth rate and firm size. Using these stylized facts on trends in factor adjustment costs, as well as in-depth field interviews with firms in two Indian states, the paper also discusses potential policy developments behind these trends, including a preliminary examination of the role of state-level governance in the implementation of relevant factor market policies
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Walelign, Solomon Zena Livelihood Impacts of Refugees on Host Communities: Evidence from Ethiopia
    Keywords: Commercialization ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Displacement Impacts ; Diversification ; Economic Pressure ; Ethiopia Development Response To Displacement Impacts Projec ; Host Communities ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Livelihood Activities ; Permanent Displacement ; Public Service Access ; Refugee Community ; Refugee Crisis ; Refugees ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Most refugee hosting communities are characterized by high levels of poverty with precarious livelihood conditions, low access to public services, and underdeveloped infrastructure. While the unexpected inflow of refugees might bring both constraints and opportunities for improving and maintaining local livelihoods in these communities, the understanding of these effects remains limited. Using a household level micro data set from a 2018 baseline survey of the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project, this paper assesses the impact of refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host communities with respect to diversification and agricultural commercialization. The endogeneity of refugee inflow is addressed by exploiting differences in factors that influence refugee arrival in the host communities. Specifically, the analysis uses potential refugee inflow as an instrument, which is the product of population density and intensity of conflicts (number of fatalities per event) in the closest region of the origin country to the refugee camp weighted by the distance of the refugee camp to the closest region. The paper also constructs an aggregate index to proxy households' livelihood diversification strategies. The findings show that refugee inflow brings substantial benefits to host communities by creating significant jobs, in which people engage as secondary occupations, and triggers an increasing demand for livestock products. Specifically, while no effect was found on diversification of activities such as a primary occupation and crop product sales, a 1 percent increase in refugee inflow leads to a 2.7 percent rise in diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and a 15.9 percent increase in the value of livestock product sales. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across refugee hosting regions and the gender of the household head: negative effects were mainly observed in Gambella region, which hosts the largest refugee population in the country, and male-headed households were more likely to benefit from the refugee presence for the whole sample. The paper identifies households' increased engagement in different livelihood activities and access to markets as a potential mechanism for the observed effects. The findings add to the growing literature on the socioeconomic impacts of refugee inflow on host communities by showing an overall positive effect on the livelihoods and welfare of receiving communities
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Gross Domestic Product ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Technology Innovation
    Abstract: With Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) constituting a large proportion of Malaysian enterprises and making significant contributions to employment, GDP, and exports, it is vital for the achievement of Malaysia's development aspirations that these SMEs are enabled to achieve higher levels of productivity and performance. Malaysian firms in general, but most particularly its SMEs, face a number of fundamental issues and challenges related to innovation and the adoption and effective use of new technologies. The effects of the rapid evolution of the modern business environment that have resulted from the introduction of innovative new technologies and business practices have been exacerbated by the current high level of uncertainty related to the pandemic, placing increased emphasis on the need to improve firm capabilities. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis has forced businesses to adapt and adopt digital tools in order to operate in the current environment. Given the considerable fiscal challenges resulting from the pandemic, there is an urgent need to recalibrate Malaysia's provision of public support for SMEs to enable the post-pandemic recovery to be driven by the private sector. In this context, the overall objective of this study is to analyse the composition of Malaysia's SME and entrepreneurship support policies so as to identify opportunities to decrease redundancies and to increase efficiencies by ensuring that public support towards SME development responds effectively to the most pressing needs of SMEs
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: City Development Strategies ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Natural Disasters ; Rural Development ; Sustainable Land Management ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: Uzbekistan has a unique opportunity to make early investments to 'green' its ambitious economic and market transition. A greener economic growth model in Uzbekistan, based on the sustainable and efficient use of natural and energy resources, would minimize pollution, reduce climate and environmental impacts, and strengthen resilience to natural disasters and climate change. It would allow the country to overcome limits to growth under its present development pattern by capturing the dynamics between transformative technology and natural capital, delivering growth and create jobs while improving sustainability, resilience, and inclusion. A greener growth model could also help strengthen Uzbekistan's economic competitiveness in a more climate- and environmentally aware global marketplace. Green growth involves economy-wide changes that call for strong policy coordination and an institutional and regulatory framework that cuts across sectors. Strong political commitment is key to managing sectoral tradeoffs and sustaining action over successive governments. It must be supported by objective technical advice, adequate data and analytics, knowledgeable staff in government, catalyzing finance, engaging the private sector, and a low-emission development strategy
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: As a green mode of transportation, railways have an important role to play in decarbonizing transport through shifting transport from more polluting modes of transport such as road and air. Railways can enable economic growth, which in turn generates increasing transport demand, while keeping greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions low. However, in many parts of the world, railways have lost traffic and market share to air and road transport modes. As countries seek to reduce their GHG emissions, while still delivering on economic growth, many are rethinking the role of rail. Many developing countries have existing railway networks, which will provide the starting point for efforts to increase rail in the transport mix. This report provides a basic stocktaking of those railways, explaining the industry structure and the current situation. Basic data on network size; volume; passenger fares and freight tariffs; labor productivity; network density; and perceived service quality assets, traffic, pricing and staffing have been compiled into the Developing Country Rail Database, which could be useful for analysis and comparisons across regions. The data have been collected from various public sources-annual railway or regulator reports and/or national statistical annuals. Most data are for 2018. The report covers railways providing services to the general public in 77 countries. Not included are the railways in most higher income countries (North America, Europe, Australasia, and northeast Asia), private mining railways and China, whose railway network has been covered in numerous other reports. The information shared in this report is presented in seven regional summaries, which group together railways sharing a common geographic area and other characteristics: South America; Sub-Saharan Africa; South Asia; Southeast Asia; the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Mongolia; and the Middle East. These summaries include basic data on institutional arrangements
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Land Management ; Rural Development
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to understand the legal and policy constraints and opportunities in each of the 17-carbon fund (CF) countries affecting women's land and forest tenure. The study also explores women's ability to exercise land and forest rights in statutory and customary systems; how these rights may be affected by the CF programs (ERPs and BSPs); as well as what is needed to further protect and strengthen women's rights to land and forest tenure along with their ability to govern in the CF countries. This synthesis report provides a big-picture overview of the findings from all the studies; additional and more detailed information related to the activities in each country is available in the 10 country scans and seven deep-dive country reports. Because this report is a synthesis of findings from 17 countries, all statements taken from other sources are cited in the country studies. Furthermore, a bibliography of sources can be found at the end of this synthesis report
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Hydropower ; Labor Markets ; Renewable Energy ; Rural Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: The Government of Pakistan (GOP) has adopted ambitious national renewable energy (RE) targets under the RE policy 2019. The policy sets out a growth trajectory for grid connected, non-hydro renewables, mandating at least 20 percent renewables in the country's installed power generation capacity by 2025 and 30 percent by 2030. The government has simultaneously approved a comprehensive power generation capacity expansion plan, the integrated generation capacity expansion plan 2021-2030. Since large hydropower makes up the bulk of capacity additions in the IGCEP, new wind, solar, and bagasse projects in the IGCEP account for approximately 11,700 MW compared to 16,300 MW of non-hydro RE needed to meet the national RE targets. To capitalize on the employment creation potential of the RE targets and the IGCEP, policy makers will have to anticipate changes in workforce trends and develop a preemptive plan to manage skill requirements and prevent workforce shortages. This study was commissioned by the World Bank to facilitate cohesive RE workforce planning and identify skill gaps that can inhibit RE investments in Pakistan. The findings of the study will help inform skill development in RE by providing policy makers and other stakeholders, including the higher education commission (HEC) and the national vocational and technical training commission (NAVTTC), with indicative employment projections required for long-term planning
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deng, Jingyuan Labor Market Transitions in Egypt Post-Arab Spring
    Keywords: Education Advantage ; Education and Labor Market Access ; Employment ; Employment By Gender ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Informal Labor Market ; Informality ; Labor Market Non-Participation of Women ; Labor Market Participation ; Labor Market Transition Comparison ; Labor Markets ; Married Women in Labor Force ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Employment ; Public Sector Employment ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper examines the Arab Republic of Egypt's labor market transition dynamics post-Arab Spring based on the two most recent rounds of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey conducted in 2012 and 2018. In addition to providing disaggregated-level analysis by examining labor market transitions by gender, education, and age groups, the paper provides a cross-country, cross-regional perspective by comparing Egypt's labor market transitions with Mexico's, relying on data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo. To match the span of Mexico's transitions (which are measured over a one-year period) and Egypt's (which are measured over six years), the analysis uses Monte Carlo simulations of repeated discrete-time Markov chains. Based on these results, the Egyptian labor market appears to be highly rigid compared to the Mexican labor market, which instead shows a large degree of dynamism regardless of individual initial labor market states at baseline. Auxiliary regression analyses focusing on transitions to and from the dominant absorbing labor market states in Egypt-public sector employment for both genders, nonparticipation for women, and the informal sector for men-show that having a post-secondary education is associated with a lower probability of remaining out of the labor force for women who were already out of the labor force at baseline, while being married at baseline is found to be a significant predictor for women to stay out of the labor force if they were already so. Among men, the better educated are found to be more likely to secure formal employment, be it in the public or private sector, and are more likely to keep their public formal jobs once they secure them
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Natural Resources Management ; Rural Development
    Abstract: These were the remarks delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass on World Environment Day 2022 about Mobilizing Communities for Sustainability : The Role of the Indian State on June 5, 2022. He said that on the occasion of the world's environment day and in honor of Prime Minister Modi's focus on Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE) and his call for papers, he was guided to the ancient texts of India and enlightened by their great respect for the natural world and the environment. He focused on the question of what the state can do to mobilize communities at scale for sustainable economic growth and development. He mentioned that localizing decisions to the community level has been an important part of India's development philosophy. He highlighted on getting prices right remains a vital prerequisite for changing behaviors of communities and strengthening the economy. He said that getting institutions right is also a vital prerequisite. He mentioned that alongside community motivators, mobilizing communities around development and climate-related issues will require more effective local governments and local administration. He said that to help support change, India has an impressive system of cash and non cash transfers that forms the foundation of a strong social protection system using a unique ID mechanism. He also added that it is vitally important, the state must get pricing policies and institutions right in order to credibly invite communities to participate in development programs as part of a mass movement. He said that they look forward to supporting this with a whole of World Bank approach combining the full resources and energy of the IBRD, IDA, IFC and MIGA. He highlighted that call for papers offers the opportunity to use scholarly work to understand better how policies and institutions matter in incentivizing and leveraging communities around development issues. He concluded by saying that let us not lose this learning opportunity being offered here that day by Prime Minister Modi, who said recently that once people are determined to do something together, they do wonderful things
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; General Manufacturing ; Industry ; Labor Mobility ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Urban Areas
    Abstract: Ethiopia's rapid growth over the past two decades has resulted in a surge in income per capita levels, with the country approaching fast the middle-income milestone. Over the past decade, fast growth was driven by capital accumulation, but the extent to which this growth has been equally distributed is unclear. Public infrastructure spending accelerated dramatically in the first half of the 2010s, helping underpin fast economic growth. However, this approach seems to have had important shortcomings. Contrary to the findings of World Bank (2015) which examined an earlier period, total factor productivity (TFP) declined during 2011-2020, contributing negatively to growth. In addition, inequality at the household level increased between 2011 and 2016. Finally, macroeconomic imbalances have widened, a trend exacerbated by recent shocks. This report discusses the drivers of growth in Ethiopia and, in the absence of official subnational gross domestic product (GDP) figures, examines whether there has been convergence in economic activity at the subnational level
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gourlay, Sydney Measuring Land Tenure at the Individual Level: Lessons from Methodological Research in Armenia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Female Land Tenure Inequity ; Finance and Development ; Household Surveys ; Individual Land Rights ; Land Ownership ; Land Tenure ; Resilience To Economic Shock ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; SDGS ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Abstract: Evidence indicates that land rights are strongly associated with several indicators of well-being and development outcomes, including access to credit, resilience to shocks, productivity, and bargaining power. Accurately capturing gender differences in land rights is thus critical for development policy, prompting the need to shift from household-level land rights data collection to collecting more and better individual-level data on land rights. The importance of individual land rights has been recognized in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda, with the inclusion of two key indicators on land rights-SDG indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1. Although clear guidance exists for computing and monitoring these, the choice of data collection methods may influence the resulting indicators and the understanding of the underlying land rights. Specifically, research has shown that the use of proxy respondents in the collection of data on assets, including land, results in a biased understanding of men's and women's holdings vis-a-vis self-reporting. This paper uses data from a methodological experiment in Armenia to assess the implications of survey design-Snamely, respondent strategy and the level of disaggregation of land data-Son the measurement of individual land rights and SDG indicator monitoring. The findings suggest that in the context of Armenia, the measurement of SDG 5.a.1 and 1.4.2 (a) is robust to respondent approach and data disaggregation level, driven largely by the high rates of documentation. Meanwhile, land rights that are less objective, such as the right to bequeath and perception of tenure security, are sensitive to these survey design choices
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Income ; Labor Mobility ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ethiopia began the decade on a great run, with high economic growth and significant gains in poverty reduction nationally. But the gains were unevenly shared. Multiple shocks at the beginning of the new decade threaten to discontinue progress and possibly undo most of the gains made in the recent past. This rural income diagnostics (RID) study seeks to inform how to promote growth in rural incomes to accelerate poverty reduction. The objective of the RID is to examine how those who currently reside in rural areas can have higher incomes in the future, which can entail one or more members moving to urban areas. The focus is on income growth that results in higher incomes on average, but also income that is less volatile because of due consideration to effective risk reduction and management, and to ensuring that growth is sustainable. While the RID focuses only on income that is earned by rural households, it is much more detailed in its identification of the constraints because of this narrower focus. The diagnostic provides evidence to validate constraints and key areas of focus in ongoing agriculture and rural policy reforms and other relevant reforms under the Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda (HGERA), elevate the importance of some reforms where immediate action is required, and provide empirical arguments to support important policy interventions where consensus may be lacking or there is policy hesitation
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gourlay, Sydney Is Dirt Cheap? The Economic Costs of Failing to Meet Soil Health Requirements on Smallholder Farms
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Crop Yields ; Household Surveys ; Rural Development ; Smallholders ; Soil ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Technical Efficiency ; Uganda
    Abstract: Agricultural productivity is hindered in smallholder farming systems due to several factors, including farmers' inability to meet crop-specific soil requirements. This paper focuses on soil suitability for maize production and creates multidimensional soil suitability profiles of smallholder maize plots in Uganda, while quantifying forgone production due to cultivation on less-than-suitable land and identifying groups of farmers that are disproportionately impacted. The analysis leverages the unique socioeconomic data from a subnational survey conducted in Eastern Uganda, inclusive of plot-level, objective measures of maize yields and soil attributes. Stochastic frontier models of maize yields are estimated within each soil suitability class to understand differences in returns to inputs, technical efficiency, and potential yield. Only 13 percent of farmers are cultivating soil that is highly suitable for maize production, while the vast majority are cultivating only moderately suitable plots. Farmers cultivating highly suitable soil have the potential to increase their observed yields by as much as 86 percent, while those at the opposite end of the suitability distribution (with marginally suitable land) operate closer to the production frontier and can only increase yields by up to 59 percent, given the current technology set. There is heterogeneity in potential gains across the wealth distribution, with poorer households facing more heavily constrained potential. Assuming no change in technologies and management practices used by Ugandan farmers, there are limited economic gains tied to closing suitability class-specific productivity gaps, or even at the extreme reaching the average potential productivity levels observed in the high suitability class
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beyer, Robert C. M Natural Disasters and Economic Dynamics: Evidence from the Kerala Floods
    Keywords: Aggregate Activity ; Economic Dynamics ; Economic Impact of Flood ; Environment ; Environmental Disaster Wage Impact ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Floods ; Household Behavior ; Natural Disaster Impact ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Market ; Spatial Analysis
    Abstract: Exceptionally high rainfall in the Indian state of Kerala caused major flooding in 2018. This paper estimates the short-run causal impact of the disaster on the economy, using a difference-in-difference approach. Monthly nighttime light intensity, a proxy for aggregate economic activity, suggests that activity declined for three months during the disaster but boomed subsequently. Automated teller machine transactions, a proxy for consumer demand, declined and credit disbursal increased, with households borrowing more for housing and less for consumption. In line with other results, both household income and expenditure declined during the floods. Despite a strong wage recovery after the floods, spending remained lower relative to the unaffected districts. The paper argues that increased labor demand due to reconstruction efforts increased wages after the floods and provides corroborating evidence: (i) rural labor markets tightened, (ii) poorer households benefited more, and (iii) wages increased most where government relief was strongest. The findings confirm the presence of interesting economic dynamics during and right after natural disasters that remain in the shadow when analyzed with annual data
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Forests and terrestrial ecosystems play a primary environmental role in climate-change mitigation and adaptation. In many developing countries, forests provide ecosystem services and support the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people, mainly the poorest and most vulnerable in rural areas. The sustainable management of natural resources can reduce poverty and enhance shared prosperity at the local level. As countries develop Natural Resource Management (NRM) and forest management, it is crucial to ensure that these processes include women in productive, income-generating activities. Men and women access, use, and manage forests differently, as seen in the gendered nature of activities such as gathering forest products, hunting, wood harvesting, and mineral collection. Furthermore, there are persistent gender gaps in access to services, inputs (including credit and financing), markets, value-addition activities, land tenure, representation, and agency. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the World Bank (WB) have outlined a program aimed at promoting gender equality in REDD+ and foresty strategies and implementation. The FCPF is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples (IPs) focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, activities commonly referred to as REDD+. This document aims to help task teams and practitioners identify and diagnose factors contributing to gender gaps in sustainable forest projects in FCPF countries by providing nine people-centered research tools based in the behavioral sciences. Such gaps can be rooted in gender norms, roles, and beliefs, attentional limitations, and procedural hassles, among others
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the Bank Group's engagement in Madagascar between fiscal years 2007 and 2021 and surfaces lessons to inform the design and implementation of the next Bank Group-supported partnership strategy with Madagascar. The evaluation reviews the evolution of the Bank Group's engagement strategy and its implementation over and lessons from experience. It contains a more in depth assessment of Bank Group support in two areas that represent core development challenges: (i) elite capture and (ii) development of rural areas. Bank Group support was increasingly relevant to Madagascar's core development constraints and contributed to significant progress in several areas. World Bank support contributed to modernizing the country's tax and customs revenue administrations, improving revenue collection, and generating local revenues, as well as to improved subnational public financial management and decentralized management of natural resources and land certificates. In terms of rural development, Bank Group support contributed to short-term increases in agricultural production and greater food security, the development of value chains, and the government's increased ability to mitigate the impacts of shocks on Madagascar's most vulnerable populations to preserve critical human capital. Overall progress was hampered by limited success in designing interventions to avoid misuse by a few high-status individuals. In rural areas, overall progress in increasing small farmers productivity fell short because the adoption of technology to increase agricultural productivity did not adequately target smallholder production systems and did not provide sufficient incentives for farmers in the forest frontier to change their land use practices
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Transport
    Abstract: The report provides a detailed assessment of the road sector in Argentina, evaluating the expenditure of public resources in this context and informing possible improvements to the current situation. Given that the information available is limited, the report will mainly focus on the roads classified under the National Network, and will provide recommendations for the provincial and municipal roads when possible. The report starts with an introduction which serves to identify the context of the country and the main issues. This introduction describes the recent volatile financial periods in Argentina, with a macroeconomic context that has experimented several shocks in the recent decades and is currently impacted by the severe depreciation of the national currency and high inflation. This has led to higher transport costs, which are hampering potential growth, commercial exchanges and access to services. In addition, territorial inequalities in the country cause visible differences between regions, also in terms of the road network connectivity and logistics performance. Besides these factors, the road network is also affected by an increasingly more hazardous climate, as extreme natural episodes causing disruptions have been observed more frequently and intensely in Argentina in recent times. To face all these constraints, the Government of Argentina presented an ambitious National Plan over the period 2016-2019, with important public investments in road transport, but with a highly limited private participation due to the macroeconomic context and the lack of enabling policies
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Anthropology ; Community Based Rural Development ; Community Development and Empowerment ; Community-Driven Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: One of the big development challenges of the twentieth century has been defining the role that poor people, the subjects of development, could and should be playing in modern development. The author, a founding father of community-driven development at the World Bank Group, sets out a personal history of how he came to apply core concepts from anthropology, history, and sociology in pursuit of the moral project of finding ways to engage people not just as individual beneficiaries or targets for development, but as social and political beings whose institutions, priorities, values, and voice matter. Beginning with the Kecamatan Development Project in Indonesia (KDP), this essay charts the author's journey, starting with the puzzle of how to enable agency for villagers when someone else holds most of the power and all of the money. Indonesia's historical interest in rural development created an opening, but it was the 1998 political and economic crisis that cracked not just the Indonesian development model but also the World Bank's strictly technocratic approach to poverty. The essay then moves from community-driven development in Indonesia to developing a model that the World Bank could work with more broadly, and the technical, fiduciary, and bureaucratic innovations required throughout. The author reflects on the mainstreaming of community-driven development in the aftermath of KDP, describing the personalities and processes that presented both inspiration and hurdles along the way
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Horner, Denise Knowledge and Adoption of Complex Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from an Extension Experiment
    Keywords: Agricultural Extension ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Fertilizers ; Randomized Control Trials ; Rural Development ; Soil Fertility ; Sustainable Land Management ; Technology Diffusion
    Abstract: In most of Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural extension models have become more decentralized and participatory and thus, rely on effective farmer-to-farmer learning, while increasingly including non-traditional forms of education. At the same time, agricultural technologies become more complex and are now often promoted as integrated packages, likely to increase the complexity of the diffusion process. Based on a randomized controlled trial, this study assesses the effects of 'farmer-to-farmer' extension and a video intervention on adoption of a complex technology package among 2,382 smallholders in Ethiopia. Both extension-only and extension combined with video increase adoption and knowledge of the package, especially of its more complex components; although on average, there is no additional effect of the video intervention on adoption. Knowledge and the number of adopted practices also increase among farmers not actively participating in extension activities, suggesting information diffusion. For this group, the additional video intervention has a reinforcing effect, and particularly fosters adoption of the integrated package
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Halim, Daniel Childcare and Mothers' Labor Market Outcomes in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Childcare ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Innovation Lab ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Improving women's labor force participation and the quality of their employment can boost economic growth and support poverty and inequality reduction; thus, it is highly pertinent for the development agenda. However, most systematic reviews on female labor market outcomes and childcare, which can arguably improve these outcomes, are focused on developed countries. This paper reviews 22 studies that plausibly identify the causal impact of institutional childcare on maternal labor market outcomes in lower- and-middle-income countries. All but one study finds positive impacts on the extensive or intensive margin of maternal labor market outcomes, which aligns with findings for developed countries. The paper further analyzes aspects of childcare design, including hours, ages of children, and coordination with other childcare services that may increase the impacts on maternal labor market outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Shamsuddin, Mrittika Economic and Fiscal Impacts of Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Brazil
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Displaced Persons ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal Trends ; Forced Displacement ; Labor Market ; Migrants ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Refugees ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Services and Transfers To Poor
    Abstract: As more and more Venezuelans leave their country, fleeing the economic and social crisis, the number of Venezuelans in Brazil has risen steadily since 2016, constituting about 18 percent of Brazil's 1.3 million refugee and migrant population as of October 2020. Although the economic gains of immigration are well-documented in the literature, the impacts of forced displacement on the labor market and government budget are mixed and have mainly focused on developed countries. This paper extends the previous literature by exploring the short-run fiscal impact of Venezuelan refugees and migrants on the public expenditure and revenue of Roraima, the state bordering the Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela at the north and the main gateway of the Venezuelan refugees and migrants entering Brazil, and by investigating their impact on its labor market. Using various administrative and survey data and a regression discontinuity framework, the paper finds that the population shock caused by the influx of forcibly displaced Venezuelans in the short-run did not have any statistically significant effect on the fiscal variables of Roraima. On the labor market, the paper finds that the population shock translated into an increase in unemployment among women and a decrease in employment among women and low skilled workers in the short-run. The effects on earnings are heterogenous across industries, but mainly positive for the high skilled and male workers, suggesting a need for cross-cutting policies that target the most vulnerable host population as well as the forcibly displaced
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Demand ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Markets ; Energy Trade ; Environment ; Power Sector ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Energy demand in Arab countries continues to grow at a higher rate than economic growth. Meeting national electricity demand and exploiting their significant renewable energy resources (particularly, solar and wind) in a sustainable manner is a common challenge across all Arab countries. A number of analyses have pointed out that such countries would benefit greatly from the increased integration of their power systems, and the resulting opportunities for electricity trade. This study quantifies the potential economic benefits that a Pan-Arab Electricity Market (PAEM) could bring if the countries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) were engaged in full electricity trade on a commercial basis. The World Bank's Electricity Planning Model (EPM) was used to prepare the region's least-cost capacity expansion and dispatch scenarios optimizing the regional power systems in the period 2018-2035
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lugo, Maria Ana Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Transformation in China: A Decomposition Approach
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Growth Elasticity ; Inequality ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Structural Transformation
    Abstract: Rural poverty in China fell from 96 percent in 1980 to less than 1 percent of the population in 2019. Using PovcalNet data for China and a set of comparable countries, this paper estimates growth-poverty elasticities. It finds that China stands out for its record of sustained, fast growth, rather than because of an unusually high growth-poverty elasticity. In addition, changes in mean consumption, rather than changes in the distribution, drive Poverty Reduction. Furthermore, until 2010, changes in inequality attenuated the impact of growth on poverty. The paper also studies which channels mattered the most for rural Poverty Reduction by applying a decomposition framework to multiple rounds of Chinese Household Income Project surveys conducted in 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2018. The findings show that broad-based, labor-intensive growth in agriculture was initially the main driving force for rural Poverty Reduction, followed by the expansion of non-agriculture sectors. As the country's poverty rate approached 10 percent by 2007, transfers from migrant workers and, later, public transfers became the major drivers of further rural Poverty Reduction. Throughout the period, the fall in the demographic dependency rate also played a significant role. As China's living standards continue to rise, the official definition of poverty will have to adjust to the higher minimum. Continued structural transformation and the inclusive growth agenda retain crucial importance for sustained Poverty Reduction
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized as follows. After a brief description of the analytical framing and methodology in section two, section three presents the history and demographics of the labor market in Sudan, focusing on indicators by gender and age across the three main sectors of employment: services, agriculture, and industry. Section four examines formal institutions: the institutional setting, service delivery, and laws and regulations as they relate to economic opportunities. Section five examines informal institutions, where the social norms and networks can be a barrier to women's and youth's full economic participation. Section six analyzes how the market is supporting or constraining economic activity, which includes a closer look at the labor market itself and access to assets. Section seven discusses how all of these aspects are considered when it comes to the household- and individual-level decision-making that directly affects women's and youth's accumulation of human capital, overall agency, and, ultimately, their economic opportunities. Section eight concludes with considerations for policy and action
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Dieppe, Alistair Sectoral Decomposition of Convergence in Labor Productivity: A Re-Examination from a New Dataset
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Convergence ; Labor Markets ; Labor Productivity ; New Sectoral Database ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Sector Reallocation ; Shift-Share Decomposition ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper investigates how the sector-specific source or the changing sectoral composition of labor productivity has contributed to aggregate beta convergence, using a newly constructed eight-sector database. The main findings are twofold. First, both within and sectoral reallocation have become important drivers of aggregate convergence in labor productivity. Second, agricultural productivity growth has been a significant contributor to aggregate convergence, whereas catch-up in other sectors has only contributed a small amount to convergence. The strong growth of the agriculture sector has been the most important driver of aggregate productivity convergence even though agricultural productivity itself in low-income countries is weakly converging to that in advanced economies
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Labor Markets ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Market ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Sri Lanka's economy underwent steady structural transformation over the last two decades. During this time, economic activities increasingly shifted toward industry and services. Poverty fell significantly during this period, mainly led by nonfarm income growth. The nature of rural nonfarm activities is quite heterogeneous and nonfarm activities can entail low-return activities. Understanding the nature of the rural nonfarm economy is a first step towards assessing its potential to facilitate economic transformation and where policy interventions could be useful. The main findings are two-fold. First, there has been a clear shift from farm to nonfarm activities over the last decade, and livelihoods sources vary significantly across the income distribution. For example, poor households are much more likely to be engaged in farm activities or wage employment in industries, whereas rich households have a higher likelihood of working in services. While both farm and nonfarm activities are vital to support rural livelihoods, it is the nonfarm sector that engages the majority of rural workers. Second, better education is strongly associated with higher participation and payoff from nonfarm activities. Interestingly, education does not seem to influence the choice between engaging in farm and unskilled nonfarm employment, highlighting a possible skills barrier to moving to better-paying nonfarm jobs
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Decentralization ; Food Security ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport
    Abstract: Farm-to-market roads (FMRs) provide 'last kilometer' connectivity for bringing inputs to farmers and taking their production to distant markets. The quality and quantity of these roads has a big impact on transport costs for farmers; good roads close to farms lower production costs and raise the prices that farmers get for their products. As part of the government's 'Build, Build, Build' initiative, the Department of Agriculture (DA) has accorded FMRs high priority and has invested heavily in recent years in roads to enhance accessibility and trigger economic activity in remote agricultural areas. In recent years (2019-21), FMR projects received about 18 percent of the DA's total budget. FMR construction is also a component of several special projects. For instance, under locally funded projects, total constructed FMRs as of 2017 have reached 392 km, while foreign-assisted projects have built an estimated 2,072 km as of December 2017. The World Bank was requested to carry out a rapid Public Expenditure Review (PER) focusing on the DA FMR Development Program. While this exercise would be useful under any circumstances, it is especially timely in view of the 'Mandanas ruling' of the Supreme Court. This ruling requires the central government to increase the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA), the share of government tax revenue going to the Local Government Units (LGUs), starting in 2022. Since it will be sharing more revenue with the LGUs, the central government intends to devolve more responsibilities to them for administering and funding projects and programs. Exactly how this devolution will affect the FMR Development Program is yet to be precisely defined, and the PER is intended to help plan this process
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport
    Abstract: This report presents the results of an impact evaluation of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) rural roads program in India. The program targeted the provision of all-weather roads to about 178,000 habitations across India. The impact evaluation uses a difference-in-difference approach and panel data from the states of Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan collected in 2009 and 2017. The evaluation finds that PMGSY improved accessibility, particularly in hilly areas, increased access to economic opportunities, triggering a change in the structure of employment in rural India, and had a positive impact on human capital formation in rural India, with boys and girls benefiting equally
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bahal, Girish A Tale of Two Programs: Assessing Treatment and Control in NREGA Studies
    Keywords: Employment Program ; Impact Evaluation ; Labor Policies ; National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ; Public Workfare ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Treatment-Control
    Abstract: This paper revisits impact evaluation studies on the largest public workfare in the world, NREGA. In an environment where randomization is not feasible, I show why an impact evaluation exercise on NREGA should acknowledge the existence of an older program, SGRY. Using novel district-level expenditure data on SGRY, this article shows how ignoring the older program is likely to underestimate the general equilibrium impact of the employment policy on various relevant socio-economic outcomes. In most cases, ignoring SGRY underestimates NREGA's impact by 30-40 percent
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Environment and Health ; Health Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Road Accidents ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Road safety in Africa remains a big challenge. Globally, Africa has the highest fatality rate of all the continents, despite having the lowest motorization rate and smallest road infrastructure network. Through the Global Plan for the Decade of Action (2011-2020), the African Road Safety Action Plan, the African Road Safety Charter, and the targets set out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Africa has made strong commitments to improve road safety outcomes on the continent. However, documents assessing the magnitude of the problem show that there exists a need to address it by implementing effective and efficient interventions, which require determination, professional qualification, and personnel and economic resources. In order to make informed decisions on effective interventions to mitigate this challenge, a deeper analysis of the road safety-related environment in the region is required. This document outlines a process that began in 2017 to define a common set of indicators to be collected, analyzed, and monitored by African countries, as part of their efforts to improve road safety in Africa
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Cultural Assets for Poverty Reduction ; Poverty and Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This Rural Income Diagnostic (RID) aims to answer the question: "What are the main opportunities and constraints to faster, sustained income growth for poor and vulnerable households in rural Bangladesh" This analysis is motivated by recent evidence highlighting the centrality of rural areas for poverty reduction in Bangladesh and the need to update our understanding of rural income dynamics to better inform policy solutions. The objective of the analysis is to inform the World Bank Systematic Country Diagnostic and governmentplanning. The analysis focuses on areas where progress can be made in the next five years, consistent with the country's long-term development path. The focus on short-term priorities to accelerate rural income growth needs to be implemented in a manner that is consistent with, and does not distract from, long-run goals and investments that will have very high future returns, especially for the poor. These include investments in child nutrition, health, and education
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Municipalities ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This note is one of a series produced by the World Bank's Governance Global Practice to help client countries address the impact of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on their economies and governance structures. Addressed to central governments and the management of individual state-owned enterprises (SOEs), this note analyses the implications of the COVID-19 crisis for the public sector and provides guidance on how governments and SOEs can use this crisis to build or strengthen their crisis response systems. Suggested measures involve calibrating risks and introducing proper risk management systems, ensuring business continuity and resilience in emergency situations, as well as supporting the ability of public enterprises to bounce back in the post-crisis environment. This note draws on existing World Bank analysis of emerging global trends in governments' COVID-19 response measures as pertains to SOEs. It includes practical recommendations that can be considered for implementation by governments and by individual SOEs. In addition, the note lists examples of policy measures that can potentially be supported through the World Bank's budget support operations
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Equity and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Human Resources ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Malaysia stands out for its strong economic performance and resilience over a period of sixty years which delivered rapid and inclusive economic growth to its diverse population. This paper describes and evaluates Malaysia's experience with National Development Planning (NDP). It discusses Malaysia's approach to national planning and how it has successfully driven economic transformation and helped strengthen social cohesion. In particular, it highlights the strengths of the NDP regime, including the strong political support, institutional consistency and the importance placed on engagement and consultation. The paper also highlights the remaining challenges, including effective implementation, institutional misalignments and resourcing challenges, set against a backdrop of rapid economic, social and political change. The results of the assessment should be of interest and relevance to the growing number of countries that have made (or are considering) a return to planning, or countries that are aspiring to undertake their economic transformation
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Populations ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Market ; Nutrition ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: To continue monitoring how the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the welfare of households in the region, the World Bank and UNDP have joined forces in the implementation of a second phase of High-Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS) in Latin America and the Caribbean. The survey, collected between May and July 2021, takes the socio-economic pulse of households and measures the wellbeing of the region a year and a half into the pandemic. This note presents the emerging results in the areas of labor markets, income and food security, education, gender, health, and access to digital and banking services
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Gender ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Force Participation Rate ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Labor statistics provide essential information for macroeconomic planning and policy formulation on employment creation, vocational training, income generation, and poverty reduction. A clear understanding and accurate comparability of labor indicators are therefore crucial for promoting efficient policies across countries and require the consistent application of international standards in collecting employment data in multi-topic household surveys. This Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) guidebook provides informed advice to statisticians and survey practitioners on the accurate measurement of employment and work in accordance with standards of the 19th International conference of labor statisticians (ICLS) and in the context of multi-topic household surveys
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Country Economic Memorandum ; Country Population Profiles ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Mozambique has experienced rapid growth for over two decades. Growth accelerated remarkably following the end of the civil war, averaging 7.9 percent over 1993-2015, among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, growth decelerated sharply following the hidden debt crisis in 2016, which led to a crisis of economic governance and a protracted economic slowdown, with growth falling to 3 percent in 2016-2019. The growth slowdown has been further exacerbated by the natural disasters in 2019, the insurgency in Northern Mozambique, escalating since 2017, and the global pandemic since 2020. Mozambique's existing growth strategy has been limited in its capacity to generate productive jobs and support accelerated poverty reduction. However, the discovery of some of the largest natural gas (LNG) reserves in the world is expected to provide Mozambique with a transformative opportunity for sustained and inclusive growth. The Mozambique Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) assesses Mozambique's current growth model and presents a set of recommendations to: (i) make the best use of the non-renewable natural resource revenues, which includes putting in place an adequate policy and institutional framework well ahead of the revenue windfalls from the LNG sector; and (ii) promote growth in non-extractive sectors, accompanied by spatial transformation, and improved agricultural productivity. The report consists of five chapters. Chapter one provides an overview of Mozambique's current growth model, asking what's driving growth and outlining why this model needs rethinking. Chapter two provides analysis of the potential impact of Mozambique's resource boom on GDP, exports, revenue, and employment, and discusses how to make good use of the opportunities and manage the associated risks. Chapter three tells Mozambique's growth story from a spatial perspective. It constructs a unique district-by-district sectoral GDP database to identify the main growth nodes in Mozambique and understand why there is a weak link between growth and poverty reduction. The services sector is the subject of chapter four, exploring how to overcome bottlenecks to deliver on its potential to drive growth in Mozambique. Chapter five continues this theme, examining the challenges posed to private sector growth by weak governance and rising corruption. All five chapters make policy recommendations for the way forward
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Education ; Food Security ; Gender ; Incentives ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using the most recent household survey data, this paper examines the characteristics of Sudan's labor market as it relates to poverty outcomes. Several important aspects of the labor market are analyzed, including the relationship between labor market indicators and the demographic structure of the population, geographic location, education, and gender. It highlights the significant differences in labor market outcomes depending on the structure and distribution of the population and Sudan's labor market's many challenges across different dimensions, including demography, gender, and geography. The four key messages can be summarized as follows: first, Sudan is at the verge of entering the earl-dividend stage of the demographic transition. Sudan's population, while still very young, is on track to enter into the early-dividend stage of the demographic transition within just a few years, raising the stakes for job creation and investment in human capita. Second, while we find evidence for an increase in employment and labor force participation at the national level, this increase seems to be driven by seasonal labor in agriculture and increasing economic hardship, respectively. In urban areas, however, unemployment increased sharply, especially among youth. And despite the overall increase in employment and labor force participation, Sudan's labor market still underperforms in comparison to its peers. Third, Sudan's labor market is characterized by large gender disparities, including in terms of employment opportunities and pay. Finally, we find no signs of the beginnings of a structural transformation over the time-period author study; agriculture remains the mainstay of a large majority of employed Sudanese. Rather, labor productivity and real wages outside of agriculture declined markedly between 2009 and 2014, especially in sectors with links to the oil economy. The paper offers policy insights to enhance the role of the labor market in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Sudan, key among which are 1) encouraging private sector growth, 2) overcoming gender discrimination in the labor market, 3) investing in agriculture and re-storing price incentives, and 4) further expanding access to quality education
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Policy ; Environmental Economics ; Natural Resource Management ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Rural Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Armut ; Umweltverschmutzung
    Abstract: While some argue that trade liberalization has raised incomes and led to environmental protection in developing countries, others claim that it generates neither poverty reduction nor sustainability. The detailed case studies in this book demonstrate that neither interpretation is universally correct, given how much depends on specific policies and institutions that determine 'on-the-ground' outcomes. Drawing on research from six countries around the developing world, the book also presents the unique perspectives of researchers at both the world's largest development organization (The World Bank) and the world's largest conservation organization (World Wildlife Fund) on the debate over trade liberalization and its effects on poverty and the environment. The authors trace international trade rules and events down through national development contexts to investigate on-the-ground outcomes for real people and places. The studies underscore the importance of evaluating trade from a perspective that pays attention to environmental and social vulnerability and understands the linkages between poverty reduction and environmental protection. The lessons drawn provide a critical first step in developing the appropriate response options needed to ensure that trade plays a positive role in promoting truly sustainable development
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture
    Abstract: At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ashraf, Nava Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue)
    Keywords: Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options that appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services except credit, or (3) a control group. After one year, DrumNet services led to an increase in production of export oriented crops and lower marketing costs; this translated into household income gains for new adopters. However, one year after the study ended, the exporter refused to continue buying the cash crops from the farmers because the conditions of the farms did not satisfy European export requirements. DrumNet collapsed in this region as farmers were forced to sell to middlemen and defaulted on their loans. The risk of such events may explain, at least partly, why many seemingly more profitable export crops are not adopted
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Reading Tealeaves On The Potential Impact of The Privatization of Tea Estates In Rwanda
    Keywords: Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector
    Abstract: The Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Government of Rwanda seeks to unlock the growth and poverty reduction potential of the tea sector through the privatization of tea estates. This paper uses the logic of causal inference and data from the 2004 Quantitative Baseline Survey of the tea sector to assess the potential impact of the privatization program. This entails a normalized comparison of productivity outcomes to account for household heterogeneity in terms of observable and non-observable determinants of these outcomes. The paper also compares living standards between tea and non-tea households. Three main findings emerge from the analysis. Productivity outcomes are generally better in the private sector than in the public sector. Male-headed households outperform female-headed households along all dimensions considered here. And tea households tend to be better off than non-tea households
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets in Rural and Urban Haiti
    Keywords: Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper addresses labor markets in Haiti, including farm and nonfarm employment and income generation. The analyses are based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. The findings suggest that four key determinants of employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, gender, location, and migration status. This is emphasized when nonfarm activities are divided into low-return and high-return activities. The wage and producer income analyses reveal that education is key to earning higher wages and incomes. Moreover, producer incomes increase with farm size, land title, and access to tools, electricity, roads, irrigation, and other farm inputs
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ivanic, Maros Implications of Higher Global Food Prices For Poverty In Low-Income Countries
    Keywords: Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real-world data. Results using household data for ten observations on nine low-income countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shilpi, Forhad Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Using household level data from Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates of return to household attributes over the entire welfare distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial differences in returns between an integrated region contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the distribution. The natural border created by the rivers appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences between the regions to persist. To reduce regional inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital)
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Oosterbeek, Hessel The Impact of Cash Transfers On School Enrollment
    Keywords: Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence about the impact on school enrollment of a program in Ecuador that gives cash transfers to the 40 percent poorest families. The evaluation design consists of a randomized experiment for families around the first quintile of the poverty index and of a regression discontinuity design for families around the second quintile of this index, which is the program's eligibility threshold. This allows us to compare results from two different credible identification methods, and to investigate whether the impact varies with families' poverty level. Around the first quintile of the poverty index the impact is positive while it is equal to zero around the second quintile. This suggests that for the poorest families the program lifts a credit constraint while this is not the case for families close to the eligibility threshold
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien The Impact of Food Inflation On Urban Poverty And Its Monetary Cost
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: This paper uses a sample of 73 developing countries to estimate the change in the cost of alleviating urban poverty brought about by the recent increase in food prices. This cost is approximated by the change in the poverty deficit, that is, the variation in financial resources required to eliminate poverty under perfect targeting. The results show that, for most countries, the cost represents less than 0.1 percent of gross domestic product. However, in the most severely affected, it may exceed 3 percent. In all countries, the change in the poverty deficit is mostly due to the negative real income effect of those households that were poor before the price shock, while the cost attributable to new households falling into poverty is negligible. Thus, in countries where transfer mechanisms with effective targeting already exist, the most cost-effective strategy would be to scale up such programs rather than designing tools to identify the new poor
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verme, Paolo Social Assistance and Poverty Reduction in Moldova, 2001-2004
    Keywords: Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment ; Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment ; Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of social assistance benefits on household welfare in Moldova. Ignoring standard issues of impact evaluations such as selection bias, behavioral responses, unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity, an incidence analysis suggests that increased spending on social assistance enhances the probability of moving out of poverty and reduces the probability of moving into poverty. However, double difference estimates (based on a mimicked randomized experiment) and parametric estimates (based on panel data) indicate that social benefits have not contributed to improve household welfare or reduce poverty. Double difference estimates point to a negative impact on welfare. Parametric estimates do not yield any consistent significant impact on welfare or poverty. The author concludes that the growth in population coverage and expenditure on cash benefits that characterized social assistance policies in recent years has not resulted in a significant improvement in welfare, all other factors being equal
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (81 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cakmak, Erol H Macro-Micro Feedback Links of Irrigation Water Management In Turkey
    Keywords: Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use
    Abstract: Agricultural production is heavily dependent on water availability in Turkey, where half the crop production relies on irrigation. Irrigated agriculture consumes about 75 percent of total water used, which is about 30 percent of renewable water availability. This study analyzes the likely effects of increased competition for water resources and changes in the Turkish economy. The analysis uses an economy-wide Walrasian Computable General Equilibrium model with a detailed account of the agricultural sector. The study investigated the economy-wide effects of two external shocks, namely a permanent increase in the world prices of agricultural commodities and climate change, along with the impact of the domestic reallocation of water between agricultural and non-agricultural uses. It was also recognized that because of spatial heterogeneity of the climate, the simulated scenarios have differential impact on the agricultural production and hence on the allocation of factors of production including water. The greatest effects on major macroeconomic indicators occur in the climate change simulations. As a result of the transfer of water from rural to urban areas, overall production of all crops declines. Although production on rainfed land increases, production on irrigated land declines, most notably the production of maize and fruits. The decrease in agricultural production, coupled with the domestic price increase, is further reflected in net trade. Agricultural imports increase with a greater decline in agricultural exports
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Accountability ; Audits ; Capacity Building ; Communications Technology ; Communities ; Concessional Lending ; Corruption ; Data Collection ; Developing Countries ; Development Outcomes ; Development Policy ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Financial Management ; Flexibility ; Food Security ; GDP ; Good Governance ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ; Household Surveys ; Industry ; Innovation ; Living Standards ; Low-Income Countries ; Millennium Development Goals ; Population Policies ; Poverty Assessments ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Project Management ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Smallholders ; Social Development ; Technology Development ; Technology Industry ; Technology Transfer ; Transparency ; Web Sites
    Abstract: The purpose of this sourcebook is to pull together into a single document a collection of common sense tips and recommendations based on actual practices and experience around the world. The sourcebook aims first and foremost to help strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation (MandE) capacity at the national and sub-national levels, and to ensure a consistency of approach and methodology so that, at the global level, sufficient reliable and timely information can be accessed from the different countries and used to make cross-country comparisons and to calculate development indicators at the global level. The sourcebook is specifically targeted towards countries where conditions are less-than-ideal, particularly with respect to the availability of relevant information. The sourcebook also shows how a service delivery approach can be used to select indicators which can generate useful, easy-to-measure early outcome measures. It suggests that greater use be made of qualitative indicators, such as access, use and satisfaction. The sourcebook devotes considerable attention to the need for a strong statistical infrastructure and reviews the range of different statistical instruments available
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