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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Accounting For Mexican Income Inequality During The 1990s (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Accounting For Mexican Income Inequality During The 1990s
    Keywords: Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author implements several inequality decomposition methods to measure the extent to which total household income disparities can be attributable to sectoral asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results show that at least half of total household inequality in Mexico is attributable to incomes derived from entrepreneurial activities, an income source rarely scrutinized in the inequality literature. He shows that education (skills) endowments are unevenly distributed among the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market returns to schooling associated with increases in inequality. Asymmetries in the allocation of education explain around 20 percent of overall household income disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the proportion of inequality attributable to education endowments increases during stable periods and reduces during the crisis. This pattern is explained by shifts in returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution of skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose within-sector income differences, the author finds that skill endowments can account for as much as 25 percent of earnings disparities but as little as 5 percent of dispersion in other income sources
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Addressing high school dropouts with a scalable intervention : the case of PODER (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Education Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9085
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Avitabile Ciro Addressing High School Dropouts with a Scalable Intervention: The Case of PODER
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Working with the Mexican Ministry of Education, this study piloted a scalable program to reduce high school dropout rates by focusing on socio-emotional skill development and mathematics tutoring. The intervention was evaluated through a randomized field experiment with more than 5,000 youths at 20 upper secondary schools in Mexico City. An intention-to-treat analysis finds some evidence that exposure to the Opportunities and Development to Avoid Risks Program increases socio-emotional skills, but no evidence that it improves math outcomes or future attendance. Likely explanations for these 0 results include low take-up and other process factors, which are document qualitatively, as well as heterogeneous treatment effects. In particular, an inverse-probability-weighted matching model is suggestive of an effect whereby some students participate actively in the program and drop out of school less often, while other students choose not to participate when given the option and actually drop out more as a result
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9085
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Idle Youth in Mexico : Trapped between the War on Drugs and Economic Crisis (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De Hoyos, Rafael Idle Youth in Mexico: Trapped between the War on Drugs and Economic Crisis
    Abstract: The present study combines data from Mexico's employment surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo and Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo) with the country's official statistics on murder rates to create a state-level panel data set covering the period 1995 to 2013. Including most of the common controls identified by the literature, the results show that the rate of male youth ages 19 to 24 not studying and out of work (the so-called ninis), is not correlated with homicide rates during the period 1995 to 2006. However, there is evidence that a positive correlation between male ninis and murder rates arises between 2007 and 2013, a period during which murder rates in Mexico increased threefold. The association between ninis and homicide rates is stronger in states located along the border with the United States, a region particularly affected by organized crime and the international financial crisis of 2008-09
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7558
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Out of School and Out of Work : A Diagnostic of Ninis in Latin America (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De Hoyos, Rafael Out of School and Out of Work: A Diagnostic of Ninis in Latin America
    Abstract: Using all the household survey data available in Latin America during the period 1992 to 2013, this paper estimates that in 2015, 20 million youth ages 15 to 24 years in the region were out of school and not working (making them ninis, for "ni estudian ni trabajan"). The share of out-of-school, out-of-work youth in Latin America, at about 19 percent, is roughly equal to the global average of 22 percent. Although women make up over two-thirds of the ninis in the region, the number of male ninis grew by 46 percent between 1992 and 2010. As a result, the absolute number of ninis rose over the two-decade period, even as women's education and employment rates were improving. Global comparisons show that Latin America is the region of the world with the largest concentration of ninis among households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution. Coupled with the long-lasting harm it causes to the youth's future labor-market outcomes, the high incidence of ninis among the poorest households tends to lock in income disparities from one generation to the next, obstructing social mobility and poverty reduction in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7548
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Performance Under NAFTA : A Firm-Level Analysis of the Trade-Productivity Linkages (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Economic Performance Under NAFTA
    Abstract: Did the North American Free Trade Agreement make Mexican firms more productive? If so, through which channels? This paper addresses these questions by deploying an innovative microeconometric approach that disentangles the various channels through which integration with the global markets (via international trade) can affect firm-level productivity. The results show that the North American Free Trade Agreement stimulated the productivity of Mexican plants via: (1) an increase in import competition and (2) a positive effect on access to imported intermediate inputs. However, the impact of trade reforms was not identical for all integrated firms, with fully integrated firms (i.e. firms simultaneously exporting and importing) benefiting more than other integrated firms. Contrary to previous results, once self-selection problems are solved, the analysis finds a rather weak relationship between exports and productivity growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5661
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can scholarships increase high school graduation rates? : evidence from a randomized control trial in Mexico (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Education Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8826
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De Hoyos Navarro, Rafael E Can Scholarships Increase High School Graduation Rates? Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Mexico
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of PROBEMS, a scholarship program in Mexico aimed at improving graduation rates and test scores among upper secondary school students from poor backgrounds. The identification strategy is the random allocation into the program, which took place in 2009. The strategy allows measurement of the effects of PROBEMS on test scores and graduation rates three years later in 2012. The paper finds that, on average, the program has no discernible impact on graduation rates or math or Spanish test scores. The size of the sample allows investigation of the reasons for this disappointing result. The paper finds that the program is substantially mis-targeted, with the majority of the recipients not coming from the most disadvantaged families. However, the most plausible explanation for the absence of positive impacts is that many eligible students do not seem to have the minimum learning level to face successfully the academic requirements of upper secondary school. An important policy implication is that a well-targeted scholarship program should be complemented with a remedial education intervention
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8826
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding the Trends in Learning Outcomes in Argentina, 2000 to 2012 (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De Hoyos, Rafael Understanding the Trends in Learning Outcomes in Argentina, 2000 to 2012
    Abstract: This paper seeks to understand what drove the trends in learning outcomes in Argentina between 2000 and 2012, using data from four rounds of the Program for International Student Assessment. A year-specific education production function is estimated and its results used to decompose the changes in learning outcomes into changes in inputs, parameters, and residuals via microsimulations. Estimates of the production function show the importance of socioeconomic status, gender, school autonomy, and teacher qualifications to determine learning outcomes. Despite an important increase in the level of resources invested in public education, learning outcomes in public schools decreased vis-a-vis private schools. According to the results presented here, the increase in the number of teachers in the system, pushing the pupil-teacher ratio in Argentina to 11, had no effect on learning outcomes. The microsimulation further confirms that changes in the system's ability to transform inputs into outcomes accounted for most of the changes in test scores. Overall, the study shows the ineffectiveness of input-based education policies to improve learning outcomes in Argentina
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7518
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of an Accountability Intervention with Diagnostic Feedback : Evidence from Mexico (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als de Hoyos, Rafael The Impact of an Accountability Intervention with Diagnostic Feedback: Evidence from Mexico
    Abstract: In 2009, the Mexican state of Colima implemented a low-stakes accountability intervention with diagnostic feedback among 108 public primary schools with the lowest test scores in the national student assessment. A difference-in-difference and a regression discontinuity design are used to identify the effects of the intervention on learning outcomes. The two alternative strategies consistently show that the intervention increased test scores by 0.12 standard deviations only a few months after the program was launched. When students, teachers, and parents in a school know that their scores are low, and this triggers a process of self-evaluation and analysis, the process itself may lead to an improvement in learning outcomes. Information on quality, without punitive measures but within a supportive and collaborative environment, appears to be sufficient to improve learning outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7393
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Predicting individual wellbeing through test scores : evidence from a national assessment in Mexico (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Education Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8459
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De Hoyos, Rafael Predicting Individual Wellbeing Through Test Scores: Evidence from a National Assessment in Mexico
    Keywords: Bildungsabschluss ; Bildungsökonomik ; Qualifikation ; Abbrecher ; Gesundheit ; Mexiko ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper constructs two longitudinal datasets that record students' test scores in a national standardized exam in Mexico and track students from the end of primary (Grade 6) to the end of lower (Grade 9) and upper (Grade 12) secondary school, then to university and labor market participation up to two years after graduation from upper secondary. The results show that test scores are a strong predictor of future education and labor market outcomes. Using a large sample of twins in the data, the paper shows that the relationship between Grade 6 test scores and future education outcomes goes beyond family background. Finally, the paper exploits the within-individual correlation between subject test scores and finds evidence that this standardized assessment captures in a meaningful way the specific skills that it is designed to measure. These results show that, despite their limitations, large-scale standardized tests can capture skills that are important for future individual wellbeing
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8459
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Growth And Distribution : Are China And India Reshaping The World? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Global Growth And Distribution
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Over the past 20 years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little even if significant structural changes have been observed. High growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's LINKAGE global general equilibrium model and the newly developed Global Income Distribution Dynamics (GIDD) tool, this paper assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per-capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class-a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analyzing global disparities by taking into account - as the GIDD does - income dynamics between and within countries
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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