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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Contribution of Skilled Immigration And International Graduate Students To U.S. Innovation (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chellaraj, Gnanaraj The Contribution of Skilled Immigration And International Graduate Students To U.S. Innovation
    Keywords: Education ; Foreign Skilled Workers ; Foreign Students ; Graduate ; Graduate Students ; Grants ; International Students ; Labor Force ; Literature ; Papers ; Research ; Scholars ; School ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Foreign Skilled Workers ; Foreign Students ; Graduate ; Graduate Students ; Grants ; International Students ; Labor Force ; Literature ; Papers ; Research ; Scholars ; School ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Foreign Skilled Workers ; Foreign Students ; Graduate ; Graduate Students ; Grants ; International Students ; Labor Force ; Literature ; Papers ; Research ; Scholars ; School ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The impact of international students and skilled immigration in the United States on innovative activity is estimated using a model of idea generation. In the main specification a system of three equations is estimated, where dependent variables are total patent applications, patents awarded to U.S. universities, and patents awarded to other U.S. entities, each scaled by the domestic labor force. Results indicate that both international graduate students and skilled immigrants have a significant and positive impact on future patent applications, as well as on future patents awarded to university and nonuniversity institutions. The central estimates suggest that a 10 percent increase in the number of foreign graduate students would raise patent applications by 4.7 percent, university patent grants by 5.3 percent, and nonuniversity patent grants by 6.7 percent. Thus, reductions in foreign graduate students from visa restrictions could significantly reduce U.S. innovative activity. Increases in skilled immigration also have a positive, but smaller, impact on patenting
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labor Skills and Foreign Investment in A Dynamic Economy : Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model for Singapore (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Chellaraj, Gnanaraj Labor Skills and Foreign Investment in A Dynamic Economy
    Abstract: Singapore is an interesting example of how the pattern of foreign investment changes with economic development. The authors analyze inbound and outbound investment between Singapore and a sample of industrialized and developing countries over the period 1984-2003. They find that Singapore’s two-way investment with industrialized nations has shifted into skill-seeking activities over the period, while Singapore’s investments in developing countries have increased sharply and become concentrated in labor-seeking activities. Singapore’s increasing skill abundance relative to all countries in the sample accounted for 41 percent of average inbound stocks during the period, that is, US
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4950
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can the Knowledge Capital Model Explain Foreign Investment in Services? : The Case of Singapore (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chellaraj, Gnanaraj Can the Knowledge Capital Model Explain Foreign Investment in Services? The Case of Singapore
    Abstract: Singapore has been a powerful magnet for foreign direct investment and in recent years has also made significant investments abroad, especially in developing countries and increasingly in services. This paper analyzes the determinants of Singapore's investment using the Knowledge-Capital Model and compares the impact of skill endowments on manufacturing and service sector investments. The results suggest that inward and outward investment with respect to industrialized countries in manufacturing and services was skill-seeking. A 10 percent decline in skill differences with industrialized countries resulted in a 19 percent rise in inbound manufacturing investment stocks, but only a 7 percent rise in inbound services stocks. Inward investment from developing countries in services was also skill-seeking, but outward investment to developing countries in both sectors was labor-seeking. A 10 percent increase in skill differences with developing countries resulted in a 23 percent rise in outbound manufacturing investment stocks and a 13 percent rise in outbound services stocks. Furthermore, when the analysis distinguishes between services on the basis of skill intensity, there is a significant difference between the determinants of foreign direct investment in skill-intensive services and foreign direct investment in other services and goods. However, when services are disaggregated on the basis of "proximity" needs, there is no significant difference in the determinants of foreign direct investment in proximity services compared with foreign direct investment in non-proximity services
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7186
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Indian pharmaceutical sector : issues and options for health sector reform (2002)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821352121
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 59 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank discussion paper no.437
    DDC: 338.4/76151/0954
    Keywords: Drugs Marketing ; Pharmaceutical industry ; Pharmaceutical policy ; Drugs Marketing ; Pharmaceutical industry ; Pharmaceutical policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-59)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why do so many water points fail in Tanzania? : an empirical analysis of contributing factors (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8729
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Why Do So Many Water Points Fail in Tanzania? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 Tanzania Water Point Mapping data, about 29 percent of all water points are non-functional, out of which 20 percent failed within the first year. This paper analyzes the various factors which impact water point failure and measures the relative contributions of these determinants. The results indicate that water points managed by village committees had a much higher likelihood of failure than those managed by private operators or water authority. Factors that cannot be modified such as hydrogeological factors play a major role in determining water points failure during the first year after installation. However, management type as well as the type of pump and technology matter considerably more in the short and medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8729
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The economics of international student and scholar mobility : directions for research (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Europe and Central Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8848
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chellaraj, Gnanaraj The Economics of International Student and Scholar Mobility: Directions for Research
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: International trade in higher education services in the form of international student mobility has increased sharply since the 1960s and especially from Eastern Europe and Central Asia since the fall of the Soviet Union. Many international students, especially those with graduate degrees, stay on in the host country after graduation. Although their impact on labor markets has been investigated by economists, geographers, and regional scientists in recent years, most studies on international students focus on education and spatial issues, with very little economic analysis. Furthermore, the application of a trade in services framework to international student mobility is virtually nonexistent. Four areas of research have emerged that need further investigation, particularly for the Europe and Central Asia region. First is the research gap on host and source country pull and push factors affecting the demand and supply of international students. Second, there is little or no understanding of the impact of foreign direct investment in higher education services, both through the establishment of branch campuses as well as direct investment by multinationals in universities. Third, there is virtually no study on the impact of international student and scholar mobility on global collaborative patents. Fourth, there are very few field experiments in international student or migration research. These issues need to be understood for the development of appropriate policies in industrialized, emerging and developing economies, on the global mobility of students as well as establishment of branch campuses abroad
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8848
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of early life exposure to environments with unimproved sanitation on education outcomes : evidence from Bangladesh (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9059
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als George Joseph Impact of Early Life Exposure to Environments with Unimproved Sanitation on Education Outcomes: Evidence from Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite Bangladesh's notable progress toward the eradication of open defecation, the country still faces severe deficits in the availability of improved sanitation. This paper analyzes the impact of exposure to unimproved sanitation early in childhood on primary school enrollment status, using pseudo-panel data for children ages six to nine years in Bangladesh. The results indicate that unimproved sanitation has a negative and significant impact on primary school enrollment. A child's early exposure to unimproved sanitation decreases the likelihood of being enrolled in primary school by eight to ten percentage points on average compared with a child with access to improved sanitation. The effect is particularly strong-a difference of 8 to 10 percentage points-for children ages six to seven. It is also strong in rural areas. The results are statistically robust to errors due to potential omitted variable bias
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9059
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Underreporting of Gender-Based Violence in Kerala, India : An Application of the List Randomization Method (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Underreporting of Gender-Based Violence in Kerala, India: An Application of the List Randomization Method
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the incidence and extent to which domestic violence and physical harassment on public/private buses is underreported in Kerala, India, using the list randomization technique. The results indicate that the level of underreporting is over nine percentage points for domestic violence and negligible for physical harassment on public/private buses. Urban households, especially poor urban households, tend to have higher levels of incidence of domestic violence. Further, women and those who are professionally educated tend to underreport more than others. Underreporting is also higher among the youngest and oldest age cohorts. For physical harassment on public/private buses, rural population-especially the rural non-poor and urban females-tend to underreport compared with the rural poor and urban males
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8044
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of salinity on infant and neonatal mortality in Bangladesh (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9058
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Impact of Salinity on Infant and Neonatal Mortality in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this paper, the impact of salinity on maternal and child health in Bangladesh is analyzed using data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys. A U-shaped association between drinking water salinity and infant and neonatal mortality is found, suggesting higher mortality when salinity is very low or high. With fresh drinking water, the marginal effect of salinity measured by groundwater electricity conductivity on infant death is always negative. With brackish drinking water and slightly saline water, the negative effect is small. As drinking water becomes moderately saline, the predicted probability of infant death starts to increase, and the marginal effect becomes and remains positive. The relationship between drinking water salinity and neonatal death shows a similar pattern. Finally, freshwater with very low concentration of healthy minerals and severely saline water with very high detrimental sodium can be harmful for infant and neonatal health during pregnancy. Severe salinity needs to be addressed if the recent gains in infant and neonatal mortality are to be sustained, especially in the coastal areas of Bangladesh
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9058
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Beyond Money : Does Migration Experience Transfer Gender Norms? Empirical Evidence from Kerala, India (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Beyond Money: Does Migration Experience Transfer Gender Norms? Empirical Evidence from Kerala, India
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Anthropology ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Impact of Brain Drain ; Impact On Poverty Reduction ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Return Migrant
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of return migration from Saudi Arabia and the Gulf on the transfer of gender norms to the Indian state of Kerala. Migration to countries in the Middle East has led to significant remittance flows and economic prosperity, although the effects on social norms and attitudes remain largely unexplored. The paper finds that returning migrants from Saudi Arabia tend to exhibit conservative values regarding gender-based violence and extreme attitudes pertaining to the perpetration of physical violence against women. Compared with those who have no migration experience, the attitudes of returning migrants from Saudi Arabia toward gender-based violence were more conservative by three standard deviations, while the attitudes of those returning from the Gulf were less conservative by 0.5 standard deviation. Similarly, compared with those with no migration experience, returning migrants from Saudi Arabia were more conservative by 2.6 standard deviations regarding extreme attitudes related to gender norms, such as sexual assault, while those returning from the Gulf were less conservative by 0.7 standard deviation. These results show that migration experience can have a substantial impact on the gender attitudes of returning migrants, with potential implications for migration and gender policies in Kerala and for countries that send a large share of temporary migrants overseas for work
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9966
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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