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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating the magnitude of water supply and sanitation subsidies (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9448
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis Estimating the Magnitude of Water Supply and Sanitation Subsidies
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The water supply and sanitation sector remains heavily subsidized around the world. Yet, the accounting of water supply and sanitation subsidies globally has proved challenging due to utility-level data limitations and their often implicit nature. This paper develops a methodology to estimate water supply and sanitation subsidies that is adaptable to data scarce environments, while accounting for differences among service providers such as population served (to account for economies of scale), coverage of water and sanitation services individually, and their level of operational efficiency in terms of water losses and staffing. This methodology is based on Chile's empresa modelo (model firm) approach to cost-reflective tariff estimation and uses utility-level data from the World Bank'sInternational Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities database. The results suggest that the cost of subsidies associated with the operations, maintenance, and major repair and replacement of existing water supply and sanitation infrastructure in much of the world (excluding, notably, China and India) is an estimated
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9448
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why do so many water points fail in Tanzania? : an empirical analysis of contributing factors (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8729
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Why Do So Many Water Points Fail in Tanzania? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 Tanzania Water Point Mapping data, about 29 percent of all water points are non-functional, out of which 20 percent failed within the first year. This paper analyzes the various factors which impact water point failure and measures the relative contributions of these determinants. The results indicate that water points managed by village committees had a much higher likelihood of failure than those managed by private operators or water authority. Factors that cannot be modified such as hydrogeological factors play a major role in determining water points failure during the first year after installation. However, management type as well as the type of pump and technology matter considerably more in the short and medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8729
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Study of the distributional performance of piped water consumption subsidies in 10 developing countries (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9245
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abramovsky, Laura Study of the Distributional Performance of Piped Water Consumption Subsidies in 10 Developing Countries
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new evidence on how effectively piped water consumption subsidies are targeting poor households in 10 low- and middle-income countries around the world. The results suggest that, in these countries, existing tariff structures fall short of recovering the costs of service provision, and the resulting subsidies largely fail to achieve their goal of improving the accessibility and affordability of piped water for poor households. Instead, the majority of subsidies in all 10 countries are captured by the richest households. This is in part because the most vulnerable population segments typically face challenges in accessing and connecting to piped water services. The paper also reveals shortcomings in the design of the subsidies, which are conditional on poor households being connected to a piped network
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9245
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A multiple-arm, cluster-randomized impact evaluation of the Clean India (Swachh Bharat) mission program in rural Punjab, India (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9249
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis A Multiple-Arm, Cluster-Randomized Impact Evaluation of the Clean India (Swachh Bharat) Mission Program in Rural Punjab, India
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study reports the findings of a large-scale, multiple-arm, cluster-randomized control study carried out in rural Punjab, India, to assess the impact of a flagship sanitation program of the Government of India. The program, the Clean India Mission for Villages, was implemented between October 2014 and October 2019 and aimed to encourage the construction of toilets, eliminate the practice of open defecation, and improve the awareness and practice of good hygiene across rural India. It utilized a combination of behavioral change campaigns, centered on the community-led total sanitation approach, and financial incentives for eligible households. The study also evaluates the incremental effects of intensive hygiene awareness campaigns in selected schools and follow-up initiatives in selected communities. The study finds that the coverage of "safely managed" toilets among households without toilets increased by 6.8-10.4 percentage points across various intervention arms, compared with a control group. Open defecation was reduced by 7.3-7.8 percentage points. The program also had significant positive impacts on hygiene awareness among adults and children, although the interventions of school campaigns and intensive follow-up were of limited additional impact
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9249
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The next frontier in water supply service delivery : an assessment of the performance of water sector service providers in Pourashavas in Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8919
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bahuguna, Aroha The Next Frontier in Water Supply Service Delivery: An Assessment of the Performance of Water Sector Service Providers in Pourashavas in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities, this paper on the water sector in pourashavas (municipalities) in Bangladesh provides an analysis of the trends in the water sector development over 2010-16. The main purpose of the paper is to examine the average performance of the water sector providers in the pourashavas to encourage conversation on identifying and addressing deficiencies in service performance in comparison with that in the rest of Bangladesh and the world. This analysis finds that although pourashavas perform on the lower end of the spectrum compared with the rest of Bangladesh on many indicators, the top 20 percent of the pourashavas are globally competitive on indicators of staff productivity, cost coverage, and daily per capita consumption of water
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8919
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An evaluation of the contributing factors of water scheme failures in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8371
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis An Evaluation of the Contributing Factors of Water Scheme Failures in Nigeria
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; Instandhaltung ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper utilizes information from the 2015 Nigeria National Water and Sanitation Survey to identify the extent and timing of the failure of water schemes in the country and the factors affecting it. Around 46 percent of all the water schemes in Nigeria are nonfunctional, and approximately 30 percent are likely to fail in the first year. The results indicate that during the first year of operation, factors that can be controlled in the design, implementation, and operational stages contribute to the failure of 61 percent of the water schemes. As water schemes age, their likelihood of failure is best predicted by factors that cannot be modified. The influence of operational factors, such as repairs and maintenance, decreases slightly over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8371
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why are so many water points in Nigeria non-functional? : an empirical analysis of contributing factors (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8388
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis Why Are So Many Water Points in Nigeria Non-Functional? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Trinkwasser ; Kanalisation ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper utilizes information from the 2015 Nigeria National Water and Sanitation Survey to identify the extent, timing, as well as reasons for the failure of water points. The paper finds that more than 38 percent of all improved water points are nonfunctional. The results indicate that nearly 27 percent of the water points are likely to fail in the first year of construction, while nearly 40 percent are likely to fail in the long run (after 8-10 years). The paper considers the reasons behind these failures, looking at whether they can or cannot be controlled. During the first year, a water point's location-the political region and underlying hydrogeology-has the greatest impact on functionality. Other factors-specifically, those that can be controlled in the design, implementation, and operational stages-also contribute significantly. As water points age, their likelihood of failure is best predicted by factors that cannot be modified, as well as by the technology used. The paper concludes that, to improve the sustainability of water points, much can be done at the design, implementation, and operational stages. Over time, technology upgrades are important
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8388
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geo-spatial modeling of access to water and sanitation in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8357
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis A Geo-Spatial Modeling of Access to Water and Sanitation in Nigeria
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations' access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-located, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1x1 square kilometers. The predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8357
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overview and meta-analysis of Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) impact evaluations (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8444
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis Overview and Meta-Analysis of Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Impact Evaluations
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; Hygiene ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Gesundheit ; Schulbesuch ; Kindersterblichkeit ; Meta-Analyse ; Entwicklungsländer ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an overview and meta-analysis of the effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions around the world. It is based on 136 impact evaluations (randomized and quasi-experimental studies) that explore the effects of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on health and non-health outcomes, ranging from behavior change-such as the adoption of water treatment-to school attendance rates, to a reduction in diarrhea. The selected impact evaluations were divided into five groups, and meta-regressions with fixed effects (at the regional level) and random effects were performed, controlling for each study's characteristics (implementing organization, sample sizes, type of publication, number of publication views, and so forth). All results are reported as changes in odds ratios, with respect to the standard deviation of reported effects. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions were found to increase the likelihood of behavior changes and the adoption of new hygiene practices by 17 percent. The smallest effects were observed from water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions aimed at reducing the rates of child mortality and non-diarrheal disease. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions implemented in schools showed statistically significant results in reducing school absenteeism and dropouts. Similarly, the results showed a statistically significant aggregate likelihood of increased access to safe water and improved water quality, as well as increased water treatment options-a difference of one-fifth with respect to the standard deviation of the average effect size reported. Finally, the results showed that water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions reduced the likelihood of the incidence of diarrheal and enteric disease by 13 percent, which is consistent with findings in other meta-analyses of the same subject
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8444
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Governance And Sector Performance : Methodology And Evaluation For Electricity Distribution In Latin America (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Regulatory Governance And Sector Performance
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper contributes to the literature that explores the link between regulatory governance and sector performance. The paper develops an index of regulatory governance and estimates its impact on sector performance, showing that indeed regulation and its governance matter. The authors use two unique databases: (i) the World Bank Performance Database, which contains detailed annual data for 250 private and public electricity companies in Latin America and the Caribbean; and (ii) the Electricity Regulatory Governance Database, which contains data on several aspects of the governance of electricity agencies in the region. The authors run different models to explain the impacts of change in ownership and different characteristics of the regulatory agency on the performance of the utilities. The results suggest that the mere existence of a regulatory agency, regardless of the utilities' ownership, has a significant impact on performance. Furthermore, after controlling for the existence of a regulatory agency, the ownership dummies are still significant and with the expected signs. The authors propose an experience measure in order to identify the gradual impact of the regulatory agency on utility performance. The results confirm this hypothesis. In addition, the paper explores two different measures of governance, an aggregate measure of regulatory governance, and an index based on principal components, including autonomy, transparency, and accountability. The findings show that the governance of regulatory agencies matters and has significant effects on performance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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