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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464806964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (88 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Communication strategy ; Distributional impact ; District heating ; Energy efficiency ; Energy subsidies ; Industry competitiveness ; Social protection ; Tariff reform
    Abstract: The Government of the Republic of Belarus (GoB) plans to increase district heating tariffs to cost-recovery levels and gradually phase out subsidies, replacing them with social assistance programs. Residential DH tariffs in Belarus are currently at roughly 10-21 percent of cost-recovery levels. DH subsidies are highly regressive, add costs to business, and create significant fiscal risks and macroeconomic vulnerabilities. The study analyzes the social, sectoral, and fiscal impacts of the proposed tariff reform, and identifies and recommends measures to mitigate adverse impacts of district heating tariff increases on the households. The analysis shows that a negative social impact is manageable if a tariff increase is accompanied by countervailing measures to compensate for the loss of purchasing power, in particular of the poor, through targeted social assistance and energy efficiency programs. The reform is more likely to be successful if communication campaigns to address consumer concerns are carried out before significant price increases, and consumer engagement and monitoring systems are established. When tariff reform and mitigation measures are properly sequenced and coordinated, the reform will become more socially acceptable, consumers will benefit from better quality of services, the government will achieve positive fiscal savings, and the DH sector will become sustainable in the long term. The study analyzes the social, sectoral, and fiscal impacts of the proposed district heating tariff reform in Belarus, and identifies and recommends measures to mitigate adverse impacts of district heating tariff increases on the households
    Note: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhang, Fan Does Uncertainty Matter ?
    Keywords: Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Emission permit trading is a centerpiece of the Kyoto Protocol which allows participating nations to trade and bank greenhouse gas permits under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. When market conditions evolve stochastically, emission trading produces a dynamic problem, in which anticipation about the future economic environment affects current banking decisions. In this paper, the author explores the effect of increased uncertainty over future output prices and input costs on the temporal distribution of emissions. In a dynamic programming setting, a permit price is a convex function of stochastic prices of electricity and fuel. Increased uncertainty about future market conditions increases the expected permit price and causes a risk-neutral firm to reduce ex ante emissions so as to smooth out marginal abatement costs over time. The convexity results from the asymmetric impact of changes in counterfactual emissions on the change of marginal abatement costs. Empirical analysis corroborates the theoretical prediction. The author finds that a 1 percent increase in electricity price volatility measured by the annualized standard deviation of percentage price change is associated with an average decrease in the annual emission rate by 0.88 percent. Numerical simulation suggests that high uncertainty could induce substantially early abatements, as well as large compliance costs, therefore imposing a tradeoff between environmental benefits and economic efficiency. The author discusses policy implications for designing an effective and efficient global carbon market
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464812897
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (258 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Electricity shortages are among the biggest barriers to South Asia'sdevelopment. Some 255 million people-more than a quarter of the world'soff-grid population-live in South Asia, and millions of households and firmsthat are connected experience frequent and long hours of blackouts.Inefficiencies originating in every link of the electricity supply chain contributesignificantly to the power deficit. Three types of distortions lead to most of theinefficiencies: institutional distortions caused by state ownership and weakgovernance; regulatory distortions resulting from price regulation, subsidies,and cross-subsidies; and social distortions (externalities) causing excessiveenvironmental and health damages from energy use.Using a common analytical framework and covering all stages of power supply,In the Dark identifies and estimates how policy-induced distortions haveaffected South Asian economies. The book introduces two innovations. First, itgoes beyond fiscal costs, evaluating the impact of distortions from a welfareperspective by measuring the impact on consumer wellbeing, producer surplus,and environmental costs. And second, the book adopts a broader definition of thesector that covers the entire power supply chain, including upstream fuel supplyand downstream access and reliability.The book finds that the full cost of distortions in the power sector is far greaterthan previously estimated based on fiscal cost alone: The estimated totaleconomic cost is 4-7 percent of the gross domestic product in Bangladesh, India,and Pakistan. Some of the largest costs are upstream and downstream.Few other reforms could quickly yield the huge economic gains that powersector reform would produce. By expanding access to electricity and improvingthe quality of supply, power sector reform would also directly benefit poorhouseholds. The highest payoffs are likely to come from institutional reforms,expansion of reliable access, and the appropriate pricing of carbon and local airpollution emissions
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zhang, Fan Rate of Return Regulation and Emission Permits Trading under Uncertainty
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the dynamic effects of rate-of-return regulation on firms'emissions compliance behavior when the price of emissions permits is uncertain. The paper shows that uncertainty regarding the price of permits would motivate a regulated firm to adopt a more self-sufficient strategy and would reduce the cost-effectiveness of emission allowance trading. When allowance transactions are treated as capital investments, uncertainty could reverse the classic Averch-Johnson effect, so that a regulated firm would purchase fewer permits in the ex ante period than its unregulated counterpart. These results are driven by the asymmetric impact of a price change on the expected marginal value of allowances under rate-of-return regulation. A wider variation in the permit price and a decline in the regulated rate of return would amplify the asymmetry. These results have implications for the efficiency of the proposed global carbon trading system
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Zhang, Fan Distributional Impact Analysis of the Energy Price Reform in Turkey
    Abstract: A pricing reform in Turkey increased the residential electricity tariff by more than 50 percent in 2008. The reform, aimed at encouraging energy efficiency and private investment, sparked considerable policy debate about its potential impact on household welfare. This paper estimates a short-run residential electricity demand function for evaluating the distributional consequences of the tariff reform. The model allows heterogeneity in household price sensitivities and is estimated using a national sample of 18,671 Turkish households. The model also addresses the common problem of missing data in survey research. The study reveals a highly skewed distribution of price elasticities in the population, with rich households three times more responsive in adjusting consumption to price changes than the poor. This is most likely because the poor are close to their minimum electricity consumption levels and have fewer coping options. In addition, the welfare loss of the poorest quintile-measured by the consumer surplus change as a percentage of income-is 2.9 times of that of the wealthiest
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Zhang, Fan How Fit are Feed-in Tariff Policies?
    Abstract: Feed-in tariffs have become the most widely used policy instrument to promote renewable energy deployment around the world. This paper examines the relation between tariff setting and policy outcome based on wind capacity expansion in 35 European countries over the 1991-2010 period. Using a dynamic panel data model, it estimates the long-run elasticity of wind deployment with respect to the level of feed-in support. The analysis finds that higher subsidies do not necessarily yield greater levels of wind installation. Non-economic barriers and rent-seeking may have contributed to the weak correlation. On the other hand, the length of feed-in contract and guaranteed grid access are important determinants of policy effectiveness. A one-year extension of an original 5-year agreement on average increases wind investment by 6 percent annually, while providing an interconnection guarantee almost doubles wind investment in one year
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Zhang, Fan The Energy Transition of the Transition Economies
    Abstract: The aggregate manufacturing energy intensity of 28 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia had declined by 35 percent during 1998-2008. This study reveals strong evidence of convergence: less efficient countries improved more rapidly and the cross-country variance in energy productivity narrowed over time. An index decomposition analysis indicates that energy intensities declined largely because of more efficient energy use rather than shifts from energy intensive to less intensive manufacturing activities. Income growth and energy price increases were the main drivers of the convergence. They dominated the impact of trade, which led to specialization in energy intensive industries
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA : Edward Elgar
    ISBN: 9781781001882
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource , illustrations, diagrams
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsmacht ; Weltwirtschaft ; Verstädterung ; China ; Urbanization / China ; Urbanization / Economic aspects / China / History / 21st century ; Economic development / China / History / 21st century ; China / Commerce / History / 21st century ; China / Foreign economic relations ; China ; Verstädterung ; Weltwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; China ; Wirtschaftsmacht ; Weltwirtschaft
    Abstract: 'This book provides a fascinating perspective on why China will very likely continue to play a major role in world export at a time when it is losing its comparative advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing products as a result of rapidly rising labor cost and appreciation of its currency - the secret lies in the fact that China (as the most populous nation) can benefit from increasing returns to scale. However, the author also clearly outlines the enormous challenges ahead of China: to urbanize and integrate most of its rural population as a precondition for China to explore its potential advantage in scale economy through agglomeration effects.' (Guanzhong James Wen, Trinity College, US and Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China). --
    Abstract: 'This is an original reading by a Chinese economist on the grand topic of China's urbanization. Through gathering a vast amount of raw materials available in Chinese, the book deliberately maintains its indigenous flavour and introduces rich and timely information to the outside world, on topical issues such as household registration (Hukou) reform, fairness of land acquisition, housing price control, forced demolition, urban poverty, traffic congestion and many other topics. The attempt to consider the implications for the world economy, especially on issues such as energy and material consumption, is extremely valuable and much needed.' (Fulong Wu, University College London, UK). -- This innovative book places China's urbanization within a broader global context, including a detailed estimate of China's total domestic market and its impact on the world economy. --
    Abstract: Urbanization has become a new driving force in China's development. Through China's urbanization process, China's role in the world economy will change from the world's major workshop to one of the world's central markets. The increase in demand triggered by urbanization has created a tremendous impact in the international market, changing China's international trade patterns, foreign investment and exchange rate. The success of China's urbanization depends on a group of intertwined economic and political reforms, the vision and determinedness of the leadership, cooperation and opposition of the local government, and the attitude of society. This book focuses on the logic and contradictions of China's urbanization and its future, its impact on the world economy, and the policy tradeoffs the Chinese leadership face
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 9781784716912
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 303 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Advances in new institutional analysis series
    Series Statement: Elgaronline
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar books
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Series Statement: Advances in new institutional analysis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zhang, Fan The institutional evolution of China
    DDC: 338.951
    Keywords: Institutioneller Wandel ; Systemtransformation ; China ; Economic development ; Economic development ; China Economic policy ; 2000- ; China Economic conditions ; 2000- ; Electronic books ; China ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Institutionalismus ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Geschichte 1949-2017
    Abstract: Contents: Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Road to reform: 1949-1978 -- 3. Reform 1979-1989: how was the market created? -- 4. Reform and political coalition in 1990-2003 -- 5. Stagnation in 2003-2012 -- 6. The post reform period 2012-present -- 7. Lessons learned and long term expectations -- Reference -- Index.
    Abstract: China's recent evolution is not only a story of extraordinary economic growth but also a story of great institutional change. Fan Zhang challenges traditional theory to explain the real origins of China's reform, the political and economic forces driving it, and the reasoning behind its stagnation. The institutional re-arrangement of government and market has been crucial in this marketization process. Using a wealth of documents and cases, Zhang provides a detailed analysis of China's institutional changes over the past 40 years, focusing on the government-market relationship. A theoretical framework is presented to explain the targets and incentives of government and business firms in a bureaucratic-market system, which promoted economic growth, but also fostered corruption and resulted in a re-centralisation of the system. Using an index of marketization in China since 1978, Zhang shows that overall, market expansion has continued but with diminishing marginal gains. The government control of financial resources that had previously been relaxed in the early years of reform has been enhanced to some extent as a result of the changing institutional environment. Policy makers dealing with China-related policies, researchers and postgraduate students in political science, economics and Chinese studies will find this book a compelling exploration of the current and constant cooperation and conflict between government and market
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9783830026310 , 3830026315
    Language: German
    Pages: 105 S.
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Series Statement: Schriften zur Kulturwissenschaft 65
    Series Statement: Schriften zur Kulturwissenschaft
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Beurteilung ; Nichtverbale Kommunikation ; Lächeln ; Kulturkontakt ; Deutsche ; China ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; China ; Kulturkontakt ; Nichtverbale Kommunikation ; Lächeln ; Beurteilung ; Deutsche
    URL: Cover
    URL: Cover
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