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  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG  (1,604)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (642)
  • Electronic books  (1,604)
  • Private Sector Development  (642)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dysfunctional Family Management : Family-Managed Businesses and the Quality of Management Practices (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gatti, Roberta Dysfunctional Family Management: Family-Managed Businesses and the Quality of Management Practices
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Family Owned Businesses ; Management Practices ; Managerial Talent ; Private Equity ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Better managed firms perform better. Existing evidence has shown that family-managed firms have poorer management practices. Several reasons have been proposed. Limiting to family members reduces the talent pool of potential managers. Family management creates disincentives for other talented workers given that the environment is not meritocratic. Family managers themselves may be less motivated given that they may not have to compete for the position. This study scales up the evidence by exploring the relationship between family managers and management practices for about 9,000 medium and large firms across 41 developing and advanced economies. The study contributes to the literature by investigating several internal and external operating factors that attenuate or accentuate the relationship between family management and the quality of management practices. The engagement of governments in terms of corruption and political connections is found to be influential
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10684
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Focused Assessment of the International Development Association's Private Sector Window : An Update to the Independent Evaluation Group's 2021 Early-Stage Assessment (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window (PSW)
    Abstract: The private sector is essential for creating jobs and prosperity in poor countries, but developing it is challenging, especially in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS). The IDA Private Sector Window (PSW) is a blended finance facility that enables the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and third-party private sector investors to conduct high-risk transactions in International Development Association (IDA) countries and FCS countries. This evaluation aims to assess the usage, market development potential, and enabling factors of the PSW. The evaluation assesses how the usage of the PSW has changed from its inception in 2017 to 2023 and explores its potential market development effects and its enabling factors, namely concessionality (for IFC and MIGA) and additionality (for IFC). Concessionality is the level of subsidy needed for IFC and MIGA to offer transactions in PSW-eligible countries at market prices. Additionality is the unique support IFC brings to private investments (on a project basis) that is not offered by commercial sources of finance. It comprises financial and nonfinancial additionality. This evaluation assesses the PSW across three IDA cycles: IDA18, which covers FY18-20; IDA19, which covers FY21-22; and IDA20, which covers FY23-25. It updates the 2021 IEG early-stage assessment of the PSW (FY18-20) and complements the IDA20 PSW Mid-Term Review, which was prepared jointly by IDA, IFC, and MIGA
    DOI: 10.1596/40884
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Flood Risks : Leveraging Finance for Business Resilience in Malaysia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Adaptation ; Environment ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Resilience
    Abstract: Building resilience to natural disasters is imperative for sustainable private sector development and growth in Malaysia. Floods have been Malaysia's most frequent natural disaster, accounting for 85 percent of all natural disasters since 2000. This report looks holistically at the challenges of adaptation to climate change for businesses, exploring the complementarity among the public sector, the financial sector, and the private sector efforts in managing flood risks. It does so by using a range of complementary analyses that bring together the private sector perspective drawn from a firm-level survey, the financial sector perspective based on a survey of financial institutions (both banks and insurers and takaful operators), along with macro-modelling estimates of the aggregate impacts of future floods. The report concludes with a roadmap for policy action to strengthen private sector resilience and enhance the management of flood risks for businesses, zooming in on policies for the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/41223
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digitalization of Government Services for a Better Business Environment in China : A Case Study on the Reform Experience of Zhejiang Province (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Business Environment ; E-Government ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Governance ; Innovation and Technology Privacy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The Chinese government has a long-standing commitment to business environment and digital government reforms. China's online government-to-business (G2B) services have enhanced public service efficiency, accessibility, and transparency, creating a more favorable business environment. This note features a case study of the all-in-one online government service platform developed in Zhejiang Province, a subnational leader in promoting e-government and business environment reforms. Following general national guidelines, Zhejiang has been a leader in exploring innovations to promote digital government development and business environment reforms. Its reforms both demonstrate the effectiveness of a proactive approach to leveraging digital technologies for administrative efficiency and an improved user experience and highlight the positive impacts on the business environment
    DOI: 10.1596/41326
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Yemen : Connecting the Yemeni Private Sector to the World (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragile States ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This Private Sector Assessment Report on the Republic of Yemen is delivered as part of the Private Sector Technical Assistance project. The goal of the project is to understand the dynamics of the country's private sector during conflict; identify constraints to trade, investment, and finance; and propose recommendations for inclusive private sector entry, survival, and growth. The report also includes an overview of the financial sector's impact on the private sector, especially on the latter's resilience during conflict. Finally, the report provides structural and policy recommendations that, once implemented by the authorities on both national and subnational levels, would prepare the Yemeni private sector to participate in the country's post-conflict recovery and reconstruction
    DOI: 10.1596/41273
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blueprints for Private Investment in Ecosystem Restoration : Lessons from Case Studies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
    DOI: 10.1596/41251
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Closing the Gender Gap in ID Ownership in Ethiopia : Findings and Recommendations (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Civil Registration and Identification ; Gender ; Governance ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In Ethiopia, women are 15 percentage points less likely than men to possess a kebele ID, the primary proof of identity document used in the country. This report unveils findings from a study that aims to grasp the reasons behind this gender gap in ID ownership and offers recommendations for overcoming these barriers in Fayda, the new digital ID system launched by the Government of Ethiopia in 2021. Executed by the World Bank in partnership with Ethiopia's National ID Program (NIDP), the study first uses statistical analysis of ID4D-Findex data to illustrate the nature of the ID ownership gap and its ramifications for women. Subsequently, through desk research and original qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the report delves into four categories of potential reasons for the gap: legal and policy barriers, social and community barriers, economic and procedural barriers, and information and knowledge barriers. In the concluding section, the report offers three key recommendations for integrating gender inclusivity into the Fayda program, drawingfrom the research findings and inputs gathered from qualitative research participants
    DOI: 10.1596/41264
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambodia : Recommendations to the National Roadmap for Electric Mobility Transition (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
    DOI: 10.1596/41263
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Planetary Hinterlands : Extraction, Abandonment and Care (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031242434
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (342 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Globalization, Culture and Society Series
    DDC: 303.482
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Electronic books.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 10
    Online Resource
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    The Palgrave Handbook of South-South Migration and Inequality (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031398148
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (765 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 304.8091724
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Electronic books.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 11
    Online Resource
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    Feminist Activism, Travel and Translation Around 1900 : Transnational Practices of Mediation and the Case of Käthe Schirmacher (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031427633
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (359 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Translation History Series
    DDC: 305.4209034
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    Civil Society Elites : Exploring the Composition, Reproduction, Integration, and Contestation of Civil Society Actors at the Top (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031401503
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (339 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research Series
    DDC: 306.2
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Electronic books.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Women's Private Practices of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Europe (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031447310
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 305.40940903
    Keywords: Electronic books
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  • 14
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    Epistemic Rights in the Era of Digital Disruption (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031459764
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (233 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research - a Palgrave and IAMCR Series
    DDC: 302.231
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Electronic books.
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  • 15
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    Digital Technologies, Temporality, and the Politics of Co-Existence (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031179822
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (95 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 303.4833
    Keywords: Information technology-Philosophy ; Electronic books
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  • 16
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    Relating with More-Than-Humans : Interbeing Rituality in a Living World (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031102943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Anthropology of Sustainability Series
    DDC: 304.2
    Keywords: Human ecology ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 17
    Online Resource
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    Offshoring Response to High-Skilled Immigration : A Firm-Level Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Offshoring Response to High-Skilled Immigration: A Firm-Level Analysis
    Keywords: EU Labor Law ; EU Labor Policy ; Globalization ; Globalized Labor Market ; Immigration ; International Economics and Trade ; Offshoring ; Private Sector Development ; Skilled Short-Stay Immigrants
    Abstract: Using a policy change in the Netherlands in 2012 that made it easier and less costly for firms to employ high-skilled short-stay non-European Union workers and a matched employer-employee data, this paper shows that firms in high-skill industries respond by both employing a higher share of non-European Union immigrants and increasing the total amount of offshoring to non-European Union countries. With reduced costs of hiring short-stay non-European Union workers, small firms hire and fire more non-European Union workers in a given year. Many of these workers return to their home countries, establishing direct connections that boost offshoring to firms in the Netherlands. By contrast, large firms absorb some of the workers leaving the small firms. These workers also establish connections between their host and origin countries, boosting offshoring
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10371
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  • 18
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    Online Resource
    Who should Drive Green Technology Transitions in Developing Countries : State-Owned Enterprises versus Private Firms (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dato, Prudence Who should Drive Green Technology Transitions in Developing Countries: State-Owned Enterprises versus Private Firms
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Emissions Policy ; Emissions Tax ; Environment ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Technology ; Green Technology Research ; Imperfect Competition ; Innovation ; Local Adaptation ; Private Sector Development ; Public Firms ; State-Owned Enterprises
    Abstract: Green technologies, such as renewable energy, often require adaptation to local conditions, such as high humidity, high altitudes or the specifics of a country's infrastructure, to achieve a maximal technical efficiency and a long lifetime of investments. This poses a problem for green technology transitions, as adaptations usually imply protected intellectual property rights and thus market imperfections that can lead to higher prices and thereby a lower uptake of the green technology. An alternative could be to use state-owned enterprises to adapt and promote green technologies, such as public utilities, which are more easily steered toward pursuing societal objectives. However, many empirical studies find state-owned enterprises to be less efficient. This theoretical contribution investigates the question whether a green technology transition that requires research and development is better driven by private firms or state-owned enterprises. The paper adapts a model to this setting, derives possible market outcomes from this model, investigates research and development and production decisions of private firms and a state-owned enterprise, and compares the welfare implications of the two options. The results show that there are cases where the cost inefficiency of the state-owned enterprise dominates (for example, if competition of directly importing firms reduces possible markups of private innovating firms), but also cases where a state-owned enterprise is the preferred choice (for example, if several private firms would adapt the technology, causing over-innovation). Most importantly, this is not solely a question of comparing costs, but rather of comparing market outcomes. For example, the use of a state-owned enterprise can avoid the often found problem of overinvestment in research and development by private firms and, in many cases, a state-owned enterprise will induce a wider diffusion of the green technology
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10506
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  • 19
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    The Value of Information in a Congested Fishery (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Englander, Gabriel The Value of Information in a Congested Fishery
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Fishery Congestion ; Fishery Profits ; Fishing Data ; Fishing Efficiency ; Fishing Industry ; Industry ; Peruvian Anchoveta ; Private Sector Development ; Value of Information
    Abstract: Congestion can reduce the value of a fishery, resulting in a lower total catch for the same amount of labor, fuel, and equipment expended in fishing activities. Absent the congestion externality, better information about the location and size of fish stocks enables fishers to make more efficient decisions. However, more precise information can cause fishers to converge on the same location or increase fishing at the same time. The cost of the resulting increased congestion can outweigh the direct benefit of better information. This paper identifies the circumstances where an increase in the precision of public and/or private information (about stock size or location) lowers industry profits. Using high-resolution data from Peru's anchoveta fishery, the world's largest by catch volume, the research reveals that despite considerable congestion, more precise private information would increase expected profits. On the other hand, the profit impact of more precise public information is positive but significantly smaller. This difference reflects the fact that public information increases congestion to a much greater extent, compared to private information. The policy implications are that improving private information about fish stocks-for example through firms investing in forecasting and decision-making technology-could increase industry profits. But anchoveta fishers would not necessarily benefit from more precise public information. As fishery managers control the accessibility and disclosure of information, decisions to make private information public, such as publishing near real-time catch data, could potentially lower fisher profits
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10543
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  • 20
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    Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Goicoechea, Ana Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Adaptation vs Mitigation ; Burden of Climate Change ; Climate Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Mitigation ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Firms and Climate Change ; Market Failure and Climate Change ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a disproportionate burden from climate change, potentially threatening the operations and profitability of firms. Simultaneously, firms in LMICs may contribute to climate change through the emissions associated with production. This paper synthesizes the empirical evidence on the links between climate change and firms in LMICs. It identifies three major gaps: poor geographic coverage, little discussion of how market failures interact with climate change in ways that constrain firm decisions, and an overall greater focus on policies for mitigation than adaptation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10644
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  • 21
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    Containing Tariff Evasion (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clement, Anne Containing Tariff Evasion
    Keywords: Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Exporters ; Importers ; Law and Development ; Mirror Statistics ; Private Sector Development ; Sea Freight Corruption ; Tariff ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Law ; Trade
    Abstract: To identify transactions at risk of tariff evasion, this paper matches export transaction data from France with import transaction data from Madagascar using container identifiers. Reporting discrepancies between exporters and importers are prevalent but small, with over two-fifths of importers reporting in a way that increases their tariff liability. Yet, aggregate tariff revenues are 24 percent lower due to discrepancies. These revenue losses are highly concentrated: the top five evaders account for three-quarters of all tariff revenue losses and larger shipments are more at risk of evasion. Tariff enforcement in Madagascar is ineffective and only marginally mitigates revenue losses
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10606
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  • 22
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    Mauritius Public Expenditure Review - From Resilience to Performance : Modernizing Fiscal Policies to Boost Mauritius's Growth Post-pandemic (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Education Equity ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Finance Management
    Abstract: Mauritius's economy has grown dramatically since the country's independence in 1968, and its rapid development offers a powerful example for developing economies worldwide. However, growth dynamism has waned in recent years. In addition, Mauritius was hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and headwinds from Russia's war in Ukraine. Nevertheless, Mauritius has shown strong resilience, and with an economic recovery now well underway, the government has an opportunity to implement structural reforms to boost inclusive growth and sustainably regain high-income status. Reorienting the country's fiscal policy will be critical to this effort, to better align revenues and expenditures and to strengthen macroeconomic stability, which played a major role in Mauritius's economic success. Mauritius's transition to a knowledge-based economy will also require a robust competitive environment and sustained investment in human capital and innovation. This report identifies opportunities to enhance the impact of fiscal policy on macroeconomic stability and accelerate the transition toward greener, more resilient, and knowledge-based growth. The recommended reforms are designed to prioritize investment in productive assets while continuing to meet the social needs of an aging society in a cost-effective manner and strengthening resilience against climate change and other shocks. The report also identifies opportunities to leverage Mauritius's low-carbon growth potential in line with the focus of its most recent budgets
    DOI: 10.1596/40788
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  • 23
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    Promoting Innovative Entrepreneurship in Viet Nam : An Ecosystem Diagnostic (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem ; Finance Risk ; Market Dynamism ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Public Research Sector
    Abstract: This report provides a diagnostic of Viet Nam's entrepreneurship ecosystem and details a set of targeted recommendations for improving conditions for innovative entrepreneurship in the country. The diagnostic consists of four components: 1.) An overview of the Vietnamese private sector, with a focus on market dynamism; 2.) A demand side analysis focused on the flow of ideas, skills, and technology that contribute to the pipeline of innovative startups; 3.) A supply-side assessment of public support and private risk finance throughout the firm lifecycle, and 4.) An analysis of the ecosystem framework conditions. The report finds that the overall quality and the level of public support for entrepreneurship is low; founders have challenges with key aspects of running a business, such as developing product-market fit, growth strategies, and team building; and risk capital markets are heavily dependent on foreign funds and investors and have gaps in early-stage finance. The report concludes with three policy recommendations for improving Viet Nam's entrepreneurial performance: 1.) Reorient the national flagship Program 844 on "Supporting the National Innovation Initiative to 2025" toward building a pipeline of investment-ready, innovative startups; 2.) Address regulatory barriers related to risk capital investments; and 3.) Increase the contribution of the public research sector to the innovative startup agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/40694
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Republic of Congo Country Climate and Development Report - Diversifying Congo's Economy : Making the Most of Climate Change (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Governance ; Climate Resilience ; Economic Diversification ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Health Costs ; Natural Capital ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Republic Of Congo ; Sustainable Growth
    Abstract: The Republic of Congo (RoC) CCDR is a new World Bank core diagnostic report that integrate climate change and development considerations. It is intended to help the country prioritize the most impactful actions that can boost adaptation and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while delivering on broader development goals. The CCDR builds on data and rigorous research and identify main pathways to reduce climate vulnerabilities and GHG emissions, including the costs and challenges as well as benefits and opportunities from doing so. The report highlights that RoC could reduce poverty in rural areas by 40% and in urban areas by 20% by 2050 by implementing more ambitious reforms to promote economic diversification and climate resilience. It also concludes that business as usual is not an option. Economic losses could reach up to 17% of GDP by 2050 if reforms to diversify the economy and attract more climate investments are not taken. Climate impacts could also increase total health costs from USD 92 million in 2010 to USD 260 million by 2050. The report identifies four priorities to promote sustainable growth in the country: (i) stronger and greener infrastructure and services in electricity, transport, water, and sanitation can deliver transformative results; (ii) More climate-ready education, health systems and social services can save lives and bring critical resources to the poorest; (iii) More investments in natural capital including climate smart agriculture and greater forest management along will help create jobs while reducing carbon emissions; (iv) better climate governance to leverage carbon markets. The forest contributes to USD 260 million in timber exports and store over 44 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Protecting and valorizing the forest is critical to turn the country's natural capital into wealth. The report emphasizes that the private sector has a critical role to play in mobilizing financing for an ambitious set of reforms and investments in the context of tight fiscal space. This will require raising awareness on risks and opportunities from climate change, and innovative solutions and financial sector reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/40433
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bruhn, Miriam Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Government ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper assesses the medium-run effects of government support to firms during the COVID-19 crisis and whether the effectiveness of this support varied with its timing. Using data from three rounds of the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys carried out between May 2020 and April 2022, it relates government support in Round 1 (received in the first half of 2020) and Round 2 (received during the second half of 2020 or early 2021) with firm performance in Round 3 (generally mid-2021). Controlling for a host of background characteristics, firms that received support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales, but only if they did not have continued support. Firms that also received support in Round 2 had similar Round 3 sales as those that received no support and were more likely to decrease employment. Firms that received government support only in Round 2 experienced no boost in Round 3 performance. The findings suggest that government support should be provided promptly, but it should also be phased out quickly
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10641
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    The Cultural Production of Social Movements (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031333132
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (181 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 303.484
    Keywords: Electronic books
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    Capital and the Cosmos : War, Society and the Quest for Profit (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031185014
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (162 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 303.483
    RVK:
    MS 4745
    Keywords: Space sciences-Social aspects ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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    Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Resource Management in Asia (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031168406
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (343 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 304.2
    Keywords: Geography ; Electronic books
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    The Mcgurk Universe : The Physiological and the Psychological in Audiovisual Culture (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031186332
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (227 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Audio-Visual Culture Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.019
    Keywords: Culture-Psychological aspects ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Preamble -- Audiovisual Culture -- Chapter 2: The McGurk Universe: Neuro and Aesthetic Theory -- Neuroscience, Aesthetics and the Study of Film -- Evolutionary Psychology and the Brain -- Perception -- Neuroscience -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Perpetual Realism: Mediating Fantasy and Reality -- The Reality Effect -- Audiovisual Traditions and Realism -- Evidence for the Real -- Doubling Perception: The Technical Analogue -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Mediating the Psychological and the Physiological -- Bridging 'The Gap' -- Mediating: Physiological Reality, Psychological Fantasy -- Toggling the Phantasmagorical Gap: 'Fantasy' and 'Reality' -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Gestalt, Spandrels and Synergy -- Audiovisuals and Gestalt Psychology -- Gestalt Extrapolation -- Spandrels and Sweet Spots -- Extrapolating Off-Screen Sound: The Technological Supernatural -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6: 'Gymnasium for the Senses': The Artificiality of Audiovisual Space -- Experiencing Audiovisual Spaces -- Rural Sights and Sounds -- Nonindifferent Nature -- Changed Perception, Underload and Overload -- Perceptual Health -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Conclusion.
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    Engendering Migration Journey : Identity, Ethnicity and Gender of Thai Migrant Women in Hong Kong (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031159756
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (158 pages)
    Series Statement: Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305.4841209593095125
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Starting the Journey -- Introduction -- Background of the Research -- Aims and Significance of the Research -- Research Questions -- Research Focus and Design -- Overview of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Investigating Migrant Women in Hong Kong: Toward an Intersectional Analysis Approach -- Women's Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region -- Southeast Asian Migrants in Hong Kong -- Transnational Migration -- Transnationalism and Migration -- Incorporating Gender into Transnational Migration -- Toward an Intersectional Analysis of Migration -- Contemporary Identity Theories -- National Identity -- Ethnic Identity -- Gender Identity -- Identity Negotiation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Establishing the Ethnographic Study of Thai Migrant Women in Hong Kong -- Conceptual Frameworks to Guide the Ethnographic Study -- Research Design -- Gatekeeper in Fieldwork -- The Field Site and the Researcher's Multiple Role -- Study Participants and Recruitment -- Selection Criteria -- Sampling Processes -- Data Collection Methods -- Pilot Study -- Interview Questions -- Formal Interviews -- Participant Observation -- Data Management and Analysis -- Issues Relating to Trustworthiness and Authenticity -- Ethical Considerations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Transnational Migration and Identity Negotiation: Under the Gaze of Buddhism -- Introduction -- Transnationalism and Transnational Migration -- Transnationalism and Identity -- Buddhism and Transnational Nationalism -- Transnational Space and Belonging -- Rethinking Buddhism and Gender Equality -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Navigating the Ethnic Boundary: From "In-Between" to Plural Ethnicities -- Introduction -- Southeast Asian and Thai Migrants in Hong Kong.
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    Exploring Hartmut Rosa's Concept of Resonance (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031180606
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (173 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 301.01
    Keywords: Rosa, Hartmut,-1965- ; Alienation (Social psychology) ; Collective memory ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- 1: Introduction: Moments of Resonance -- Three Accounts -- Aspects of Resonance -- Strengths of Resonance -- Aims and Structure -- Works Cited -- Bibliography -- Filmography -- 2: Defining, Critiquing, Defending and Revising Resonance -- Defining Resonance -- Four Criteria -- Critiquing Resonance -- Defending Resonance: Rosa's Response -- Revising Resonance -- Works Cited -- Bibliography -- 3: Towards a Spectrum of Resonance -- Dichotomies of Resonance -- A Decentring -- A First Tension: Apprehension and Recognition -- Affects and Habits -- The Pain of Others -- A Second Tension: Thought and Knowledge -- Thinking and Morality -- The Spectrum: Critical Resonance -- Arendt and Cooke -- The Spectrum: Affirmationist Resonance -- Reason and Affect -- Works Cited -- Bibliography -- 4: Resonance and Aesthetic Experience: Between Critique and Postcritique -- Good Vibrations and Passionate Affinities -- Rosa's Aesthetic Theory -- Rosa and Felski on Immediacy: Similarities -- Rosa and Felski on Immediacy: Differences -- Hegelian Hangovers and Adornian Traces -- Works Cited -- Bibliography -- Filmography -- 5: The Spectrum of Resonance and Edgard Reitz's Heimat -- Why Heimat? -- The Reception of Heimat -- Attachment and Heimlichkeit -- Heimat and Reitz -- Critical Elements -- Uncritical Elements -- Felski and Immersion in Heimat -- Critical and Affirmationist Resonance with Heimat -- The Balance between Critical and Affirmationist Resonance -- Distance and Otherness -- Works Cited -- Bibliography -- Filmography -- 6: The Spectrum of Resonance and Amna Suraka -- Decolonizing Resonance -- The KRI -- Amna Suraka -- Cultural Resonance -- Heroic Resonance -- The Prison Complex -- The Sculptures -- Apprehending Suffering -- Ellipses -- Affirmation and Critique -- An Irresistible Force -- Works Cited.
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    Valuing the Past, Sustaining the Future? : Exploring Coastal Societies, Childhood(s) and Local Knowledge in Times of Global Transition (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031117169
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (241 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: MARE Publication Series v.27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 304.208309146
    Keywords: Human geography ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Exploring Coastal Societies and Knowledge in Transition Across Generations -- 1.1 Coastal Communities in Transition -- 1.2 The Changing Values of Education and Knowledge -- 1.3 Education, Knowledge, and Sustainability -- 1.4 Researching Children and Young People: Theoretical Perspectives -- 1.5 Methodology -- 1.6 Mapping the Chapters of This Volume -- References -- Chapter 2: Coastal Communities Past, Present, and Future? The Value of Social and Cultural Sustainability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conceptualising Sustainability -- 2.2.1 Sustainable Development -- 2.3 Sustainability in Small Coastal Communities -- 2.4 Challenges of Coastal Sustainability and the SDG Agenda -- 2.4.1 Social and Cultural Sustainability - A Relational Intergenerational Approach -- 2.4.2 Bringing Culture In -- 2.5 Cultural Heritage and Collective Social Memory -- 2.6 Local Knowledge Transmission -- 2.7 Justice and Sustainability -- 2.8 Valuing the Past, Sustaining the Future? -- References -- Chapter 3: Growing Up in a Norwegian Coastal Town in the Nineteenth Century: Work and Intergenerational Relations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Intergenerational Relations and Child Work -- 3.3 Shipping Industry in Porsgrunn in the Nineteenth Century -- 3.4 Young Boys at Sea -- 3.5 Changing Businesses and Child Work in Porsgrunn -- 3.6 Child Work and Intergenerational Relations on Shore in Porsgrunn -- 3.7 Work, Education and Intergenerational Relations in a Pre-modern Coastal Community -- References -- Chapter 4: `I´m Treading Water Here for My Generation´: Gendered and Generational Perspectives on Informal Knowledge Transmiss... -- 4.1 Introduction - Local Knowledge in Coastal Contexts -- 4.2 Setting the Coastal Context: The Transition from Working Childhoods to Educational Trajectories.
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    Fashion Heritage : Narrative and Knowledge Creation (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031068867
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (344 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 391
    Keywords: Fashion-History ; Clothing trade-History ; Electronic books
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    Digital Surveillance in Southern Africa : Policies, Politics and Practices (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031166365
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (233 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 303.3
    Keywords: Electronic surveillance-Africa, Southern ; Privacy, Right of ; Africa, Southern-Politics and government ; Electronic books
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    Indigenous Resistance in the Digital Age : On Radical Hope in Dark Times (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031172953
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 305.8
    Keywords: Environmental protection ; Electronic books
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    Man-Made Women : The Sexual Politics of Sex Dolls and Sex Robots (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031193811
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (207 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.77
    Keywords: Sex dolls-Political aspects ; Sex machines ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 The End of Sex Robots-For the Dignity of Women and Girls -- From Sex Robots to Porn Robots and the Rise of the FATES -- The Chapters -- References -- 2 Modern-Day Pygmalions-Reproducing the Patriarchy -- Orpheus' Song -- Modern Pygmalions and Female Inferiority -- Violence Towards Pornbots -- Fetishists -- Pygmalions Co-Opt Women to Self-Objectify -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Mapping the Uses of 'Sex' Dolls: Pornographic Content, Doll Brothels and the Similarities with Rape -- Introduction -- The 'Sex' Doll/Robot Rationale -- The Rise of Doll Pornography -- Brothels with Dolls and Dungeons -- The Simulation of Doll Rape -- Final Thoughts and Ideas -- References -- 4 Fetishism and the Construction of Male Sexuality -- Male Sexuality and the Social Control of Women -- Social Construction of Sexuality -- Sexology -- The Perversions -- Sex Dolls, Sex Robots, Chatbots -- The Liberation of the Perversions -- The Fetish Industry -- References -- 5 Playthings and Corpses-Turning Women into Dead Body Objects: Sexual Objectification, Victimisation, Representation and Consent in Art and Sex Dolls/Robots -- A Cautionary Tale -- An Angry Aside -- Hans Bellmer's Sex Dolls -- Bellmer's Influence -- Alexander McQueen: The Bellmer Harness -- Necrophilia and Victimhood -- Objectification -- The Structure of Representation -- The Pose, the Photograph and Victimisation -- The Prostitution of Sexuality and the Cult of Consent -- The Art and Sex Doll/Robot Collusion -- Psychephilia and the Girlfriend Experience -- References -- 6 Patriarchal Imaginaries Beyond the Human: 'Sex' Robots, Fetish and Fantasy in the Domination and Control of Women -- Introduction -- The Right to Sex -- The Patriarchal Porn Robot Imaginary -- Fetishes, Fantasies and Enchantment -- Bodies, Freedom and Power -- Conclusion.
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    Migration, Culture and Identity : Making Home Away (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031120855
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (214 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Politics of Citizenship and Migration Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 304.8
    Keywords: Immigrants-Social networks ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Making Home Away: Introduction to the Collection -- Remaking Home Through Displacement -- Thematic Resonances -- Chapter Contributions -- References -- Chapter 2: Watfa' Speaks -- Contextualizing a Shared History -- Mass Influx and Asylum in the Ottoman Empire -- Deterritorialized Belonging and Social Duty of Hospitality -- Interviewing Watfa' -- Watfa' Remembers Damascus -- Conclusion: Pursuing Home -- References -- Chapter 3: Refugee-Refugee Hosting as Home in Protracted Urban Displacement: Sudanese Refugee Men in Amman, Jordan -- Introduction -- Refugee Hosting as an Act of Care -- Context -- Care and Home in Displacement -- Living in Hosting Relationships -- Exchanges and Ambivalences of Care in Refugee-Refugee Hosting -- Being and Feeling at Home -- Place Belonging -- Politics of Belonging -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Archiving Displacement and Identities: Recording Struggles of the Displaced Re/making Home in Britain -- Introduction -- Recording Life Histories Through Civic Engagement in the Archive: Methods and Methodology -- Archiving "moving memories" of Home to the Displaced -- Remembering "Home": Which Home? -- The Displaced and "Crisis of Reception" -- London as a Complex Home: Identities of Sudanese, Syrian, and Moroccan Displaced Men -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Archival Home Making: Reference, Remixing and Reverence in Palestinian Visual Art -- Introduction -- The Archive, Art, and Home -- Reclaiming Home: Archival Sensibilities in Contemporary Visual Art from Palestine -- The Art Competition and the Archive as Theme -- The Exhibition: Process, Practicality, and Materiality -- Archival Art and the Intergenerational Relations of Home Making -- Concluding Thoughts -- References.
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    Ecological Footprints of Climate Change : Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031155017
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (782 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Springer Climate Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 304.25
    Keywords: Climatic changes-Effect of human beings on ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Ecological Footprints in Changing Climate: An Overview -- Introduction: Concept of Ecology, Ecosystem, and Natural Resources -- Biological Capacity/Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint -- Climate Change -- Asia -- Central America and the Caribbean -- Africa -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- South-West Pacific -- Europe -- Components of Ecological Footprint and Climate Change Consequences -- Land/Soil Ecosystem -- Forest Ecosystem -- Aquatic Ecosystem -- Carbon Footprint, Climate Change, and Sustainability -- Ecosystem and Sustainability -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Assessing Global-Scale Synergy Between Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development for Projected Climate Ch... -- Introduction to Climate Change -- Key Drivers of Projected Climate Changes, Risks, and Impacts -- Projected Changes, Risks, and Impacts Under Climate Change -- Scenarios Beyond Twenty-First Century -- Future Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies -- Basics of Decision-Making -- General Aspects of Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches -- Mitigation Pathways -- Adaptation Pathways -- Sustainable Development with Adaptation and Mitigation -- Response Options for Mitigation and Adaptation -- Integrated Response Options -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Global Warming Impacts on the Environment in the Last Century -- Introduction -- Radiative Forcing to Climate Change -- Global Response to 1.5 C Global Warming -- Global Warming and the Environment -- Global Warming Impacts on Agriculture -- Global Warming Impact on Soil Resources -- Global Warming Impact on Water Resources -- Global Warming and Land Degradation -- Global Warming and the Forest Ecosystem.
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    Gothic War on Terror : Killing, Haunting, and PTSD in American Film, Fiction, Comics, and Video Games (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031170164
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (331 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Gothic Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.09730905
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Praise for Gothic War on Terror -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- Part I: Introduction: The Sandstorm of War -- Chapter 1: Interpreting Gothic Presence Inside the Global War on Terror's Novels, Comics, Movies, and Video Games Via Trauma Theory -- References -- Part II: Novels -- Chapter 2: Jess Walter's The Zero (2006): Terrorism, Lovers, &amp -- WTC Apparitions -- Critical Reception -- Autoimmunity Disease -- Ghosts -- Torture -- Interrogation -- Ghost Bars and Familiar Strangers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: J. Robert Lennon's Castle (2009): Behaviorism, Protégés, &amp -- Ghost Detainees -- References -- Chapter 4: Joyce Carol Oates' Carthage (2014): Death, Maidens, &amp -- Revenant Witnesses -- Frankenstein's Creature -- References -- Part III: Comics -- Chapter 5: Rick Veitch and Gary Erskine's Army@LOVE (2007-2009): Recruitment, Orgies, &amp -- Hairy Monsters -- References -- Chapter 6: Kyle Baker's Special Forces (2009): Jihad, Infantrywomen, &amp -- Orphan Kidnappers -- References -- Chapter 7: Frank Marraffino and Henry Flint's Haunted Tank (2009-2010): Bastards, Civil War, &amp -- Spectral Generals -- References -- Chapter 8: Tom King and Mitch Gerads' The Sheriff of Babylon (2015-2016): Contracting, Insurgents, &amp -- Dead Policemen -- References -- Part IV: Films -- Chapter 9: Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins (2005): Vigilantism, Poison, &amp -- Mad Doctors -- The Rat, the Cat, and the Bat -- The Dark Knight Trilogy -- Orphans and Ghosts -- Doctors and Flashbacks -- References -- Chapter 10: Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008): Interrogations, Lies, &amp -- Anarchic Jokers -- Torture and the Force Drift -- References -- Chapter 11: Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises (2012): Prisons, Bombs, &amp -- Catalytic Catwomen -- References.
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    Citizen Fetus : The Changing Image of Motherhood (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031171611
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (377 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.8743
    Keywords: Fetus-Social aspects ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- 1: Introduction: The Wavering Fortunes of the Fetus -- The Wavering Fortunes of the Fetus -- Part I: The Ascent of the Fetus -- 2: The 1960s and the 1970s -- The Seeds of Change Are Sown -- The Sexual Revolution -- Unveiling Pregnancy in the 1960s and the 1970s -- Medical-Pharmaceutical Disasters -- The Nestlé-Powder Milk Scandal and the Birth of La Leche League -- Gestating Dangerously -- Private and Hospital Referrals -- The Psycho-prophylactic Method -- Childbirth in the 1960s and the 1970s -- Iconic Pictures -- A Serene Pregnancy and a Sweet Birth -- Bibliography -- 3: The 1980s -- The Advent of Ultrasound -- Amniocentesis and CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) -- The Fear of Radiation -- The Horrifying Fetus -- The Birth of the New Fathers -- Thomas Verny and International Fetal Societies -- The Silent Scream: A Loud Deceit -- The Birth of Fertility Treatments -- Pregnancy in the 1980s -- The Delivery During the 1980s -- Starting Research -- Breaking Bad and Sad News -- Bibliography -- 4: The 1990s -- Fetal Images -- Bonding with Fetuses -- Fetal Primers and Magazines -- The Consumer Fetus -- 'Reborn' Fetuses and Dolls -- Motherhood on the Covers of Glossy Magazines -- Delivery in the 1990s -- The Rise of the Doula -- Fading Excitement at Birth -- From Star to Fallen Star -- Bibliography -- 5: The First Decade of the New Millennium -- The Revolution of Assisted Reproduction Technologies -- Frozen for Eternity -- The Twins Epidemic -- Wondrous and Miraculous Fetuses -- The Transparent Uterus -- Keepsake Ultrasound -- Belly Casts -- Ann Geddes's Misleading Talent -- Pregnancies of the Stars -- Sexy in the Consulting Room -- Losing a Child -- The Vanishing Twin and the Demise of Fetal Twins -- Bibliography -- 6: 2010-2019 -- The Viral Fetus -- The Royal Fetus.
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  • 41
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    Indigenous Churches : Anthropology of Christianity in Lowland South America (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031144943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (259 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Anthropology of Religion Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.098
    RVK:
    BE 8409
    RVK:
    LC 29645
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Foreword: New Pluralities -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Indigenous Churches-Christian Affiliations and Inter-denominational Relationships in Lowland South America -- Indigenous Peoples and Christianity in the South American Lowlands -- Ways Forward: Indigenous Churches in Comparative Perspective -- Anthropology of Christianity, Indigenous Churches, and Inter-denominational Relations -- Indigenous Churches -- Inter-denominationalism and Denominational Boundaries -- Historical Processes, Cosmological Confluences, and Sociocultural and Physical Environments -- Indigenous Churches in Their Historical and Political Contexts -- Shamanism and the Construction of Inter-denominational Boundaries -- Negotiating Christianities: Materiality, Institutions, and Leadership -- Indigenous Churches' Modes of Organization: Alliances and Divisions -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Floating Charisma: Leaderships, Denominations, and Materialities in Argentine Chaco Indigenous Churches -- "We were never Catholics": The Evangelio as the Production of Group Charisma -- The Game of Denominations: Unitary Utopias and Fragmentary Realities -- "Having a Church": Strategies and Materialities of Leadership -- Floating and Sinking Charisms: Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: "They Are Very Different from Us": Institutional Form, Leadership, and Inter-denominational Relations in Amazonia -- Introduction -- The Yine, Christianity, and Inter-denominationalism -- Denominations as Formal Entities: Tensions Related to Economics and Education -- Catholic Church: A Provider of Resources? -- Evangelical Church: Close to God -- Pentecostal Church: Bewildering Formlessness -- Denominational Leaders as Representatives of Their Institutions.
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  • 42
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    Gloria Anzaldúa's Hemispheric Performativity : Pieces, Shuffles, Layers (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031218705
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (122 pages)
    Series Statement: Literatures of the Americas Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305.86872073
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Performative Concepts of the Americas -- Introducing a Theory in Motion -- Hemispheric Performativity -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Scissors and Glue: Material Writing Dynamics -- On Hands and Knees -- Stories and Drafts -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Bones and Skin: Anzaldúa's Bodymindsouls -- Hormones and Oranges -- A Continual Doing -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Colors and Shapes: From Borderlands to Nepantla -- Hot Pink Houses, Red Pepper Fields -- Canvas and Clay -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Three Museums: "Border Arte's" Multiplications -- A Living Text -- Three Museums -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: A Hemispheric Perspective on Anzaldúan Textualities -- Intertexts of the Americas -- Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- Bibliography -- Index.
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  • 43
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    Migrant Construction Workers in Times of Crisis : Worker Agency, (Im)mobility Practices and Masculine Identities among Albanians in Southern Europe (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031187988
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (286 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 304.8404965
    Keywords: Europe, Southern-Emigration and immigration ; Electronic books
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  • 44
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    Gender and Family Practices : Living Apart Together Relationships in China (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031172502
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (191 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Genders and Sexualities in the Social Sciences Series
    DDC: 306.8509510905
    Keywords: Families-China ; Electronic books
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  • 45
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    Asylum Seekers in Australian News Media : Mediated (in)humanity (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031185687
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (235 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 302.23086914
    Keywords: Australia-Emigration and immigration ; Electronic books
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  • 46
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    Bordering and Governmentality Around the Greek Islands (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031085895
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (232 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Mobility and Politics Series
    DDC: 305.906910949582
    Keywords: Border security ; Immigrants-Government policy ; Electronic books
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  • 47
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    Sex Clubs : Recreational Sex, Fantasies and Cultures of Desire (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031140501
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (213 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 306.70941
    Keywords: Sex customs-Great Britain ; Sex industry-Great Britain ; Electronic books
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  • 48
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    Planning for Success : Strategies of Investment Promotion Agencies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Promotion Agencies ; IPA Strategy ; KPI ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: Governments establish investment promotion agencies (IPAs) as part of the larger framework fostering private sector development and contributing to achieving national development objectives. IPAs do this by attracting and supporting investments that will translate into more and better jobs; higher wages; more revenue for local businesses; and the skills, technologies, and new economic activities which will, in turn, lead again to more jobs, wages, and local revenue. In order to do this, the IPA must identify its own strategic objectives and chart a path towards the achievement of these objectives. Cascading from national strategies and plans, the IPA's strategy is a key tool that helps it succeed by guiding it to focus on the investors most likely to invest and generate the desired impacts, engage in the most suitable activities to cater to investors along the investment lifecycle, and make the best use of its resources, capabilities, and partnerships. This note serves as a guide to IPAs and policy makers in the development, adoption, and implementation of IPA strategies, drawing on World Bank Group experience and examples of good practices around the world. It presents the essential elements of an investment promotion strategy and the critical steps for its development and implementation
    DOI: 10.1596/39644
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  • 49
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    Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? : Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia
    Keywords: COVID Shock To Informal Firms ; COVID-19 Economic Recovery ; COVID-19 Impact ; Equity and Development ; Firms in Crisis ; Informality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Support
    Abstract: Using three rounds of data from the Business Pulse Survey in South Asia, this paper studies the differential effects of the COVID-19 shock on informal firms. It also captures heterogeneity within informal firms based on the degree and motivation of informality. The findings suggest that the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 shock and the recovery speed are strongly associated with the degree of informality. Firms' external attributes, such as size, sector, age, and gender of the owner, do not explain the depth of the impact. Internal characteristics such as poor management capabilities and education of the manager and owners are strong predictors of vulnerability among informal firms. In particular, necessity firms experience a larger drop in sales relative to the parasitic type of informal firms. To add to this, the adjustment response (for example, the use of digital platforms) of informal firms is smaller, which perpetuates the gap between formal and informal firms. Within informal firms, the parasitic type typically have a smaller adjustment response. These findings have implications for policies to support the private sector in the presence of informality, including considerations pertaining to targeting, modality of support, and the instruments required for designing more impactful programs during shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10579
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  • 50
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    Masters of Disasters : The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brucal, Arlan Masters of Disasters: The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Pulse Survey Data ; COVID-19 Impact ; Crisis and Micro and Small Firms ; Crisis Effects ; Informality ; International Finance Corporation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Resilience ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Most crises have a disproportionately larger negative effect on micro-sized firms. Yet, the heterogeneity of impact within micro-sized firms is lesser known. Using five waves of the World Bank's Business Pulse Survey data, this paper finds that firms with zero to four employees have a much larger drop in sales and slower recovery rate compared to micro-sized firms with five to nine employees. The overall differences in the resilience between the two groups of micro-sized firms could potentially be due to a uniformly lower productivity level of firms with zero to four employees. Within the two groups of micro-sized firms, resilience is correlated with their liquidity position, managerial attitudes as well as their abilities. Using discriminant analysis, this paper confirms that a significant proportion of micro-sized firms mimic the behavior of larger firms in terms of their resilience to shocks and could potentially be "misclassified" as micro-sized. These findings have important implications for targeting and tailoring support for enhancing businesses' resilience to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10556
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  • 51
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    Examining Business Reform Committees : Findings from a New Global Dataset (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Georgieva, Dorina Examining Business Reform Committees: Findings from a New Global Dataset
    Keywords: Business Enviornment ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Globl Competitiveness ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector ; Reform Committee ; Regulatory Coherence ; Regulatory Quality
    Abstract: Reform committees (also known as reform councils) are institutional mechanisms or structures tasked with holding policy discussions pertaining to (and making specific recommendations on) regulatory issues, to monitor improvement efforts and ensure regulatory coherence between agencies while enhancing regulatory quality. This paper presents novel granular data on business reform committees for 160 economies collected over 2020-22. The paper presents 35 questions and 238 variables grouped into three pillars: (i) mandate and scope, (ii) organizational structure and operational framework, and (iii) stakeholder engagement and communication. The dataset is unique in that it covers a large number of developing economies and presents detailed insights into the goals, structures, and components of reform committees while contributing to debates on strategies for promoting better regulations. Reform committees are heterogeneous structures, prevalent in lower-middle-income economies, followed by upper-middle-income economies. Most economies with a functioning reform committee state that their mandate is to improve competitiveness globally by improving the business regulatory/legislative framework, going beyond improvements of the business environment for domestic companies. In more than 50 percent of the economies the priorities are set at the ministry level, most commonly the Ministry of Finance or equivalent, followed by the Prime Minister's office. However, reporting lines can be very different-across a quarter of the economies, the chair of the reform committee reports to the President or the head of state, while in close to one-fifth the chair reports to the Prime Minister. In most economies, public sector representatives are members of both the steering board and the working groups. These findings provide new insights into the scope, mandate, and functioning of business reform committees at different income levels and across different regions; they also provide a robust foundation on which subsequent research efforts can build
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10467
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  • 52
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    Buy Big or Buy Small? : Procurement Policies, Firms' Financing, and the Macroeconomy (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als di Giovanni, Julian Buy Big or Buy Small? Procurement Policies, Firms' Financing, and the Macroeconomy
    Keywords: Aggregate Productivity ; Business in Development ; Capital Accumulation ; Financial Friction ; Firm Dynamics ; Governance ; Government Procurement ; International Economics and Trade ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Procurement Rules ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Small Firm Growth Constraint
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework to study how different allocation systems of public procurement contracts affect firm dynamics and long-run macroeconomic outcomes. It builds a novel panel dataset for Spain that merges public procurement data, credit register loan data, and quasi-census firm-level data. The paper provides evidence consistent with the hypothesis that procurement contracts act as collateral for firms and help them grow out of their financial constraints. The paper then builds a model of firm dynamics with asset- and earnings-based borrowing constraints and a government that buys goods and services from private sector firms, and uses it to quantify the long-run macroeconomic consequences of alternative procurement allocation systems. The findings show that policies which promote the participation of small firms have sizeable macroeconomic effects, but the net impact on aggregate output is ambiguous. While these policies help small firms grow and overcome financial constraints, which increases output in the long run, these policies also increase the cost of government purchases and reduce saving incentives for large firms, decreasing the effective provision of public goods and output in the private sector, respectively. The relative importance of these forces depends on how the policy is implemented and the type and strength of financial frictions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10522
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  • 53
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    Firms in Global Value Chains during Covid-19 : Evidence from Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Firms in Global Value Chains during Covid-19: Evidence from Indonesia
    Keywords: Global Value Chain ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Industrial and Market Data and Reporting ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; Non-Tariff Measures ; Port Congestion ; Port of Entry Restriction Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience ; Trade Policy ; Value Chain Participation
    Abstract: Using detailed monthly firm-level trade data from Indonesia from February 2019 to June 2021, this paper shows that firm-level exports were overall more resilient than imports during Covid-19. Firms that participated in global value chains were more resilient to the Covid-19 shock beyond the immediate short-run compared to firms that did not. However, among global value chain firms, those that faced certain types of non-tariff measures on their import products, notably port of entry restrictions, on average faced larger reductions in export quantities and number of transactions compared to firms that did not face such restrictions, consistent with the evidence of major port congestion during Covid-19. Therefore, although international connectedness could be a source of vulnerability to global shocks in the immediate short run, policies that enable firms to be more globally engaged through global value chains could enhance resilience. Relatedly, tackling measures such as port of entry restrictions can ensure fast and efficient port and customs procedures, especially during periods of high port congestion, as global value chain trade requires goods to cross borders many times
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10514
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  • 54
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    The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship in Romania : Background Study for the Romania Gender Assessment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Keywords: Equitable Growth ; Femail Entrepreneurship ; Female Managers ; Financial Inclusion ; Gender ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Private Sector Development ; Self-Employed Women ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Although female entrepreneurship is crucial to generating sustainable and equitable growth patterns, international evidence shows that women tend to be underrepresented in entrepreneurship, and this gender gap has exhibited remarkable persistence. In this study, we first measure the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Romania by using various data sources. We observe significant gender gaps, with the average gender gap in self-employment rates being 4.2 percentage points when abstracting from observable characteristics. Even when controlling for observable characteristics, the gender gap is persistent (3.7 percentage points). Other measures, such as the share of firms with female owners and top managers, indicate that the gap could be even larger. Moreover, we observe that the entrepreneurial gender gap varies across income quintiles and between rural and urban areas. In the second step, we analyze the potential drivers of women's engaging less in entrepreneurship by following the model of the "5 M's" developed by Brush, De Bruin, and Welter (2009). We find that the following drivers play a role in the entrepreneurial gender gap in Romania: gender gaps in financial inclusion and access to assets, harmful gender norms, motherhood, lack of childcare, and eldercare. Our findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach toward female entrepreneurship that factors in the distinct challenges of different groups of women and consists of a menu of policy interventions. Policies should range from improving women's access to relevant assets, human capital, and networks to addressing harmful gender norms and sparking an entrepreneurial culture in Romania more generally. Lastly, our evidence indicates that women are more interested in "impact" entrepreneurship. As women entrepreneurs in Romania mainly operate in the primary sector, givingthem a leading role in the green transition has great potential for more sustainable and equitable growth patterns
    DOI: 10.1596/40668
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    Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine : Synthesis Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2162
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Commercial Sectors ; Domestic Private Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Growth ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment ; Social Sectors
    Abstract: In March 2023, the Second Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA2) identified USD 411 billion worth of investments required for Ukraine's reconstruction. The World Bank Group's new report "Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine", developed in cooperation with Ukraine's government, assesses the potential for private financing to meet these needs under both a status quo scenario and a scenario with reforms and other sectoral interventions
    DOI: 10.1596/40562
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  • 56
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    Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Freund, Caroline Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains?
    Keywords: 10-Digit Us Import Data ; Bilateral Trade Decoupling ; China Supply Chains ; Diversification ; Global Value Chains ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Reshoring ; Tariffs ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the reshaping of supply chains using detailed US 10-digit import data (tariff-line level) between 2017 and 2022. The results show that while US-China decoupling in bilateral trade is real, supply chains remain intertwined with China. Over the period, China's share of US imports fell from 22 to 16 percent. The paper shows that the decline is due to US tariffs. US imports from China are being replaced with imports from large developing countries with revealed comparative advantage in a product. Countries replacing China tend to be deeply integrated into China's supply chains and are experiencing faster import growth from China, especially in strategic industries. Put differently, to displace China on the export side, countries must embrace China's supply chains. Within products, the reorientation of trade is consistent with a "China + 1" strategy, as opposed to diversified sourcing across multiple countries. There is some evidence of nearshoring, but it is exclusive to border nations, and there is no consistent evidence of reshoring. Despite the significant reshaping, China remained the top supplier of imported goods to the US in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10593
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  • 57
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    Business Size, Development, and Inequality in Latin America : A Tale of one Tail (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eslava, Marcela Business Size, Development, and Inequality in Latin America: A Tale of one Tail
    Keywords: Business Size ; Developing Economies Business Data ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level Datasets ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-Enterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Self-Employment
    Abstract: Using official employment surveys for 45 advanced economies and Latin American countries, this paper shows that the positive cross-country correlation between business size and GDP per capita is tighter than previously found using firm-level datasets and finds a close negative business size-Gini relationship. The paper also finds a closer connection between individual income and business size for workers in less developed countries compared with those in advanced economies. Because employment data address the bias against the smallest productive units that characterize firm-level datasets, our approach uniquely assesses and highlights the dominance of the left tail of the business size distribution in less developed countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10584
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  • 58
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    Africa's Pulse, No. 28, October 2023 : Delivering Growth to People through Better Jobs (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Debt Vulnerabilities ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Space ; Inflation ; Jobs ; Political Instability ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development
    Abstract: Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to slow to 2.5 percent in 2023 from 3.6 percent in 2022. It is projected to increase to 3.7 percent in 2024 and 4.1 percent in 2025. However, in per capita terms, the region is projected to slightly contract over 2015-2025. The region faces many challenges, including a "lost decade" of sluggish growth, persistently low per capita income, mounting fiscal pressures exacerbated by high debt burdens, and an urgent need for job creation. Tackling these multifaceted issues requires comprehensive reforms to promote economic prosperity, reduce poverty, and create sustainable employment opportunities in the region. This will require an ecosystem that facilitates firm entry, stability, growth, and skill development that matches business demand
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  • 59
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    Asking Better Questions : The Effect of Changing Investment Organizations' Evaluation Practices on Gender Disparities in Funding Innovation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miller, Amisha Asking Better Questions: The Effect of Changing Investment Organizations' Evaluation Practices on Gender Disparities in Funding Innovation
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Africa Gender Innovation Lab ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Governance ; Gender Gap ; Innovation ; Investment in Women Owned Enterprise ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Female innovators raise fewer resources from investors, even when their ventures are similar to those of all-male teams. Efforts to mitigate the disparities have typically focused on changing how founders seek investment. However, the causes of gender disparities are systemic: in uncertain contexts, evaluators value women's competence or leadership potential lower than men's, and investors inquire more about risks when facing female founders than males. What is the effect of investment organizations' evaluation practices on gender disparities in funding innovation This paper examines a two-stage global field experiment with investors making 1,871 investment decisions on early-stage startups, which resulted in USD 320,000 invested in 16 startups. The experiment changed an organization's evaluation framework to systematize investor inquiry across all ventures by including prompts about (1) risk and reward and (2) progress during the evaluation period. This caused treated investors to (1) assess startups more consistently and (2) assess startup competence more dynamically than control investors. It eliminated, even reversed, the gender gap in investment outcomes. These results have implications for organizations making decisions in uncertain contexts, and those aiming to reduce gender disparities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10625
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    Focused Assessment of the International Development Association's Private Sector Window : An Update to the 2021 Early-Stage Assessment by the Independent Evaluation Group (Approach Paper) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; International Development Association ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window ; PSW
    Abstract: Attracting private capital and developing the private sector in low-income countries are challenging. The challenges involved in mobilizing private capital and developing the private sector in many IDA countries, especially those that are fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), are substantial (World Bank 2016). In many of these countries, the domestic private sector is small, informal, and constrained by a weak macroeconomic and regulatory environment, infrastructure bottlenecks, and a limited skilled labor force. High country risks and capital flight concerns make domestic and international investors reluctant to engage, particularly in FCS, which also experience security risks. As a result, IDA countries' ability to attract private investment and grow the local private sector remains limited. The assessment will update a previous IEG evaluation of the Private Sector Window (PSW) and complement a concurrent paper by the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This focused assessment (the PSW evaluation update) responds to a request by the Committee on Development Effectiveness and World Bank Group management for IEG to prepare an update to The World Bank Group's Experience with the IDA Private Sector Window: An Early-Stage Assessment (World Bank 2021), which was completed by IEG in July 2021 and covered the PSW implementation experience under the 18th Replenishment of IDA (IDA18) for fiscal years 2018-20. The PSW evaluation update will add IDA19 and early IDA20 PSW projects. Concurrently, IDA, IFC, and MIGA are jointly preparing a paper on the PSW as an input to the IDA20 Mid-Term Review, focused on implementation progress and early results of the PSW (the IDA PSW paper). The IEG and IDA-IFC-MIGA teams working on the two assessments have agreed to conduct complementary analyses to inform the Mid-Term Review
    DOI: 10.1596/40092
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    Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors : An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10274
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  • 62
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    Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Davies, Elwyn Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom: Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Adult Remote Learning ; Business Training ; Digital Delivery ; Educational Sciences ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Remote Skill Training Effectiveness ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Standard in-person business training programs are costly and difficult to scale to the millions of microenterprises in the developing world. The authors conducted an experiment to test the feasibility, cost-savings, and impact of delivering live training sessions over Zoom to microentrepreneurs in Mexico and Guatemala. This paper demonstrates that it is now feasible to recruit and train self-employed women online, covering a wide geographic area, with few technology issues. However, the cost savings over in-person classes are less than expected. Training improved business practices and performance over two months, but the impacts had dissipated within six months
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10574
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  • 63
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    Firms' Digitalization during the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Tale of Two Stories (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Avalos, Edgar Firms' Digitalization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale of Two Stories
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Adoption in Developing Countries ; Digital Divide ; Digitalization ; Firm-Level Innovation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation and Technology Policy ; Mobiity Restrictions and Digitalization ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the digital transformation of businesses. Using a unique global panel dataset, this paper documents the patterns of digital adoption during the pandemic across firms in 57 (mostly developing) countries. The data show the tale of two stories. On one hand, the pandemic drove firms to increase the use of digital platforms and invest in digital solutions. On the other hand, there is evidence that the digital divide increased. There remain substantial gaps between small and large firms as well as across sectors, particularly for new investments in digital solutions. Firms that did not use any digital platform or channel before the pandemic, also lagged in their response to the pandemic, increasing the gap with those that were more digitally ready. Moreover, although the share of online sales across firms for all size groups increased, there is a growing concentration of online sales among top firms. The paper discusses some of the factors associated with this increase in the digital divide and find that changes in digitalization remain even after mobility restrictions have eased. The analysis suggests that the pandemic has accelerated digitalization, but some firms disproportionately benefited from the digital transformation, potentially increasing the digital divide
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10284
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  • 64
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    Digital Technology uses among Microenterprises : Why is Productive use so Low across Sub-Saharan Africa? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atiyas, Izak Digital Technology uses among Microenterprises: Why is Productive use so Low across Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Digital Technologies ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; ICT Business Linkages ; ICT Economics ; Inclusion ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet ; Jobs ; Microenterprise ICT ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Smartphone ; Technology Use Gender Gap
    Abstract: This paper explores the use of digital technologies, their association with performance outcomes, and the main constraints to greater use among microenterprises. The study uses a sample of more than 3,300 firms across seven Sub-Saharan African countries, of which over 70 percent are informal and over half are self-employed enterprises with no full-time workers. The analysis finds that productive use of digital technologies is low: less than 7 percent of firms use a smartphone, less than 6 percent use a computer, and roughly 20 percent still do not use a mobile phone. Even fewer firms use digital tools enabled by these access technologies: among firms with smartphones, less than half use the internet to find suppliers, and only half with a computer use accounting software or inventory control/point-of-sale software. Women are less likely to use all digital technologies than men. A greater range of uses based on internet-enabled computers or smartphones relative to uses based on 2G phones are conditionally associated with higher job levels. However, there may be a tension between higher productivity and more jobs: the highest productivity firms are not generators of the highest jobs, and vice versa. That formal high-sales and high-jobs firms are more strongly associated with the use of internet-enabled tools than high-productivity firms suggests that relaxing constraints preventing the latter from using more such digital tools and expanding sales and jobs could be important. Among these constraints, more than seven in ten non-users indicate that lack of attractiveness ("no need") is the main impediment to productive use of digital technologies. The most important conditional correlates of smartphone and computer adoption are related to having a loan, having electricity, having business linkages with large firms as customers, and managers having vocational training
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10280
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  • 65
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    The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Decomposition Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Decomposition Analysis
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; COVID-19 Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic Supply Chain Disruption ; Decomposition ; Firm Size ; Firm Size and Resilience ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Small And Medium Size Enterprise (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Supply Chain Disruption Impact
    Abstract: This study analyzes the difference in the decline in sales between small and medium-size enterprises and large firms (the "gap") following the outbreak of COVID-19 in 19 developing countries. The decline in sales as a percentage of the pre-pandemic level was bigger for small and medium-size enterprises by 12.2 percentage points. The paper uses the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder and quantile decomposition methods to estimate individual factors' contributions to the gap at the mean and across the sales decline distribution. Several important results emerge. First, relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises faced greater incidence of input supply disruptions during the pandemic, had lower initial labor productivity levels, and were concentrated in country-industry cells with a bigger sales declines. These differences in the level of factors widened the gap. Small and medium-size enterprises also suffered more than large firms from a given level of financial constraints, input supply disruptions, and country-industry-specific factors, and benefitted less from a given level of initial labor productivity. These differences in the returns to factors also widened the gap. Second, the gap was much larger at the relatively high quantiles of sales decline distribution, indicating that relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises were much less resilient to large shocks than small shocks. Third, individual factors' contribution to the gap varied across the sales decline distribution. Thus, the optimal policy mix depends on the size of the shock. Fourth, there were some important differences between geographical regions in what drove the gap. Thus, an eclectic policy approach is needed that duly accounts for the prevailing local conditions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10562
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  • 66
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    Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? : F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Covid-19 Pandemic Firm-Level Impact ; Crisis Recovery In Informal Economies ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firm's Investment Decision ; Informality ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Bank Business Pulse Survey
    Abstract: Using three rounds of the World Bank's Business Pulse Surveys in South Asia, this paper quantifies the relationship between informality and firms' investment and employment decisions. Accounting for multidimensionality in definition and the margins of informality, the analysis suggests that first, informal firms remain credit and liquidity constrained before and during the crisis, especially the necessity firms. In the pre-crisis period, access to finance is correlated with the extensive margin of informality, while during the crisis, both margins of informality matter. Second, informal firms perceive uncertainty to be higher because of pessimistic expectations on recovery and lower ability to predict future sales, especially the necessity firms. Third, credit constraints and accentuated uncertainty among informal firms discourage investments. Finally, while employment growth is slow and gradual for formal firms as they begin to recover sales, job growth in informal firms does not correspond to the recovery. The results suggest that countries with a large informal sector may face unusually depressed investments and jobs recovery and may have to deploy additional policy levers to accelerate recovery in the post-crisis period
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10580
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  • 67
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    The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina, Juan J The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Equity Financing ; Equity Issuance Activity ; Equity Market Liberalization ; Firm Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; International Economics and Trade ; International Investors ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Stock Connect
    Abstract: The internationalization of China's equity markets started in the early 2000s but accelerated after 2012, when Chinese firms' shares listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen gradually became available to international investors. This paper documents the effects of the post-2012 internationalization events by comparing the evolution of equity financing and investment activities for (i) domestic listed firms relative to firms that already had access to international investors and (ii) domestic listed firms that were directly connected to international markets relative to those that were not. The paper shows significant increases in financial and investment activities for domestic listed firms and connected firms, with sizable aggregate effects. The evidence also suggests that the rise in firms' equity issuances was primarily and initially financed by domestic investors. Foreign ownership of Chinese firms increased once the locally issued shares became part of the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Emerging Markets Index in 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10513
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  • 68
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    Trade Credit : Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cull, Robert Trade Credit: Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Institutions ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development and Growth ; International Trade ; Medium-Sized Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Credit
    Abstract: Trade credit remains an important source of finance for firms in developing countries and many firms in developed countries, especially those that are young, small, or informationally opaque for other reasons. This paper summarizes the literature and explains the pervasiveness of trade credit, detailing its potential advantages over formal credit in terms of the information that buyers and sellers have about each other and their ability to monitor one another. Because it requires less formal contract enforcement, trade credit can be especially relevant where the rule of law and the legal system are weak. At the same time, reliance on information from social networks and informal institutional arrangements limits the scale of trade credit, and thus moderate improvements to formal enforcement can expand trade credit beyond social networks and enable customers to switch suppliers, which improves their credit terms. The patterns suggest a sweet spot or "Goldilocks" region where mid-size firms and those in countries at middling levels of development tend to rely relatively more heavily on trade credit than others. Going forward, detailed data on the relationship between suppliers and customers are crucial to enable more direct tests of theoretical predictions regarding trade credit
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10468
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  • 69
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    Tajikistan Economic Update : Focusing On Boosting Private Sector Dynamism In Tajikistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Growth and Prices ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payments ; Poverty Projections ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Finances
    Abstract: Private sector participation in the Tajik economy is relatively large, but dynamism is very low. Analysis with micro-level data points to multiple weaknesses: low entry rate, low productivity, limited integration to trade, low incidence of innovation, and limited capabilities. Also revealing is that private firms struggle to grow as they age. All these aspects reflect a business environment that does not reward the more efficient firms or those with the highest growth potential. The Covid-19 effects brought additional challenges to this low-level equilibrium scenario with shocks in sales and financial distress. The silver line aspect stems from the increasing use of digital technologies. Still, the apparent digital divide regarding firm size poses questions on the real implications for future productivity performance. Against this backdrop, and to tackle the long-term weaknesses of the private sector in Tajikistan, it is crucial to remove barriers that prevent the reallocation of resources towards more productive firms so that the private sector becomes more efficient and able to generate more and better jobs. In this case, and to prioritize measures that maximize effects on aggregate demand in the short-medium-run, it is crucial to give precedence to structural policies that remove impediments to firm entry and expansion of the private sector. Three sets of barriers deserve particular attention: (i) barriers to competition, (ii) barriers to foreign direct investment, and (iii) trade barriers. These barriers must be tackled together because they all reinforce each other regarding firms' competitiveness
    DOI: 10.1596/40114
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  • 70
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    Philippine Jobs Report : Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Attracting Business Investment ; Business Environment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation and Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Regulations ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce aims to inform jobs policy by examining key determinants and outcomes of jobs. Jobs are created when the macroeconomic environment is conducive and policies are predictable to businesses with sustained growth, trades, and investments. At the same time, a large body of literature also shows that economic growth alone is not sufficient for generating jobs. Jobs are created when firms pursue expansion through innovation and competitiveness and demand for more labor input, while workers' skills and human capital are able to meet the needs of firms. Intrahousehold resource allocation and decisions for labor supply also affect the jobs outcomes. It is not uncommon that workers as self-employed create jobs by initiating their own business. The market clearing process of labor is then affected by labor market institutions, most notably labor market regulations and labor policies and programs. These are key determinants of how easy it is to start a business or to hire a worker, how high labor costs are, and how efficiently firms and workers are matched. Part I looks into the country's labor market in chronological order, while Part II discusses three major areas of Philippine jobs - labor regulation, international migration, and emerging demands for green and digital jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/39600
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  • 71
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    Missing SDG Gender Indicators (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beegle, Kathleen Missing SDG Gender Indicators
    Keywords: Corporate Data and Reporting ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Goals ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; National Statistical System ; Private Sector Development ; Statistical Indicators ; Tracking Gender SDG Goals
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goal agenda lays out an ambitious set of 231 indicators to track progress. Countries continue to fall short in terms of reporting on the indicators in general, and this is particularly the case for the subset of 50 gender-related indicators, where countries reported on average on 31 percent of these indicators in at least one year from 2016 to 2020. A closer look at this low coverage reveals four salient fundings. First, this is not just a problem of missing data; lack of reporting on existing data is detected to be a problem. For example, of the 32 gender-related indicators that are sex disaggregated, if countries that had a population estimate also had a sex-disaggregated estimate (which is almost always feasible), the Sustainable Development Goal gender coverage rate would be 43 percent instead of 31 percent. Second, better statistical systems are a major part of the solution, as statistical system strength is correlated with higher coverage. Third, poorer countries are doing no worse in reporting on gender-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators than high-income countries, despite weaker statistical systems. Lastly, sizable over (and under) performance in reporting, conditional on statistical strength, suggests that country-level advocacy and focus can yield wins in Sustainable Development Goal gender indicator coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10544
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  • 72
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    The Business of the State (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (204 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Climate ; Competition ; Firm Dynamics ; Private Sector Development ; SOE ; State Owned Enterprises
    Abstract: The state, as an owner of businesses, competes and collaborates with the private sector, and this involvement has profound implications for investment and growth. Governments actively participate in commercial markets in different forms, from controlling the production of goods and services to investing in firms as a minority shareholder. The impact of state participation on an economy's growth depends on the type of public-private ownership, the types of markets, and the importance of those markets in the economy. The impact also depends on how policies and institutions regulate both the businesses with state ownership and the markets in which they are active. The Business of the State uses new evidence covering 91 countries from the World Bank's Global Businesses of the State database to highlight the distinction between businesses of the state and traditionally understood state-owned enterprises. The report analyzes how different ownership forms across sectors and institutional settings affect private investment, productivity, technology adoption, and job creation. It also analyzes how government participation in markets influences the ability of economies to respond to shocks, from pandemics to climate change. The report proposes a clear analytical framework for understanding the consequences of relying on businesses of the state to attain specific development goals
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  • 73
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    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2023 : Sluggish Growth, Rising Risks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Business Dynamism ; ECA ; Economic Forecasts ; Economic Growth ; Europe and Central Asia ; Inflation ; International Development ; Private Sector Development ; Role of the State ; Russia's Invasion of Ukraine
    Abstract: Europe and Central Asia (ECA) continues to be negatively impacted by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, tighter global financial conditions, persistent inflation, and global economic fragmentation. Economic growth in the region is projected to remain weak relative to the long-term trend, delaying the convergence of living standards to those of high-income countries. Climate change is becoming a serious constraint on growth, as extreme weather events are affecting the region with increased frequency and severity. Economic growth for the emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) of the Europe and Central Asia region has been revised up to 2.4% for 2023. The pickup in growth reflects improved forecast for war-hit Ukraine and for Central Asia as well as consumer resiliency in Turkiye and better-than-expected growth in Russia because of a surge in government spending on the military and social transfers. Nevertheless, growth remains weak relative to the long-term pre-pandemic averages. Downside risks cloud the outlook for the 23 EMDEs in Europe and Central Asia. High inflation may persist amid heightened volatility in global commodity markets and a surge in energy prices. Global financial markets may become more volatile and restrictive due to tightening financing conditions. Global growth for 2020-2024 is the weakest than during any five-year period since 1990 and may weaken further
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  • 74
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    Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes : A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tillan, Pablo Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes: A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Export Competitiveness ; Export Impacts ; Firm Dynamics ; Gender and Labor Markets ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Limited Export Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the overall impact of exports while accounting for supply chain linkages on local labor market outcomes in the Arab Republic of Egypt between 2007 and 2018. The paper assesses the effects not only on directly exporting industries, but also on industries indirectly affected by rising export demand. Furthermore, it examines potential impacts on specific groups of workers, such as high-skilled individuals and female workers. The results show that trade does not lead to the same connection with domestic labor markets in Egypt as observed in other countries, as highlighted in the existing literature explaining the adverse effects of imports on developing countries. Despite being more open to trade, trade-intensive industries in Egypt have not experienced a significant increase in their share of employment within the overall workforce. To harness the benefits of trade, Egypt must undertake deeper reforms aimed at significantly expanding the export sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10614
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  • 75
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    Towards a National Jobs Strategy for Kuwait : Behavioral Jobs Diagnostic Study (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2153
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Jobs ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Starting A Business ; Transition
    Abstract: This report presents a diagnostic study of barriers to private sector participation focusing on young Kuwaitis. The General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development (GSSCPD), Kuwait Public Policy Centre (KPPC) and the World Bank's behavioral science team, the Mind, Behavior, and Development Unit (eMBeD), partnered to conduct a series of data collection activities seeking to identify key structural and behavioral barriers that prevent higher youth participation in the private sector. The right of every Kuwaiti to work is mentioned in Articles 26 and 41 of the Constitution and in various Emiri decrees. The Constitution also commits to state provision of allowances for housing, health care, education, as well as social security, pensions, and disability benefits. Overall, Kuwaiti citizens tend to consider public sector employment to be superior to private sector employment. Reasons for this include greater job security, less burdensome responsibilities, generous pay and benefits, and shorter working hours in the public sector compared to private sector (Towards a National Jobs Strategy in Kuwait, 2021). Given this, there is limited incentive for Kuwaitis to work in the private sector. Indeed, Kuwaiti nationals account for only 4.3 percent of the private sector workforce (Labor Market Information System, 2019), the majority of which is made up of expatriates. The public sector, on the other hand, employs 76 percent of Kuwaiti citizens (Labor Market Information System, 2019). However, the sustainability and efficiency of this system is more than ever under question. High population growth and expected entry of many Kuwaiti nationals into the jobs market by 2022 is putting pressure on public sector employment, and the rising wage bill presents further fiscal challenges (International Monetary Fund, 2019). Public sector entities, which are under pressure to absorb these entrants, are already overstaffed
    DOI: 10.1596/40543
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    The Union of Comoros Country Economic Memorandum : Boosting Growth for Greater Opportunities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Accommodation and ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Economic Growth ; Fisheries and ; Fisheries Sector ; Growth Potential ; Human Capital ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Regionalization ; Tourism Industry ; Tourism Sector
    Abstract: Comoros is at the crossroads to redefine its future and become an upper-middle income country by 2050, but this would require implementing an ambitious reform agenda that focuses on increasing productivity and private investment. The current business-as-usual policy framework has delivered low private investment and human capital, sectoral growth below potential, and no poverty eradication. Pursuing this policy framework, which would not allow Comoros to reach the GDP growth target of 7.5 percent by 2030 laid out in the national development plan, could result in GDP per capita of USD 1,890 and a poverty rate of 22.9 percent by 2050. By contrast, under a policy framework of ambitious reforms that include measures to increase inclusiveness, Comoros could reach a GDP per capita of USD 3,934 and reduce the poverty rate to below 5 percent by 2050. Supported by the continuous implementation of ambitious reforms, such a level of GDP per capita could have Comoros reach upper-middle-income status by 2050. Under this ambitious reform agenda, private investment would average 11.9 percent of GDP in 2023-2050, and total factor productivity growth would average 1.45 percentage points per year during the same period
    DOI: 10.1596/40534
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  • 77
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    Closing Gender Gaps in Earnings (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Business Ethics, Leadership and Values ; Development Policy Lending ; Earning Equity ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender Equity ; Gender Policy ; Male Dominated Employment Sectors ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Gap ; Womens Skills Development ; Womens Work ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Gender gaps in earnings persist across all regions. For every dollar men make, women make 77 cents. Closing this gap can lead to sizeable gains for economies - an estimated 160 trillion dollars in global gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. A multitude of factors contributes to this gap and this note sheds light on some of the key drivers. Effective evidence-backed policy options to close the earnings gap include providing information on work opportunities and returns to employment, training in socio-emotional skills, imparting sector-specific technical skills to address occupational segregation and adopting pay-transparency laws. The World Bank Group actively supports countries to boost women's access to better, high-quality jobs through development policy lending, advisory and analytical work, and supporting reforms to address constraining contextual factors. This note examines an array of policy options that are effective or show promise in closing gender gaps in earnings and offers some key takeaways
    DOI: 10.1596/39596
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  • 78
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    Hong Kong As Creative Practice (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031213625
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Creativity and Culture Series
    DDC: 302.095125
    Keywords: Social psychology ; Electronic books
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  • 79
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    The Past and Future of Regional Potential Growth : Hopes, Fears, and Realities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kasyanenko, Sergiy The Past and Future of Regional Potential Growth: Hopes, Fears, and Realities
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Competitiveness ; Demographics ; Developing Economies ; Emerging Markets ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment ; Potential Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Total Factor Productivity
    Abstract: Potential growth slowed in most emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) regions in the past decade. The steepest slowdown occurred in the Middle East and North Africa (MNA), followed by East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), although potential growth in EAP remained one of the two highest among EMDE regions, the other being South Asia (SAR), where potential growth remained broadly unchanged. Projections of the fundamental drivers of growth suggest that, without reforms, potential growth in EMDEs will continue to weaken over the remainder of this decade. The slowdown will be most pronounced in EAP and Europe and Central Asia because of slowing labor force growth and weak investment, and least pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa where the multiple adverse shocks over the past decade are assumed to dissipate going forward. Potential growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, MNA, and SAR is expected to be broadly steady as slowing population growth is offset by strengthening productivity. The projected declines in potential growth are not inevitable. Many EMDEs could lift potential growth by implementing reforms, with policy priorities varying across regions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10368
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  • 80
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    How Selling Online is Affecting Informal Firms in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio How Selling Online is Affecting Informal Firms in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business in Development ; Customer Acquisition ; E-Commerce Platform ; E-Commerce Sellers ; Growing Smallbusinesses ; Informal Employment ; Informality ; Market Access ; Online Shopping App ; Onlinebusiness ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Understanding how e-commerce platforms are affecting the small, informal firms that sell on them is a question of growing importance to researchers and policy makers in developing countries. This paper examines this question using data from surveys of firms selling on two e-commerce platforms in South Asia. The businesses selling on these platforms range widely in terms of size, degree of formalization, and other characteristics. However, these firms - even the micro and small ones, which tend to be informal - are from a selected group, being owned and managed by individuals who are more educated and younger than the owners and managers of more typical firms in this setting. The sellers' main reason for joining the platforms is to access more customers. Most of the sellers report an expansion of their business after joining the platforms. They also report an increase in their incentive to register their business and their visibility to tax authorities. Other, less widespread channels of impact reported by the firms include the adoption of new or improved business practices and technologies, better access to finance, and greater flexibility in balancing home and work life. In general, these reported impacts do not vary significantly by firm size or degree of formalization, suggesting that even informal, small firms that have (selectively) joined e-commerce platforms can benefit from the greater market access facilitated by the platforms. Finally, given size and age, firms that have been selling on the platform for a longer period are more likely to experience these impacts, suggesting that firms learn how to use the platform more effectively over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10306
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  • 81
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    Futures of Anti-Racism : Paradoxes of Deracialization in Brazil, South Africa, Sweden, and the UK (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031144066
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (303 pages)
    Series Statement: Mapping Global Racisms Ser.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zakharov, Nikolay Futures of Anti-Racism
    DDC: 305.8
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 82
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    Political Economy of Gender and Development in Africa : Mapping Gaps, Conflicts and Representation (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031188299
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (236 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 305.40960905
    Keywords: Women-Social conditions ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 83
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    Blame and Political Attitudes : The Psychology of America's Culture War (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031202360
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 303.60973
    Keywords: Culture conflict ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 84
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    Values, cities and migrations : real estate market and social system in a multi-cultural city (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031169267
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 255 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Green energy and technology series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 333.332
    Keywords: City planning ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms -- A Chain of Words as an Introduction: Human Dignity, Language, Identity, Citizenship, Values, Human Capital and Urban Spaces -- 1 A Chain of Words -- 2 Global, Local, Glocal -- 3 Human Dignity, Citizenship, Identity -- 4 Identity, Cohabitation, Public Space -- 5 Language, Citizenship, Urban Spaces -- 6 Human Capital, Dignity -- 7 Cities, Territories, Values -- References -- Values and Relational Systems in Multicultural Societies -- Environmental, Social and Inter-Generational Justice at Territorial Level: The Contribution of Planning Evaluation and Multicriteria Decision Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Territorial Wicked Problems -- 3 The Contribution of Decision Theory -- 4 Conclusive Remarks -- References -- In the Name of Antigone: Migrants and Human Rights in Contemporary Urban Spaces -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Notion of Dignity and the Criticism of Global Inequalities -- 3 Human Dignity and Spatial Justice -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Populism and Immigration: (Re)Inventing Identities Through Language -- 1 Introduction -- 2 In Search of Scapegoats: The Fear of Immigration -- 3 Language and Immigration -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- The Approach of Ethnopsychology in the Encounter with the Other -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ethnopsychology and the Misunderstanding with the Other -- 3 The Concept of Dwelling in a Transcultural Key -- References -- Axiology of Human Capital. The Dignity of the Other -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Human Capital Concept -- 2.1 The Concept of Human Capital in a Hetero-Centred Perspective -- 2.2 Human Capital Measurement Approaches in a Hetero-Centred Perspective -- 2.3 The Concept of Human Capital in an Intermediate Perspective Between Hetero-Centred and Self-centred.
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  • 85
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    Feminist art in resistance : aesthetics, methods and politics of art in Turkey (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031176388
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (xiv, 182 pages) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Arts Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dastarlı, Elif Feminist art in resistance
    DDC: 701.03
    Keywords: Feminism and art ; Feminism and art-Turkey ; Turkey ; Electronic books ; Türkei ; Frauenkunst ; Ästhetik ; Kunstpolitik
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 86
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    Fashion and Feeling : The Affective Politics of Dress (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031191008
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (344 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Fashion and the Body Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fashion and Feeling
    DDC: 391
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- On Terminology: "Affect," "Feeling," "Emotion" -- Affect Theories -- Feeling Clothes, Enclothing Feelings -- Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I: Feeling Wardrobe Histories -- Chapter 2: Closet Feelings -- References -- Chapter 3: Militarized Comfort: How to Feel Naked While Wearing Clothes -- Wartime Comfort -- Post-WWII Comfort -- Ordinary Comfort -- References -- Chapter 4: Costume Design and Emotional Communication in 1940s British Cinema -- Ealing Studios and the Changing Relationship Between Audiences and Film Fashions in Post-war British Cinema -- Hue and Cry: Negotiating the Morality of Desire and Consumption at a Time of Austerity -- Passport to Pimlico: Navigating Conflicted Emotions Through Out-of-Place Clothes -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Can Fashion Feel? -- The Work and Care of Biotic Clothing -- An Uneasy Dress -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Reparative Fashion -- Chapter 6: Designing Clothes for and from Love: Disability Justice and Fashion Hacking -- Cripping Love -- Love Through Fashion Hacking -- Centring Collective Access -- Sharing Knowledge and Resources -- Holding Intersectional Disabled Stories -- Self-reflection and Accountability -- Fashion Hacking as Multidirectional Community Love Practice -- References -- Chapter 7: Beading Is Medicine: Beading as Therapeutic and Decolonial Practice -- A Common Denominator: Beadwork -- Beading Decolonial Space into Existence -- Beadwork as a Fashion Practice? -- Beading as Medicine During the Covid-19 Pandemic -- References -- Chapter 8: All that Cloth Can Carry (on a Queer Body) -- Acknowledgement of Country -- Guidance for the Reader -- Introduction -- Mauri and Aliveness in Fashion -- Stitching Queer Grief and Trauma -- Stitching Queer Loss.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19100-8
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 87
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    Romanian Folklore and Its Archaic Heritage : A Cultural and Linguistic Comparative Study (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031040511
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (425 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 398.209498
    Keywords: Mythology, Indo-European ; Mythology, Romanian ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 88
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    Fashioning Politics and Protests : New Visual Cultures of Feminism in the United States (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031162275
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (274 pages) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Fashion and the Body Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305.409730904
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 89
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    Contesting Anthropocentric Masculinities Through Veganism : Lived Experiences of Vegan Men (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031195075
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (261 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 305.31094
    Keywords: Masculinity-Social aspects ; Men ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 90
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    Kids Cybersecurity Using Computational Intelligence Techniques (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031211997
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (279 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Studies in Computational Intelligence Series v.1080
    DDC: 302.34302854678
    Keywords: Computational intelligence ; Internet and children ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 91
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    The Implications of Emerging Technologies in the Euro-Atlantic Space : Views from the Younger Generation Leaders Network (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031246739
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (244 pages) , Illustration
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 303.483
    Keywords: Technological innovations-Social aspects ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 92
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    Speaking Youth to Power : Influencing Climate Policy at the United Nations (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031142987
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Media and Environmental Communication Series
    DDC: 305.235
    Keywords: Mass media and youth ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 93
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    Representing Gender-Based Violence : Global Perspectives (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031134517
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (319 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 302.23082
    Keywords: Violence in mass media ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 94
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    Converged Radio, Youth and Urbanity in Africa : Emerging Trends and Perspectives (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031194177
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (261 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 302.231096
    Keywords: Digital media-Africa ; Radio broadcasting-Social aspects-Africa ; Urban youth ; Urban youth-Africa ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 95
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    Dangerous Bodies : New Global Perspectives on Fashion and Transgression (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031062087
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Studies in Fashion and the Body Series
    DDC: 306.4
    Keywords: Fashion-Social aspects ; Human body-Social aspects ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 96
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    Understanding Workplace Relationships : An Examination of the Antecedents and Outcomes (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031166402
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (448 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 302
    Keywords: Work environment-Social aspects ; Interpersonal relations ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 97
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    Understanding Indigenous Gender Relations and Violence : Becoming Gender AWAke (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031185830
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (392 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 305.488
    Keywords: Indigenous women-Social conditions ; Sex role ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 98
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    Social Value, Climate Change and Environmental Stewardship : Insights from Theory and Practice (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031231452
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 303.372
    Keywords: Climatic changes ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 99
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    Chihera in Zimbabwe : A Radical African Feminist Principle (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031124662
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (360 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 305.42096891
    Keywords: Equality ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 100
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    Visual Rhetorics of Communist Romania : Life under the Totalitarian Gaze (2023)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031188060
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (258 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    DDC: 302.230949809045
    Keywords: Power (Social sciences) ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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