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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jobs Undone : Reshaping the Role of Governments Toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa (2022)
    New York : World Bank Publications
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464817366
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (159 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305.5620956
    Keywords: Economic development ; Labor policy ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Meeting the Jobs Challenge in the Middle East and North Africa -- Introduction -- Voices of Young Entrepreneurs in the MENA Region -- Country Tables -- Chapter 2 The Lost Promise of More and Better Jobs -- Introduction -- Exclusion and Informality -- The Plight of Female Workers -- Not the Jobs of the Future -- The Impact of COVID-19 -- Notes -- References -- Jordan: An Online Learning Platform to Deliver Accessible, Quality Education -- Chapter 3 What Prevents the Creation of More and Better Jobs in MENA? -- Introduction -- Pathways that Link Market Contestability with Jobs -- The Region's "Sclerotic" Private Sector -- The Plight of Female Entrepreneurs -- Limited Overall Economic Growth -- Notes -- References -- West Bank: A Food Processing Factory That Empowers Women -- Tunisia: A Beverage Manufacturer That Brings Instant Tea and New Flavors to New Markets -- Chapter 4 The Suspects That Limit Market Contestability and Job Creation -- Introduction -- Product Market Regulations and SOEs -- Labor Market Regulations and Related Taxes -- Gendered Laws -- Notes -- References -- Morocco: A Safe Carpool Platform to Share Trip Costs -- Chapter 5 Toward More Contestable Markets -- Introduction -- Leveling the Playing Field in the Product Market -- Reshaping the Relationship between the Government and Workers -- Fostering Women's Inclusion in All Economic Spheres -- Working "at the Margins" to Find Feasible Reform Paths -- Data for Reforms -- Note -- References -- Arab Republic of Egypt: A Platform to Deliver Pharmacy Services -- Lebanon: A Platform with Global Appeal to Help Restaurants Personalize Guests' Dining Experience -- Saudi Arabia: A Platform to Help Women and Other Customers Run Errands.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Decomposition Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Decomposition Analysis
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; COVID-19 Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic Supply Chain Disruption ; Decomposition ; Firm Size ; Firm Size and Resilience ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Small And Medium Size Enterprise (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Supply Chain Disruption Impact
    Abstract: This study analyzes the difference in the decline in sales between small and medium-size enterprises and large firms (the "gap") following the outbreak of COVID-19 in 19 developing countries. The decline in sales as a percentage of the pre-pandemic level was bigger for small and medium-size enterprises by 12.2 percentage points. The paper uses the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder and quantile decomposition methods to estimate individual factors' contributions to the gap at the mean and across the sales decline distribution. Several important results emerge. First, relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises faced greater incidence of input supply disruptions during the pandemic, had lower initial labor productivity levels, and were concentrated in country-industry cells with a bigger sales declines. These differences in the level of factors widened the gap. Small and medium-size enterprises also suffered more than large firms from a given level of financial constraints, input supply disruptions, and country-industry-specific factors, and benefitted less from a given level of initial labor productivity. These differences in the returns to factors also widened the gap. Second, the gap was much larger at the relatively high quantiles of sales decline distribution, indicating that relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises were much less resilient to large shocks than small shocks. Third, individual factors' contribution to the gap varied across the sales decline distribution. Thus, the optimal policy mix depends on the size of the shock. Fourth, there were some important differences between geographical regions in what drove the gap. Thus, an eclectic policy approach is needed that duly accounts for the prevailing local conditions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10562
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exports and Women Workers in Formal Firms (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Amin, Mohammad Exports and Women Workers in Formal Firms
    Abstract: Theory suggests several ways in which exporting may benefit women's employment. However, the empirical evidence is mixed and limited, especially for developing countries. This paper uses firm-level survey data for 91 developing countries to estimate the relationship between exporting and the share of women workers at the firm. The analysis pays close attention to endogeneity concerns. First, it proxies a given firms' exports by the average exports of all other firms in the same country-year-industry cell. Second, it exploits the repeated cross-section nature of the data and analyzes how changes over time in exporting activity are associated with changes in the share of women workers. The strategy is more immune to endogeneity problems than pure cross-section regressions. Third, it tests several mechanism or mediating factors as predicted by the theory through which exporting impacts women's employment prospects. The predictions are confirmed in the data, an unlikely scenario if exports were a mere proxy for other correlated drivers of women's employment. The results show a large, positive impact of higher exports on the share of women workers. A conservative estimate is that for each percentage point increase in the ratio of exports to total sales, the share of women workers increases by 0.16 percentage point. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, this positive relationship is much larger (more positive) in industries that rely more on women workers, in country-industry pairs where competitive pressure is largely from international markets in comparison to less competitive domestic markets, when social attitudes and labor laws are more favorable toward women's work, and when the law and order situation is more business friendly
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9527
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data Transparency in the Middle East and North Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islam, Asif M Data Transparency in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Access To Government Information and Data ; Data Access ; Data Openness ; Governance ; Industry ; Poor Data Ecosystems ; Social Contract for Data ; Statistical Capacity ; Transparent Economic Data
    Abstract: Data transparency about critical economic issues may be key to driving growth and enhancing trust in government in the Middle East and North Africa. Several knowledge products and technical analyses on the region have been greatly constrained by the lack of availability of detailed data, and the relatively outdated nature of many available datasets. The goal of this study is to ascertain the state of data systems in the Middle East and North Africa region. Through analysis of several indicators, with their limitations in mind, the study uses descriptive analyses and uncovers six stylized facts of the region: (i) developing economies in the Middle East and North Africa have poor data ecosystems, largely due to the prevalence of conflict; (ii) developing economies in the Middle East and North Africa as a group have experienced the largest deterioration in data systems over time; (iii) data systems in richer economies in the Middle East and North Africa region underperform relative to their income peers; (iv) Gulf Cooperation Council economies underperform in data openness, especially online access, despite having the resources for online features; (v) the regulatory framework for data (data infrastructure) is poor throughout the region, especially in Gulf Cooperation Council economies; and (vi) the dispersion of source data scores - a measure of availability and timeliness of micro data - in the region suggests that national statistical offices in the region could learn from each other. Furthermore, the study summarizes data availability and timeliness for specific macro, micro, and public health indicators for countries across the region. The need for forging a social contract for data is discussed, as well as the role international institutions can play through a statistics compact for the region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10346
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data Transparency and GDP Growth Forecast Errors (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gatti, Roberta Data Transparency and GDP Growth Forecast Errors
    Keywords: Data Transparency ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Outlook ; Forecast Error ; GDP Growth Forecast ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Optimism ; Statistical Capacity
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of a country's data transparency in explaining gross domestic product growth forecast errors. It reports four sets of results that have not been previously reported in the existing literature. First, forecast errors-the difference between forecasted and realized gross domestic product growth-are large. Globally, between 2010 and 2020, the average same-year forecast error was 1.3 percentage points for the World Bank's forecasts published in January of each year, and 1.5 percentage points for the International Monetary Fund's January forecasts. Second, the Middle East and North Africa region has the largest forecast errors compared to other regions. Third, data capacity and transparency significantly explain forecast errors. On average, an improvement in a country's Statistical Capacity Index, a measure of data capacity and transparency, is associated with a decline in absolute forecast errors. A one standard deviation increase in the log of the Statistical Capacity Index is associated with a decline in absolute forecast errors by 0.44 percentage point for World Bank forecasts and 0.49 percentage point for International Monetary Fund forecasts. The results are robust to a battery of control variables and robustness checks. Fourth, the role of the overall data ecosystem, not just those elements related to gross domestic product growth forecasting, is important for the accuracy of gross domestic product growth forecasts. Finally, gross domestic product growth forecasts from the World Bank are more accurate and less optimistic than those from the International Monetary Fund and the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10406
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jobs Undone : Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank | Washington, D.C. : The World Bank Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 pages)
    DDC: 305.5620956
    Keywords: Capital ; Competition ; Connectiveness ; Contestability ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Regulation ; Product Market ; Productivity ; Social Contract ; Structural Change ; Workers
    Abstract: A decade since the spark of the Arab Spring, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region continues to suffer from limited creation of more and better jobs. Youth face idleness and unemployment. For those who find jobs, informality awaits. Few women attempt to enter the world of work at all. Meanwhile, the available jobs are not those of the future. These labor market outcomes are being worsened by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. 'Jobs Undone: Reshaping the Role of Governments toward Markets and Workers in the Middle East and North Africa' explores ways to break these impasses, drawing on original research, survey data, wide-ranging literature, and young entrepreneurial voices from the region. The report finds that a prominent reason behind MENA's unmet jobs challenge is a lack of market contestability in the formal private sector. Few firms in the region enter the market, few grow, and those that exit are not necessarily less productive. Moreover, firms in the region invest little in physical capital, human capital, or research and development, and they tend to be politically connected. At the macro level, economic growth has been mediocre, labor productivity is not being driven by structural change, and the growth of the stock of capital per capita has declined. New evidence generated for this report shows that the lack of dynamism is due to the prevalence of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). They operate in sectors where there is little economic rationale for public activity and they enjoy favorable treatment--flouting the principles of competitive neutrality. Meanwhile, labor regulations add to market rigidity, while gendered laws restrict women's potential. To change this reality, the state must reshape its relationship toward markets, toward workers, (...)
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1735-9
    URL: Inhaltsbeschreibung der Sammlung und Zugangshinweise
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Online Resource
    A Cautionary Tale : An Experiment on the Stability of Business Environment Perceptions in a Firm Survey (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Islam, Asif M A Cautionary Tale: An Experiment on the Stability of Business Environment Perceptions in a Firm Survey
    Abstract: Several studies in the literature have adopted attitude or perception-based survey questions to evaluate the business environment and its effect on firms. The Enterprise Surveys of the World Bank are not an exception. In the case of the Enterprise Surveys, these questions involve rating an element of the business environment at the end of each section of the survey instrument. Such questions are often used but sometimes are inconsistent with responses elicited on the experience of the firm over a specific timeframe-experience-based questions. The literature is mixed as to whether perception-based questions are susceptible to anchoring or context effects. In this study, an experiment is set up to explore whether perceptions of the business environment are stable or vulnerable to the ordering of questions in the Enterprise Surveys questionnaire. The experiment entails randomizing the placement order of the perception-based questions at the end of a section or at the beginning of the survey. Significant question-order effects are uncovered only for perceptions of corruption and business licensing and permits but not the other elements, after accounting for a variety of factors. The study recommends that analysis in these two areas should go beyond perception-based questions and verify their findings with experience-based questions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9610
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Gender Labor Productivity Gap across Informal Firms (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islam, Asif M The Gender Labor Productivity Gap across Informal Firms
    Keywords: Capitalization Gender Gap ; Crime ; Education Inequality ; Formalization Of Economy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Social Protections ; Informal Economy ; Informal Firm Productivity Measure ; Labor Disparity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity Factors ; Productivity Gender Gap ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Women-Owned Firms
    Abstract: This study uncovers a gender labor productivity gap among informal firms in 14 developing economies. The results show that labor productivity is approximately 15.2 percent (or 0.165 log point) lower among women-owned than men-owned informal firms. Decomposition techniques reveal several factors that contribute to lower labor productivity of women-owned informal firms relative to men-owned informal firms. These include lower education, lower experience, lower capitalization, and less protection from crime among women owners than men owners of informal firms. However, the smaller size of the women-owned firms and their greater return from producing or selling under contract and from security payments narrows the productivity gap. The results provide several specific and general policy recommendations for improving the labor productivity of women-owned informal firms and closing the gap with male-owned informal firms. For one, a substantial amount of the productivity gap can be closed by providing more resources to women such as education, managerial experience, and physical capital. The study also provides some preliminary results on another important policy objective 'the costs and benefits of formalization as perceived by women-owned versus men-owned informal firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10011
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Scars of Pandemics from Lost Schooling and Experience : Aggregate Implications and Gender Differences through the Lens of COVID-19 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Samaniego, Roberto Scars of Pandemics from Lost Schooling and Experience: Aggregate Implications and Gender Differences through the Lens of COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Female Relative Income ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Pay Gap ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Lost Schooling ; Pandemic Impact ; Returns To Education ; Returns To Experience
    Abstract: Pandemic shocks disrupt human capital accumulation through schooling and work experience. This study quantifies the long-term economic impact of these disruptions in the case of COVID-19, focusing on countries at different levels of development and using returns to education and experience by college status that are globally estimated using 1,084 household surveys across 145 countries. The results show that both lost schooling and experience contribute to significant losses in global learning and output. Developed countries incur greater losses than developing countries, because they have more schooling to start with and higher returns to experience. The returns to education and experience are also separately estimated for men and women, to explore the differential effects by gender of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surprisingly, while the study uncovers gender differences in returns to education and schooling, gender differences in the impact of COVID-19 are small and short-lived, with a loss in female relative income of only 2.5 percent or less, mainly due to the greater severity of the employment shock on impact. These findings might challenge some of the ongoing narratives in policy circles. The methodology employed in this study is easily implementable for future pandemics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9932
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Human Capital of Firms and the Formal Training of Workers (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islam, Asif M The Human Capital of Firms and the Formal Training of Workers
    Keywords: Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Educated Labor Shortage ; Firm-Level Data ; HR Management Practices ; Human Capital Investment Benefits ; Invest In Training ; Labor Market ; Management Practices Competitiveness ; On The Job Training ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Training Finance ; Vocational and Technical Education ; Vocational Training ; World Bank Enterprise Survey 2019/2020
    Abstract: The benefits of formal training are numerous, and yet in many regions few firms utilize them. This study builds on the literature by exploring how two forms of human capital-the quality of management practices and the proportion of university educated employees-influence the adoption of formal training. Using both cross-sectional and panel firm-level data for 29 economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and six economies in the Middle East and North Africa, the study finds that firm management practices are positively correlated with the implementation of formal training in Eastern Europe and Central Asia but not in the Middle East and North Africa. The proportion of university educated workers is positively correlated with formal training in both regions, but the finding is more robust for the Middle East and North Africa. These findings imply significant heterogeneity across regions in the determinants of formal training, suggesting that policies should be context specific
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10063
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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