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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (22.727)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (14.032)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing  (6.523)
  • Boston, MA :Safari,  (2.139)
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Peter Lang International Academic Publishing Group
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Shaping of News : A Framework for Analysis (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031219634
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 232 p. 5 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Journalism.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 2. Why study news? The democratic role of news -- 3. Understanding influences on the production of news -- 4. Routines and practices: studying the making of news -- 5. Journalism norms, values, and role perceptions -- 6. Journalism ethics -- 7. The news organisation -- 8. News audiences -- 9. News sources -- 10. Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: This book provides readers with the understanding required to analyse the range of key factors that shape the production of news, and to assess their implications for the role of news and journalism in democracy. It brings existing research together under the umbrella of a central organising framework to explore how news and its production is shaped by a multiplicity of factors including the norms, values, role perceptions and ethics associated with journalism as a profession, the role of news sources, the changing character and significance of news audiences, the aims and objectives of news organisations, and the political, economic and social contexts within which news is produced. Exploring these factors in depth, using examples, and considering the changing conditions of news production, the chapters chart significant changes, challenges, and responses to provide the essential background for understanding the consequences of current transformations for the democratic qualities of news. Julie Firmstone is Professor of Journalism and Political Communication at the School of Media and Communication, University of Leeds, UK. Her teaching and research explore a range of issues in the intersection between journalism, the news media, politics, and democratic engagement. She has published widely on the role of news and journalism in local democracy; journalism standards, press ethics and regulation; editorial journalism at newspapers; and communication about the European Union. .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21963-4
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Smart cities : social and environmental challenges and opportunities for local authorities (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031356643
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 388 Seiten) , Diagramme, Illustrationen
    Serie: Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics
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    Schlagwort(e): Power resources. ; Environmental economics. ; Energy policy. ; Energy and state. ; Technology ; Information technology. ; Stadt ; Konzeption ; Stadtentwicklung ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltfaktor ; Soziales Feld ; Einflussgröße ; Stadtplanung ; Governance ; Smart cities ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; Smart Governance ; Energy transition ; ICT ; smart mobility ; sustainability ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Kurzfassung: 1. Innovation and Smart Cities Research: A Review and Future Directions -- 2. The role of the fourth industrial revolution technologies in driving smart cities -- 3. Finance and economic return of smart city projects -- 4. Cities transformation and benefits of Smart Cities -- 5. Cities: the new form of international environmental governance -- 6. Smart Energy Cities: The Role of Behavioral Interventions in Reducing Electricity Demand in Buildings in Principality of Monaco -- 7. Back to the future: tapping into ancient knowledge toward human centered smart cities -- 8. Environmental retrofitting, a mandate for NEZ livable and sustainable GCC cities -- 9. A comprehensive smart system for social housing -- 10. Smart Modelling for Greener Urban Environments: The Digital Twin of the City of Imola -- 11. MUST-B: a multi-agent model to envisage the future challenges of sustainable urban development -- 12. A Systematic Literature Review on an Expansion of Transit-Oriented Development’s Station Areas -- 13. Ergonomics of access: a new, broad and inclusive vision to better understand the links between the urban context on the conditions of access, accessibility and appropriation of resources of daily life in active modes -- 14. Mobility hubs, an innovative concept for a sustainable urban mobility? State of the art, guidelines and assessments of two European experiences -- 15. Micromobility in urban areas: Evaluation of several scenarios with respect to detailed characteristics of the city -- 16. Smart Cities initiatives and perspectives in emerging economies -- 17. Data driven urban management for Saudi cities: Practices, challenges, and opportunities -- 18. Smart Cities: GCC and Kuwait Experience -- 19. Smart Cities from an Indian Perspective: Evolving Ambitions and Incorporating Sustainable Practices.
    Kurzfassung: This open access book discusses the socioeconomic, environmental, and policy implications of smart cities. Written by international experts in energy economics and policy, the chapters present wide range of high quality theoretical and empirical studies at the nexus of social, entrepreneurial, governmental and ecological transformation. The book covers a wide range of topics, with a view towards providing empirical evidence of the benefits of smart cities as well as practical frameworks for smart city initiatives. Topics discussed include: smart city transition pillars, innovation for smart and sustainable cities design and implementation, smart city governance, smart mobility within cities, and smart cities in emerging economies. This volume will be of use to students and researchers interested in resource economics, energy economics, sustainability, ICT, and governance, as well as policymakers working on smart city initiatives.
    Anmerkung: Open Access , Tabellen, Literaturverzeichnisse, Literaturhinweise
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35664-3
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 3
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    Online-Ressource
    Cultural Mobilities Between China and Italy (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031392597
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XIII, 263 p. 12 illus., 4 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Studies in Mobilities, Literature, and Culture
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    Schlagwort(e): Literature ; European literature. ; Oriental literature. ; World history. ; Culture. ; Emigration and immigration.
    Kurzfassung: Introduction: “Cultural Mobilities and Interactions Between Modern China and Italy” Valentina Pedone, University of Florence and Gaoheng Zhang, University of British Columbia -- Chapter 1: “Chinese Mobility, Routes and Traces: Early-20th Century Discovery of Italian Culture” Alessandra Brezzi, Sapienza University of Rome -- Chapter 2: “Dragomans, Interpreters and Diplomats: Chinese Language Knowledge by Italians in Early 20th Century” Federico Masini, Sapienza University of Rome -- Chapter 3: “Mobility, Architecture, Chronotope: Tianjin’s Italian Concession, the 1930s” Gaoheng Zhang, University of British Columbia -- Chapter 4: “Representations of Socialist Mobility in Post-WWII China-Italy Cultural Exchange” Yang Wang, University of Colorado Boulder and Martina Tanga, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston -- Chapter 5: “Maoist China through the Lens of Italian Visitors (1950s-1970s)” Xin Liu, Penn State University -- Chapter 6: “The Journey and the Memory: 20th-century Travel Notes on Italy” Miriam Castorina, University of Florence -- Chapter 7: “Becoming Chinese-Italian: The Formation of a New Italian Ethnic Minority” Daniele Cologna, Insubria University -- Chapter 8: “Chased by Chineseness: Distance and Proximity in Chinese Italian Creative Expression” Valentina Pedone, University of Florence -- Chapter 9: “‘Ne vedrai delle belle in questo paese!’ Literary Representations of the Italian Community in China” Chiara Giuliani, University College Cork.
    Kurzfassung: This book offers a critical analysis of global mobilities across China and Italy in history. In three periods in the twentieth century, new patterns of physical mobilities and cultural contact were established between the two countries which were either novel at the time of their emergence or impactful on subsequent periods. The first two chapters provide overviews of writings by Italians in China and by Chinese in Italy in the twentieth century. The remaining chapters cover: Republican China’s relationships with Italy and Italian Fascist colonialism in China during the 1920s–1930s; Italian travelers to China during the Cold War from the 1950s to the 1970s; migrations between China and Italy during the 2000s–2010s. In analyzing these cultural mobilities, this book opens a new line of inquiry in Chinese-Italian Cultural Studies, which has been dominated by historical study, and contributes a significant case study to the scholarship on global cultural mobilities.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-39259-7
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  • 4
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    Online-Ressource
    Stakeholder Relationships And Sustainability : The Case Of Health Aid To The Kyrgyz Republic (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031319907
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XXV, 381 p. 14 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Global Dynamics of Social Policy
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    Schlagwort(e): Social policy. ; Economic development. ; Sustainability. ; International organization.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 2. Theorizing Power, Agents, Structures, and Aid Relationships -- 3. Sustainability of Health Assistance -- 4. The role of structural factors in selected health programs -- 5. The “Community Action for Health”: the Project Life Cycle -- 6. Sustainability of the “Community Action for Health” project -- 7. Aid Relationships and Power Dynamics in the “Community Action for Health” Project -- 8. The Global Fund Grants: Project Life Cycle -- 9. Sustainability of Global Fund grants -- 10. Aid Relationships and Power Dynamics in the Global Fund Grants -- 11. “Missing Link” -- 12. Conclusion and general implications of this study.
    Kurzfassung: This open-access book analyses how stakeholder relationships impact the sustainability of health aid. It does this by providing an overarching analytical framework, which allows for a systematic analysis of sustainability, relationships, and a possible causal link between these phenomena. The book goes beyond universal paradigms and detailed single-case studies by offering a thorough analysis of development projects to identify the factors that are also applicable to similar initiatives in comparable contexts. Empirically, it focuses on two health initiatives, both implemented in the Kyrgyz Republic, a country pursuing a sector-wide approach to health aid. Unique primary material provides insights into a geographic region that is mostly neglected, and will be of interest to students and researchers of social policy, development studies, international health and those focusing on the post-Soviet region and Central Asia. Gulnaz Isabekova is a Researcher at the Research Center for East European Studies at the University of Bremen, Germany. Before joining the CRC 1342 “Global Dynamics of Social Policy,” she participated in the MSCA ITN “Around the Caspian.” Gulnaz received her Ph.D. from the Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences.
    Anmerkung: Open Access
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-31990-7
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Literary Cultures and Nineteenth-Century Childhoods (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031383519
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 253 p. 2 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Literary Cultures and Childhoods
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Children's literature. ; Comparative literature. ; Literature, Modern ; Social history.
    Kurzfassung: Literary Cultures and Nineteenth-Century Childhoods explores the construction of the child and the development of texts for children in the nineteenth century through the application of fresh theoretical approaches and attention to aspects of literary childhoods that have only recently begun to be illuminated. This scope enables examination of the child in canonical nineteenth-century novels by Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell, Charlotte Brontë, and Thomas Hardy alongside well-known fiction intended for young readers by George MacDonald, Christabel Coleridge, and Kate Greenaway. The century was also distinctive for the rise of the children’s magazine, and this book broadens the definition of literary cultures to include magazines produced both by, and for, young people. The volume examines how the child and family are conceptualised, how children are positioned as readers in genres including the domestic novel, school story, Robinsonade, and fantasy fiction, how literary childhoods are written and politicised, and how childhood intersects with perceptions of animals and the natural environment. The range of chapters in this collection and the texts they consider demonstrate the variability and fluidity of literary cultures and nineteenth-century childhoods. Kristine Moruzi is an Associate Professor in the School of Communication and Creative Arts at Deakin University, Australia. She has written two monographs, Constructing Girlhood through the Periodical Press, 1850-1915 (2012) and From Colonial to Modern: Transnational Girlhood in Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand Children’s Literature, 1840-1940 (with Michelle J. Smith and Clare Bradford, 2018). She is co-editor (with Nell Musgrove and Carla Pascoe Leahy) of Children’s Voices from the Past: New Historical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2019). Michelle J. Smith is an Associate Professor in Literary Studies at Monash University, Australia. Her most recent monograph is Consuming Female Beauty: British Literature and Periodicals, 1840-1914 (2022). Her other authored books are From Colonial to Modern: Transnational Girlhood in Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand Children’s Literature, 1840-1940 (2018, with Clare Bradford and Kristine Moruzi) and Empire in British Girls’ Literature and Culture: Imperial Girls, 1880–1915 (2011). .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38351-9
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  • 6
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    Online-Ressource
    Peripheral Locations in European TV Crime Series (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031418082
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XIII, 262 p.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Palgrave European Film and Media Studies
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    Schlagwort(e): Motion picture plays, European. ; Motion pictures
    Kurzfassung: 1.European Scenes of Crime: Peripheries at the Centre -- 2.The Double Marginality of Peripheral Locations -- 3.Nordic Noir and Arctic Peripherality in Northern Europe -- 4.Mediterranean Noir and Nordic Peripheries in Southern Europe -- 5.Country Noir and Rural Peripheries in Western Europe -- 6.Eastern Noir and the Borderscapes of Eastern Europe -- 7.Brit Noir and the Hinterlands of the British Isles -- 8.Conclusion: Negotiating European Peripheries in TV Crime Series.
    Kurzfassung: This book is a comprehensive study of peripheral locations in contemporary European TV crime series. Ambitiously, it covers the complete geography of Europe, and offers a nuanced image of a changing, dynamic, and unfinished continent. The chapters include analyses of the practical, creative approach to producing crime series in European peripheries and rural areas, evaluating a continent marked by an internal crisis between urban and rural Europe. The study includes readings of crime series such as Shetland, Bitter Daisies, Trom, Pagan Peak, and The Border, but presents such representative cases within broader tendencies on the European TV market, including challenges from streaming services, the influence of Nordic Noir, and changes within the cognitive geography of Europe. The authors position peripheral European crime series in a complex relationship between universal appeal and local recognisability and offer a comprehensive theoretical approach to the aesthetics of peripherality. Grounded in desktop production studies, the book presents an original scholarly approach to analysing European crime series from a continental point of view. Despite local differences, the spatio-generic orientations scrutinized in the book – Nordic Noir, Mediterranean Noir, Country Noir, Eastern Noir, and Brit Noir – show remarkable aesthetic similarities in series from territories otherwise normally unconnected in television production. Consequently, television crime series reveal a common tongue and voice for dialogue on a continent in a deepening crisis. Kim Toft Hansen is Associate Professor of Scandinavian Media Studies at Aalborg University, Denmark. He is the co-author of Locating Nordic Noir: From Beck to The Bridge (2017), the co-editor of European Television Crime Drama and Beyond (2018) and has written extensively on Nordic and European television crime series. Valentina Re is Full Professor of Film and Media Studies at Link Campus University, Italy. She is the editor of Streaming media. Distribuzione, circolazione, accesso (2017) and the PI of the research project The Atlas of Italian “Giallo”: Media History and Popular Culture (1954-2020), funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (2022-25). .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41808-2
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  • 7
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    The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031461385
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XXIII, 349 p. 7 illus., 3 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 2nd ed. 2024.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): International criminal law. ; Humanitarian law. ; International law. ; Human rights. ; International organization.
    Kurzfassung: 1 The Definition of International Crime -- 2 The Preconditions for the International Criminal Court to Exercise its Jurisdiction -- 3 The Crime of Genocide and the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction -- 4 Crimes Against Humanity Under the ICC’s Jurisdiction -- 5 The ICC’s Jurisdiction Over War Crimes -- 6 The Crime of Aggression: The Birth of a Crime -- 7 Immunities Under Art. 27 ICCRSt and the ICC’s Jurisdiction -- 8 The ICC’s Jurisdiction Following a Security Council’s Referral of a Situation Concerning Citizens of States Non-Parties to the ICC: the Situation in Sudan and Libya (Art. 25 UN Charter & 13(b) ICCRSt) -- 9 The Awakening Hypothesis of the Complementarity Principle -- 10 Ecocide: The Emergence of a New Crime within the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court? -- 11 Lethal Autonomous Weapons, Drones and Robots: to what extent their usage infringes upon established principles of international criminal law? -- 12 Cyber warfare: international criminal law in the digital era.
    Kurzfassung: This book embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and elucidates the three foundational aspects of its jurisdiction as laid out in the Rome Statute: the preconditions for exercising jurisdiction (Article 12 ICCRSt), its substantive competence regarding core crimes (Articles 5-8bis ICCRSt), and the principle of complementarity (Article 17§1(a) ICCRSt). This principle, crucial to understanding the ICC’s ‘ultimate jurisdiction’, is invoked only when a State Party demonstrates an inability or unwillingness to genuinely undertake investigation or prosecution. The book further probes the ‘negative preconditions’ of the Court’s jurisdiction, in particular, immunities (Article 27 ICCRSt) and exceptions through Security Council referrals (Articles 13(b) and 15 ICCRSt). Intended for students, scholars, and practitioners alike, this second edition offers invaluable insights into the ICC’s jurisdiction, making a notable contribution to the existing literature. Importantly, it also navigates emerging fields of international criminal law, addressing topical and thought-provoking subjects such as ecocide, cyber warfare, automated lethal weapons, artificial intelligence, and the legal complexities arising from the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-46138-5
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  • 8
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    Online-Ressource
    Migration and Home : IMISCOE Short Reader (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031513152 , 3031513150
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 108 Seiten) , 1 illus.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024
    Serie: IMISCOE Research Series
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Fathi, Mastoureh Migration and Home
    DDC: 304.8
    Schlagwort(e): Emigration and immigration ; Emigration and immigration Government policy ; Emigration and immigration Social aspects ; Human Migration ; Migration Policy ; Sociology of Migration
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51315-2
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
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  • 9
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    A Smarter Toronto : Some Reassembly Required (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031415463
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XVII, 232 p. 13 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Journalism. ; Digital media. ; Mass media ; Science
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1. Journalism and the Smart City -- Chapter 2. Configuring the Case of the Quayside Project -- Chapter 3. Chronicle of a Mediatized Controversy -- Chapter 4. The Quayside Project: Some Reassembly Required./.
    Kurzfassung: “Bob Hanke’s “Smarter Toronto” is an important study of a key event in the recent history of urban planning, technological innovataion and urban journalism. The book masterfully weaves together complex theoretical ideas while remaining readable and deeply engaged with the events it describes. Hanke’s account of Google’s failed Sidewalk project in Toronto should interest anyone concerned with media, urban democracy and the future of cities.” —Will Straw, James McGill Professor of Urban Media Studies, McGill University This book bridges media, technocultural, urban, and journalism studies to examine the role of journalism in relation to a smart city project on Toronto’s waterfront. From the announcement of the public-private partnership called Sidewalk Toronto to the project’s termination, a mediatized controversy unfolded. Through an assemblage approach to this project and a case study of The Globe and Mail and the Toronto Star, it follows the actors and chronicles the Quayside project story as a conversation about the promise and perils of a future “smart” neighbourhood. In the news of Waterfront Toronto, Sidewalk Labs, other actors, events, and developments, there were multiple voices and views, interpretations and arguments, that manifested conflicting interests and values. As a locally situated actor, journalism produced a porous discourse that expressed a proposeand- public pushback movement. This work of articulating mediation conditioned the project’s alteration and dissolution within asymmetrical relations of power. In addition to a wave of opposition that inflected the project’s enactment, a time lag between project time and governmental policymaking made the controversy over this future urban space intractable. With their residual symbolic power, quality journalism contributed to dialogical urban learning. Bob Hanke, a former a faculty member in the Department of Communication & Media Studies, York University, Canada, is currently an independent scholar living in Toronto.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41546-3
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  • 10
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    Economic Theory in the Twentieth Century, An Intellectual History - Volume III : 1946-Mid-1970s. Economic Theory in the New Golden Age of Capitalism (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031502224
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 423 p. 11 illus.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Econometrics. ; Economic history. ; Economic theory ; History of economic thought ; Post-war economics ; economics of neoclassical synthesis ; heterodox economics ; non-walrasian economics ; financial crisis of 2007-2008 ; economics of Harvard, Yale, Chicago and Princeton
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Economics at Harvard and MIT -- Chapter 3: Economics at the Cowles Commission in Chicago and Yale -- Chapter 4: Economics at the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (GSIA) in Pittsburgh -- Chapter 5: The development of the theory of games at Princeton and the Rand Corporation -- Chapter 6: Economics in Chicago and the New Chicago School -- Chapter 7: Economics in Cambridge, UK, after Keynes -- Chapter 8: Non-Mainstream Economics in the USA -- Chapter 9: Great Theoretical Controversies -- Chapter 8: The Crisis of Keynesianism and the Emergent Dominance of the Chicago School and Neoliberalism à la Chicago. .
    Kurzfassung: This book, set out over four-volumes, provides a comprehensive history of economic thought in the 20th century. Special attention is given to the cultural and historical background behind the development of economic theories, the leading or the peripheral research communities and their interactions, and a critical appreciation and assessment of economic theories throughout these times. Volume III addresses economic theory in the period of the new golden age of capitalism, between the years from the end of the Second World War to the mid1970s, which saw the establishment of the new mainstream, in particular in its Harvard-MIT-Cowles version. It was the period of the pre-eminence of the Neoclassical Keynesian Synthesis—the theoretical core of the period’s dominant school of thought. This work provides a significant and original contribution to the history of economic thought and gives insight to the thinking of some of the major international figures in economics. It will appeal to students, scholars and the more informed reader wishing to further their understanding of the history of the discipline. Roberto Marchionatti is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Torino, Fellow of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, and a Life Member of Clare Hall College, Cambridge. He has previously been a Visiting Scholar at the University of New York and the University of Cambridge. He is the editor of Annals of Fondazione Luigi Einaudi: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Economics, History and Political Science and he has been co-editor of History of Economic Ideas. He has published almost 50 journal articles and more than 15 books as well as a great number of contributions in edited volumes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-50222-4
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  • 11
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    ICC Jurisprudence and the Development of International Humanitarian Law (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031459948
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XX, 273 p.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Global Issues
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): International law. ; Human rights. ; International criminal law.
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1- The Contribution of the International Criminal Court to the development of International Humanitarian Law -- Part I: Methodology of law-finding before the International Criminal Court -- Chapter 2- Freezing or consolidating the development of war crimes law? The International Criminal Court and the role of judicial innovation -- Chapter 3- The development of international humanitarian law in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court: Formulation and interpretation of Article 8 of the Rome Statute -- Chapter 4: Comparing international criminal tribunals’ interpretive approaches to international humanitarian law -- Chapter 5- Human Rights Rules and Principles in the Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court: Refining the Super-legality Approach. Part II: Developments in respect of the substantive elements of international criminal law -- Chapter 6 -The contribution of the International Criminal Court towards conflict classification from Lubanga to Ongwen: Demystifying or muddying the notion of ‘protracted armed conflict’ under Article 8(2)(f) of the Rome Statute -- Chapter 7 -The International Criminal Court and the protection of child soldiers against intra-party violence -- Chapter 8- ‘Regularly Constituted’ Courts of Non-State Armed Groups between Rome and Geneva -- Chapter 9- The interplay between international and national law in Colombia’s Special Jurisdiction for Peace. Chapter 10-Contextualizing Ongwen at the ICC: Underlying narratives and the expressivist function of judgments.
    Kurzfassung: This book explores how International Humanitarian Law (IHL) has been developed in the jurisprudence and practice of the International Criminal Court (ICC). A partial focus is given to the phenomenon of child soldiering which became symptomatic for the early practice of the ICC. The book provides readers with broad insight into the activity of the ICC. The first part contains chapters focused on the methodology of law-finding before the ICC, i.e., identification, interpretation, and application of the law. The authors address complex issues concerning the mutual relationship between treaty law (Article 8 of the ICC Statute) and customary international (humanitarian) law and explore the relevance of IHRL in the application and interpretation of Article 8 of the Rome Statute. The second part consists of chapters focused on substantive international criminal law. The authors address issues concerning contextual elements of war crimes, passive personal scope of IHL, denying judicial guarantees as a serious breach of IHL, forms of responsibility, and circumstances precluding wrongfulness. Martin Faix is Senior Lecturer in International Law at the Faculty of Law of the Palacký University in Olomouc, and at the Faculty of Law of the Charles University in Prague (part-time), Czech Republic. Ondřej Svaček is an associate professor at the Department of International and European Law, Faculty of Law, Palacký University in Olomouc and the Department of International and European Law, Faculty of Law, Masaryk University in Brno.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45994-8
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  • 12
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    Dynamic General Equilibrium Modeling : Computational Methods and Applications (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031516818
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XLIII, 912 p. 129 illus., 87 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 3rd ed. 2024.
    Serie: Springer Texts in Business and Economics
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    RVK:
    QC 140
    Schlagwort(e): Dynamisches Gleichgewicht ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; Agentenbasierte Modellierung ; CGE-Modell ; Theorie ; Economics ; Econometrics. ; Macroeconomics. ; Economic development. ; Computer science. ; Equilibrium (Economics) Mathematical models ; Economics, Mathematical ; Business Cycles ; Computational Economics ; Dynamic General Equilibrium Modeling ; General Equilibrium ; General Equilibrium Modeling ; Growth Theory ; Heterogeneous Agents ; Stochastic Rational Expectations Economies ; Agents ; Growth Model ; Ramsey Model ; Perturbation Methods ; Heterogenous Agent Models ; Monetary and Fiscal Policy ; MATLAB ; GAUSS ; Python ; Lehrbuch ; Dynamische Makroökonomie ; Allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell ; Dynamische Makroökonomie ; Allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell
    Kurzfassung: Part I: Representative Agent Models: Basic Models -- Perturbation Methods: Framework and Tools -- Perturbation Methods: Solutions -- Perturbation Methods: Model Evaluation and Applications -- Weighted Residuals Methods -- Simulation-Based Methods -- Discrete State Space Value Function Iteration -- Part II: Heterogenous Agent Models: Computation of Stationary Distributions -- Dynamics of the Distribution Function -- Overlapping Generations Models with Perfect Foresight -- OLG Models with Uncertainty -- Part III: Numerical Methods: Linear Algebra -- Function Approximation -- Differentiation and Integration -- Nonlinear Equations and Optimization -- Difference Equations and Stochastic Processes.
    Kurzfassung: Contemporary macroeconomics is built upon microeconomic principles, with its most recent advance featuring dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models. The textbook by Heer and Maußner acquaints readers with the essential computational techniques required to tackle these models and employ them for quantitative analysis. This third edition maintains the structure of the second, dividing the content into three separate parts dedicated to representative agent models, heterogeneous agent models, and numerical methods. At the same time, every chapter has been revised and two entirely new chapters have been added. The updated content reflects the latest advances in both numerical methods and their applications in macroeconomics, spanning areas like business-cycle analysis, economic growth theory, distributional economics, monetary and fiscal policy. The two new chapters delve into advanced techniques, including higher-order perturbation, weighted residual methods, and solutions to high-dimensional nonlinear problems. In addition, the authors present further insights from macroeconomic theory, complemented by practical applications like the Smolyak algorithm, Gorman aggregation, rare disaster models and dynamic Laffer curves. Lastly, the new edition places special emphasis on practical implementation across various programming languages; accordingly, its accompanying web page offers examples of computer code for languages such as MATLAB®, GAUSS, Fortran, Julia and Python. "This book does not only an excellent job in explaining the existing tools, but it also teaches the reader on how to write his/her own programs and it provides the reader with the tools to help advance the state of the art of dynamic macroeconomics." Wouter J. Den Haan, London School of Economics ”... provides the reader with exactly the necessary computational tools to solve the dynamic general equilibrium models macroeconomists care about. It is therefore the perfect complement to Stokey, Lucas and Prescott's and Sargent and Ljungqvist's theoretical treatment of modern macroeconomics." Dirk Krueger, University of Pennsylvania.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51681-8
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  • 13
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    The Doctrine of the Separate Spheres in Political Economy and Economics : Gender Equality and Classical Liberalism (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031512629
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 295 p. 1 illus.)
    Serie: Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Feminist economics. ; Economics. ; Women ; gender equality ; classical liberalism ; separate spheres doctrine ; political economy and gender ; feminist economics ; labour ; home economics ; marriage theory
    Kurzfassung: PART I: Escaping the doctrine of the separate spheres (1700s-early 1900s). The economists’ points of view -- Chapter 1: Educated women as an asset to society: the role of classical liberal tradition in modern Europe -- Chapter 2: Women and the job market in Victorian England and Progressive America -- Chapter 3: Women’s new path towards the public sphere -- Part II: The doctrine of the separate spheres between rebirth and rejection (1920s- early 2000s). Marriage theory in economics -- Chapter 4: Reviving the doctrine of separate spheres: the new home economics -- Chapter 5: Feminist economics and the doctrine of the separate spheres.
    Kurzfassung: This book delves into the doctrine of separate spheres within the history of economic thought. The concept of separate spheres emerged in philosophy and has consistently been incorporated by various disciplines. This book stands as the first comprehensive exploration of how this doctrine was embraced, adapted, and contested by economists engaged in gender issues and marriage theory. Spanning the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century, it illuminates the evolution of the drive for gender equality—rooted primarily in the tradition of classical liberalism—across the landscape of economic ideas and theories. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and researchers interested in the intricate history of the interconnections among between economic thought, feminism, gender studies, and cultural studies. Giandomenica Becchio is Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, Social Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics (ESOMAS), University of Torino, Italy. Her research encompasses the history of economic thought, with a specific emphasis on gender issues, as well as the methodology of economics and the classical liberal tradition within political economy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51262-9
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  • 14
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    Political-Humanitarian Borderwork on the Southern European Border : Mainstream Humanitarian Organizations Within and Beyond the Hotspot System in Sicily (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031405044
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 189 p. 10 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Mobility & Politics
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): International relations. ; Emigration and immigration.
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. The Italian Border Management Policy Strategies.-Chapter 3. Humanitarianism, (De)politicization and Migration Control -- Chapter 4. The Implementation of the Hotspot Approach in Italy -- Chapter 5. Mainstream Humanitarian Organizations Politicizing the Increasingly Restrictive Border Management System -- Chapter 6. Mainstream Humanitarian Organizations Depoliticizing the Border Management System -- Chapter 7. Conclusion. .
    Kurzfassung: This book focuses on the role mainstream humanitarian organizations have in the functioning of the border management system on the southern European border (i.e. Italy). In particular, the author analyses the mainstream humanitarian organizations and NGOs (i.e. Red Cross, the UNHCR, Medici per I Diritti Umani – MEDU, Terre des Hommes and Oxfam) and their role within and beyond the implementation of the so-called ‘hotspot approach’ in Sicily. This work suggests that a vision of humanitarian action as just anti-political and complicit with migration control can be questioned. This book suggests that a) mainstream organizations have been able to politicize their positioning and actions vis-à-vis authorities when migration policies have been tightened; b) mainstream organizations’ political borderwork has helped to promote incremental change in the status quo rather than a radical one. Finally, this book suggests that the discourses and practices of mainstream and grassroots actors seems to be characterized by similar contradictions. Roberto Calarco is Doctor of Sociology at the Sorbonne Paris Nord University, France, and Doctor of Sociology and Methodology of Social Research at the University of Milan, Italy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40504-4
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  • 15
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    Führungsqualitäten für sozialen Wandel und Entwicklung : Inspiration und Transformation (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer VS
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031510328
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XX, 172 S. 16 Abb., 14 Abb. in Farbe.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Human rights. ; Comparative government. ; Political science.
    Kurzfassung: Einleitung -- Kapitel 1. Den Wandel von innen nach außen pflanzen, um ihn von außen nach innen zu nähren - Kapitel 2. Den Wandel laut leben -- Kapitel 3. Fokusverschiebung - Vergrößern und Verkleinern. Meine Geschichte -- Kapitel 4. Werkzeuge, um mehr herauszufinden.
    Kurzfassung: "Dies ist eine Pflichtlektüre für jeden, der seinen wahren Lebenszweck erforschen oder die vielfältigen Dynamiken, die seine individuellen Erfahrungen geprägt haben, von innen heraus entdecken möchte. Mit praktischen Anleitungen und erhellenden Fallstudien bietet das Buch eine einzigartige Reise der persönlichen Entdeckung, die den Leser auf einen Weg zu mehr innerem Frieden führt." - Gareth Owen OBE, Humanitärer Direktor, Save the Children UK International, London "Diejenigen, die mit Menschen arbeiten, lehren und dieses Thema studieren, müssen dieses Buch lesen!" - Graciela Tonon, Professorin für Lebensqualität und Forschungsmethodik, Universidad de Palermo, Argentinien. Buenos Aires, Argentinien "Dieses Buch ist ein Geschenk, denn es erinnert uns daran, dass wir durch unser Sein unsere Umgebung modellieren können, indem wir in anderen Respekt für das kollektive Wohl hervorrufen!" - Marielle Sander, UNFPA-Repräsentantin, Port Moresby, Papua-Neuguinea Das Buch bietet Perspektiven für und von Menschen die die Welt verändern. Basierend auf dem POZE-Paradigma, wonach die individuelle Existenz eine Komposition aus zweimal 4 Dimensionen ist, veranschaulichen die vorliegenden Perspektiven das ständige Wechselspiel, von Wandel und Wirkung. Das Leben ist ein Kaleidoskop das sich organisch entwickelt. Diese Perspektive macht die Aussage "Wir können die Welt verändern" zu einem pragmatischen Unterfangen - das mit dem Bestreben des Einzelnen, sich zu verändern und Veränderung zu leben, beginnt. POZE und dieses Buch inspirieren die Leserinnen und Leser ihr bestes Selbst zu entfalten. Die Übersetzung wurde mit Hilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz durchgeführt. Eine anschließende menschliche Überarbeitung erfolgte vor allem in Bezug auf den Inhalt.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51032-8
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  • 16
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    International Investment Law and Arbitration from a Latin American Perspective (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031493829
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XIII, 271 p.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: International Law and the Global South, Perspectives from the Rest of the World
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): International law. ; Trade regulation. ; Mediation. ; Dispute resolution (Law). ; Arbitration (Administrative law). ; Economic history.
    Kurzfassung: Introduction - Legal protection offered to foreign investment in Latin America: context and general trends -- PART I- International Investment Law in Latin America: Where do we Stand? -- Brazilian CFIA - Evolution towards the traditional? -- INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW IN CHILE: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TIMES OF REFORM -- International Investment Law and its scope in Argentina -- Venezuelan investment arbitration experience: from unilateral termination of Dutch treaty, the denunciation of ICSID Convention to its continued participation as respondent State in investment arbitration -- Philip Morris v. Uruguay through the lens of the ISDS trilemma -- PART II - Trends in dispute governance and settlement -- Dispute Prevention Methods in the Brazilian Agreements on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments (CFIAs) -- THE BRAZILIAN BRANCHES IN THE ARBITRATION BENCH: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES IN FACE OF THE “PRECATÓRIO” SYSTEM AND CONSENSUALITY -- PART III - Trends in connecting investment law toHuman Rights -- The 2017 BIT Model of Colombia: A Human Rights Assessment from Investment Disputes against the State -- Peru and International Investment Agreements: Legal and Institutional challenges under a Business and Human Rights Perspective -- PART IV - Trends in Regionalization -- Mexico in International Investment Law: From NAFTA to USMCA.
    Kurzfassung: The book brings to light how Latin American states have traditionally stood before the field of International Investment Law and Arbitration. It delves into their posture of resistance to critically examine how their perspective has gradually changed and how they have adapted and molded their investment agreements so as not to leave their position as players in the field of International Investment Law. Many Latin American states have appeared as defendants before international investment tribunals and some of these, like Venezuela, Bolivia or Ecuador, have denounced their international investment agreements. Deeming the law field as imbalanced, they have looked for alternatives to continue providing legal protection to foreign investors while protecting their right to regulate in the name of public interest. Some interesting investment agreements models, sometimes of a different ilk, have consequently flourished and have arrested the attention of those studying or working with international investment law. The main objective of this book is to critically discuss how Latin American states have accepted, resisted, or adapted themselves to international investment law and arbitration. Accordingly, the general connection between these states and international investment law are explained in an introduction which examines the general trends as per which Latin American states have offered a legal protection to foreign investments. The first part enters the merits of where international investment law and arbitration stand in some Latin American states whereby the experience of Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Uruguay are discussed. The following parts explain the trends in international investment law and arbitration in Latin America. These trends are namely related to dispute settlement and governance, to the connection between investment law and human rights and finally to regionalization. In these parts, the experience of states like Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico are perused.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-49382-9
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  • 17
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    Theories of Legal Obligation (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031540677
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(V, 168 p.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Law and Philosophy Library 146
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Law ; Law
    Kurzfassung: Introduction -- Part 1: What a Legal Obligation is -- Toward a Minimal Conception of Legal Obligation -- What is a Legal Obligation? -- Part 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Legal Obligation -- Why Any Legal Positivist Idea of Legal Obligation is Untenable: A Kantian-Gewirthian Synthesis -- Gustav Radbruch’s Theory of Legal Obligation -- Part 3: Forms of Legal Obligation -- Is There a Legal Duty not to Harm in Tort Law? -- Reflections on the Justifiability of Authority: Raz vs. Wolff.
    Kurzfassung: This volume collects six original essays by internationally respected researchers who have devoted themselves to the study of legal obligation. It brings together works that innovatively address key dimensions of the current debates concerning legal obligation from different and, in some cases, even opposing theoretical perspectives. As a result, the collection offers a comprehensive discussion of legal obligation that promises to significantly advance our understanding of the obligatory dimension of law. What specifically connects the contributions gathered here is one common thread: coming to terms with a notion – legal obligation – that is of both practical and theoretical importance. On the one hand, it is widely regarded as a fundamental legal concept by legal practitioners and laypeople alike, as not only judges, prosecutors, lawyers, and juries but also ordinary citizens make extensive use of obligation-related terms and discourses. On the other hand, the notion of legal obligation is of paramount significance for the theory of law. Indeed, even legal theorists who, quite understandably, refuse to reduce the law to a mere obligation-imposing device and opt instead for a view in which the normative dimension of the law also encompasses powers, rights, permissions, privileges and immunities, duly acknowledge the centrality of legal obligation for the understanding and conceptualisation of law. Hence the importance of the treatments presented in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54067-7
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  • 18
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    Does Unequal Tax Burden Contribute to Women-Owned Businesses Leaving the Tax Net? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ambel, Alemayehu A Does Unequal Tax Burden Contribute to Women-Owned Businesses Leaving the Tax Net?
    Schlagwort(e): Effective Tax Rate ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women and Tax ; Women Run Businesses
    Kurzfassung: This study investigates gender disparities in the tax burden in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, using data on 2,320 taxpayers for 2011 and 2012. A quantile regression analysis is employed to control for firm characteristics such as sector, size, and age. The results show that women-owned businesses are more likely to operate in low-profit sectors and report lower sales and tax liabilities than men-owned businesses. However, women-owned businesses pay as much as men-owned businesses in taxes, suggesting that they are subject to a higher effective tax rate. This, in turn, may lead to women-owned businesses exiting the tax net at a higher rate. These findings suggest that gender disparities in tax compliance are not simply due to differences in firm characteristics but may also be due to biases in tax declaration and enforcement processes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10712
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  • 19
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    Costs of Health Care Associated Infections from Inadequate Water and Sanitation in Health Care Facilities in Eastern and Southern Africa (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Hutton, Guy Costs of Health Care Associated Infections from Inadequate Water and Sanitation in Health Care Facilities in Eastern and Southern Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthcare Associated Infections ; Healthcare Facilities ; Healthcare Waste Management ; Hygiene
    Kurzfassung: In Sub-Saharan Africa, health care facilities face critical challenges in water supply, sanitation, and hygiene services; health care waste management; and environmental cleanliness. With coverage below 50 percent, these deficiencies pose significant health risks to patients and health care workers, contributing to health care-associated infections. Meta-analyses and individual studies estimate rates of health care-associated infections in Sub-Saharan Africa at between 13 and 30 percent of hospital admissions, impacting patients, families, and health care providers. Rising antimicrobial resistance further exacerbates health outcomes and costs. In Eastern and Southern Africa, an estimated 3.1 million health care-associated infections in 2022 incurred over 320,000 excess deaths, costing at least US
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10708
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  • 20
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    What Lies behind "Good" Analytical Work on Development? : Four Years of Knowledge Products at the World Bank (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rama, Martin What Lies behind "Good" Analytical Work on Development? Four Years of Knowledge Products at the World Bank
    Schlagwort(e): Academic Impact ; Academic Research ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Research Output ; World Bank Group Research
    Kurzfassung: The World Bank's analytical work has a strong reputation, but its knowledge products are also perceived to be of varying quality and relevance, and the drivers of this heterogeneity are only partially understood. Building on previous evaluations, this paper adopts a production function approach to assess how budget resources, time to completion, technical skills, and institutional responsibilities affect the internal ratings and external visibility of different types of analytical tasks at the World Bank. To this effect, the paper first matches records from three unconnected electronic platforms -- for internal documents, budget codes, and external publications -- to assemble a comprehensive database of knowledge products and their key characteristics. With analytical documents as its unit of observation, the exercise shows that: (1) devoting more resources to analytical tasks leads to both better ratings and greater visibility; (2) both outcomes are systematically worse when a greater share of resources comes from trust funds; (3) they are also consistently worse for tasks that take longer to complete; (4) more academically oriented team leaders underperform on ratings and overperform on visibility, whereas technically solid but less stellar team leaders overperform on ratings; and (5) everything else equal, performance varies systematically with the nature of the unit in charge. The findings of the paper can be read as a cautionary note against knowledge management that is based on the counting of analytical tasks. Instead, the findings call for much stronger information systems on knowledge products, a better alignment of incentives for the units in charge, and regular evaluations in the spirit of this paper
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10704
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  • 21
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    Gender-Specific Transportation Costs and Female Time Use : Evidence from India's Pink Slip Program (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Chen, Yutong Gender-Specific Transportation Costs and Female Time Use: Evidence from India's Pink Slip Program
    Schlagwort(e): Difference in Differences Specifications ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Gender ; Labor Supply ; Low Skilled Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transportation Cost ; Travel Subsidies ; Unemployed Women ; Women in The Workforce
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates a synthetic difference-in-differences specification on the roll-out of a program providing free bus transit for women in several Indian states, to examine the impact on women's time allocation and labor supply. Household expenditures on buses fall and women save time on travel. However, there is substantial heterogeneity. Skilled employed women increase labor supply and reduce time on household chores. Low-skilled married women increase time on household activities and reduce labor supply. Unemployed women increase job search with no effect on employment. The findings show that gender roles within households undermine the effect of gender-specific travel subsidies on female labor supply
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10701
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  • 22
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    Turning Risks into Reward : Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rosenow, Samuel Kaspar Turning Risks into Reward: Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Decarbonization ; Decarbonization Technologies ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Environment ; Export Strength Index ; Global Value Chains ; Net-Zero Emissions
    Kurzfassung: Reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 requires unprecedented scaling up in the global deployment of critical decarbonization technologies, such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. This challenge is currently rife with both risks and rewards: while securing an adequate supply of these technologies has become an urgent policy priority for many countries, their high-growth global value chains also offer lucrative benefits for those able to meet the burgeoning global demand. Although recent policy responses have sought to nearshore production to reduce risks and capitalize on rewards, this paper instead lays out an evidence-based strategy to help diversify the global value chains of decarbonization technologies across countries with latent production capabilities and resource endowments. To that end, it constructs a new dataset of traded products, components, and materials associated with decarbonization technologies; develops new indexes capturing countries' current export strengths and future diversification potential in these global value chains; and highlights products with supply risks due to high market concentration levels and those with development rewards in terms of their potential for growth, knowledge spillovers, and technological upgrading. Taken together, the evidence supports the idea that there is plenty of opportunity to diversify these value chains across a larger number of countries to avoid the risks associated with reliance on only a few countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10696
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  • 23
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    Tackling Gender Discriminatory Inheritance Law Privately : Lessons from a Survey Experiment in Tunisia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Hauser, Christina Sarah Tackling Gender Discriminatory Inheritance Law Privately: Lessons from a Survey Experiment in Tunisia
    Schlagwort(e): Family Law ; Gender Discrimination ; Gifting ; Inheritance Law ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: When reform of gender discriminatory law fails, individual action can offer a second-best solution. As most Muslim-majority countries, Tunisia applies Islamic inheritance law, systematically favoring sons over daughters. By making gifts to their daughter, parents can privately attenuate gender discrimination in inheritance. This study investigates to what extent gifting can represent an alternative to legal reform and for whom. Within a randomized experiment, this study tests whether providing information on public support for inheritance law reform and/or the possibility to make a gift to one's daughter has a causal impact on individual attitudes towards women's right to inheritance. The overall evidence on the effectiveness of the proposed informational treatments to encourage gifting is mixed. However, approval of gifting daughters is high--especially among the wealthy. Men are more likely to gift than women. By contrast, demand for legal reform is significantly higher among women and individuals with low educational attainment. The findings thus suggest that gifting indeed represents an alternative to legal reform; but mostly for a relatively well-off subset of the population, leaving the agency to the traditionally male head of the family
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10693
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  • 24
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    Migrants, Markets, and Mayors : Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (224 pages)
    Serie: Africa Development Forum
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Employment Challenges ; Female Migrants ; Government ; Migration ; Urban Development ; Urban Markets
    Kurzfassung: Research on migration and urban development in Africa has primarily focused on larger cities and rural-to-urban migration. However, 97 percent of Africa's urban centers have fewer than 300,000 inhabitants, and a sizable share of urban migrants come from other urban areas. A more holistic and dynamic perspective, incorporating migration flows along the full urban hierarchy, as well as urban-urban migrants, is needed to better understand and leverage migration for urban development. Migrants, Markets, and Mayors: Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities draws on demographic data, research literature, key informant interviews, and empirical research to better understand how migrants in Africa's secondary cities fare in urban labor markets, how they affect aggregate urban productivity, and how mayors can leverage migrants' potential to the benefit of all. It explores these questions across countries and four urban case settings: Jijiga in Ethiopia, Jinja in Uganda, and Jendouba and Kairouan in Tunisia. Although mayors in secondary cities often see migrants as a burden to their cities' labor markets and a threat to development, the report finds that migrants contribute increasingly less to urban population growth and that they usually strengthen the resident labor force. The report also finds that labor market outcomes for migrants are at least as good as those for nonmigrants. Africa's secondary cities are well placed to leverage migration, but evidence-based policies are needed to manage the growth and development of land and labor markets. The report reviews policy options that mayors can take to strengthen the financial, technical, and planning capacity of secondary cities and better leverage migration to benefit migrants and nonmigrants alike. "Much of the literature on migration to cities examines migration in a nonspatial fashion or focuses on rural-urban migration to the largest, most visible cities. This volume fills a gap by focusing on migration to secondary cities, coming up with a compelling set of facts. Overall, the volume is very well done and sets a benchmark for future research." J. Vernon Henderson, School Professor of Economic Geography, London School of Economics
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  • 25
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    Assessing the Extent of Monetary Poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic after a Decade of Conflict (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Redaelli, Silvia Assessing the Extent of Monetary Poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic after a Decade of Conflict
    Schlagwort(e): Data Deprivation ; Fragility and Conflict ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Nowcasting ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Development and Poverty
    Kurzfassung: The data for estimating monetary poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic are outdated. In the context of data scarcity, this paper aims to propose a methodological approach to address the knowledge gap regarding welfare in Syria over the past decade. In particular, the analysis provides (i) updated pre-conflict poverty baseline estimates based on grouped data from the 2009 Household Income and Expenditure Survey; (ii) supporting evidence on the viability of using Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme Demographic and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2022 survey data for the estimation of monetary poverty in 2022; and (iii) supporting theoretical and empirical evidence to identify growth in per capita gross domestic product in current prices deflated by Consumer Price Index as the best metric to project poverty using a nowcasting approach. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes to use 2022 Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme-based poverty estimates to anchor the most recent estimates to the best available evidence, and to interpolate the poverty evolution obtained from back-casting 2022 and nowcasting 2009 poverty estimates over 2009-22 using the growth rate of per capita gross domestic product in current prices, deflated by the Consumer Price Index with a passthrough of 0.7
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10736
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  • 26
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    Gender and Fiscal Policy : A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Jellema, Jon Gender and Fiscal Policy: A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Social Development ; Incidence Analysis ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Taxes ; Transfers
    Kurzfassung: Fiscal policies affect households and individuals in a variety of ways. Even though these effects are likely to be different for men and women, conventional tools of fiscal incidence analysis are typically unable to capture these gender differences. Using a particular type of incidence analysis known in the literature as the Commitment to Equity framework, this paper proposes a methodology to overcome this challenge. A particular novelty the paper introduces is the explicit incorporation of social reproduction into the fiscal incidence analysis framework, enabling the implicit valuation of unpaid work that is typically undertaken by women on activities such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children and the elderly. Applying this methodology to the cases of Jordan and Armenia -- two countries with very different approaches to fiscal policy and cultural norms around the economic and social roles of men and women -- the paper also highlights some of the insights that this engendered perspective could add to standard fiscal incidence analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10733
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  • 27
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    Lives, Livelihoods, and Learning : A Global Perspective on the Well-Being Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Decerf, Benoit Lives, Livelihoods, and Learning: A Global Perspective on the Well-Being Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Schlagwort(e): Communicable Diseases ; Covid ; Education ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Mortality ; Poverty ; School Health ; Welfare
    Kurzfassung: This study compares the magnitude of national level losses that the COVID-19 pandemic inflicted across three critical dimensions: loss of life, loss of income, and loss of learning. The well-being consequences of excess mortality are expressed in years of life lost, while those of income losses and school closures are expressed in additional years spent in poverty (as measured by national poverty lines), either currently or in the future. While 2020-21 witnessed a global drop in life expectancy and the largest one-year increase in global poverty in many decades, widespread school closures may cause almost twice as large an increase in future poverty. The estimates of well-being loss for the average global citizen include a loss of almost three weeks of life (19 days), an additional two and half weeks spent in poverty in 2020 and 2021 (17 days), and the possibility of an additional month of life in poverty in the future due to school closures (31 days). Well-being losses are not equitably distributed across countries. The typical high-income country suffered more total years of life lost than additional years in poverty, while the opposite holds for the typical low- or middle-income country. Aggregating total losses requires the valuation of a year of life lost vis-a-vis an additional year spent in poverty. If a year of life lost is valued at five or fewer additional years spent in poverty, low-income countries suffered greater total well-being loss than high-income countries. For a wide range of valuations, the greatest well-being losses fell on upper-middle-income countries and countries in the Latin America region. This set of countries suffered the largest mortality costs as well as large losses in learning and sharp increases in poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10728
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  • 28
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    Who did Covid-19 Hurt the Most in Sub-Saharan Africa? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Seuyong, Feraud Tchuisseu Who did Covid-19 Hurt the Most in Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Schlagwort(e): Covid-19 ; Distributional Impacts ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Kurzfassung: How did the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic impact poor households in Sub-Saharan Africa This paper tackles this question by combining 73 High-Frequency Phone Surveys collected by national governments in 14 countries with older nationally representative surveys containing information on household consumption. In particular, it examines how outcomes differed according to predicted per capita consumption quintiles in the first wave of the survey, and in subsequent waves by households' predicted per capita consumption. The initial shock affected households throughout the predicted welfare distribution. Households in the bottom 40 percent responded by sharply increasing farming activities between May and July of 2020 and gradually increasing ownership of non-farm enterprises starting in August. This coincided with an improvement in welfare, as measured by a decline in food insecurity and distressed asset sales among these households during the second half of 2020. With respect to education, children in the bottom quintile were 15 percentage points less likely to engage in learning activities than those in the top quintile in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, and the engagement gap between the bottom 40 and top 60 widened in the summer before narrowing in the fall due to large declines in engagement among the top 60. Poorer households were slightly more likely to report receiving public assistance immediately following the shock, and this difference changed little over the course of 2020. The results highlight the widespread impacts of the crisis both on welfare and children's educational engagement, the importance of agriculture and household non-farm enterprises as safety nets for the poor, and the substantial recovery made by the poorest households in the year following the crisis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10726
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 29
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    Right to Education : Forced Migration and Child Education Outcomes (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Vargas, Juan F Right to Education: Forced Migration and Child Education Outcomes
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Migration
    Kurzfassung: About a third of the 7.7 million Venezuelans who have left their country due to political and economic turmoil have settled in neighboring Colombia. The extent to which the Colombian schooling system can absorb the massive demand for education of Venezuelan children is key for their future trajectory of human capital accumulation, as well as that of Colombian students in receiving communities. This paper estimates the effect of Venezuelan migration on educational outcomes of children living in settlement municipalities in Colombia, distinguish between the effect of the migration shock on native and migrant students. Specifically, it estimates the effect of the migration shock on school enrollment, dropout/promotion rates and standardized test scores. The identification relies on a plausibly exogenous measure of the predicted migration shock faced by each Colombian municipality every year. The findings show that the migration shock increased the enrollment of Venezuelan students in both public and private schools and in all school grades, but also generated negative spillovers related to failing promotion rates and increasing dropout. This paper documents that these negative effects are explained by the differential enrollment capacity of schools, as well as by the deterioration of key school inputs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10720
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  • 30
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    Reviewing Assessment Tools for Measuring Country Statistical Capacity (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (72 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Pullinger, John Reviewing Assessment Tools for Measuring Country Statistical Capacity
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Statistical System ; Statistical Capacity ; Statistical Capacity Index ; Statistical Indicators ; Statistical Performance
    Kurzfassung: Country statistical capacity is increasingly recognized as crucial for development, but no academic study exists that reviews the available assessment tools. This paper offers the first review study that fills this gap, paying particular attention to data and practical measurement challenges. It compares the World Bank's recently developed Statistical Performance Indicators and Index with other widely used indexes, such as the Open Data Inventory index, the Global Data Barometer index, and other regional and self-assessment tools. The findings show that each index brings advantages in data sources, number of indicators, measurement focus, coverage of countries and time periods, and correlation with common development indexes. The Open Data Inventory index covers the most countries, the Global Data Barometer index collects data through its surveys, and the Statistical Performance Indicators and Index offer a broader framework for assessing statistical systems. The paper offers further thoughts on the potential mechanisms through which these tools can bring positive impacts on economic activities and some political economy concerns, as well as future directions for development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10717
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  • 31
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    FY 2023 Uzbekistan Country Opinion Survey (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Opinion Surveys
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Country Opinion Survey in Uzbekistan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Uzbekistan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Uzbekistan on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Uzbekistan; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Uzbekistan; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Uzbekistan; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Uzbekistan
    DOI: 10.1596/41147
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  • 32
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    Net Zero Energy by 2060 : Charting the Path of Europe and Central Asia Toward a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Study
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation to Climate Change ; Decarbonization ; Energy ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Gas Security ; Renewable Energy ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Since February 2022, geopolitical events have made clear Europe's need to diversify its energy sources and avoid excessive dependence on fossil fuel imports. The drop in Russian natural gas flows to Europe in 2022 marked the single largest supply shock in the history of global gas markets. It caused a significant increase in prices of electricity and heating services for consumers across the continent. With Europe's high reliance on imported natural gas, reestablishing energy security is a paramount objective. But how security can be achieved is subject to many uncertainties. Although Central Asia is not as dependent on gas imports as other parts of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, it has not been spared an energy crisis. Chronic underinvestment and the harshest winter conditions in decades resulted in significant blackouts in power and heating during the winter of 2022/23. -- This report analyzes the implications of the 2022/2023 energy crises over the short and long term, observing possible energy scenarios through 2060 in the Bank's ECA region and examining three key questions: -- What is the state of energy security in ECA in the wake of recent geopolitical events? -- What will it take to decarbonize the ECA energy system? -- What are the main uncertainties?
    DOI: 10.1596/41089
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  • 33
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    Revenue Administration Handbook (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (238 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Data Science ; Digital Transformation ; Maturity Models ; Revenue Administration ; Tax Policy ; Tax Sanctions
    Kurzfassung: Revenue Administration Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and management of tax and customs administrations, covering topics such as tax policy design considerations that impact tax administration, institutional setup and strategic planning, analyticalcapacities and maturity models, core business processes, and tax sanctions. It also presents pioneering work in the field of digital transformation and how to build data science capabilities, including a roadmap for policy makers and tax officials on how to incorporate and manage disruptive technologies, such as machine learning, into building modern revenue administrations while taking into account their respective maturity levels. This practical manual provides examples from real-life World Bank projects so that policy makers, tax officials, information technology experts, and information and communication technology providers can better understand the needs of revenue administrations to design and implement the most appropriate technology solutions. This reference work is intended to serve as a tool to facilitate the progress and modernization of tax and customs administrations worldwide, and to reach not only tax experts and policy makers, but also other government officials, businesses and academic communities, as well as the larger public, since all are relevant stakeholders with an active role in day-to-day revenue administration operations. "This is a very timely and useful reference for tax practitioners and stakeholders, coming at a time when tax administrators continue to grapple with the challenge of how to accelerate the modernization of technology systems to remain effective in a rapidly advancing and technologydriven business environment." MOSES WASIKE, Senior financial management specialist, World Bank "This is an impressive piece of work that pulls together many different strains on tax administration." JEFFREY OWENS, Director, Global Tax Policy Center, Vienna University "Applying several technologies discussed in this handbook in an innovative manner will definitely help leapfrog countries to pursue a digital transformation agenda, especially in the areas of efficiency, productivity, and citizen satisfaction."
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  • 34
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    Greening National Development Financial Institutions : Trends, Lessons Learned, and Ways Forward (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (94 pages)
    Serie: International Development in Focus
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Climate and Environmental Objectives ; Financing ; Lessons Learned ; National Development Financial Institutions ; NDFIS ; Private Sector
    Kurzfassung: National Development Financial Institutions (NDFIs) are crucial for mobilizing the required financing, including from private sources, to reach countries' climate and environmental (C and E) objectives. Funding needed to achieve countries' C and E goals is in the trillions of dollars, with many countries also facing significant fiscal and economic constraints. NDFIs are well positioned to overcome the market barriers associated with green investments and catalyze private-sector financing. The main purpose of 'Greening National Development Financial Institutions: Trends, Lessons Learned, and Ways Forward' is to examine the current trends and recommend policy actions for 'greening' NDFIs. This report identifies key steps NDFIs can take to catalyze finance toward countries' C and E objectives and manage C and E risks. The assessment of NDFIs' C and E practices is based on a review of key elements of NDFI operations and their institutional setup. The work draws from the results of a survey conducted by the World Bank of greening practices within NDFIs based in countries in a range of regions and income levels, as well as on in-depth case studies of four NDFIs: Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relacion con la Agricultura, Korea Development Bank, Turkiye Sinai Kalkinma Bankasi, and Development Bank of Southern Africa
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  • 35
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    FY 2023 Fiji Country Opinion Survey Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Opinion Surveys
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Country Opinion Survey in Fiji assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Fiji perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Fiji on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Fiji; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Fiji; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Fiji; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Fiji
    DOI: 10.1596/41306
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  • 36
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    FY 2023 Turkiye Country Opinion Survey Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Opinion Surveys
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Country Opinion Survey in Turkiye assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Turkiye perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Turkiye on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Turkiye; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Turkiye; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Turkiye; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Turkiye
    DOI: 10.1596/41305
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  • 37
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    Opportunities for Financing : Farming and Processing in the Cassava, Maize and Plantain Value Chains in Cote d'Ivoire (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Agriculture Study
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Cassava ; Food ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Loans ; Marketing ; Plantain ; Value Chain
    Kurzfassung: The main objective of the report is to develop business models on farming and/or processing of cassava, maize and plantain in Cote d'Ivoire that would help financial institutions to gain better knowledge of the value chains, to design appropriate financing products and to streamline the loan decision process for women-led cooperatives. This report has been produced hand in hand with a financial evaluation tool, to assess the profitability of lending to various cooperatives engaged these select value chains. In addition, detailed financial models have been prepared to assess the cash flow projections of the cooperatives, which could be used in the loan decision process. A marketing strategy plan has also been prepared, which aims at guiding financial institutions in their lending initiatives to cooperatives operating in the various value chains. It is vital for financial institutions to have the right marketing approach, so that cooperatives with a suitable profile can enter their pipeline as potential clients for lending
    DOI: 10.1596/41276
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  • 38
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    The Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Consumer Protection ; Consumer Protection Law ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Capability ; Financial Consumer Protection ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The 2022 Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (FICP) Report is an update to the 2013 and 2017 FICP reports. These surveys aim to provide a timely source of global data to benchmark efforts by financial sector authorities to improve the enabling environment for financial inclusion and consumer protection. To date, this is the only longitudinal and global survey of this nature. As such, this report serves as a valuable resource to shape the World Bank's country engagements, a reference document for regulators and supervisors and, finally, a tool for both public and private sector actors with an interest in knowing the developments in this sector. The Survey questionnaire covers key topics related to financial inclusion and financial consumer protection (FCP) and aligns with international guidance to financial sector authorities in these areas. Because the report aims to capture both a snapshot as well as trends over time, the survey questionnaire has been modified over the three cycles to reflect the changing policy and regulatory landscape of financial inclusion and consumer protection
    DOI: 10.1596/41250
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  • 39
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    Colombia Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment, 2024 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Schlagwort(e): CHVA ; Climate and Health ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health Risks ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment (CHVA) is to assist decision-makers in Colombia with planning effective adaptation measures to deal with climate-related health risks. This assessment includes sub-national considerations for health-related climate action (see Annex A for the methodology). Sub-national considerations are given for Colombia's 32 departments (see Figure 1). It also incorporates data from a Climate and Health Economic Valuation conducted by the World Bank to estimate of the potential economic costs of health impacts arising from projected changes in temperature and precipitation (see Annex B for the methodology). The findings from this CHVA are organized under four sections. Section I characterizes the climatology in Colombia, highlighting observed and projected climate exposures relevant to health. Section II describes key climate-related risks to health, including nutrition and food security, vector-borne diseases (VDBs), water-borne diseases, increasing temperatures, air quality, and zoonotic diseases. Section III analyzes the adaptive capacity and readiness of Colombia's health system to prevent and manage climate-related health risks. Recommendations are discussed in Section IV
    DOI: 10.1596/41249
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  • 40
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    Urban Informality in Sub-Saharan Africa : Profiling Workers and Firms in an Urban Context (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Cunningham, Wendy Urban Informality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Profiling Workers and Firms in an Urban Context
    Schlagwort(e): Employment and Unemployment ; Informal Sector ; Low Skilled Workers ; Self-Employment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Informal Sector ; Women in The Workforce ; Work and Working Conditions
    Kurzfassung: This paper describes the state of informal sector work in urban Sub-Saharan Africa, using household surveys from 26 countries representing 61 percent of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa and firm surveys from three countries. Five main conclusions emerge. First, the urban informal sector is large and persistent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 56 to 65 percent of urban workers are informal, half of whom are self-employed. Data from five countries suggest little systematic reduction in the prevalence of informality during the 2010s. Second, heterogeneity in the African informal sector cuts along demographic lines. Women are overrepresented in informal self-employment, men in informal wage work, and youth in unpaid employment. Third, while the urban informal workers are, on average, poorer and in less-skilled occupations than formal sector workers, the majority are not extremely poor and are in mid-skilled occupations. Fourth, informal enterprises are small and are challenged to survive and grow into job-creating firms. Few find much benefit from registration given the costs, both monetary (taxes) and transactional (information about the registration process). Fifth, access to urban public services (utilities) is weakly associated with the probability of working in an informal job, although access to mobile phones is high across all job types. If thriving urban jobs are to contribute to economic and social development in Africa, it will be crucial for policies and programs to take into consideration the heterogeneity in jobs, the profile of workers, and the urban context
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10703
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  • 41
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    Household Vulnerability and Preparedness for Disasters in Haiti (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier Household Vulnerability and Preparedness for Disasters in Haiti
    Schlagwort(e): Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Disaster Preparedness ; Disaster Recovery ; Enhancing Resilience ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Hazards ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the socioeconomic factors correlated with vulnerability to natural hazards, using unique data from the High-Frequency Phone Surveys conducted in Haiti in 2021, 2022, and 2023. The results indicate a high overall exposure to hazards, with a significant number of individuals living in households facing the threat of multiple hazards. The analysis finds that disaster preparedness is generally low, with the poorest households experiencing the most significant challenges. Households in the bottom two wealth quintiles are less likely to have the necessary supplies to prepare adequately for and respond to disasters compared to those in the upper quintiles. Moreover, the level of education of the household head and access to the internet are found to be correlated with the likelihood of having better disaster preparedness. This suggests that higher levels of education and internet access play a significant role in improving preparedness levels among households. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of addressing socioeconomic factors when developing strategies to enhance resilience to natural hazards. By focusing on improving disaster preparedness among the most vulnerable households and promoting education and internet access, policy makers can mitigate the negative impacts of natural disasters on affected communities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10699
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  • 42
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    Urban and Interurban Road Pricing : Navigating the Changing Landscape of Mobility Management and Infrastructure Financing (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Mobility ; Road Pricing ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: The document is structured into five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical framework surrounding road pricing. It outlines the fundamental principles and characteristics of road pricing, while exploring the relationship between social equity and road pricing. Additionally, it addresses potential implementation challenges that may arise. The subsequent chapters offer summaries of international experiences in interurban pricing (Chapter.3) and urban pricing (Chapter 4). In the case of interurban pricing, a broad spectrum of approaches is examined, including traditional methods, concession tolls, and the latest trends in variable pricing within the European Union. Lastly, chapter 5 highlights the key trends in road pricing and provides recommendations based on the evidence presented throughout the document. This chapter serves to offer valuable insights for decision-makers, drawing from the comprehensive studies presented within the document
    DOI: 10.1596/41227
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  • 43
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    Managing Flood Risks : Leveraging Finance for Business Resilience in Malaysia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other ESW Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Business Environment ; Climate Adaptation ; Environment ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Resilience
    Kurzfassung: Building resilience to natural disasters is imperative for sustainable private sector development and growth in Malaysia. Floods have been Malaysia's most frequent natural disaster, accounting for 85 percent of all natural disasters since 2000. This report looks holistically at the challenges of adaptation to climate change for businesses, exploring the complementarity among the public sector, the financial sector, and the private sector efforts in managing flood risks. It does so by using a range of complementary analyses that bring together the private sector perspective drawn from a firm-level survey, the financial sector perspective based on a survey of financial institutions (both banks and insurers and takaful operators), along with macro-modelling estimates of the aggregate impacts of future floods. The report concludes with a roadmap for policy action to strengthen private sector resilience and enhance the management of flood risks for businesses, zooming in on policies for the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/41223
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  • 44
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    Tanzania Economic Update, Issue 20 : Overcoming Demographic Challenges while Embracing Opportunities (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Demographics ; Family Planning Research ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Fertility Rates ; High Population Growth ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Women's Agency
    Kurzfassung: Tanzania has managed to sustain its growth momentum despite the intensifying effects of climate change. While Tanzania's economy continues to expand, recent growth has been concentrated in sectors that employ few workers from poor households, limiting its impact on poverty. The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) has implemented an effective monetary policy designed to curb inflation and alleviate mounting short-term demand pressure on foreign exchange. While Tanzania's recovery continues to accelerate, several serious threats cloud its economic outlook. Key risks include the slow or incomplete implementation of structural reforms, the damaging effects of climate change on the agriculture and tourism sectors, and the possibility of a global recession caused by fiscal and monetary policy tightening in advanced economies and major EMDEs. To mitigate these risks, policymakers must accelerate structural reforms as part of a sustained effort to attract greater private investment and spur resilient and inclusive private-sector-led growth. Over the longer term, one of the country's key challenges will be to complete its structural economic transformation, which will require creating a more favorable business climate to support the growth of the industrial and services sectors while boosting agricultural productivity. Another key long-term growth challenge will be achieving more balanced and inclusive growth
    DOI: 10.1596/41195
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  • 45
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    Closing the Gap : Effect of a Gender Quota on Women's Access to Education in Afghanistan (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Najam, Rafiuddin Closing the Gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women's Access to Education in Afghanistan
    Schlagwort(e): Affirmative Action ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; LMIC ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Women in The Employment Market
    Kurzfassung: Affirmative action is a promising solution to the crucial challenge of bridging the gap in women's access to higher education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper uses public universities' matriculation data from 2013-2018 and difference-in-differences estimators to examine the causal impact of a gender quota on women's educational opportunities in Afghanistan. The quota increased the proportion of women in the treated concentration group by nine percentage points and the share of women from low socio-economic status by three percentage points. The expansion was associated with a 0.04-unit decline in the average score ratio of female-to-male applicants, driven by a reduction in the score threshold needed for women's admission. The effects were condensed in competitive concentrations, where the overall share of women and women with low SES increased by 17 and four percentage points, respectively. The findings suggest that affirmative action is a viable option for addressing the gender gap in fragile settings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10674
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  • 46
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    Learning Can't Wait : Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean from PISA 2022 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Education Study
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Latin America ; Learning ; Pisa
    Kurzfassung: This report explores the results of the latest round of PISA for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), showcasing the results for the region, the differences within the region and between the region and the rest of the world. For this round of PISA, 14 countries of LAC participated in the assessment, representing the largest number of LAC countries in the assessment since its inception. The report covers three key insights: (1) learning is low and highly unequal in LAC, (2) for most countries trends in learning are not moving in the right direction; and (3) countries in LAC should ensure that all students acquire at least basic proficiency in foundational skills, by addressing disparities and focusing on the effective use of technology
    DOI: 10.1596/41144
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  • 47
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    Water Management in Oil and Gas Operations : Industry Practice and Policy Guidelines for Developing Countries (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (234 pages)
    Serie: International Development in Focus
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Industry Practices ; Legal Framework ; Oil and Gas ; Refinery Operations ; Water ; Water Management Systems ; Water Supply
    Kurzfassung: Steadily increasing demand for water poses a threat to sustainable development, and an increasing number of regions are chronically short of water. Putting caps on water consumption, increasing water use efficiencies, and supporting improved sharing of water resources are now critical to reducing the perils posed by water scarcity to biodiversity and human welfare. Although freshwater demand in oil and gas operations is a small fraction of global water demand, oil and gas fields are commonly clustered in smaller areas, where their operations often dominate freshwater abstraction and wastewater discharge. At the same time, oil production generates large amounts of produced water that may be used to reduce freshwater abstraction and possibly serve beneficial purposes outside the petroleum sector. In the most advanced countries, regulation promotes the sound use of freshwater in the oil and gas industry and incentivizes the reuse or beneficial use of treated produced water. Regulation is also used to prevent the contamination of freshwater resources from the disposal of unproperly treated produced water. In many developing and emerging economies, however, regulation to prevent water contamination is often lacking or nonexistent or, when present, is poorly enforced. Optimal policy and regulation of the use of freshwater and the reuse of water generated by oil and gas operations depend on a range of geographic,geological, technical, and economic factors. Water Management in Oil and Gas Operations: Industry Practice and Policy Guidelines for Developing Countries identifies common policy principles organized around key regulatory functions and critical links of the oil and gas value chain. This report offers practical solutions to guide policy makers and regulators seeking to minimize the environmental impacts of oil and gas perations, to promote sustainable cross-sectoral economic linkages, and to reduce competition and potential confl icts over access to and use of water resources
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  • 48
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    Green Digital Transformation : How to Sustainably Close the Digital Divide and Harness Digital Tools for Climate Action (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (172 pages)
    Serie: Climate Change and Development
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Digital Tools ; E-Commerce ; Green Digital Transformation ; Green Gas ; Low Emissions
    Kurzfassung: Climate change is unfolding amid the greatest information and communication revolution in human history. From e-commerce and social media to smart manufacturing and precision farming, digital technologies have become prevalent in all aspects of economic and social life. Digital technologies also have the potential to shape climate change action. Green digital transformation can help countries adapt effectively to the impacts of climate change and create greener growth pathways. Doing this means combining a focus on digital transformation and inclusion with a strategic and sustainable use of digital technologies to address climate change. Green Digital Transformation: How to Sustainably Close the Digital Divide and Harness Digital Tools for Climate Action illuminates the channels through which digital technologies intersect with climate change, and it proposes a path to low-emissions applications of digital technologies to help countries mitigate and adapt to climate change
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  • 49
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    Global Economic Prospects, January 2024 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (194 pages)
    Serie: Global Economic Prospects
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Commodity Prices ; Debt Relief ; Emerging and Developing Economies ; Exchange Rates ; Fiscal Frameworks ; Food Price Volatility ; GDP Growth ; Inflation ; Interest Rates ; Macroeconomics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). Each edition includes analytical pieces on topical policy challenges faced by these economies
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  • 50
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    Overcoming Left-Behindedness : Moving beyond the Efficiency versus Equity Debate in Territorial Development (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Pose, Andres Overcoming Left-Behindedness: Moving beyond the Efficiency versus Equity Debate in Territorial Development
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Development ; Efficiency ; Equity Territories ; Growth ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Rural Development ; Regional Urban Development ; Regions ; Rural Development
    Kurzfassung: Territorial development theory and practice have witnessed significant change in recent times. This change has increasingly put the spatial dimension at the center of development policies. Although agglomeration-focused policies derived from urbanization and agglomeration economics were once prominent, their empirical limitations have become increasingly apparent. Greater territorial polarization and pervasive left-behindedness have underscored the need for a more inclusive territorial development approach, prompting increased interest in understanding and addressing regional disparities to ensure more equitable economic growth. This paper synthesizes the growing interest in territorial development, which has driven the adoption of what are increasingly place-based and place-sensitive approaches to development. The paper also emphasizes the need for complementarity between efficiency-driven and equity-focused interventions, while highlighting emerging topics in regional economics research, including the role of institutions, agency, and external megatrends such as the green transition. The paper concludes by advocating a place-sensitive approach that tailors policies to regional challenges, promoting economic potential, diversification, and inclusivity across all regions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10734
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  • 51
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    Inelastic Demand Meets Optimal Supply of Risky Sovereign Bonds (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Moretti, Matias Inelastic Demand Meets Optimal Supply of Risky Sovereign Bonds
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Development ; Emerging Markets Bond Index ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inelastic Financial Markets ; Institutional Investors ; International Capital Markets ; International Financial Markets ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Small Open Economies ; Sovereign Debt
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents evidence of inelastic demand in the market for risky sovereign bonds and examines its interplay with government policies. The methodology combines bond-level evidence with a structural model featuring endogenous bond issuances and default risk. Empirically, the paper exploits monthly changes in the composition of a major bond index to identify flow shocks that shift the available bond supply and are unrelated to country fundamentals. The paper finds that a 1 percentage point reduction in the available supply increases bond prices by 33 basis points. Although exogenous, these shocks might influence government policies and expected bond payoffs. The paper identifies a structural demand elasticity by feeding the estimated price reactions into a sovereign debt model that isolates endogenous government responses. These responses account for a third of the estimated price reactions. By penalizing additional borrowing, inelastic demand acts as a commitment device that reduces default risk
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10735
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  • 52
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    Guide for Safe Speeds : Managing Traffic Speeds to Save Lives and Improve Livability (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other ESW Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Education For All ; Road Safety ; Speed Management ; Traffic ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Effectively managing traffic speeds is one of the most complex road safety challenges. To meet it, countries need to have key institutional and organizational arrangements in place, and to adopt and fund a systematic, evidence-based approach to speed management. To sustain speed management efforts and interventions, countries should develop a speed management strategy that aligns management activities across key institutions and organizations. A strategy also helps ensure robust and consistent speed limit setting and prioritizes changes with the greatest road safety impact. This guide can help governments at all levels develop speed management strategies that work
    DOI: 10.1596/41240
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  • 53
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    Resilience Rating System : A Methodology for Building and Tracking Resilience to Climate Change - Synthesizing Key Lessons from IDA19 Piloting (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other ESW Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Environment ; IDA19 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rating System ; Resilience ; RRS
    Kurzfassung: In response to the growing recognition that measuring inputs, such as climate finance, is not enough to capture the impacts of investments, the World Bank Group developed the Resilience Rating System (RRS). Developed over a two-year, multi-sectoral consultative process through close collaboration with internal and external actors, the RRS methodology aims to guide investment decisions and improve climate resilience in project design and outcomes. The methodology report is publicly available. The RRS evaluates and rates investment projects from C to A+, based on their resilience attributes in two complementary dimensions. The resilience of rating considers a project's design, reflecting the confidence that it will achieve its expected objectives and maximize development benefits in the face of climate and disaster risks. The resilience through rating considers a project's outcomes and reflects its contribution to improving climate resilience in the broader community, sector and systems, and to driving transformational adaptation. Combining the two dimension ratings provides an overall project rating, from CC to A+A+
    DOI: 10.1596/41225
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  • 54
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    Charting a Blue Course : Investment Projects for the Blue Economy Transition in Sao Tome e Principe (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Artisanal Coastal Fleet ; Blue Cabotage ; Blue Economy ; Blue Tourism ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Environment ; Investment Projects ; STP
    Kurzfassung: The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome e Principe (STP) is the smallest independent island state in Africa, having gained independence in 1975, following the Seychelles. STP has a predominantly young population. However, as an island micro-state, the country faces many development problems specific to islands and small countries, such as weak governance capacity, the inability to provide basic services to the population, and a lack of adequate infrastructure (ports, electricity, airports). Additionally, high production and distribution costs of goods and services, including food products, exacerbate the poverty level of the population. The virtually nonexistent corporate structure and undiversified, highly dependent economy make the country vulnerable to exogenous shocks. To address these challenges, STP developed and adopted a Transition Strategy for the Blue Economy in December 2019. This strategy aims to establish the coherence of public policies linked to oceanic resources with the policies of other sectors, such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, and energy. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the analysis of the three investment projects prioritized for inclusion in the National Investment Plan for the Blue Economy. While the report does not imply endorsement of these projects by the World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), its primary objective is to illuminate the drivers of cost and benefit associated with the priorities already identified by the government of Sao Tome e Principe
    DOI: 10.1596/41183
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  • 55
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    FY 2023 Cabo Verde Country Opinion Survey Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Opinion Surveys
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Country Opinion Survey in Cabo Verde assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Cabo Verde perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Cabo Verde on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Cabo Verde; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Cabo Verde; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Cabo Verde; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Cabo Verde
    DOI: 10.1596/41168
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  • 56
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    Pacific Economic Update, March 2024 : Back on Track? The Imperative of Investing in Education (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Education Reform ; Education Reform and Management ; Existing Teachers ; Learning ; Teaching Practices
    Kurzfassung: In 2023, growth in the Pacific islands (PIC-11) decelerated but remained robust at 5.5 percent--about two and a half times the long-term average. Fiji's output surpassed pre-pandemic levels in 2023 despite a notable deceleration, with growth rates halving from 20 percent in 2022 to eight percent in 2023. The PIC-11, excluding Fiji, experienced a noteworthy rebound of 2.7 percent growth in 2023, after a 0.5 percent output contraction in 2022. The trajectory of accelerated and sustainable growth in Pacific Island countries depends on a workforce that is well educated and equipped with enhanced skills and capabilities. Boosting education and skills is essential for long-term growth and poverty reduction in the Pacific Island countries. While multiple factors influence learning, once a child enters school, teachers have the largest impact. A robust body of evidence guides policymakers in improving teaching quality and ensuring that all young children acquire strong foundational skills. This report outlines a three-pronged program of action based on this evidence: attracting and recruiting effective teachers, enhancing existing teachers' capacity, and motivating greater teacher effort. Recognizing that 54 percent of teachers expected to teach in 2035 are already recruited, the report emphasizes a special focus on enhancing the capacity of existing teachers. It provides examples of rigorously evaluated interventions, such as structured pedagogy and access to pre-recorded lectures by highly rated teachers. Implementing these recommendations will aid regional countries in accelerating learning, allowing children and societies to achieve their aspirations
    DOI: 10.1596/41160
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  • 57
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    National and International Monetary Payments : From Smith to Keynes and Schmitt (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031517372
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 271 p. 11 illus.)
    Serie: Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Macroeconomics. ; Schools of economics. ; International economic relations. ; Financial services industry. ; history of economic thought through 1925 ; history of economic thought since 1925 ; monetary economics ; central banking ; international monetary arrangements and institutions ; economic pathologies ; monetary reform ; national payments ; international payments ; sovereign debt crises ; theory of money emissions
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1. Introduction -- PART 1: NATIONAL PAYMENTS- Chapter 2. Nominal and real money, general equivalent, and value -- Chapter 3. From money as a numéraire to the quantity theory of money -- Chapter 4. Keynes on bank money and the ‘monetary theory of production’ -- Chapter 5. The macroeconomic analysis of national payments -- PART II: INTERNATIONAL PAYMENTS -- Chapter 6. The classical view of international transactions -- Chapter 7. The neoclassical approach to international transactions -- Chapter 8. Keynes’s analysis of external payments -- Chapter 9. The macroeconomic analysis of international payments -- Chapter 10. Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: This book demonstrates the relevance of the historical perspective with respect to national and international payment systems. Its analysis of national and international payments develops along a dialectical path that starts with the work of the Classics (thesis), undergoes a radical turn with the advent of the neoclassical school (antithesis), and reaches the modern theory of emissions passing through Keynes’s contribution (synthesis). That the history of economic thought occupies a legitimate place in the field of historical studies is beyond dispute. What may be less well understood is that it can serve purposes beyond those of the academic community of historians. This book critically investigates the contributions of the greatest economists of the past to provide insights into the pathologies of today’s systems of national and international payments and into the reforms that are needed to correct them. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in economic policy and the history of economic thought. Andrea Carrera is an Assistant Professor of Applied Economics at Complutense University of Madrid and an Affiliated Researcher at the Complutense Institute for International Studies (ICEI). He has also been serving as a Marie Skłodowska-Curie exchange researcher in Asia and South America. His current research interests are in monetary economics and economic catch-up. Alvaro Cencini is Professor Emeritus of Monetary Economics at the Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland. He holds a D.phil degree from the University of Fribourg and a Ph.D. degree from the London School of Economics. He is the author of several books, contributions to books, and peer-reviewed journals on monetary economics. See also: www.quantum-macroeconomics.info.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51737-2
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  • 58
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    Technology and English Language Teaching in a Changing World : A Practical Guide for Teachers and Teacher Educators (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031515408
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XXVI, 205 p. 25 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: New Language Learning and Teaching Environments
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Language and languages ; Educational technology.
    Kurzfassung: Part I Enhancing Students' Receptive English Skills -- 1. Integrating Commercial-off-the-Shelf Games in L2 English Vocabulary Instruction -- 2. Digital RPG-Based Vocabulary Learning -- 3. Integrating a Web-Based E-portfolio to Enhance EFL Learners’ Reading Skills -- 4. Empowering Students’ Extensive Reading Facilitated by TED-Ed Lessons as IDLE Activities and the Impacts on Students’ Vocabulary: Stories from Indonesia -- Part II Fostering Students' Productive English Skills -- 5. The Role of a Mother and Siblings in Enhancing Two Young Iranian EFL Students’ Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language Through Serious Game Play -- 6. Facilitating Authentic and Creative English as a Foreign Language Expression Through Digital Multimodal Composing -- 7. Using Video-Based Shadowing to Develop Students’ Speaking Skills -- 8. Improving EFL Students’ Interdisciplinary and Multimodal Presentation Skills -- Part III Empowering Teachers' Innovative Teaching -- 9. Media-Didactic Competence Development in Pre-service Teacher Education: Teaching English Grammar Through Learning Paths & Storytelling -- 10. Transforming English Pre-service Teachers Through a Digital Adventure: Developing Digital Literacy and Pedagogical Skills -- 11. Using Writing Editor Tools to Improve English Writing Skills -- 12. Fan and Ludic Practices for Enhancing EFL Writing and Reflection -- 13. Teach Less, Learn More: Empowering Pre-service Language Teachers with Technology-Enhanced Microteaching -- Part IV Conclusion and Future Directions -- 14. Future Directions in English Language Teacher Education in a Changing World.
    Kurzfassung: This edited book explores the integration of technology into English language education, with a particular focus on extracurricular and extramural contexts. The editors and an international team of scholars discuss how English teachers can critically and systematically design and implement language activities inside and outside the classroom to improve students’ receptive and productive skills. The book also discusses how teachers can harness technology to enhance their teaching practices. The combination of theory, digital materials, teaching activities, evidence-based reflections, and a focus on Extracurricular and Extramural contexts will make this book an invaluable resource for pre-service and in-service language teachers on ESL, EFL, and TESOL courses, as well as researchers in Applied Linguistics. Chapter 12 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51540-8
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  • 59
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    Children and Young People’s Digital Lifeworlds : Domestication, Mediation, and Agency (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031513039 , 3031513037
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XXXIII, 223 Seiten) , 6 illus., 5 illus. in color.
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024
    Serie: Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research - A Palgrave and IAMCR Series
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Uzuegbunam, Chikezie E Children and Young People’s Digital Lifeworlds
    DDC: 302.231
    Schlagwort(e): Digital media ; Ethnology Africa ; Culture ; Youth Social life and customs ; Digital and New Media ; African Culture ; Youth Culture
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51303-9
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51303-9
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
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  • 60
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    Governing Police Stops Across Europe (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031413636
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XXIII, 305 p. 5 illus., 1 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Palgrave's Critical Policing Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Governing police stops across Europe
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Criminology. ; Public administration. ; Human rights. ; Critical criminology. ; Crime ; Political sociology. ; Arrêt et fouille par palpation - Europe
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1: Police Stops: a comparative perspective on governance -- Chapter 2: Stop in the name of the law: the legal regulation of police stops in Europe -- Chapter 3: Internal Governance of police stops: an unresolvable challenge? -- Chapter 4: External accountability: the limited influence of oversight bodies on the governance of police stops -- Chapter 5: Civil oversight practices in Europe: exploring the impact of civil movement against police stops -- Chapter 6: Legal remedies for victims of unlawful police stops: European and domestic contexts -- Chapter 7: The role of data in enhancing the governance of Police Stops in Europe -- Chapter 8: The possibilities and pitfalls of the use of accountability technologies in the governance of police stops -- Chapter 9: Conclusion: the three levels of governance of police stops.
    Kurzfassung: "Governing Police Stops Across Europe should be essential reading for all those involved in police governance, scrutiny, and practice.” --Gill Imery, former Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary Scotland This book takes a critical and comparative approach to the analysis of the governance of police stops across Europe. It draws on an EU COST Action research network on Police Stops which engaged academics and practitioners from 29 countries to better understand the practice of police stops. It begins by examining how police stops are defined and the various legal rules and levels of accountability afforded. The chapters are arranged by theme to focus on a core aspect of the governance of police stops. These include: legal frameworks and police discretion; internal governance; external accountability and civilian oversight; possibilities for legal recourse; and the different roles of data and technology. Each compares the distinct approaches evident across Europe, often employing case studies. The book adopts a critical approach, acknowledging governance as contested and involving diverse (state, non-state and supranational) actors. It considers implications for policing in a rapidly changing environment globally. Elizabeth Aston is Professor of Criminology at Edinburgh Napier University, UK, and the Director of the Scottish Institute for Policing Research. Sofie De Kimpe is full time Professor of Criminology at the Department of Criminology at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium and was Chair of the EU COST Action on Police Stops. János Fazekas is Associate Professor at ELTE University, Budapest, Hungary. He was co-leader of the Governance Working Group of the EU COST Action on Police Stops. Genevieve Lennon is Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Strathclyde, UK. She was co-leader of the Governance Working Group of the EU COST Action Police Stops. Mike Rowe is Lecturer in Public Sector Management at the University of Liverpool, UK, and was Vice Chair of the EU COST Action on Police Stops.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41363-6
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  • 61
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    Globalization, Dutch Disease, and Vulnerability to External Shocks in a Small Open Economy : The Case of Lebanon in 1916 and 2019 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Bou-Habib, Chadi Globalization, Dutch Disease, and Vulnerability to External Shocks in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Lebanon in 1916 and 2019
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Crisis ; External Shock ; Famine ; General Equilibrium Simulation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mount Lebanon ; Natural Disaster
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the similarities between the economy of 1912 Mount Lebanon on the eve of the famine of 1916 and the economy of 2004 Lebanon that set the stage for the major economic and social crisis of 2019. A simple general equilibrium simulation shows that, as long as the Lebanese economy remains reliant on foreign inflows, crises will persist, with different manifestations. Regardless of the period considered, foreign inflows increase domestic prices and induce real appreciation. Low productive capacities and insufficient job creation lead to high emigration. Emigration increases the reliance on foreign inflows, which in turn increase domestic prices and reduce competitiveness, hence triggering further emigration and further reliance on foreign inflows. Income and prices increase, but exports decline, and growth remains volatile. The interruption of the flows of capital and goods and the impossibility to migrate due to the First World War drove Lebanon into starvation in 1916. The interruption of inflows of capital in 2019 led to a major crisis and massive outmigration, as predicted through the simulations based on the structure of the Lebanese economy in 2004. The simulations effectively capture the impact of external shocks on the Lebanese economy and closely align with the actual changes in economic variables during 2005 to 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10688
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  • 62
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    Falling Long-Term Growth Prospects : Trends, Expectations, and Policies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (558 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Developing Economies ; Growth Prospects ; Policies ; Poverty ; Structural Growth
    Kurzfassung: A structural growth slowdown is under way across the world: at current trends, the global rate of potential growth is expected to fall to a three-decade low over the remainder of the 2020s. Nearly all the forces that have powered growth and prosperity since the early 1990s have weakened. In addition, a series of shocks has affected the global economy over the past three years. A persistent and broad-based decline in long-term growth prospects imperils the ability of emerging market and developing economies to combat poverty, tackle climate change, and meet other key development objectives. The challenges presented by this potential inability call for an ambitious policy response at the national and global levels. This book presents the first detailed analysis of the growth slowdown and a rich menu of policy options to deliver better growth outcomes. This book presents a sobering analysis of the secular growth slowdown based on the most comprehensive database of potential growth estimates available to date. With nearly all the forces that have driven growth and prosperity in recent decades now weakened, the book argues that a prolonged period of weakness is under way, with serious implications for emerging market and developing economies. The authors call for bold policy actions at both the national and global levels to lift growth prospects. The book is essential reading for policy makers, economists, and anyone concerned about the future of the global economy. Beatrice Weder di Mauro Professor of International Economics, Geneva Graduate Institute, and President of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Economic policy making is becoming increasingly complicated in the 2020s. In addition to tackling traditional trade-offs in aggregate demand management and improving efficiency on the supply side, policy makers need to address new priorities and challenges, from addressing climate change and its impacts to improving income distribution, all in the context of lower growth rates, waning productivity growth, and flattening of the globalization process that has brought unprecedented prosperity across the globe and lifted more than a billion people out of poverty. In Falling Long-Term Growth Prospects, the authors do a phenomenal job of assessing these trends at the global and regional levels, identifying and unpacking salient twenty-first-century policy challenges, and providing thoughtful and evidence-based policy prescriptions for leaders in advanced, emerging market, and developing economies. Importantly, the book underscores that these challenges tend to be global and, hence, global cooperation at all levels is necessary to achieve optimal results. Alas, we seem to be going in the opposite direction; this book offers a road map to put us back on the path to creating a more integrated, prosperous, and equitable global community. Michael G. Plummer Director, SAIS Europe and ENI Professor of International Economics, The Johns Hopkins University
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  • 63
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    Gender Role Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and the "Double Burden" in Morocco (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (64 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Barnett, Carolyn Louise Gender Role Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and the "Double Burden" in Morocco
    Schlagwort(e): Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Employment ; Household Roles ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unpaid Domestic Labor ; Women in The Labor Market
    Kurzfassung: To what extent do attitudes and perceived norms around household roles hinder the emergence of more gender-equal distributions of labor in Morocco Moroccan women undertake a disproportionate share of unpaid household and care labor and participate in the labor force at low rates. Yet everyday practices are shifting, and normative expectations may be as well. From an online survey of predominantly urban, employed Moroccans, this paper finds that respondents aspire for men to be equal contributors in care tasks. Yet, unpaid labor burdens remain highly unequal, respondents disfavor men taking primary responsibility for cooking or cleaning, and women's share of household labor correlates with perceptions of what men prefer more than with individuals' actual preferences. Results from a conjoint survey experiment measuring preferences around employment and the household division of labor confirm respondents' interest in more egalitarian relations in principle, but also suggest that strong preferences for a male breadwinner family model will continue to drive an unequal distribution of labor at home
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10694
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  • 64
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    The Growth Elasticity of Poverty : Is Africa Any Different? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Wu, Haoyu The Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Is Africa Any Different?
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregate Economic Growth ; Global Poverty Reduction ; Gross Domestic Product Per Capita ; Growth Elasticity ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: On current trends, the future of global poverty reduction will be determined by Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet even during Sub-Saharan Africa's period of high economic growth -- roughly corresponding to the first decade and a half of the 2000s -- the extent to which this growth translated into improved living standards for African households was hotly debated. This paper revisits the issue of Sub-Saharan Africa's relatively low growth elasticity of poverty using a sample of 575 successive and comparable growth spells between 1981 and 2021. The findings confirm that, even controlling for initial differences in poverty, income levels, and inequality, Sub-Saharan Africa consistently had a significantly lower growth elasticity of poverty relative to other regions over this period. The lower growth elasticity of poverty, which has remained unchanged over time, is due to a lower passthrough between growth in gross domestic product per capita (or growth in household final consumption expenditure as measured by national accounts) and growth in household consumption expenditures as measured from surveys. Given the low passthrough of economic growth to households, Africa thus needs higher rates of economic growth than its peer countries in other regions to achieve equal rates of poverty reduction. Given the challenge of achieving this in the current global economic environment, success in reducing global poverty will require a focused effort to strengthen the effect of aggregate economic growth on household welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggest that this will require (i) improved provision of basic education services and basic infrastructure, (ii) faster structural transformation, and (iii) a decrease in the occurrence and persistence of violent conflicts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10690
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  • 65
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    Presumptive Tax on Small and Microenterprises with a Gender Lens in Ethiopia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Komatsu, Hitomi Presumptive Tax on Small and Microenterprises with a Gender Lens in Ethiopia
    Schlagwort(e): Effective Tax Rate ; Female Entrepreneurs ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Tax ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Kurzfassung: Governments often use simplified business tax systems, such as presumptive tax regimes, to register and tax small and microenterprises. Despite concerns about how such regimes could disproportionately affect female-owned and low-revenue entrepreneurs, there is a lack of empirical analysis examining the tax burden. The presumptive tax in Ethiopia has a complex assessment system, where the tax liabilities are determined according to the activity type and turnover (99 activities and 19 turnover bands), and some activities do not have a tax-free threshold. This paper uses two rounds of data in the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys and the tax code to analyze the equity and gender implications of the presumptive tax on small and microenterprises by imputing the effective tax rates. There are three key findings. First, the effective tax rates are higher for businesses in the lowest quartile at 4.3 percent of turnover compared to 1.5 percent for businesses in the highest quartile, using the most recent survey, resulting in a regressive system. Second, male-owned businesses tend to operate in sectors without a tax-free threshold and are more likely than female-owned businesses to face higher tax rates. Third, the effective tax rates are high for businesses in food and beverage services, which is female-dominated, and for transit services, which is male-dominated, due to the lack of a tax-free threshold for these sectors. The study finds that an alternative presumptive tax system with a single tax rate on turnover and an exemption for all low-revenue businesses would be simpler for tax assessment and more progressive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10707
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  • 66
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    Vietnam : Upgrading infrastructure design for universal accessibility (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Social Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastructure and Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Urban Accessibility ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Kurzfassung: The World Bank's Vietnam Scaling Up Urban Upgrading Project aimed to develop sustainable urban infrastructure in Vietnam's Mekong Delta Region. The project focused on universally accessible design principles for infrastructure development and aimed to strengthen planning capacity, improve infrastructure design, increase awareness of universal accessibility, and promote green infrastructure. A QII Partnership grant supported the project by facilitating the application of principles and providing technical advice. These activities will benefit seven urbanizing cities, improve livelihoods, and reach approximately 90,000 individuals in low-income areas with universal accessibility design. It has also informed new World Bank initiatives to improve accessibility regionally and globally
    DOI: 10.1596/41247
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  • 67
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    Liberia Country Climate Development Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Finance ; Inlcusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience
    Kurzfassung: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines Liberia's development trajectory through the lens of the country's vulnerability to climate change. It identifies Liberia's development risks and opportunities, models various scenarios of climate impact and intervention, and proposes ways to strengthen resilience and finance climate actions that support Liberia's development aspirations of inclusive growth and poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/41241
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  • 68
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    Measuring the Emissions and Energy Footprint of the ICT Sector : Implications for Climate Action (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon Emissions ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Digitalization ; Energy Footprint ; Environment ; GHG ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; ICT Sector ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Kurzfassung: Digitalization is increasing rapidly worldwide, requiring more energy, and resulting in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) two thirds of the world's population are now online. Estimates of the internet and communication technology (ICT) sector's share of global carbon emissions vary across the literature ranging from 1.5 to 4 percent. Based on the data and estimates in this report at least 1.7 percent of global emissions stem from the ICT sector. Meanwhile, one-third of the world's population, or 2.6 billion people, remain unconnected to the internet. The large majority, about 94 percent, live in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), and less than 20 percent of LMICs have modern data infrastructure, such as co-location data centers and access to cloud computing. Connecting people in these countries will require more infrastructure and devices, which will further increase demand for scarce energy resources and drive emissions even higher if targeted interventions are not implemented. The objective of this report is two-fold. First, the report breaks down the energy and emissions profile of the sector and assesses the 30 highest emitting countries for telecommunications while providing global estimates for other ICT sector segments. The report uses a key framework for categorizing energy use and emissions, the greenhouse gas protocol corporate standard. Second, the report addresses the policy and regulatory implications inferred from this data and the examination of these issues through several country case studies
    DOI: 10.1596/41238
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  • 69
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    Recording the Time Divide : A Comparative Study of Smartphone- and Recall-Based Approaches to Time Use Measurement (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Kilic, Talip Recording the Time Divide: A Comparative Study of Smartphone- and Recall-Based Approaches to Time Use Measurement
    Schlagwort(e): Cellular Phones ; Commercial Recall ; Consumption ; Household Survey ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Telecommunications ; Usage Monitoring
    Kurzfassung: Based on a randomized survey experiment in Malawi, this study examines how innovative techniques in time use data collection could sidestep measurement concerns with traditional recall-based time use measurement. The experiment assigns random samples of households, and adult men and women within, to one of two treatment arms on time use measurement: a traditional 24-hour recall time use diary, and a self-administered smartphone-based pictorial time diary, known as the TimeTracker app, for real-time data collection. Compared to the recall arm, participation in employment and unpaid domestic and care work is shown to be higher in the smartphone arm for both men and women. The resulting estimates of gender gaps, while continuing to be large, are narrower in the smartphone arm, except for care work where the estimated gender gap increases. The recall treatment leads to substantial underreporting of activities after 6 pm, which otherwise accounts for nearly 30 percent of daily reported time in the smartphone arm. Likewise, the extent of simultaneous activities, particularly among women, is markedly lower in the recall arm. The overall reported time is, however, higher in the recall arm due to the minimum 15-minute duration that was used for recording activities the 24-hour recall diary, while over one-third of activities lasted less than 15 minutes in the smartphone arm. The analysis also shows that using stylized time use questions with a 7-day recall, as opposed to a 24-hour recall diary, results in an even greater overestimation of reported time in employment and unpaid work
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10695
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    People and Plastics : The Profile, Vulnerabilities, and Role of Informal Waste Workers in Addressing Marine Plastics Pollution (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Asean Region ; Informal Waste Workers ; IWW ; Livelihood Models ; Marine Plastic Waste ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerabilities ; Work and Working Conditions
    Kurzfassung: The present study focuses on a particular group of actors along the plastics collection and recycling value chain--informal waste workers (IWWs)--on whom limited information has been collected at the country level. Specifically, the study examines two questions: (i) what is the profile and vulnerabilities of informal waste workers in the three countries including gender-specific vulnerabilities; and (ii) what livelihood opportunities and community-based innovation models have been piloted in the selected countries, and can be used as case study examples in future policies and interventions, with the objectives of reducing vulnerability of IWWs and contributing to improving solid waste management and recycling value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/41193
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    Central America Human Capital Review : Promoting More and Better Investments in Human Capital (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Kurzfassung: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/41181
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 72
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    FY 2023 Algeria Country Opinion Survey Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Opinion Surveys
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Financial Aid ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Country Opinion Survey in Algeria assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Algeria perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Algeria on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Algeria; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Algeria; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Algeria; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Algeria
    DOI: 10.1596/41176
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 73
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    FY 2023 Montenegro Country Opinion Survey Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Opinion Surveys
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Kurzfassung: The Country Opinion Survey in Montenegro assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Montenegro perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Montenegro on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Montenegro; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Montenegro; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Montenegro; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Montenegro
    DOI: 10.1596/41167
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 74
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    Lebanon Country Climate and Development Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Low-Carbon Transport ; Quantitative Modeling ; Water Sector
    Kurzfassung: The Lebanon Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) aligns the country's short-term recovery needs with resilient, low-carbon, long-term development, building on quantitative modeling-based analytics, existing research and country diagnostics, and extensive stakeholder consultations to study the effects of climate change on Lebanon's recovery and development objectives
    DOI: 10.1596/41159
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 75
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    Climate Change Adaptation : What does the Evidence Say? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Rexer, Jonah Climate Change Adaptation: What does the Evidence Say?
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Impacts ; Diversification ; Environment ; Meta-Analysis ; Public Goods ; Reallocation ; Technology Adoption ; Transfers
    Kurzfassung: Adapting to climate change is an increasingly urgent policy priority in lower- and middle-income countries. This systematic review summarizes the current state of the literature on adaptation to climate change, and conducts a quantitative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of climate adaptation. The meta-analysis reveals that observed adaptations offset 46 percent of climate losses on average, with firms using more effective adaptation strategies than households and farmers. The review identifies several key lessons. First, purely private adaptations to climate shocks tend to be less effective than those from public infrastructure and services, although neither by itself is generally sufficient to fully offset the effects of climate change. Second, some adaptations may reduce climate losses in the present, but in the long-run, households, firms, and farmers might be better-served by reducing their climate exposure. Third, the literature tends to focus on adaptation by households and farmers, neglecting firms. Finally, productivity losses from climate shocks may be offset if capital and labor can adjust across sectors and locations, but constraints on these reallocations have not been sufficiently studied
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10729
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 76
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    Comparing Internally Displaced Persons with those Left Behind : Evidence from the Central African Republic (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Lain, Jonathan Comparing Internally Displaced Persons with those Left Behind: Evidence from the Central African Republic
    Schlagwort(e): Armed Conflict ; Central African Republic ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Global poverty is increasingly becoming concentrated in conflict-affected settings. Therefore, assessing the welfare of those people displaced by conflict is of growing policy importance. Collecting and analyzing data on displaced people is challenging because sampling them is difficult, standard welfare metrics may not reflect their experiences, and they are highly heterogeneous. Assessing the welfare effects of displacement also hinges on constructing counterfactuals that show how internally displaced persons would have fared had they stayed in place. Displaced people typically come from a nonrandom subset of communities affected by conflict or other shocks, so comparing them with the rest of the population may be misleading. This paper addresses this issue using data from the Central African Republic, which recorded detailed information on displacement histories to isolate the communities from which those living in internally displaced person camps originated. Using these "catchment areas" for internally displaced person camps as a counterfactual suggests that although displaced households have lower monetary consumption and higher monetary poverty than the overall population, they may be no worse off on many key metrics than those left behind in the communities originally affected by conflict. Moreover, those left behind enjoy none of the benefits of being in camps, such as additional access to water and sanitation services. These results underline the importance of tailoring policies and data collection to consider those in communities originally affected by conflict, just as practitioners are doing for displaced populations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10725
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 77
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    The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment : Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages)
    Serie: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Agglomeration Economies ; Economic Growth ; Income Convergence ; Migration ; Trade Costs ; Transport Networks ; Urbanization
    Kurzfassung: The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment: Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean employs a territorial lens to understand the persistently low economic growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using new data and methods, it shows that deindustrialization, distance, and divisions offer intertwined explanations for an urban productivity paradox in the LAC region: its highly dense cities should be among the world's most productive, yet they are not. LAC cities have been held back by lack of dynamism, poor connectivity, and divisions into disconnected poor and affluent neighborhoods. Deindustrialization has shifted urban employment, especially in the largest LAC cities, away from manufacturing and toward less dynamic, low-productivity nontradable activities, such as retail trade and personal and other services, that profit less from agglomeration, especially in highly congested cities. Although employment in urban tradable services has risen, the increase has not been strong enough to offset the decline in manufacturing employment. Meanwhile, intercity connectivity issues have undermined the performance of the region's network of cities by restricting market access and firms' ability to benefit from specialization in smaller cities. Within cities, poor connectivity and residential labor market segregation have limited the gains from agglomeration to neighborhoods in central business districts where formal firms operate. Informality has persisted in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face multiple deprivations. By contrast, many agricultural and mining areas have benefited from the strong demand for commodities by China and other fast-growing economies, particularly during the Golden Decade (2003-13), leading to a decline in territorial inequality in most countries in the region. The report concludes that to encourage inclusive growth, countries must more efficiently transform natural wealth into human capital, infrastructure, and institutions and improve the competitiveness of the urban economy. It then sketches out the contours of such a development strategy, identifying policy priorities at the national, regional, and local levels
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 78
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    More, Better, and Inclusive Jobs in Kazakhstan : Social Protection and Jobs Europe and Central Asia - Analytical Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Social Protection Study
    Schlagwort(e): Data Development and Gender ; Economic Growth ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Development and Gender ; Labor Market Policy and Programs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development and Poverty ; Social Protection Delivery Systems ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The following analytical report summarizes the technical notes and presentations prepared by the World Bank and the Workforce Development Center under the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of Kazakhstan (MLSPP). These works aimed to support the MLSPP in the preparation of the Concept Plan of Labor Market Development for 2024-2029. The teams analyzed existing barriers and the potential for the creation of quality jobs in Kazakhstan because employment is essential for economic growth, which contributes to reducing poverty. Despite slower economic growth and some institutional challenges, Kazakhstan, nevertheless, has been successful at reducing the poverty rate. The major factor contributing to Kazakhstan's growth has been productivity, regardless of the period. A much lower contribution stems from labor market factors and employment rates. Therefore, the teams focused on how to boost firm productivity to increase the number and accessibility of better jobs, as well as how to develop skills and provide good education to the different groups of the population and prepare people for new and old jobs. Based on the material delivered by the World Bank, the WDC and other local expert groups, the MLSPP was able to draft the Concept Plan of Labor Market Development for 2024-2029, which the Government of Kazakhstan approved on November 28, 2023
    DOI: 10.1596/41222
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 79
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    Nepal Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis : Technical Annex (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
    DOI: 10.1596/41192
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 80
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    Adaptive Social Protection, Human Capital, and Climate Change : Identifying Policy Priorities for Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Climate change, and its associated impacts, threatens to reverse decades of global progress in improving people's health, human capital accumulation, and poverty reduction. At the same time, individuals and households with more human capital and are better positioned to withstand climate change impacts. Several studies have established a correlation between higher human capital with faster disaster preparedness and recovery. These challenges are particularly pressing for Indonesia, where the poor are disproportionately affected by climate shocks. The disproportionate impact of climate change on poor households, and those vulnerable to poverty, signals the importance of social protection as a critical interlocutor to help address the pressing threat of climate change and climate shocks. This background paper outlines the important relationship between human capital development and climate change adaptation; and the needs and opportunities for improving the adaptiveness of Indonesia's social protection system
    DOI: 10.1596/41180
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 81
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    Integrity Compliance Programs for SMEs : Practical Guidance and Resources (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other ESW Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Core Principles ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation% ; Integrity Compliance ; Internal Controls ; Law and Development ; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
    Kurzfassung: Small and medium-sized enterprises, or "SMEs," play a major role in global economic development. This Guide aims to provide SMEs with a useful framework for developing effective Integrity Compliance Programs, or "ICPs," tailored to their own business models, budgets, and risk profiles. It distills prevailing best practices and guidelines from leading national and international institutions. Many SMEs worldwide have collaborated with the World Bank Integrity Compliance Office, or "ICO," to develop creative strategies for devising and implementing ICPs, mitigating the risk of misconduct in their operations, and even more broadly, among their business networks. This Guide describes some of these strategies. It is hoped that this Guide, which explains certain core principles, internal controls, and essential elements of ICPs, will be of real, practical value for SMEs seeking to build a culture of integrity in their businesses and communities
    DOI: 10.1596/41171
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 82
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    How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Bauer, Adam Michael How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies
    Schlagwort(e): Adjustment Costs ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Price ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Risk ; Environment ; Green Investment ; Stochastic Modeling
    Kurzfassung: The Paris Agreement established that global warming should be limited to "well below" 2?C and encouraged efforts to limit warming to 1.5?C. Achieving this goal presents a significant challenge, especially given the presence of (i) economic inertia and adjustment costs, which penalize a swift transition away from fossil fuels, and (ii) climate uncertainty that, for example, hinders the ability to predict the amount of emissions that can be emitted before a given temperature target is passed, which is often referred to as the remaining carbon budget. This paper presents a modeling framework that explores optimal decarbonization investment strategy when both delayed learning about the remaining carbon budget and adjustment costs are present. The findings show that delaying learning about the remaining carbon budget impacts investment in three ways: (i) the cost of policy increases, especially when adjustment costs are present; (ii) abatement investment is front-loaded relative to the certainty policy; and (iii) the sectoral allocation of investment changes to favor declining investment pathways rather than bell-shaped paths. The latter effect is especially pronounced in hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy industry. Each of the effects can be traced back to the carbon price distribution inheriting a "heavy tail" when the remaining carbon budget is learned later in the century. The paper highlights how climate uncertainty and adjustment costs combined result in a more aggressive least-cost strategy for decarbonization investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10743
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 83
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    The Role of Firm Dynamics in Aggregate Productivity, Job Flows, and Wage Inequality in Ecuador (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Patino Pena, Fausto The Role of Firm Dynamics in Aggregate Productivity, Job Flows, and Wage Inequality in Ecuador
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregate Productivity ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Performance ; Job Flows ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Inequality
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the role of firm dynamics in aggregate total factor productivity, job flows, and wage inequality in Ecuador. Utilizing a comprehensive employer-employee dataset, the paper documents firm dynamics and job flow patterns that are consistent with the presence of market distortions. Also, the paper identifies factor misallocation as the main contributor to Ecuador's total factor productivity deceleration. Given these trends, the paper explores allocative inefficiency drivers through firm- and industry-level regressions. Firms in the top productivity quintile face distortive non-wage labor costs that are 3.7 times higher than the bottom quintile, after controlling for firm size and age. The findings also provide evidence of credit misallocation across firms. Additionally, industries with higher job mobility, credit access, and competition and lower non-wage labor costs, minimum wage incidence, and zombie firms demonstrate higher allocative efficiency. Moreover, worker-level regressions indicate that misallocation drivers explain up to 41 percent of wage inequality, with non-wage labor costs and product market frictions as distortions driving this inequality
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10739
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 84
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    New Evidence on Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa : More Unequal than we Thought (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Atamanov, Aziz New Evidence on Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa: More Unequal than we Thought
    Schlagwort(e): Circumstances ; Consumpton Inequality ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Inequality of Opportunity ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: Unequal access to economic opportunity for individuals with different innate characteristics, such as ethnicity or parents' socioeconomic status, is often seen as both morally undesirable and bad for economic growth. This paper estimates inequality of opportunity, or the share of inequality explained by birth characteristics, across 18 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. For many countries, this is the first time inequality of opportunity is measured. The paper uses nationally representative household survey data harmonized to allow for cross-country comparisons. Using consumption per capita as the outcome, the findings show that inequality of opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa is stark and more pronounced than previously estimated. On average, inherited circumstances explain more than half of inequality in the region. Estimates range from 40 to 60 percent in most countries and reach 74 percent in South Africa. The findings show that birthplace, parents' education, and ethnicity tend to be the most significant contributors, but there is large variation in the importance of circumstances across countries. This represents the most comprehensive estimate of inequality of opportunity to date in the poorest and one of the most unequal regions in the world, and it underscores the pressing need for policy makers to intensify their efforts to address inequality of opportunity to foster societies that are more equitable and unlock the full potential for growth in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10723
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 85
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    Environmental Policy under Weak Institutions (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Karayalcin, Cem Environmental Policy under Weak Institutions
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change ; Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy
    Kurzfassung: Developing countries are facing mounting pressures to incorporate environmental concerns into their policy reform agendas. This paper finds that common environmental policies, such as levying taxes to reduce the excessive exploitation of natural assets, can be self-defeating when (i) institutions are weak and (ii) the general equilibrium effects of such policy actions are overlooked. This seemingly paradoxical result is driven by fundamental mechanisms in structural transformation frameworks, without the need for strong assumptions. It also carries a clear policy implication: environmental policies should be considered within a country's broader development context, rather than in isolation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10719
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 86
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    Clean and Climate Resilient Transport : Identifying Policy Priorities for Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Transport ; Decarbonization ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Road and Bridge Infrastructure
    Kurzfassung: At five percent of energy emissions, transport is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia. The rapid growth in vehicle fleet-personal passenger vehicles in particular is driving road transport emissions. Indonesian cities are suffering from severe congestion, air quality issues, and increasing numbers of road accidents and fatalities. Private transport dependence is increasing in Indonesian cities. The growth in Indonesia's urban population has led to a growth in urban area boundaries, suboptimal spatial patterns, and increased travel distances. The availability and quality of public transport is highly deficient and largely left to fragmented unorganized players with old and poorly maintained minivans (angkot). Electric vehicle mobility has been identified as a major prospective area of development for Indonesia. The market response has been timid so far and, despite the government electrification plans, the EV market uptake as a fraction of total vehicle sales is small Large gains in both economic development and climate mitigation benefits are possible through a more structured approach towards urban mobility
    DOI: 10.1596/41179
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  • 87
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    Translation and Own-Language Use in Language Teaching : The Quest for Optimal Practice (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031545412
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XVII, 274 p. 36 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Language and languages ; Translating and interpreting. ; Multilingualism. ; Teachers
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction: Translation and Own-Language Use in Language Teaching - The Quest for Optimal Practice -- 2. Translation and Own-language Use in Language Teaching – The Origins of the Monolingual Conquest -- 3. Translation and Own-language Use in Language Teaching – Key Arguments and Challenges -- 4. Translation and Own-language Use in Language Teaching – The Theoretical Framework and the OTP in ELT Model -- 5.Translation and Own-Language Use in Teacher Education – the Project -- 6. Conclusion. .
    Kurzfassung: This book reconsiders the role of translation and own-language use in the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classroom. It shows prospective teachers how to use the learners’ own language and translation optimally. The author surveys current research about the EFL classroom and presents both a theoretical framework and a didactic model for using translation and learners’ mother tongues. This is done through an action research project, assessing the proposed didactic model for optimal translation practice in English Language teaching (OTP in ELT) through its integration into teacher education. The book will be of interest to students and researchers in the areas of Translation Studies and Applied Linguistics (particularly EFL, ESL, TEFL and TESOL), as well as educators and designers of pre-service training programmes for language teachers. Eva Skopečková is an Assistant Professor at the University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic. .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54541-2
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 88
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    Multilingual Dramaturgies : Towards New European Theatre (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031406249
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 273 p. 37 illus., 3 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: New Dramaturgies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Theater ; Theater. ; Cultural industries.
    Kurzfassung: Chapter1. Multilingual Dramaturgies: Theories, Politics, and European landscape -- Part I: Questions Of Language -- Chapter 2. The Failures of Multilingual Dramaturgies: The blind poet by Needcompany -- Chapter 3. Multisensory, Multilingual Dramaturgy as a Tool for Social Change: Nie Mów Nikomu (Don’t Tell Anyone) by Scena Robocza.-Chapter 4. Dramaturgy of Incomprehensibility and Encounter in Odin Teatret’s The Tree -- Part II: Multilingual Adaptations -- Chapter 5. Multilingual Histories of Europe: Sir David Pountney on The Passenger and Memories of Auschwitz -- Chapter 6. Multilingualism as Mask and Virus: The Dialogue with Tradition in the Theatre of Radosław Rychci -- Chapter 7. Actors as Creators of Multilingual Dramaturgies: Teatro Inverso and Their Transnational Adaptations -- Part III: Local And Trans-Local Tales Of Cities And Their Communities -- Chapter 8. Dramaturging the Multilingual Community: Dramaturg Nina Thunnissen on the Work of Frisian Tryater -- Chapter 9. Multilingualismand Dramaturgy of History and Democracy: the Lithuanian National Theatre’s Žalia pievelė -- Chapter 10. Local and Global Politics in Malmö’s Teater Foratt and Teater JaLaDa -- Part IV:Webbed Dramaturgies -- Chapter 11. Towards Porous Europe: Multilingual Dramaturgies in Rimini Protokoll’s 100% City -- Chapter 12. Towards Aesthetics of Transatlantic Theatre: Multilingualism in SignDance Collective International’s production of Carthage/Cartagena by Caridad Svich.-Chapter 13. Making Europe: How Anne Bérélowitch’s Directorial and Training Practices Open Spaces for New Multilingual Dramaturgies -- Chapter 14. Towards New European Theatre.
    Kurzfassung: “A brilliant book on the practices and politics of making multilingual theatre in a in a European continent in flux where language is anything but stable.” — Professor Maria Delgado, Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, University of London “Profoundly impactful for our understanding of dramaturgy, translation, collaboration.” —Professor Patrick Lonergan, University of Galway Multilingual Dramaturgies provides a study of dramaturgical practices in contemporary multilingual theatre in Europe. Featuring interviews with international theatremakers, the book gives an insight to diverse approaches towards multilingual theatre and its dramaturgy that reflect cultural, political, and economic landscapes of contemporary Europe, its inhabitants, and its theatres. First-hand accounts are contextualized to reveal a complex set of negotiations involved in the creative and political tasks of staging multilingualism and engaging the audience, as well as in practical issues like funding and developing working models. By bringing voices of artists together and providing a critical commentary, the book reveals multilingual dramaturgies as webbed practices of differences that also offer new ways of understanding and performing identity in European context. Multilingual Dramaturgies sheds light on an exciting theatre practice, argues for its central role in European future, and highlights potential directions for its further development. Kasia Lech is a scholar, actor, storyteller, dramaturg, puppeteer, and Associate Professor in Global Performance History at the University of Amsterdam. Her research and creative practice explore theatre through practice-based and traditional scholarship and primarily focus on theatre in relation to multilingualism, verse, translation, migration, dramaturgy, and cross-cultural encounters. Kasia is the author of Dramaturgy of Form: Performing Verse in Contemporary Theatre (2021). She performed internationally and co-founded Polish Theatre Ireland, a multilingual theatre company based in Dublin. She is an Executive Director at TheTheatreTimes.com, a global theatre portal which seeks to decolonize theatre criticism. She co-convenes the Translation Adaptation Dramaturgy working group at the International Federation for Theatre Research. .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40624-9
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  • 89
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    Four Worlds of the Welfare State in Latin America (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031444203
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 283 p. 34 illus., 32 illus. in color.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Development economics. ; Latin America ; Social choice. ; Welfare economics. ; Economics. ; Latin America ; Welfare State ; Latin American Economics ; Latin American Studies ; Welfare Economics ; Economic Systems ; social insurance system ; social protection system
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1: Introduction: The Welfare State as a Social Compromise.-Chapter 2: Four Worlds of Latin American Welfare States -- Chapter 3: The Political Economy of the Statist and Socio-Corporatist Welfare States -- Chapter 4: The Political Economy of the Commodified, the Familiarist and hybrid Welfare States -- Chapter 5: The Latin American Health Systems -- Chapter 6: The Welfare State and the Wage Relation in Latin America -- Chapter 7: The Welfare State and Gender -- Chapter 8: Conclusions.
    Kurzfassung: This book explores the trajectories and structures of Latin American welfare states using a typology developed through conceptual and historical analyses of social protection systems in Latin America. It argues that social protection can be accomplished by different actors in distinct societies, be that the State, civil society, the market, or families. This work defines four types of welfare worlds based on who administers and allocates resources: the socio-corporatist, the statist, the commodified, and the familial. Author Ilan Bizberg delves on the historical trajectories of ten Latin American countries, each with a unique analysis of the corresponding social protection system: Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador The book begins with a meaningful discussion on the welfare state as a necessity of modern capitalist societies. Then, it counters the consequences of the disembeddedness of the economy from society and the way the social protection system protects the society against this rupture. Chapters focus on the health system, pensions, and assistance programs of these countries, with diverse case studies that include analyzing the performance of the health systems during the pandemic. The book closes with a discussion on gender and the situations women face and encounter under and within different social-protection regimes. Ilan Bizberg is Professor and Researcher at El Colegio de México, Associate Member of the International Graduate College “Temporalities of the Future” of the Freie Universität Berlin, and Associate Member of the CEIM of the Université de Quebec in Montreal. In 2020, he was awarded the Humboldt Foundation Research Prize. He is the author of several books, including Diversity of Capitalisms in Latin America (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44420-3
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  • 90
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    Online Child Sexual Abuse : An Indian Perspective (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031456978
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XIV, 128 p. 14 illus., 13 illus. in color.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: Springer Series on Asian Criminology and Criminal Justice Research
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Criminology. ; Crime. ; Technology.
    Kurzfassung: Chapter 1 Introduction to child sexual abuse online -- Chapter 2 Online child sexual abuse and modus operandi -- Chapter 3 Law enforcement perspective -- Chapter 4 Legislature and judicial perspective -- Chapter 5 Parental Perspective -- Chapter 6 Victim rehabilitation, incident prevention and mitigation -- Chapter 7 Efforts Taken by Law Enforcement Agencies Across India -- Chapter 8 Roadmap ahead and recommendations -- Chapter 9 Conclusions -- Chapter 10 Outlook.
    Kurzfassung: This book discusses the phenomenon of child sexual abuse material (CSAM), in the context of the Indian law enforcement and criminal justice system. It helps readers understand the complexities involved in these types of online crimes, and the perspectives of various stakeholders involved in the investigation and justice process. This volume analyzes the unique challenges faced by law enforcement when dealing with cybercrime, and specifically when the victims are minors. Representing a unique analysis of the surge of child sexual abuse material on the internet during COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, this book discusses cybercrime and societal behavior patterns. With practical remedial steps to control and preclude online child sexual abuse, this volume will be of interest to law enforcement, researchers, and child protection advocates in India and other developing digital economies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45697-8
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  • 91
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    The Transformation of Private Law – Principles of Contract and Tort as European and International Law : A Liber Amicorum for Mads Andenas (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031284977
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(XXVII, 1100 p. 1 illus.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Serie: LCF Studies in Commercial and Financial Law 2
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; Law ; Information technology ; Mass media ; Mediation. ; Dispute resolution (Law). ; Arbitration (Administrative law).
    Kurzfassung: Transformations: An Introduction to this volume and reflections on uniform law conventions as public and private law -- Part One – European framework – the world we live in -- Six Very Strange Years -- Brave New World: Dispute resolution under the EU – UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement -- Brexit and Arbitration Agreements -- Transnational commercial litigation. Discussing the 2020 Model Rules and the 2019 Hague and 2018 Singapore Conventions -- Style and Form of Judgments in France : enter the Rapporteur public -- The Norwegian Concept of “Room for Manoeuvre”: A Nail in the EEA’s Coffin -- The Reach of Free Movement: The Right to Export Sickness Benefits Within the European Union and the European Economic Area -- Part Two– Transformations in public international law -- General Principles of Law in International Law and Common Law -- The Chorzow Factory Case and the Protection of Industrial Property under International Law -- Settlement of disputes by the International Court of Justice: twosouls in the Court’s breast -- A Developing Field of Activity: Reparation for Breaches of Human Rights in the Case Law of the International Court of Justice -- The jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice between utilitas publica and utilitas singulorum (1947-1962) -- The Factory of Chorzów case: a bridge between international law and private law -- Part Three – Transformations in private law – method and public policy -- Fundamental rights, freedoms and contract law. Comparing legal systems -- Poverty in the capitalistic legal order -- Hayek in Brussels. Uniform Private Law and neo-liberal orthodoxy -- Another Europe after the pandemic? Reflections on solidarity and the nature of private rights -- Ruling economic contractual relations: the predictability of pandemics and of their implications -- Part Four – Transformations in contract law -- The developing role of good faith and the emerging concept of a relational contract -- Trust and the (EU) Capital Market. Theory and Case Studieson a New Mesotes in Business Law -- The fiduciary entrustment contract -- Spunti di riflessione in tema di diligenza e autonomia privata nel diritto privato italiano -- La prudenza come paradigma conoscitivo nei sistemi di civil law: l’influsso sulla formazione del giurista -- Europe needs a true business law. What does that mean? -- Some Reflections on the Nature of Decentralized (Autonomous) Organizations -- Contract automation from telematic agreement to smart contracts -- Some considerations for research on the sale of movable goods -- The French Model and the Development of Authors’ Rights -- The control of contract power and standard terms in Italy and Canada: a comparative overview -- Part Five – Transformations in tort law -- Forty Years of travels in the province of the law of tort. A memoir -- Damages and Benefits: new rules for the Compensatio Lucri cum Damno doctrine -- A Flower Never Blossomed: The Overshadowed Silhouette of Privacy in the Realm of the English Law of Tort -- Artificialintelligence and liability: the strategy of the European Union -- Damages liability caused by robot and artificial intelligence: a question of safety -- Artificial Intelligence And Tort Liability -- Part Six – Transformations in EU law – tort, remedies and interventions -- The EU, the Member States and Damages Liability -- Supervisory liability for surveillance failure in the EU financial system -- EU Financial Regulation and Private Law: Towards a Holistic Approach -- The remedies of retail clients of investment firms in the light of the decisions of the Italian Financial Ombudsman -- Consumer protection extended to commonholds in the view of the Court of Justice of the European Union -- Financial resilience issues in agriculture -- Part Seven – Digitalised world – assets, privacy and party autonomy -- International Regulatory Competition in Crypto Finance and Comparative Discussions -- The role of the EU Court of Justice in relation to the European law on eCommerce and liability of Internet Service Providers -- Smart contracts in the financial sector: Fintech's prospects and risks -- Legal protection of the human personality and the emergence of digital identity. The case of Italy -- A Multifaceted Issue Called “Big Data”: Different views on Privacy, Consumer Protection and Free Trade in Search for a Synthesis -- Data and Territory. The impact of the “local” in the regulation of digital technologies and algorithmic decision-making -- Informed Consent in Italian Digitalized Insurance Contracts. From the Privacy Shield to Schrems II.
    Kurzfassung: Eminent lawyers from academia, international judiciary and legal practice join up to honour Professor Mads Andenas KC (Hon). Contributions form a cutting edge volume across legal disciplines led by an advisory editorial committee including Prof. Guido Alpa, Prof. Carl Baudenbacher, Prof. Eirik Bjorge, Prof. Giuseppe Conte and Prof. Duncan Fairgrieve. The general private law of tort and delict is subject to a transformation where the traditional national framework is becoming gradually less relevant. Much of the modernisation of private law takes place not at the domestic level but at a European or international level such as in international commercial conventions or EU consumer protection legislation. Remedies in regulatory law are becoming ever more important. The role of the European Court of Justice in developing general principles of contract and tort is ever increasing. Tort liability is an important subject of international conventions with the case law of the International Court of Justice developing general principles of tort liability in public international law.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28497-7
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  • 92
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    Vatican II on Church-State Relations : What Did the Council Teach, and What's Wrong With It? (2024)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 9783031567063
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource(IX, 268 p.)
    Ausgabe: 1st ed. 2024.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Theology. ; Catholic Church. ; Religion and politics.
    Kurzfassung: Part One – What Did the Council Teach and What’s Wrong with It? -- Chapter One: Why Study Vatican II on Church-State Relations? -- Chapter Two: Survey of Conciliar Documents on Ecclesiology and the Lay Apostolate in Politics -- chapter Three: Defining the Debate in Political Theology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Two ways of classifying political theology to be rejected -- 3.3 A qualified acceptance of an alternative classification -- Chapter Four: Reading DH through the Lens of Ecclesial Ethics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 'Not Late Enough: The Divided Mind of Dignitatis Humanae Personae' -- 4.3 Distinguishing the arguments that are distinctive to ecclesial ethics -- 4.4 First argument: DH's distinctions between nature-grace, reason-revelation -- 4.5 Second argument: distinction between religion and politics -- Chapter Five: Reading LG, AA, and GS through the Lens of Ecclesial Ethics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The structure of Cavanaugh's argument -- 5.3 The problematic ecclesiology underlying Catholic Action -- 5.4 The elusive presence of Vatican II in Cavanaugh's thought -- 5.5 The critique of the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church -- 5.6 The critique of the Decree on the Lay Apostolate -- 5.7 The critique of the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World -- 5.8 Summary of critique -- Chapter Six: A Critique of Hauerwas and Cavanaugh -- 6.1 Why Hauerwas and Cavanaugh are not sectarians -- 6.2 The modern state as an irredeemable foe -- 6.3 The church as a contrast society -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Part Two – How Can the Church’s Teaching be Corrected? -- Chapter Seven: Methodological Introduction -- Chapter Eight: Powers and Principalities in the New Testament -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Scholarship on the Powers -- 8.3 The Powers: Created, fallen, defeated -- 8.4 Political authority as one of the Powers -- 8.5 Oliver O'Donovan on the Powers and political authority -- 8.6 Conclusion -- Chapter Nine: Deliverance from the Powers in the church -- 9.1 The sacramental shape of the church -- 9.2 Baptism -- 9.3 Eucharist -- 9.4 Participating in the threefold office: Prophet, Priest, King -- 9.5 Ordained ministry -- Chapter Ten: Learning from the Ambiguous Legacy of Christendom -- 10.1 Bearing witness before the Powers -- 10.2 Mission leading to martyrdom or mutual service -- 10.3 From Two Cities to Two Swords -- 10.4 The Gospel’s impact on political authorities -- Chapter Eleven – Conclusion -- Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: “To revisit the legacy of Vatican II as it attempted to reconstruct the relation of church and state around a theology of the laity; to honour its ambitions to escape from the straitjacket of a two-level theory of authority; to enrich it with concepts drawn from the primary missionary impulses of the apostolic church and the debates of contemporary political theology; those are the very considerable ambitions of this constantly stimulating book. It should prove rewarding to Christians in all churches, taking one major Christian achievement of the twentieth century as a starting point for an ecumenical approach to the challenges of political life in the twenty first.” —Oliver O'Donovan, Professor Emeritus, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Should religion and politics be kept apart? What should be the relationship between the church and the state? M.Y. Ciftci answers these questions by studying the most important event in the recent history of the Catholic Church: The Second Vatican Council (1962-65). The book provides a new interpretation of the Council’s teaching on church-state relations to better appreciate its flaws and need for reform. By paying attention to the (often overlooked) importance given by the Council to the lay apostolate, it reveals how the Council did not reform, as is often thought, but retained a flawed conception of the laity’s role in politics. It then proposes a new framework for understanding church-state relations using the ressourcement method of returning to scripture and tradition, and by a critical dialogue with Oliver O’Donovan and various Protestant biblical scholars of the Powers in the New Testament. Ciftci shows how fruitful an self-consciously ecumenical approach can be for political theology. As most ressourcement theologians have overlooked political issues, and since ecumenical theology rarely touches on issues of church-state relations, this work makes an original contribution to the ressourcement project and to ecumenism. M. Y. Ciftci is Public Bioethics Fellow at the Anscombe Bioethics Centre. He was previously Etienne Gilson Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Toronto.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-56706-3
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    The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Iranian Labor Market (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Redaelli, Silvia The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Iranian Labor Market
    Schlagwort(e): Covid-19 ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Norms ; Labor Force Participation ; Poverty Reduction ; Women in The Workforce
    Kurzfassung: Despite sizable government interventions to sustain the economy, in the first year of the pandemic (2021/22), approximately 1 million jobs were lost in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and labor force participation contracted by 3 percentage points. Iranian women were the most affected: two out of three jobs lost between 2019/20 and 2020/21 were previously held by women. The gendered impact of the crisis contributed to widening Iranian women's disadvantage in the labor market. Most importantly, the gains in female labor force participation that had slowly accumulated since 2011 vanished. Consistent with what is observed in other countries, women with young children were the most affected by the crisis. The combined effect of school closures and unequal intra-household allocation of care responsibilities, associated with prevailing gender norms, pushed Iranian women with children out of the labor force. Whether or not these trends will be reversed as the management of the COVID-19 pandemic is normalized and the economy recovers from the crisis remains an important policy question
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10705
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  • 94
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    Indigenous peoples, land and conflict in Mindanao, Philippines (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Madrigal Correa, Alma Lucia Indigenous peoples, land and conflict in Mindanao, Philippines
    Schlagwort(e): Ancestral Domains ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict Data Monitor ; Indigenous Peoples ; Indigenous Peoples Law ; Land Titling ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mindano ; Political Economy ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: This article explores the links between conflict, land and indigenous peoples in several regions of Mindano, the Philippines, notorious for their levels of poverty and conflict. The analysis takes advantage of the unprecedented concurrence of data from the most recent, 2020, census; an independent conflict data monitor for Mindanao; and administrative sources on ancestral land titling for indigenous peoples in the Philippines. While evidence elsewhere compellingly links land titling with conflict reduction, a more nuanced story emerges in the Philippines. Conflicts, including land- and resource-related conflicts, are generally less likely in districts (barangays) with higher shares of indigenous peoples. Ancestral domain areas also have a lower likelihood for general conflict but a higher likelihood for land-related conflict. Ancestral domains titling does not automatically solve land-related conflicts. When administrative delays take place (from cumbersome bureaucratic processes, insufficient resources and weak institutional capacity), titling processes may lead to sustained, rather than decreased, conflict
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10700
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  • 95
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    Are Unit Values Reliable Proxies for Prices? : Implications of Better Price Data for Household Consumption Measurement in a Low-Income Context (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Alimi, Omoniyi Babatunde Are Unit Values Reliable Proxies for Prices? Implications of Better Price Data for Household Consumption Measurement in a Low-Income Context
    Schlagwort(e): Commodity Group Price ; Household Consumption And Expenditure ; Household Survey ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nominal Consumption Aggregate ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Separability Assumption ; Unit Values
    Kurzfassung: Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys are key to consumption-based monetary poverty measurement. In the absence of market price surveys that are linked to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys, unit values are used as proxies for market prices in estimating nominal consumption aggregates, price deflators, poverty lines, and poverty statistics. This practice relies on the Hicksian separability assumption: within-commodity group relative prices are constant across space and the price of a single good is an accurate proxy for the commodity group price. To test, for the first time in a low-income context, whether Hicksian separability holds, this paper uses the price data collected for an extensive list of food items, including several variety/quality-differentiated products for specific items, in a national market survey that was conducted in Malawi in sync with the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey that is the source of official poverty statistics. The analysis demonstrates that Hicksian separability fails to hold across space and time and that unit values are biased proxies for prices. Integrating the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey and market survey data based on location and timing of fieldwork permits an assessment of consumption and poverty estimation based on market prices versus unit values. Relative to unit values, using market prices leads to higher food and overall consumption expenditures--both in nominal and real terms--while generating higher poverty lines and higher food and overall poverty rates. Compared to their counterparts based on unit values, spatially-disaggregated poverty estimates based on market prices exhibit a stronger correlation with nightlights --an objective proxy for living standards
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10698
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  • 96
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    Breadwinners and Caregivers : Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Gonzalez Martinez, Paula Lorena Breadwinners and Caregivers: Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior
    Schlagwort(e): Division of Labor ; Gender ; Gender and Employment ; Gender Gap ; Gender Gap in The Workforce ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Household Maintenance
    Kurzfassung: Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. This paper examines global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver, and broad support for gender equality in opportunities, and studies their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intrahousehold decision-making power within a country. The paper provides descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among couples. The findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10692
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  • 97
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    In Most Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pollution Levels Are Higher in Wealthier Areas (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Behrer, Arnold Patrick In Most Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pollution Levels Are Higher in Wealthier Areas
    Schlagwort(e): Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Ambient Air Pollution ; Economic Concentration ; Environment ; Large Cities ; Pollution Management and Control ; Urban Environment
    Kurzfassung: Air pollution is a major threat to health, and the dangers are particularly acute in low- and middle-income countries. However, little is known about how the burden of pollution is spread across the wealth distribution in these countries. This paper uses new data providing high-resolution wealth estimates for more than 100 low- and middle-income countries, combined with equally high-resolution estimates of air pollution, to estimate how wealth is correlated with ambient air pollution around the world. The findings show that on average air pollution is positively correlated with wealth, but the relationship is highly heterogeneous across countries. The fact that air pollution and wealth are both disproportionately high in urban areas, where economic activity is largely concentrated, appears to drive this relationship. When the analysis is limited to anthropogenic sources of pollution, the relationship becomes less heterogeneous and more systematically positive. The paper also examines the relationship between pollution exposure and wealth within large cities around the world. Again, the findings show substantial heterogeneity across cities. The paper explores several hypotheses for this heterogeneity but does not find a single explanation. Economic concentration within cities appears to explain some of the relationship. Cities with more concentrated economic opportunity tend to have more positive correlations between pollution and wealth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10689
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  • 98
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    Zimbabwe Gender Assessment (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Gender Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Equality ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Women ; Women's Empowerment
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this report is to gather evidence that will identify priorities and actions by stakeholders towards positively influencing, up scaling and accelerating gender equality and women's empowerment in Zimbabwe. The report consolidates information on gender gaps and drivers of inequality in human endowments, economic opportunities, ownership and control of assets, and voice and agency. This includes identifying factors that deepen inequalities, and effectiveness of current policies and programming in narrowing gender disparities. The aim is to also identify promising and good practices that can potentially be replicated for greater impact, cascading to all areas in the country. The analysis guided by a conceptual framework that describes the ways households, markets, and institutions (both formal and informal), and their interactions all influence gender equality and economic development outcomes. Additionally, attention is paid to intersecting identities of women and men that affect their ability to access services and opportunities, including disability status, place of residence and other socio cultural and economic factors. The assessment draws on several data sources collected using mixed methods. Available quantitative and qualitative data sources form the basis of the assessment, including surveys, national and institutional reports and broader feminist and economic literature. Robust stakeholder consultations, including representatives from Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ), development partners, the United Nations (UN), Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and communities grounded the analysis and provided insights into priority setting and forward-looking strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/41146
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Survey Report : Service Delivery Indicators Health Survey for Moldova (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Health Sector Review
    Schlagwort(e): Financial Protection ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; SDI ; Service Quality ; Systems and Tools ; Workforce
    Kurzfassung: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) health survey in Moldova serves as a vital tool for assessing and benchmarking the performance of health service delivery. Its primary aim is to evaluate the quality of basic health services. This comprehensive evaluation enables both governments and service providers to pinpoint deficiencies and bottlenecks in health service delivery, monitor progress over time, and make cross-country comparisons. The widespread availability of and public awareness about SDI indicators foster engagement among policy makers, citizens, service providers, donors, and stakeholders, in turn driving efforts to enhance service quality and ultimately development outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/41145
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Algeria Diagnostic on Climate and Disaster Risk Management (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Mena ; Natural Disasters ; Risk Management
    Kurzfassung: The Algeria Disaster Risk Management Diagnostic was developed as part of World Bank technical assistance to the Algerian government. The diagnostic offers a concise overview of the country's disaster risk profile, delves into the macroeconomic implications of disasters, outlines Algeria's advancements in disaster risk management (DRM), and highlights ongoing challenges within the DRM sector. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Algeria's DRM sector and identify key priority areas to enhance the country's resilience. This diagnostic was developed through a robust partnership between the World Bank and the National Delegation for Major Risks (DNRM) under the Algerian Ministry of Interior, Local Authorities and Territorial Development (MICLAT) from 2021 to 2023. It represents the culmination of an extensive review of over 500 documents, a comprehensive multi-stakeholder consultation workshop conducted in July 2021, and bilateral interviews held between March and October 2021 with the DNRM and all DRM stakeholders in Algeria. An initial version was completed in November 2021, which was further refined in 2022 and 2023 based on feedback received from Algerian counterparts through additional discussions, email correspondences, and recommendations from World Bank experts
    DOI: 10.1596/40883
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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