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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Are Vaccination Campaigns Misinformed? : Experimental Evidence from COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Markhof, Yannick Are Vaccination Campaigns Misinformed?: Experimental Evidence from COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; COVID Vaccination Promotion ; COVID Vaccine Survey ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizaiton ; Immunization Administrative Data Discrepancy ; Public Health Policy ; Public Health Promotion
    Abstract: Routine immunization coverage estimated in surveys often substantially differs from figures reported in administrative records, presenting a dilemma for researchers and policy makers. Using high-frequency phone surveys and administrative records from government sources in 36 low- and middle-income countries, this paper shows that such misalignment has also been common in the case of COVID-19. Across the sample, survey estimates exceed administrative figures by 47 percent on average, at times suggesting markedly different policy conclusions depending on the data source consulted. This pattern is particularly stark and consistent in Sub-Saharan Africa. To investigate the sources of this discrepancy, the paper presents results from six methodological experiments that vary survey design choices and documents their effect on estimated COVID-19 vaccine coverage. The results show that design choices matter, in particular the selection of respondents to be interviewed. However, phone survey estimates prove remarkably robust to several commonly claimed biases. After accounting for observed errors of representation and measurement in the survey data, there remains a nonnegligible, unexplained residual gap with administrative records. The paper provides indicative evidence of flaws and weaknesses in administrative data recording and reporting that affect reported vaccination rates and could contribute to this gap. The findings matter for past research on COVID-19 vaccination, future immunization efforts, and the design of robust data production systems on health topics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10443
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Economic Sentiments and Expectations in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Time of Multiple Shocks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wollburg, Philip Economic Sentiments and Expectations in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Time of Multiple Shocks
    Keywords: Economic Insecurity ; Economic Sentiment ; Expectations ; Living Standards ; Living Standards Measurement Survey Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Phone Survey ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality of Life and Leisure ; Schocks ; Social Development ; Uncertainty
    Abstract: Against the background of high inflation, climate shocks, and concerns about rising food insecurity, this study documents the state of economic sentiments and expectations of households in five African countries--Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda--that are home to 36 percent of the Sub-Saharan African population. Leveraging nationally representative phone survey data, 57 percent of households across the five countries report that their financial situation and their country's economic situation have worsened significantly in the past 12 months. While expectations for the future are more positive, there are marked differences across countries that suggest uneven recovery prospects and nonnegligible uncertainty about the future. Households overwhelmingly report prices to have increased considerably over the past 12 months and expect prices to increase faster, or at the same rate, over the next 12 months. Close to 54 percent of households--home to 206 million individuals--further expect that climate shocks will have adverse impacts on their finances in the next year. Economic sentiments are closely related to livelihood outcomes such as food insecurity, lack of access to staple foods, income loss, and unemployment, and sentiments about the household financial situation, country economic situation, price increases, and climate shocks are also interdependent. Households whose financial situation has worsened in the past year are consistently more pessimistic about their financial future. Food insecure households, in particular, are not only more likely to report a worsening financial situation in the recent past and pessimism about the future, but also more likely to expect to be adversely impacted by climate shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10604
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa : Evidence from Six National Phone Surveys (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kanyanda, Shelton Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Six National Phone Surveys
    Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccination ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Immunizations ; Public Health ; Public Health Promotion
    Abstract: Recent debates surrounding the lagging COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in low-income countries center around vaccine supply and financing. Yet, relatively little is known about attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines in these countries and in Africa in particular. This paper provides cross-country comparable estimates of the willingness to accept a COVID-19 vaccine in six Sub-Saharan African countries. It uses data from six national high-frequency phone surveys in countries representing 38 percent of the Sub-Saharan African population (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda). Samples were drawn from large, nationally representative sampling frames providing a rich set of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics which are used to disaggregate the analysis. The findings show acceptance rates to be generally high, with at least four in five people willing to be vaccinated in all but one country. Vaccine acceptance ranges from nearly universal in Ethiopia (97.9 percent) to below what would likely be required for herd immunity in Mali (64.5 percent). Safety concerns about the vaccine in general and its side effects emerge as the primary reservations toward a COVID-19 vaccine across countries. These findings suggest that limited supply, not inadequate demand, likely presents the key bottleneck to reaching high COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9739
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
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    Under what Conditions are Data Valuable for Development? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Jolliffe, Dean Under what Conditions are Data Valuable for Development?
    Keywords: Development Data ; Economic Theory and Research ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Public Service Delivery ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Statistics
    Abstract: Data produced by the public sector can have transformational impacts on development outcomes through better targeting of resources, improved service delivery, cost savings in policy implementation, increased accountability, and more. Around the world, the amount of data produced by the public sector is increasing at a rapid pace, yet their transformational impacts have not been realized fully. Why has the full value of these data not been realized yet This paper outlines 12 conditions needed for the production and use of public sector data to generate value for development and presents case studies substantiating these conditions. The conditions are that data need to have adequate spatial and temporal coverage (are complete, frequent, and timely), are of high quality (are accurate, comparable, and granular), are easy to use (are accessible, understandable, and interoperable), and are safe to use (are impartial, confidential, and appropriate)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9811
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Measuring Disaster Crop Production Losses using Survey Microdata : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Markhof, Yannick Valentin Measuring Disaster Crop Production Losses using Survey Microdata: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impact ; Crop Management ; Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Environment ; Flood ; Food Security ; Natural Disasters ; Post Disaster Needs Assessment ; Science of Climate Change
    Abstract: Every year, disasters account for billions of dollars in crop production losses in low- and middle-income countries and particularly threaten the lives and livelihoods of those depending on agriculture. With climate change accelerating, this burden will likely increase in the future and accurate, micro-level measurement of crop losses will be important to understand disasters' implications for livelihoods, prevent humanitarian crises, and build future resilience. Survey data present a large, rich, highly disaggregated information source that is trialed and tested to the specifications of smallholder agriculture common in low- and middle-income countries. However, to tap into this potential, a thorough understanding of and robust methodology for measuring disaster crop production losses in survey microdata is essential. This paper exploits plot-level panel data for almost 20,000 plots on 8,000 farms in three Sub-Saharan African countries with information on harvest, input use, and different proxies of losses; household and community-level data; as well data from other sources such as crop cutting and survey experiments, to provide new insights into the reliability of survey-based crop loss estimates and their attribution to disasters. The paper concludes with concrete recommendations for methodology and survey design and identifies key avenues for further research
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9968
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    From Necessity to Opportunity : Lessons for Integrating Phone and in-Person Data Collection for Agricultural Statistics in a Post-Pandemic World (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zezza, Alberto From Necessity to Opportunity: Lessons for Integrating Phone and in-Person Data Collection for Agricultural Statistics in a Post-Pandemic World
    Keywords: Agricultural Statistics ; COVID-19 Impact Data ; COVID-19 Lock-Down ; Digital Divide ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Living Standards ; Phone Survey ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Rural Population ; Rural Survey Technique ; Survey Methods
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted survey and data systems globally and especially in low- and middle-income countries. Lockdowns necessitated remote data collection as demand for data on the impacts of the pandemic surged. Phone surveys started being implemented at a national scale in many places that previously had limited experience with them. As in-person data collection resumes, the experience gained provides the grounds to reflect on how phone surveys may be incorporated into survey and data systems in low- and middle-income countries. This includes agricultural and rural surveys supported by international survey programs such as the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture, the Food and Agriculture Organization's AGRISurvey, or the 50*2030 Initiative. Reviewing evidence and experiences from before and during the pandemic, the paper analyzes and provides guidance on the scope of and considerations for using phone surveys for agricultural data collection. It addresses the domains of sampling and representativeness, post-survey adjustments, questionnaire design, respondent selection and behavior, interviewer effects, as well as cost considerations, all with an emphasis on the particularities of agricultural and rural surveys. Ultimately, the integration of phone interviews with in-person data collection offers a promising opportunity to leverage the benefits of phone surveys while addressing their limitations, including the depth of content constraints and potential coverage biases, which are especially challenging for agricultural and rural populations in low- and middle-income countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10168
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Impact of drought on poverty in Somalia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8698
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Impact of Drought on Poverty in Somalia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Understanding the magnitude and importance of income shocks, such as drought or conflict, in causing and perpetuating poverty is critical to designing policies aimed at building resilience and contributing toward the goal of ending poverty. This paper uses micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey to assess the impact of the severe drought that Somalia experienced in 2016/17 on poverty, hunger, and consumption. The analysis uses a regression framework to quantify the effects of the drought, relying on spatial variation in drought exposure and the timing of data collection, which took place before and during the drought, for identification. The drought is found to have a sizable effect on poverty, consumption, and hunger in rural areas, where agricultural households and those lacking access to infrastructure and basic services are most severely affected. A renewed drought shock could lead to an increase in poverty of 9 percentage points. The findings underscore the importance of investing in rural resilience, especially among agricultural households
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8698
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    The Evolution of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Sub-Saharan Africa : Evidence from Panel Survey Data (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wollburg, Philip The Evolution of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Panel Survey Data
    Keywords: Access To Health Service ; Attitudes Toward Medicine ; COVID-19 Vaccine ; Health Service Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Psychology ; Public Health Promotion ; Social Development ; Vaccination ; Vaccine Hesitancy
    Abstract: COVID-19 vaccination rates in Sub-Saharan Africa lag behind other world regions, with just over 20 percent of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa fully vaccinated. To reach widespread coverage, high willingness to get vaccinated for COVID-19 among the population is considered an important prerequisite. Drawing on two years of panel survey data, this paper studies the dynamics of vaccine acceptance, its correlates, and reasons for hesitancy over time. The data come from multiple rounds of national High-Frequency Phone Surveys in five countries in East and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda), covering the period between 2020 and 2022. The surveys are cross-country comparable and draw their samples from nationally representative sampling frames. The paper finds that COVID-19 vaccine acceptance has been high throughout the study period (68 to 98 percent). However, acceptance levels were lower in 2022 than in 2020 in three countries (Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Nigeria) and higher in one country (Uganda). Moreover, individuals are observed to change their stated vaccine attitudes between survey rounds, to a limited extent in some countries (Ethiopia) and more frequently in others (Burkina Faso, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda). Vaccine hesitancy is higher in richer households and among those residing in urban areas, women, and the better educated. Conversely, hesitancy is lower in larger households and among heads of the household. The main reasons for hesitancy are concerns about side effects of the vaccine, its safety and efficacy, as well as assessments of COVID-19 risk, although these reasons fluctuate over time. The findings suggest that vaccine hesitancy is not the primary obstacle to reaching greater vaccine coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa. Instead, low coverage rates may be related to access and delivery barriers as well as supply shortages. Nevertheless, vaccine attitudes appear malleable so that continued efforts are needed to retain high levels of vaccine acceptance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10275
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The Climate Implications of Ending Global Poverty (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wollburg, Philip The Climate Implications of Ending Global Poverty
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Co2 Emission Goals ; Environment and Poverty ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty and Climate Ambitions
    Abstract: Previous studies have explored potential conflicts between ending poverty and limiting global warming, by focusing on the carbon emissions of the world's poorest. This paper instead focuses on economic growth as the driver of poverty alleviation and estimates the emissions associated with the growth needed to eradicate poverty. With this framing, eradicating poverty requires not only increasing the consumption of poor people, but also the consumption of non-poor people in poor countries. Even in this more pessimistic framing, the global emissions increase associated with eradicating extreme poverty is small, at 2.37 gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide in 2050, or 4.9 percent of 2019 global emissions. These additional emissions would not materially affect the global climate change challenge: global emissions would need to be reduced by 2.08 gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide per year, instead of the 2.0 gigatonnes of equivalent carbon dioxide per year needed in the absence of any extreme poverty eradication. Lower inequality, higher energy efficiency, and decarbonization of energy can significantly ease this trade-off: assuming the best historical performance in all countries, the additional emissions for poverty eradication are reduced by 90 percent. Therefore, the need to eradicate extreme poverty cannot be used as a justification for reducing the world's climate ambitions. When trade-offs exist, the eradication of extreme poverty can be prioritized with negligible emissions implications. The estimated emissions of eradicating poverty are 15.3 percent of 2019 emissions with the lower-middle-income poverty line at USD 3.65 per day and or 45.7 percent of 2019 emissions with the USD 6.85 upper-middle-income poverty line. The challenge to align the world's development and climate objectives is not in reconciling extreme poverty alleviation with climate objectives but in providing middle-income standards of living in a sustainable manner
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10318
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Recall length and measurement error in agricultural surveys (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Data Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9128
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Philip Wollburg Recall Length and Measurement Error in Agricultural Surveys
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the relationship between the length of recall and nonrandom error in agricultural survey data. Using data from the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture in Malawi and Tanzania, the paper shows that key input and output variables are systematically related to the length of the recall period, indicating the presence of nonrandom measurement error. With longer recall periods, farmers report greater quantities of harvest, labor, and fertilizer inputs. Farmers list fewer plots as the recall period increases. The paper argues that it is plausible that farmers overestimate plot-level outcomes, or they forget some of their more marginal plots due to longer recall periods. The analysis also finds evidence of measurement error related to the length of recall in common measures of agricultural productivity. The size of the recall effect typically varies between 2 and 5 percent per additional month of recall length, which is economically significant. With data reliability affecting policy effectiveness, improving agricultural survey data quality remains an important concern. Mainstreaming objective measures where possible and reducing the risk of recall error through shorter recall periods appear to be promising avenues to improve the quality of key variables in agricultural surveys
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9128
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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