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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (993)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (642)
  • Bielefeld : transcript  (351)
  • Private Sector Development  (642)
  • Hochschulschrift  (351)
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Years
  • 1
    ISBN: 9783837665512 , 3837665518
    Language: English
    Pages: 292 Seiten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 453 g
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Araber ; Islamische Philosophie ; Gerechtigkeitsgefühl
    Note: Bibliographie: Seite 275-292
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Business Environment ; E-Government ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Governance ; Innovation and Technology Privacy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The Chinese government has a long-standing commitment to business environment and digital government reforms. China's online government-to-business (G2B) services have enhanced public service efficiency, accessibility, and transparency, creating a more favorable business environment. This note features a case study of the all-in-one online government service platform developed in Zhejiang Province, a subnational leader in promoting e-government and business environment reforms. Following general national guidelines, Zhejiang has been a leader in exploring innovations to promote digital government development and business environment reforms. Its reforms both demonstrate the effectiveness of a proactive approach to leveraging digital technologies for administrative efficiency and an improved user experience and highlight the positive impacts on the business environment
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Adaptation ; Environment ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Resilience
    Abstract: Building resilience to natural disasters is imperative for sustainable private sector development and growth in Malaysia. Floods have been Malaysia's most frequent natural disaster, accounting for 85 percent of all natural disasters since 2000. This report looks holistically at the challenges of adaptation to climate change for businesses, exploring the complementarity among the public sector, the financial sector, and the private sector efforts in managing flood risks. It does so by using a range of complementary analyses that bring together the private sector perspective drawn from a firm-level survey, the financial sector perspective based on a survey of financial institutions (both banks and insurers and takaful operators), along with macro-modelling estimates of the aggregate impacts of future floods. The report concludes with a roadmap for policy action to strengthen private sector resilience and enhance the management of flood risks for businesses, zooming in on policies for the financial sector
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragile States ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This Private Sector Assessment Report on the Republic of Yemen is delivered as part of the Private Sector Technical Assistance project. The goal of the project is to understand the dynamics of the country's private sector during conflict; identify constraints to trade, investment, and finance; and propose recommendations for inclusive private sector entry, survival, and growth. The report also includes an overview of the financial sector's impact on the private sector, especially on the latter's resilience during conflict. Finally, the report provides structural and policy recommendations that, once implemented by the authorities on both national and subnational levels, would prepare the Yemeni private sector to participate in the country's post-conflict recovery and reconstruction
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Civil Registration and Identification ; Gender ; Governance ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In Ethiopia, women are 15 percentage points less likely than men to possess a kebele ID, the primary proof of identity document used in the country. This report unveils findings from a study that aims to grasp the reasons behind this gender gap in ID ownership and offers recommendations for overcoming these barriers in Fayda, the new digital ID system launched by the Government of Ethiopia in 2021. Executed by the World Bank in partnership with Ethiopia's National ID Program (NIDP), the study first uses statistical analysis of ID4D-Findex data to illustrate the nature of the ID ownership gap and its ramifications for women. Subsequently, through desk research and original qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the report delves into four categories of potential reasons for the gap: legal and policy barriers, social and community barriers, economic and procedural barriers, and information and knowledge barriers. In the concluding section, the report offers three key recommendations for integrating gender inclusivity into the Fayda program, drawingfrom the research findings and inputs gathered from qualitative research participants
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window (PSW)
    Abstract: The private sector is essential for creating jobs and prosperity in poor countries, but developing it is challenging, especially in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS). The IDA Private Sector Window (PSW) is a blended finance facility that enables the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and third-party private sector investors to conduct high-risk transactions in International Development Association (IDA) countries and FCS countries. This evaluation aims to assess the usage, market development potential, and enabling factors of the PSW. The evaluation assesses how the usage of the PSW has changed from its inception in 2017 to 2023 and explores its potential market development effects and its enabling factors, namely concessionality (for IFC and MIGA) and additionality (for IFC). Concessionality is the level of subsidy needed for IFC and MIGA to offer transactions in PSW-eligible countries at market prices. Additionality is the unique support IFC brings to private investments (on a project basis) that is not offered by commercial sources of finance. It comprises financial and nonfinancial additionality. This evaluation assesses the PSW across three IDA cycles: IDA18, which covers FY18-20; IDA19, which covers FY21-22; and IDA20, which covers FY23-25. It updates the 2021 IEG early-stage assessment of the PSW (FY18-20) and complements the IDA20 PSW Mid-Term Review, which was prepared jointly by IDA, IFC, and MIGA
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gatti, Roberta Dysfunctional Family Management: Family-Managed Businesses and the Quality of Management Practices
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Family Owned Businesses ; Management Practices ; Managerial Talent ; Private Equity ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Better managed firms perform better. Existing evidence has shown that family-managed firms have poorer management practices. Several reasons have been proposed. Limiting to family members reduces the talent pool of potential managers. Family management creates disincentives for other talented workers given that the environment is not meritocratic. Family managers themselves may be less motivated given that they may not have to compete for the position. This study scales up the evidence by exploring the relationship between family managers and management practices for about 9,000 medium and large firms across 41 developing and advanced economies. The study contributes to the literature by investigating several internal and external operating factors that attenuate or accentuate the relationship between family management and the quality of management practices. The engagement of governments in terms of corruption and political connections is found to be influential
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9783837670370 , 3837670376
    Language: English
    Pages: 256 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 468 g
    Series Statement: Urban studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sowa, Christian The Camp, Housing, and the City
    Dissertation note: Dissertation SOAS, University of London 2022
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Refugee camps ; Refugees Services for ; Germany Emigration and immigration ; Hochschulschrift ; Berlin ; Stadtsoziologie ; Migration
    Abstract: In 2015 many camps were opened to accommodate newly arriving migrants in Berlin. Christian Sowa studies this form of accommodation. Moving beyond an exclusive focus on borders and migration, he argues that camp accommodation must be thought of and studied as part of the urban context and as a specific form of housing. The study provides an in-depth case study, discusses policy alternatives, argues for »housing for all instead of camps«, and contributes to bringing urban and migration studies into public discussion. In times of new waves of migration, the topic of migrant accommodation within urban environments remains highly relevant today.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9783837669428 , 3837669424
    Language: German
    Pages: 294 Seiten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 516 g
    Series Statement: Global | local Islam
    Series Statement: Globaler lokaler Islam
    Uniform Title: "Auf dem Weg der Salaf"
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bremen 2022
    DDC: 297.83084220943
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Deutschland ; Salafija ; Muslimin ; Junge Frau ; Biografieforschung ; Narratives Interview
    Abstract: Warum schließen sich in Deutschland sozialisierte junge Frauen salafitischen Gruppierungen an? Welche biographischen Funktionen werden durch Hinwendungsprozesse zur fundamentalistischen Ideologie des Salafismus erfüllt, welche Bedürfnisse hierdurch befriedigt? Laura Dickmann-Kacskovics zeichnet auf Basis narrativer Interviews mit Anhängerinnen des Salafismus einzelne Lebensgeschichten sowie Handlungs- und Orientierungsmuster junger Salafitinnen nach. Ihre Erkenntnisse über die Hinwendungsprozesse zum Fundamentalismus bieten eine empirisch fundierte Grundlage, auf der geschlechterspezifische Angebote der Prävention und Distanzierung vom (gewaltlegitimierenden) Salafismus entwickelt werden können.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 271-292 , Originaltitel der Dissertation: "Auf dem Weg der Salaf." Eine qualitativ-empirische Studie zur subjektiven Sinnhaftigkeit der Hinwendungsprozesse junger Frauen zu salafistischen Gruppierungen in Deutschland
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9783837670073 , 3837670074
    Language: English
    Pages: 252 Seiten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 423 g
    Series Statement: Postmigration studies volume 16
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Good, Bad, and Challenging Migrant
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck 2022
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9783837662542 , 3837662543
    Language: English
    Pages: 238 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 423 g
    Series Statement: Global studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Habilitationsschrift Humboldt-Universität Berlin 2021
    DDC: 305.891992
    Keywords: Armenians Ethnic identity ; Transnationalism Social aspects ; Armenia Emigration and immigration ; Social aspects ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; USA ; Armenier ; Diaspora ; Kulturelle Identität ; Transnationalisierung ; Engagement
    Abstract: Transnational flows of people, money and ideas are part and parcel of globalization processes. Ties to the homeland have always been a central focus of migration studies. How and why do the descendants of migrants maintain their attachment to the ancestral homeland? Tsypylma Darieva examines the changing nature of transnational migratory flows and a new generation of diasporic youth among global Armenians. Drawing on long-term observation and ethnographic and interview data, she shows the social and political significance that homeland pilgrimage and roots mobility acquire when the mythical ›homeland‹ becomes a real (local) place. How do these flows shape transnational post-migrant life projects and visions of the future between West and East?
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9783837667370 , 3837667375
    Language: English
    Pages: 292 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 523 g
    Series Statement: EnvironmentalAnthropology volume 7
    Series Statement: UmweltEthnologie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation University of Aberdeen 2010
    DDC: 304.20948977
    Keywords: Ethnology ; Finland ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Kemijoki ; Wassernutzung ; Fischerei ; Binnenschifffahrt ; Wasserkraftwerk ; Umwelt ; Kulturanthropologie
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia
    Keywords: COVID Shock To Informal Firms ; COVID-19 Economic Recovery ; COVID-19 Impact ; Equity and Development ; Firms in Crisis ; Informality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Support
    Abstract: Using three rounds of data from the Business Pulse Survey in South Asia, this paper studies the differential effects of the COVID-19 shock on informal firms. It also captures heterogeneity within informal firms based on the degree and motivation of informality. The findings suggest that the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 shock and the recovery speed are strongly associated with the degree of informality. Firms' external attributes, such as size, sector, age, and gender of the owner, do not explain the depth of the impact. Internal characteristics such as poor management capabilities and education of the manager and owners are strong predictors of vulnerability among informal firms. In particular, necessity firms experience a larger drop in sales relative to the parasitic type of informal firms. To add to this, the adjustment response (for example, the use of digital platforms) of informal firms is smaller, which perpetuates the gap between formal and informal firms. Within informal firms, the parasitic type typically have a smaller adjustment response. These findings have implications for policies to support the private sector in the presence of informality, including considerations pertaining to targeting, modality of support, and the instruments required for designing more impactful programs during shocks
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Davies, Elwyn Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom: Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Adult Remote Learning ; Business Training ; Digital Delivery ; Educational Sciences ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Remote Skill Training Effectiveness ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Standard in-person business training programs are costly and difficult to scale to the millions of microenterprises in the developing world. The authors conducted an experiment to test the feasibility, cost-savings, and impact of delivering live training sessions over Zoom to microentrepreneurs in Mexico and Guatemala. This paper demonstrates that it is now feasible to recruit and train self-employed women online, covering a wide geographic area, with few technology issues. However, the cost savings over in-person classes are less than expected. Training improved business practices and performance over two months, but the impacts had dissipated within six months
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clement, Anne Containing Tariff Evasion
    Keywords: Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Exporters ; Importers ; Law and Development ; Mirror Statistics ; Private Sector Development ; Sea Freight Corruption ; Tariff ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Law ; Trade
    Abstract: To identify transactions at risk of tariff evasion, this paper matches export transaction data from France with import transaction data from Madagascar using container identifiers. Reporting discrepancies between exporters and importers are prevalent but small, with over two-fifths of importers reporting in a way that increases their tariff liability. Yet, aggregate tariff revenues are 24 percent lower due to discrepancies. These revenue losses are highly concentrated: the top five evaders account for three-quarters of all tariff revenue losses and larger shipments are more at risk of evasion. Tariff enforcement in Madagascar is ineffective and only marginally mitigates revenue losses
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2162
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Commercial Sectors ; Domestic Private Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Growth ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment ; Social Sectors
    Abstract: In March 2023, the Second Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA2) identified USD 411 billion worth of investments required for Ukraine's reconstruction. The World Bank Group's new report "Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine", developed in cooperation with Ukraine's government, assesses the potential for private financing to meet these needs under both a status quo scenario and a scenario with reforms and other sectoral interventions
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Offshoring Response to High-Skilled Immigration: A Firm-Level Analysis
    Keywords: EU Labor Law ; EU Labor Policy ; Globalization ; Globalized Labor Market ; Immigration ; International Economics and Trade ; Offshoring ; Private Sector Development ; Skilled Short-Stay Immigrants
    Abstract: Using a policy change in the Netherlands in 2012 that made it easier and less costly for firms to employ high-skilled short-stay non-European Union workers and a matched employer-employee data, this paper shows that firms in high-skill industries respond by both employing a higher share of non-European Union immigrants and increasing the total amount of offshoring to non-European Union countries. With reduced costs of hiring short-stay non-European Union workers, small firms hire and fire more non-European Union workers in a given year. Many of these workers return to their home countries, establishing direct connections that boost offshoring to firms in the Netherlands. By contrast, large firms absorb some of the workers leaving the small firms. These workers also establish connections between their host and origin countries, boosting offshoring
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kasyanenko, Sergiy The Past and Future of Regional Potential Growth: Hopes, Fears, and Realities
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Competitiveness ; Demographics ; Developing Economies ; Emerging Markets ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment ; Potential Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Total Factor Productivity
    Abstract: Potential growth slowed in most emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) regions in the past decade. The steepest slowdown occurred in the Middle East and North Africa (MNA), followed by East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), although potential growth in EAP remained one of the two highest among EMDE regions, the other being South Asia (SAR), where potential growth remained broadly unchanged. Projections of the fundamental drivers of growth suggest that, without reforms, potential growth in EMDEs will continue to weaken over the remainder of this decade. The slowdown will be most pronounced in EAP and Europe and Central Asia because of slowing labor force growth and weak investment, and least pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa where the multiple adverse shocks over the past decade are assumed to dissipate going forward. Potential growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, MNA, and SAR is expected to be broadly steady as slowing population growth is offset by strengthening productivity. The projected declines in potential growth are not inevitable. Many EMDEs could lift potential growth by implementing reforms, with policy priorities varying across regions
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; International Development Association ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window ; PSW
    Abstract: Attracting private capital and developing the private sector in low-income countries are challenging. The challenges involved in mobilizing private capital and developing the private sector in many IDA countries, especially those that are fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), are substantial (World Bank 2016). In many of these countries, the domestic private sector is small, informal, and constrained by a weak macroeconomic and regulatory environment, infrastructure bottlenecks, and a limited skilled labor force. High country risks and capital flight concerns make domestic and international investors reluctant to engage, particularly in FCS, which also experience security risks. As a result, IDA countries' ability to attract private investment and grow the local private sector remains limited. The assessment will update a previous IEG evaluation of the Private Sector Window (PSW) and complement a concurrent paper by the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This focused assessment (the PSW evaluation update) responds to a request by the Committee on Development Effectiveness and World Bank Group management for IEG to prepare an update to The World Bank Group's Experience with the IDA Private Sector Window: An Early-Stage Assessment (World Bank 2021), which was completed by IEG in July 2021 and covered the PSW implementation experience under the 18th Replenishment of IDA (IDA18) for fiscal years 2018-20. The PSW evaluation update will add IDA19 and early IDA20 PSW projects. Concurrently, IDA, IFC, and MIGA are jointly preparing a paper on the PSW as an input to the IDA20 Mid-Term Review, focused on implementation progress and early results of the PSW (the IDA PSW paper). The IEG and IDA-IFC-MIGA teams working on the two assessments have agreed to conduct complementary analyses to inform the Mid-Term Review
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Growth and Prices ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payments ; Poverty Projections ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Finances
    Abstract: Private sector participation in the Tajik economy is relatively large, but dynamism is very low. Analysis with micro-level data points to multiple weaknesses: low entry rate, low productivity, limited integration to trade, low incidence of innovation, and limited capabilities. Also revealing is that private firms struggle to grow as they age. All these aspects reflect a business environment that does not reward the more efficient firms or those with the highest growth potential. The Covid-19 effects brought additional challenges to this low-level equilibrium scenario with shocks in sales and financial distress. The silver line aspect stems from the increasing use of digital technologies. Still, the apparent digital divide regarding firm size poses questions on the real implications for future productivity performance. Against this backdrop, and to tackle the long-term weaknesses of the private sector in Tajikistan, it is crucial to remove barriers that prevent the reallocation of resources towards more productive firms so that the private sector becomes more efficient and able to generate more and better jobs. In this case, and to prioritize measures that maximize effects on aggregate demand in the short-medium-run, it is crucial to give precedence to structural policies that remove impediments to firm entry and expansion of the private sector. Three sets of barriers deserve particular attention: (i) barriers to competition, (ii) barriers to foreign direct investment, and (iii) trade barriers. These barriers must be tackled together because they all reinforce each other regarding firms' competitiveness
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als di Giovanni, Julian Buy Big or Buy Small? Procurement Policies, Firms' Financing, and the Macroeconomy
    Keywords: Aggregate Productivity ; Business in Development ; Capital Accumulation ; Financial Friction ; Firm Dynamics ; Governance ; Government Procurement ; International Economics and Trade ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Procurement Rules ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Small Firm Growth Constraint
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework to study how different allocation systems of public procurement contracts affect firm dynamics and long-run macroeconomic outcomes. It builds a novel panel dataset for Spain that merges public procurement data, credit register loan data, and quasi-census firm-level data. The paper provides evidence consistent with the hypothesis that procurement contracts act as collateral for firms and help them grow out of their financial constraints. The paper then builds a model of firm dynamics with asset- and earnings-based borrowing constraints and a government that buys goods and services from private sector firms, and uses it to quantify the long-run macroeconomic consequences of alternative procurement allocation systems. The findings show that policies which promote the participation of small firms have sizeable macroeconomic effects, but the net impact on aggregate output is ambiguous. While these policies help small firms grow and overcome financial constraints, which increases output in the long run, these policies also increase the cost of government purchases and reduce saving incentives for large firms, decreasing the effective provision of public goods and output in the private sector, respectively. The relative importance of these forces depends on how the policy is implemented and the type and strength of financial frictions
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beegle, Kathleen Missing SDG Gender Indicators
    Keywords: Corporate Data and Reporting ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Goals ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; National Statistical System ; Private Sector Development ; Statistical Indicators ; Tracking Gender SDG Goals
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goal agenda lays out an ambitious set of 231 indicators to track progress. Countries continue to fall short in terms of reporting on the indicators in general, and this is particularly the case for the subset of 50 gender-related indicators, where countries reported on average on 31 percent of these indicators in at least one year from 2016 to 2020. A closer look at this low coverage reveals four salient fundings. First, this is not just a problem of missing data; lack of reporting on existing data is detected to be a problem. For example, of the 32 gender-related indicators that are sex disaggregated, if countries that had a population estimate also had a sex-disaggregated estimate (which is almost always feasible), the Sustainable Development Goal gender coverage rate would be 43 percent instead of 31 percent. Second, better statistical systems are a major part of the solution, as statistical system strength is correlated with higher coverage. Third, poorer countries are doing no worse in reporting on gender-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators than high-income countries, despite weaker statistical systems. Lastly, sizable over (and under) performance in reporting, conditional on statistical strength, suggests that country-level advocacy and focus can yield wins in Sustainable Development Goal gender indicator coverage
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio How Selling Online is Affecting Informal Firms in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business in Development ; Customer Acquisition ; E-Commerce Platform ; E-Commerce Sellers ; Growing Smallbusinesses ; Informal Employment ; Informality ; Market Access ; Online Shopping App ; Onlinebusiness ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Understanding how e-commerce platforms are affecting the small, informal firms that sell on them is a question of growing importance to researchers and policy makers in developing countries. This paper examines this question using data from surveys of firms selling on two e-commerce platforms in South Asia. The businesses selling on these platforms range widely in terms of size, degree of formalization, and other characteristics. However, these firms - even the micro and small ones, which tend to be informal - are from a selected group, being owned and managed by individuals who are more educated and younger than the owners and managers of more typical firms in this setting. The sellers' main reason for joining the platforms is to access more customers. Most of the sellers report an expansion of their business after joining the platforms. They also report an increase in their incentive to register their business and their visibility to tax authorities. Other, less widespread channels of impact reported by the firms include the adoption of new or improved business practices and technologies, better access to finance, and greater flexibility in balancing home and work life. In general, these reported impacts do not vary significantly by firm size or degree of formalization, suggesting that even informal, small firms that have (selectively) joined e-commerce platforms can benefit from the greater market access facilitated by the platforms. Finally, given size and age, firms that have been selling on the platform for a longer period are more likely to experience these impacts, suggesting that firms learn how to use the platform more effectively over time
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Avalos, Edgar Firms' Digitalization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale of Two Stories
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Adoption in Developing Countries ; Digital Divide ; Digitalization ; Firm-Level Innovation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation and Technology Policy ; Mobiity Restrictions and Digitalization ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the digital transformation of businesses. Using a unique global panel dataset, this paper documents the patterns of digital adoption during the pandemic across firms in 57 (mostly developing) countries. The data show the tale of two stories. On one hand, the pandemic drove firms to increase the use of digital platforms and invest in digital solutions. On the other hand, there is evidence that the digital divide increased. There remain substantial gaps between small and large firms as well as across sectors, particularly for new investments in digital solutions. Firms that did not use any digital platform or channel before the pandemic, also lagged in their response to the pandemic, increasing the gap with those that were more digitally ready. Moreover, although the share of online sales across firms for all size groups increased, there is a growing concentration of online sales among top firms. The paper discusses some of the factors associated with this increase in the digital divide and find that changes in digitalization remain even after mobility restrictions have eased. The analysis suggests that the pandemic has accelerated digitalization, but some firms disproportionately benefited from the digital transformation, potentially increasing the digital divide
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atiyas, Izak Digital Technology uses among Microenterprises: Why is Productive use so Low across Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Digital Technologies ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; ICT Business Linkages ; ICT Economics ; Inclusion ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet ; Jobs ; Microenterprise ICT ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Smartphone ; Technology Use Gender Gap
    Abstract: This paper explores the use of digital technologies, their association with performance outcomes, and the main constraints to greater use among microenterprises. The study uses a sample of more than 3,300 firms across seven Sub-Saharan African countries, of which over 70 percent are informal and over half are self-employed enterprises with no full-time workers. The analysis finds that productive use of digital technologies is low: less than 7 percent of firms use a smartphone, less than 6 percent use a computer, and roughly 20 percent still do not use a mobile phone. Even fewer firms use digital tools enabled by these access technologies: among firms with smartphones, less than half use the internet to find suppliers, and only half with a computer use accounting software or inventory control/point-of-sale software. Women are less likely to use all digital technologies than men. A greater range of uses based on internet-enabled computers or smartphones relative to uses based on 2G phones are conditionally associated with higher job levels. However, there may be a tension between higher productivity and more jobs: the highest productivity firms are not generators of the highest jobs, and vice versa. That formal high-sales and high-jobs firms are more strongly associated with the use of internet-enabled tools than high-productivity firms suggests that relaxing constraints preventing the latter from using more such digital tools and expanding sales and jobs could be important. Among these constraints, more than seven in ten non-users indicate that lack of attractiveness ("no need") is the main impediment to productive use of digital technologies. The most important conditional correlates of smartphone and computer adoption are related to having a loan, having electricity, having business linkages with large firms as customers, and managers having vocational training
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cull, Robert Trade Credit: Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Institutions ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development and Growth ; International Trade ; Medium-Sized Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Credit
    Abstract: Trade credit remains an important source of finance for firms in developing countries and many firms in developed countries, especially those that are young, small, or informationally opaque for other reasons. This paper summarizes the literature and explains the pervasiveness of trade credit, detailing its potential advantages over formal credit in terms of the information that buyers and sellers have about each other and their ability to monitor one another. Because it requires less formal contract enforcement, trade credit can be especially relevant where the rule of law and the legal system are weak. At the same time, reliance on information from social networks and informal institutional arrangements limits the scale of trade credit, and thus moderate improvements to formal enforcement can expand trade credit beyond social networks and enable customers to switch suppliers, which improves their credit terms. The patterns suggest a sweet spot or "Goldilocks" region where mid-size firms and those in countries at middling levels of development tend to rely relatively more heavily on trade credit than others. Going forward, detailed data on the relationship between suppliers and customers are crucial to enable more direct tests of theoretical predictions regarding trade credit
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Keywords: Equitable Growth ; Femail Entrepreneurship ; Female Managers ; Financial Inclusion ; Gender ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Private Sector Development ; Self-Employed Women ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Although female entrepreneurship is crucial to generating sustainable and equitable growth patterns, international evidence shows that women tend to be underrepresented in entrepreneurship, and this gender gap has exhibited remarkable persistence. In this study, we first measure the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Romania by using various data sources. We observe significant gender gaps, with the average gender gap in self-employment rates being 4.2 percentage points when abstracting from observable characteristics. Even when controlling for observable characteristics, the gender gap is persistent (3.7 percentage points). Other measures, such as the share of firms with female owners and top managers, indicate that the gap could be even larger. Moreover, we observe that the entrepreneurial gender gap varies across income quintiles and between rural and urban areas. In the second step, we analyze the potential drivers of women's engaging less in entrepreneurship by following the model of the "5 M's" developed by Brush, De Bruin, and Welter (2009). We find that the following drivers play a role in the entrepreneurial gender gap in Romania: gender gaps in financial inclusion and access to assets, harmful gender norms, motherhood, lack of childcare, and eldercare. Our findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach toward female entrepreneurship that factors in the distinct challenges of different groups of women and consists of a menu of policy interventions. Policies should range from improving women's access to relevant assets, human capital, and networks to addressing harmful gender norms and sparking an entrepreneurial culture in Romania more generally. Lastly, our evidence indicates that women are more interested in "impact" entrepreneurship. As women entrepreneurs in Romania mainly operate in the primary sector, givingthem a leading role in the green transition has great potential for more sustainable and equitable growth patterns
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (204 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Climate ; Competition ; Firm Dynamics ; Private Sector Development ; SOE ; State Owned Enterprises
    Abstract: The state, as an owner of businesses, competes and collaborates with the private sector, and this involvement has profound implications for investment and growth. Governments actively participate in commercial markets in different forms, from controlling the production of goods and services to investing in firms as a minority shareholder. The impact of state participation on an economy's growth depends on the type of public-private ownership, the types of markets, and the importance of those markets in the economy. The impact also depends on how policies and institutions regulate both the businesses with state ownership and the markets in which they are active. The Business of the State uses new evidence covering 91 countries from the World Bank's Global Businesses of the State database to highlight the distinction between businesses of the state and traditionally understood state-owned enterprises. The report analyzes how different ownership forms across sectors and institutional settings affect private investment, productivity, technology adoption, and job creation. It also analyzes how government participation in markets influences the ability of economies to respond to shocks, from pandemics to climate change. The report proposes a clear analytical framework for understanding the consequences of relying on businesses of the state to attain specific development goals
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Accommodation and ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Economic Growth ; Fisheries and ; Fisheries Sector ; Growth Potential ; Human Capital ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Regionalization ; Tourism Industry ; Tourism Sector
    Abstract: Comoros is at the crossroads to redefine its future and become an upper-middle income country by 2050, but this would require implementing an ambitious reform agenda that focuses on increasing productivity and private investment. The current business-as-usual policy framework has delivered low private investment and human capital, sectoral growth below potential, and no poverty eradication. Pursuing this policy framework, which would not allow Comoros to reach the GDP growth target of 7.5 percent by 2030 laid out in the national development plan, could result in GDP per capita of USD 1,890 and a poverty rate of 22.9 percent by 2050. By contrast, under a policy framework of ambitious reforms that include measures to increase inclusiveness, Comoros could reach a GDP per capita of USD 3,934 and reduce the poverty rate to below 5 percent by 2050. Supported by the continuous implementation of ambitious reforms, such a level of GDP per capita could have Comoros reach upper-middle-income status by 2050. Under this ambitious reform agenda, private investment would average 11.9 percent of GDP in 2023-2050, and total factor productivity growth would average 1.45 percentage points per year during the same period
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Business Ethics, Leadership and Values ; Development Policy Lending ; Earning Equity ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender Equity ; Gender Policy ; Male Dominated Employment Sectors ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Gap ; Womens Skills Development ; Womens Work ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Gender gaps in earnings persist across all regions. For every dollar men make, women make 77 cents. Closing this gap can lead to sizeable gains for economies - an estimated 160 trillion dollars in global gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. A multitude of factors contributes to this gap and this note sheds light on some of the key drivers. Effective evidence-backed policy options to close the earnings gap include providing information on work opportunities and returns to employment, training in socio-emotional skills, imparting sector-specific technical skills to address occupational segregation and adopting pay-transparency laws. The World Bank Group actively supports countries to boost women's access to better, high-quality jobs through development policy lending, advisory and analytical work, and supporting reforms to address constraining contextual factors. This note examines an array of policy options that are effective or show promise in closing gender gaps in earnings and offers some key takeaways
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Attracting Business Investment ; Business Environment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation and Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Regulations ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce aims to inform jobs policy by examining key determinants and outcomes of jobs. Jobs are created when the macroeconomic environment is conducive and policies are predictable to businesses with sustained growth, trades, and investments. At the same time, a large body of literature also shows that economic growth alone is not sufficient for generating jobs. Jobs are created when firms pursue expansion through innovation and competitiveness and demand for more labor input, while workers' skills and human capital are able to meet the needs of firms. Intrahousehold resource allocation and decisions for labor supply also affect the jobs outcomes. It is not uncommon that workers as self-employed create jobs by initiating their own business. The market clearing process of labor is then affected by labor market institutions, most notably labor market regulations and labor policies and programs. These are key determinants of how easy it is to start a business or to hire a worker, how high labor costs are, and how efficiently firms and workers are matched. Part I looks into the country's labor market in chronological order, while Part II discusses three major areas of Philippine jobs - labor regulation, international migration, and emerging demands for green and digital jobs
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Promotion Agencies ; IPA Strategy ; KPI ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: Governments establish investment promotion agencies (IPAs) as part of the larger framework fostering private sector development and contributing to achieving national development objectives. IPAs do this by attracting and supporting investments that will translate into more and better jobs; higher wages; more revenue for local businesses; and the skills, technologies, and new economic activities which will, in turn, lead again to more jobs, wages, and local revenue. In order to do this, the IPA must identify its own strategic objectives and chart a path towards the achievement of these objectives. Cascading from national strategies and plans, the IPA's strategy is a key tool that helps it succeed by guiding it to focus on the investors most likely to invest and generate the desired impacts, engage in the most suitable activities to cater to investors along the investment lifecycle, and make the best use of its resources, capabilities, and partnerships. This note serves as a guide to IPAs and policy makers in the development, adoption, and implementation of IPA strategies, drawing on World Bank Group experience and examples of good practices around the world. It presents the essential elements of an investment promotion strategy and the critical steps for its development and implementation
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Georgieva, Dorina Examining Business Reform Committees: Findings from a New Global Dataset
    Keywords: Business Enviornment ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Globl Competitiveness ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector ; Reform Committee ; Regulatory Coherence ; Regulatory Quality
    Abstract: Reform committees (also known as reform councils) are institutional mechanisms or structures tasked with holding policy discussions pertaining to (and making specific recommendations on) regulatory issues, to monitor improvement efforts and ensure regulatory coherence between agencies while enhancing regulatory quality. This paper presents novel granular data on business reform committees for 160 economies collected over 2020-22. The paper presents 35 questions and 238 variables grouped into three pillars: (i) mandate and scope, (ii) organizational structure and operational framework, and (iii) stakeholder engagement and communication. The dataset is unique in that it covers a large number of developing economies and presents detailed insights into the goals, structures, and components of reform committees while contributing to debates on strategies for promoting better regulations. Reform committees are heterogeneous structures, prevalent in lower-middle-income economies, followed by upper-middle-income economies. Most economies with a functioning reform committee state that their mandate is to improve competitiveness globally by improving the business regulatory/legislative framework, going beyond improvements of the business environment for domestic companies. In more than 50 percent of the economies the priorities are set at the ministry level, most commonly the Ministry of Finance or equivalent, followed by the Prime Minister's office. However, reporting lines can be very different-across a quarter of the economies, the chair of the reform committee reports to the President or the head of state, while in close to one-fifth the chair reports to the Prime Minister. In most economies, public sector representatives are members of both the steering board and the working groups. These findings provide new insights into the scope, mandate, and functioning of business reform committees at different income levels and across different regions; they also provide a robust foundation on which subsequent research efforts can build
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Decomposition Analysis
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; COVID-19 Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic Supply Chain Disruption ; Decomposition ; Firm Size ; Firm Size and Resilience ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Small And Medium Size Enterprise (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Supply Chain Disruption Impact
    Abstract: This study analyzes the difference in the decline in sales between small and medium-size enterprises and large firms (the "gap") following the outbreak of COVID-19 in 19 developing countries. The decline in sales as a percentage of the pre-pandemic level was bigger for small and medium-size enterprises by 12.2 percentage points. The paper uses the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder and quantile decomposition methods to estimate individual factors' contributions to the gap at the mean and across the sales decline distribution. Several important results emerge. First, relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises faced greater incidence of input supply disruptions during the pandemic, had lower initial labor productivity levels, and were concentrated in country-industry cells with a bigger sales declines. These differences in the level of factors widened the gap. Small and medium-size enterprises also suffered more than large firms from a given level of financial constraints, input supply disruptions, and country-industry-specific factors, and benefitted less from a given level of initial labor productivity. These differences in the returns to factors also widened the gap. Second, the gap was much larger at the relatively high quantiles of sales decline distribution, indicating that relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises were much less resilient to large shocks than small shocks. Third, individual factors' contribution to the gap varied across the sales decline distribution. Thus, the optimal policy mix depends on the size of the shock. Fourth, there were some important differences between geographical regions in what drove the gap. Thus, an eclectic policy approach is needed that duly accounts for the prevailing local conditions
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brucal, Arlan Masters of Disasters: The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Pulse Survey Data ; COVID-19 Impact ; Crisis and Micro and Small Firms ; Crisis Effects ; Informality ; International Finance Corporation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Resilience ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Most crises have a disproportionately larger negative effect on micro-sized firms. Yet, the heterogeneity of impact within micro-sized firms is lesser known. Using five waves of the World Bank's Business Pulse Survey data, this paper finds that firms with zero to four employees have a much larger drop in sales and slower recovery rate compared to micro-sized firms with five to nine employees. The overall differences in the resilience between the two groups of micro-sized firms could potentially be due to a uniformly lower productivity level of firms with zero to four employees. Within the two groups of micro-sized firms, resilience is correlated with their liquidity position, managerial attitudes as well as their abilities. Using discriminant analysis, this paper confirms that a significant proportion of micro-sized firms mimic the behavior of larger firms in terms of their resilience to shocks and could potentially be "misclassified" as micro-sized. These findings have important implications for targeting and tailoring support for enhancing businesses' resilience to shocks
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Englander, Gabriel The Value of Information in a Congested Fishery
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Fishery Congestion ; Fishery Profits ; Fishing Data ; Fishing Efficiency ; Fishing Industry ; Industry ; Peruvian Anchoveta ; Private Sector Development ; Value of Information
    Abstract: Congestion can reduce the value of a fishery, resulting in a lower total catch for the same amount of labor, fuel, and equipment expended in fishing activities. Absent the congestion externality, better information about the location and size of fish stocks enables fishers to make more efficient decisions. However, more precise information can cause fishers to converge on the same location or increase fishing at the same time. The cost of the resulting increased congestion can outweigh the direct benefit of better information. This paper identifies the circumstances where an increase in the precision of public and/or private information (about stock size or location) lowers industry profits. Using high-resolution data from Peru's anchoveta fishery, the world's largest by catch volume, the research reveals that despite considerable congestion, more precise private information would increase expected profits. On the other hand, the profit impact of more precise public information is positive but significantly smaller. This difference reflects the fact that public information increases congestion to a much greater extent, compared to private information. The policy implications are that improving private information about fish stocks-for example through firms investing in forecasting and decision-making technology-could increase industry profits. But anchoveta fishers would not necessarily benefit from more precise public information. As fishery managers control the accessibility and disclosure of information, decisions to make private information public, such as publishing near real-time catch data, could potentially lower fisher profits
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tillan, Pablo Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes: A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Export Competitiveness ; Export Impacts ; Firm Dynamics ; Gender and Labor Markets ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Limited Export Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the overall impact of exports while accounting for supply chain linkages on local labor market outcomes in the Arab Republic of Egypt between 2007 and 2018. The paper assesses the effects not only on directly exporting industries, but also on industries indirectly affected by rising export demand. Furthermore, it examines potential impacts on specific groups of workers, such as high-skilled individuals and female workers. The results show that trade does not lead to the same connection with domestic labor markets in Egypt as observed in other countries, as highlighted in the existing literature explaining the adverse effects of imports on developing countries. Despite being more open to trade, trade-intensive industries in Egypt have not experienced a significant increase in their share of employment within the overall workforce. To harness the benefits of trade, Egypt must undertake deeper reforms aimed at significantly expanding the export sector
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Covid-19 Pandemic Firm-Level Impact ; Crisis Recovery In Informal Economies ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firm's Investment Decision ; Informality ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Bank Business Pulse Survey
    Abstract: Using three rounds of the World Bank's Business Pulse Surveys in South Asia, this paper quantifies the relationship between informality and firms' investment and employment decisions. Accounting for multidimensionality in definition and the margins of informality, the analysis suggests that first, informal firms remain credit and liquidity constrained before and during the crisis, especially the necessity firms. In the pre-crisis period, access to finance is correlated with the extensive margin of informality, while during the crisis, both margins of informality matter. Second, informal firms perceive uncertainty to be higher because of pessimistic expectations on recovery and lower ability to predict future sales, especially the necessity firms. Third, credit constraints and accentuated uncertainty among informal firms discourage investments. Finally, while employment growth is slow and gradual for formal firms as they begin to recover sales, job growth in informal firms does not correspond to the recovery. The results suggest that countries with a large informal sector may face unusually depressed investments and jobs recovery and may have to deploy additional policy levers to accelerate recovery in the post-crisis period
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina, Juan J The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Equity Financing ; Equity Issuance Activity ; Equity Market Liberalization ; Firm Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; International Economics and Trade ; International Investors ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Stock Connect
    Abstract: The internationalization of China's equity markets started in the early 2000s but accelerated after 2012, when Chinese firms' shares listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen gradually became available to international investors. This paper documents the effects of the post-2012 internationalization events by comparing the evolution of equity financing and investment activities for (i) domestic listed firms relative to firms that already had access to international investors and (ii) domestic listed firms that were directly connected to international markets relative to those that were not. The paper shows significant increases in financial and investment activities for domestic listed firms and connected firms, with sizable aggregate effects. The evidence also suggests that the rise in firms' equity issuances was primarily and initially financed by domestic investors. Foreign ownership of Chinese firms increased once the locally issued shares became part of the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Emerging Markets Index in 2018
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Governance ; Climate Resilience ; Economic Diversification ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Health Costs ; Natural Capital ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Republic Of Congo ; Sustainable Growth
    Abstract: The Republic of Congo (RoC) CCDR is a new World Bank core diagnostic report that integrate climate change and development considerations. It is intended to help the country prioritize the most impactful actions that can boost adaptation and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while delivering on broader development goals. The CCDR builds on data and rigorous research and identify main pathways to reduce climate vulnerabilities and GHG emissions, including the costs and challenges as well as benefits and opportunities from doing so. The report highlights that RoC could reduce poverty in rural areas by 40% and in urban areas by 20% by 2050 by implementing more ambitious reforms to promote economic diversification and climate resilience. It also concludes that business as usual is not an option. Economic losses could reach up to 17% of GDP by 2050 if reforms to diversify the economy and attract more climate investments are not taken. Climate impacts could also increase total health costs from USD 92 million in 2010 to USD 260 million by 2050. The report identifies four priorities to promote sustainable growth in the country: (i) stronger and greener infrastructure and services in electricity, transport, water, and sanitation can deliver transformative results; (ii) More climate-ready education, health systems and social services can save lives and bring critical resources to the poorest; (iii) More investments in natural capital including climate smart agriculture and greater forest management along will help create jobs while reducing carbon emissions; (iv) better climate governance to leverage carbon markets. The forest contributes to USD 260 million in timber exports and store over 44 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Protecting and valorizing the forest is critical to turn the country's natural capital into wealth. The report emphasizes that the private sector has a critical role to play in mobilizing financing for an ambitious set of reforms and investments in the context of tight fiscal space. This will require raising awareness on risks and opportunities from climate change, and innovative solutions and financial sector reforms
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Firms in Global Value Chains during Covid-19: Evidence from Indonesia
    Keywords: Global Value Chain ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Industrial and Market Data and Reporting ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; Non-Tariff Measures ; Port Congestion ; Port of Entry Restriction Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience ; Trade Policy ; Value Chain Participation
    Abstract: Using detailed monthly firm-level trade data from Indonesia from February 2019 to June 2021, this paper shows that firm-level exports were overall more resilient than imports during Covid-19. Firms that participated in global value chains were more resilient to the Covid-19 shock beyond the immediate short-run compared to firms that did not. However, among global value chain firms, those that faced certain types of non-tariff measures on their import products, notably port of entry restrictions, on average faced larger reductions in export quantities and number of transactions compared to firms that did not face such restrictions, consistent with the evidence of major port congestion during Covid-19. Therefore, although international connectedness could be a source of vulnerability to global shocks in the immediate short run, policies that enable firms to be more globally engaged through global value chains could enhance resilience. Relatedly, tackling measures such as port of entry restrictions can ensure fast and efficient port and customs procedures, especially during periods of high port congestion, as global value chain trade requires goods to cross borders many times
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Business Dynamism ; ECA ; Economic Forecasts ; Economic Growth ; Europe and Central Asia ; Inflation ; International Development ; Private Sector Development ; Role of the State ; Russia's Invasion of Ukraine
    Abstract: Europe and Central Asia (ECA) continues to be negatively impacted by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, tighter global financial conditions, persistent inflation, and global economic fragmentation. Economic growth in the region is projected to remain weak relative to the long-term trend, delaying the convergence of living standards to those of high-income countries. Climate change is becoming a serious constraint on growth, as extreme weather events are affecting the region with increased frequency and severity. Economic growth for the emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) of the Europe and Central Asia region has been revised up to 2.4% for 2023. The pickup in growth reflects improved forecast for war-hit Ukraine and for Central Asia as well as consumer resiliency in Turkiye and better-than-expected growth in Russia because of a surge in government spending on the military and social transfers. Nevertheless, growth remains weak relative to the long-term pre-pandemic averages. Downside risks cloud the outlook for the 23 EMDEs in Europe and Central Asia. High inflation may persist amid heightened volatility in global commodity markets and a surge in energy prices. Global financial markets may become more volatile and restrictive due to tightening financing conditions. Global growth for 2020-2024 is the weakest than during any five-year period since 1990 and may weaken further
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miller, Amisha Asking Better Questions: The Effect of Changing Investment Organizations' Evaluation Practices on Gender Disparities in Funding Innovation
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Africa Gender Innovation Lab ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Governance ; Gender Gap ; Innovation ; Investment in Women Owned Enterprise ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Female innovators raise fewer resources from investors, even when their ventures are similar to those of all-male teams. Efforts to mitigate the disparities have typically focused on changing how founders seek investment. However, the causes of gender disparities are systemic: in uncertain contexts, evaluators value women's competence or leadership potential lower than men's, and investors inquire more about risks when facing female founders than males. What is the effect of investment organizations' evaluation practices on gender disparities in funding innovation This paper examines a two-stage global field experiment with investors making 1,871 investment decisions on early-stage startups, which resulted in USD 320,000 invested in 16 startups. The experiment changed an organization's evaluation framework to systematize investor inquiry across all ventures by including prompts about (1) risk and reward and (2) progress during the evaluation period. This caused treated investors to (1) assess startups more consistently and (2) assess startup competence more dynamically than control investors. It eliminated, even reversed, the gender gap in investment outcomes. These results have implications for organizations making decisions in uncertain contexts, and those aiming to reduce gender disparities
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eslava, Marcela Business Size, Development, and Inequality in Latin America: A Tale of one Tail
    Keywords: Business Size ; Developing Economies Business Data ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level Datasets ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-Enterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Self-Employment
    Abstract: Using official employment surveys for 45 advanced economies and Latin American countries, this paper shows that the positive cross-country correlation between business size and GDP per capita is tighter than previously found using firm-level datasets and finds a close negative business size-Gini relationship. The paper also finds a closer connection between individual income and business size for workers in less developed countries compared with those in advanced economies. Because employment data address the bias against the smallest productive units that characterize firm-level datasets, our approach uniquely assesses and highlights the dominance of the left tail of the business size distribution in less developed countries
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Freund, Caroline Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains?
    Keywords: 10-Digit Us Import Data ; Bilateral Trade Decoupling ; China Supply Chains ; Diversification ; Global Value Chains ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Reshoring ; Tariffs ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the reshaping of supply chains using detailed US 10-digit import data (tariff-line level) between 2017 and 2022. The results show that while US-China decoupling in bilateral trade is real, supply chains remain intertwined with China. Over the period, China's share of US imports fell from 22 to 16 percent. The paper shows that the decline is due to US tariffs. US imports from China are being replaced with imports from large developing countries with revealed comparative advantage in a product. Countries replacing China tend to be deeply integrated into China's supply chains and are experiencing faster import growth from China, especially in strategic industries. Put differently, to displace China on the export side, countries must embrace China's supply chains. Within products, the reorientation of trade is consistent with a "China + 1" strategy, as opposed to diversified sourcing across multiple countries. There is some evidence of nearshoring, but it is exclusive to border nations, and there is no consistent evidence of reshoring. Despite the significant reshaping, China remained the top supplier of imported goods to the US in 2022
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2153
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Jobs ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Starting A Business ; Transition
    Abstract: This report presents a diagnostic study of barriers to private sector participation focusing on young Kuwaitis. The General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development (GSSCPD), Kuwait Public Policy Centre (KPPC) and the World Bank's behavioral science team, the Mind, Behavior, and Development Unit (eMBeD), partnered to conduct a series of data collection activities seeking to identify key structural and behavioral barriers that prevent higher youth participation in the private sector. The right of every Kuwaiti to work is mentioned in Articles 26 and 41 of the Constitution and in various Emiri decrees. The Constitution also commits to state provision of allowances for housing, health care, education, as well as social security, pensions, and disability benefits. Overall, Kuwaiti citizens tend to consider public sector employment to be superior to private sector employment. Reasons for this include greater job security, less burdensome responsibilities, generous pay and benefits, and shorter working hours in the public sector compared to private sector (Towards a National Jobs Strategy in Kuwait, 2021). Given this, there is limited incentive for Kuwaitis to work in the private sector. Indeed, Kuwaiti nationals account for only 4.3 percent of the private sector workforce (Labor Market Information System, 2019), the majority of which is made up of expatriates. The public sector, on the other hand, employs 76 percent of Kuwaiti citizens (Labor Market Information System, 2019). However, the sustainability and efficiency of this system is more than ever under question. High population growth and expected entry of many Kuwaiti nationals into the jobs market by 2022 is putting pressure on public sector employment, and the rising wage bill presents further fiscal challenges (International Monetary Fund, 2019). Public sector entities, which are under pressure to absorb these entrants, are already overstaffed
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem ; Finance Risk ; Market Dynamism ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Public Research Sector
    Abstract: This report provides a diagnostic of Viet Nam's entrepreneurship ecosystem and details a set of targeted recommendations for improving conditions for innovative entrepreneurship in the country. The diagnostic consists of four components: 1.) An overview of the Vietnamese private sector, with a focus on market dynamism; 2.) A demand side analysis focused on the flow of ideas, skills, and technology that contribute to the pipeline of innovative startups; 3.) A supply-side assessment of public support and private risk finance throughout the firm lifecycle, and 4.) An analysis of the ecosystem framework conditions. The report finds that the overall quality and the level of public support for entrepreneurship is low; founders have challenges with key aspects of running a business, such as developing product-market fit, growth strategies, and team building; and risk capital markets are heavily dependent on foreign funds and investors and have gaps in early-stage finance. The report concludes with three policy recommendations for improving Viet Nam's entrepreneurial performance: 1.) Reorient the national flagship Program 844 on "Supporting the National Innovation Initiative to 2025" toward building a pipeline of investment-ready, innovative startups; 2.) Address regulatory barriers related to risk capital investments; and 3.) Increase the contribution of the public research sector to the innovative startup agenda
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dato, Prudence Who should Drive Green Technology Transitions in Developing Countries: State-Owned Enterprises versus Private Firms
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Emissions Policy ; Emissions Tax ; Environment ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Technology ; Green Technology Research ; Imperfect Competition ; Innovation ; Local Adaptation ; Private Sector Development ; Public Firms ; State-Owned Enterprises
    Abstract: Green technologies, such as renewable energy, often require adaptation to local conditions, such as high humidity, high altitudes or the specifics of a country's infrastructure, to achieve a maximal technical efficiency and a long lifetime of investments. This poses a problem for green technology transitions, as adaptations usually imply protected intellectual property rights and thus market imperfections that can lead to higher prices and thereby a lower uptake of the green technology. An alternative could be to use state-owned enterprises to adapt and promote green technologies, such as public utilities, which are more easily steered toward pursuing societal objectives. However, many empirical studies find state-owned enterprises to be less efficient. This theoretical contribution investigates the question whether a green technology transition that requires research and development is better driven by private firms or state-owned enterprises. The paper adapts a model to this setting, derives possible market outcomes from this model, investigates research and development and production decisions of private firms and a state-owned enterprise, and compares the welfare implications of the two options. The results show that there are cases where the cost inefficiency of the state-owned enterprise dominates (for example, if competition of directly importing firms reduces possible markups of private innovating firms), but also cases where a state-owned enterprise is the preferred choice (for example, if several private firms would adapt the technology, causing over-innovation). Most importantly, this is not solely a question of comparing costs, but rather of comparing market outcomes. For example, the use of a state-owned enterprise can avoid the often found problem of overinvestment in research and development by private firms and, in many cases, a state-owned enterprise will induce a wider diffusion of the green technology
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bruhn, Miriam Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Government ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper assesses the medium-run effects of government support to firms during the COVID-19 crisis and whether the effectiveness of this support varied with its timing. Using data from three rounds of the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys carried out between May 2020 and April 2022, it relates government support in Round 1 (received in the first half of 2020) and Round 2 (received during the second half of 2020 or early 2021) with firm performance in Round 3 (generally mid-2021). Controlling for a host of background characteristics, firms that received support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales, but only if they did not have continued support. Firms that also received support in Round 2 had similar Round 3 sales as those that received no support and were more likely to decrease employment. Firms that received government support only in Round 2 experienced no boost in Round 3 performance. The findings suggest that government support should be provided promptly, but it should also be phased out quickly
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Debt Vulnerabilities ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Space ; Inflation ; Jobs ; Political Instability ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development
    Abstract: Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to slow to 2.5 percent in 2023 from 3.6 percent in 2022. It is projected to increase to 3.7 percent in 2024 and 4.1 percent in 2025. However, in per capita terms, the region is projected to slightly contract over 2015-2025. The region faces many challenges, including a "lost decade" of sluggish growth, persistently low per capita income, mounting fiscal pressures exacerbated by high debt burdens, and an urgent need for job creation. Tackling these multifaceted issues requires comprehensive reforms to promote economic prosperity, reduce poverty, and create sustainable employment opportunities in the region. This will require an ecosystem that facilitates firm entry, stability, growth, and skill development that matches business demand
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Goicoechea, Ana Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Adaptation vs Mitigation ; Burden of Climate Change ; Climate Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Mitigation ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Firms and Climate Change ; Market Failure and Climate Change ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a disproportionate burden from climate change, potentially threatening the operations and profitability of firms. Simultaneously, firms in LMICs may contribute to climate change through the emissions associated with production. This paper synthesizes the empirical evidence on the links between climate change and firms in LMICs. It identifies three major gaps: poor geographic coverage, little discussion of how market failures interact with climate change in ways that constrain firm decisions, and an overall greater focus on policies for mitigation than adaptation
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Education Equity ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Finance Management
    Abstract: Mauritius's economy has grown dramatically since the country's independence in 1968, and its rapid development offers a powerful example for developing economies worldwide. However, growth dynamism has waned in recent years. In addition, Mauritius was hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and headwinds from Russia's war in Ukraine. Nevertheless, Mauritius has shown strong resilience, and with an economic recovery now well underway, the government has an opportunity to implement structural reforms to boost inclusive growth and sustainably regain high-income status. Reorienting the country's fiscal policy will be critical to this effort, to better align revenues and expenditures and to strengthen macroeconomic stability, which played a major role in Mauritius's economic success. Mauritius's transition to a knowledge-based economy will also require a robust competitive environment and sustained investment in human capital and innovation. This report identifies opportunities to enhance the impact of fiscal policy on macroeconomic stability and accelerate the transition toward greener, more resilient, and knowledge-based growth. The recommended reforms are designed to prioritize investment in productive assets while continuing to meet the social needs of an aging society in a cost-effective manner and strengthening resilience against climate change and other shocks. The report also identifies opportunities to leverage Mauritius's low-carbon growth potential in line with the focus of its most recent budgets
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9783837666960 , 3837666964
    Language: German
    Pages: 392 Seiten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 690 g
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien Band 15
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck 2022
    DDC: 305.809
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Anti-racism ; Privilege (Social psychology) ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Antirassismus ; Aktivist ; Weiße ; Privileg ; Selbstreflexion ; Biografisches Interview
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9783839465905 , 9783837665901
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource, 297 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme$l2
    Series Statement: Digitale Soziologie
    Series Statement: Digitale Soziologie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Estermann, Rahel, 1987 - Mit Daten sprechen
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Fakultät der Universität Luzern 2021
    Keywords: Media studies ; Impact of science & technology on society ; Cultural studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Journalismus ; Digitalisierung ; Visualisierung ; Journalismus ; Forschung ; Medienwissenschaft ; Kulturwissenschaften
    Abstract: Datenjournalist*innen verwenden für ihre Berichterstattung digitale Daten, welche sie verarbeiten, visualisieren und journalistisch publizieren. Rahel Estermann erarbeitet auf Praxis- und Feldebene, welche Expertisen, Materialitäten, Kulturen und sozialen Prozesse sich im Datenjournalismus verschränken. Datenvisualisierungen stellen sich dabei als gemeinsames Vokabular heraus, welches ermöglicht, in zweifacher Weise mit den Daten zu sprechen: einerseits zur Produktion von Erkenntnissen, andererseits für das Darstellen von Erkenntnissen mittels Daten. So werden die Prozesse der Neuaushandlung von epistemologischen und professionellen Kulturen in einer datafizierten Gesellschaft sichtbar
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 273-287
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9783839464373 , 9783732864379
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (399 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Edition Politik Band 138
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Regier, Sascha, 1982 - Den Staat aus der Gesellschaft denken
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität zu Köln 2022
    DDC: 320.4
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Politische Bildung ; Staatslehre
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 369-399
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9783839464564 , 9783732864560
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (203 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Austermann, Nele, 1988 - Neo-Refoulement - Europäisches Migrationsmanagement als öffentliche Gewalt
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bremen 2022
    DDC: 325.4
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Europäische Union ; International Organization for Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Einwanderer ; Menschenrecht
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9783732868889
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (424 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Politik in der digitalen Gesellschaft Band 6
    Uniform Title: Proxys im staatlichen Cyberkonfliktaustrag
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zettl-Schabath, Kerstin, 1993 - Staatliche Cyberkonflikte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zettl-Schabath, Kerstin, 1993 - Staatliche Cyberkonflikte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zettl-Schabath, Kerstin, 1993 - Staatliche Cyberkonflikte
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Ruprecht-Karl-Universität 2022
    RVK:
    Keywords: Central government policies ; International relations ; Internationale Beziehungen ; POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / General ; Politik der National- Zentral- oder Bundesregierung ; Attribution ; Autokratie ; China ; Conflict ; Cyberkonflikt ; Democracy ; Demokratie ; Digitalität ; IT ; IT-Unternehmen ; International Relations ; Internationale Politik ; Israel ; Konflikt ; Media Studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Computersicherheit ; Autokratie ; Demokratie
    Abstract: Klappentext: Welche Rolle spielen nichtstaatliche Akteure, sogenannte "Proxys", in staatlichen Cyberkonflikten? Und wie unterscheidet sich regimetypenspezifisch das (De-)Eskalationsmanagement? Kerstin Zettl-Schabath vergleicht mithilfe eines umfassenden Datensatzes für die Jahre 2000-2019 die staatlichen Cyber-Proxy-Strategien von China, Russland, den USA und Israel. Dabei zeigen sich je nach politischem System deutliche Abweichungen: Autokratien nutzen Proxys als "Puffer" gegenüber Demokratien, um für ihre Taten nicht belangt zu werden. Für Demokratien dagegen können Berichte privater IT-Unternehmen "Täter-Wissen" kommunizieren sowie Handlungsdruck infolge politischer Verantwortungszuweisungen reduzieren.
    Note: Literaturverzeichis: Seiten 345-420 , Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 345-420
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9783839467862
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (401 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Edition Politik 157
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thomas, Jens, 1974 - Selbstherstellen als neue Politik
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Hochschule Chemnitz 2022
    DDC: 320
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Arbeit ; Produktion ; Politik ; Kulturwirtschaft ; Soziologie ; Politische Theorie ; Arbeitssoziologie ; Industriesoziologie ; Protestbewegung
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9783839469668 , 9783732869664
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (234 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Edition Politik Band 161
    Uniform Title: Paradoxien illusionärer Narrative. Rassismus, Sexismus und Antifeminismus in der neurechten Semantik vom Volksaustausch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kutscher, Nadja, 1985 - Das Narrativ vom »großen Austausch«
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 2023
    DDC: 320
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Rechtsradikalismus ; Neue Rechte ; Rassismus ; Sexismus ; Frauenfeindlichkeit ; Medien
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 205-227
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bielefeld : transcript | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783839468005
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (297 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Fashion Studies
    DDC: 305.5
    Keywords: Mode ; Kleidung ; Moderne ; Subkultur ; Medien ; Kulturtheorie ; Hochschulschrift ; Electronic books ; Hochschulschrift
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9783837664560 , 3837664562
    Language: German
    Pages: 203 Seiten , 23 x 15 cm, 303 g
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Austermann, Nele, 1988 - Neo-Refoulement - Europäisches Migrationsmanagement als öffentliche Gewalt
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Austermann, Nele, 1988 - Neo-Refoulement - Europäisches Migrationsmanagement als öffentliche Gewalt
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Austermann, Nele, 1988 - Neo-Refoulement - Europäisches Migrationsmanagement als öffentliche Gewalt
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Austermann, Nele, 1988 - Neo-Refoulement - Europäisches Migrationsmanagement als öffentliche Gewalt
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bremen 2022
    DDC: 325.4
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Europäische Union ; International Organization for Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Einwanderer ; Menschenrecht
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 181-199
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9783839466001
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (280 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Uniform Title: Prekäre Freizügigkeiten (verkörperlichte Subjektivierungsprozesse im Spannungsfeld zwischen Sex, Arbeit und Ost-/Europa)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Freie Universität Berlin 2022
    DDC: 306.740943155
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Geschichte 2010-2019 ; Sexarbeit ; Osteuropa ; Neoliberalismus ; Prostitution ; Deutschland ; Arbeit ; Migration ; Rassifizierung ; Osteuropäerin ; Prostitution ; Othering ; Prekariat ; Neoliberalismus ; Lebensbedingungen ; Osteuropäer ; Berlin ; Sexarbeit ; Prostitution ; Osteuropa ; Neoliberalismus ; Deutschland ; Marginalisierung ; Sexualisierung ; Rassifizierung ; Geschlecht ; Migration ; Körper ; Kulturanthropologie ; Gender Studies ; Slavistik ; Sex Work ; Eastern Europe ; Neoliberalism ; Germany ; Marginalization ; Racialization ; Gender ; Body ; Cultural Anthropology ; Slavic Studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Electronic books. ; Hochschulschrift ; Berlin ; Prostitution ; Osteuropäerin ; Geschichte 2010-2019 ; Berlin ; Osteuropäerin ; Osteuropäer ; Prostitution ; Lebensbedingungen ; Prekariat ; Neoliberalismus ; Othering
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    URL: Cover
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9783839464939
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Cultural heritage studies Band 3
    Series Statement: Cultural heritage studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg 2022
    DDC: 363.6901
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Diskurs ; Weltkulturerbe ; Ambivalenz ; Integrität ; Kulturerbe ; Restaurierung ; Denkmalpflege ; Integrität ; Welterbe ; Denkmalpflege ; Kulturelles Erbe ; Diskurs ; Werte ; Weltkulturerbe ; Restaurierung ; Denkmalschutz ; Erinnerungskultur ; Kultur ; Kulturmanagement ; Kulturpolitik ; Kulturerbe ; Integrity ; Heritage Conservation ; Cultural Heritage ; Discourse ; Values ; World Heritage Site ; Conservation ; Historical Preservation ; Memory Culture ; Culture ; Cultural Management ; Cultural Policy ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Denkmalpflege ; Weltkulturerbe ; Restaurierung ; Kulturerbe ; Integrität ; Denkmalpflege ; Weltkulturerbe ; Integrität ; Diskurs ; Ambivalenz
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9783839468753
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Äquivalent
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 2022
    RVK:
    Keywords: Postkolonialismus ; Journalismus ; Modernisierung ; Öffentlichkeit ; Jordanien ; Journalismus ; Jordanien ; Öffentlichkeit ; Postkolonialismus ; Demokratie ; Kuratieren ; Tageszeitung ; Globaler Süden ; Medien ; Gesellschaft ; Ethnologie ; Analoge Medien ; Mediensoziologie ; Journalism ; Jordan ; Public Sphere ; Postcolonialism ; Democracy ; Curating ; Global South ; Media ; Society ; Ethnology ; Analogue Media ; Sociology of Media ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Jordanien ; Journalismus ; Postkolonialismus ; Öffentlichkeit ; Modernisierung
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9783837665871 , 3837665879
    Language: English
    Pages: 286 Seiten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 453 g
    Series Statement: Critical futures volume 2
    Series Statement: Critical futures
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dederichs, Natalie, 1992 - Atmosfears: The Uncanny Climate of Contemporary Ecofiction
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bonn 2021
    DDC: 813.6093553
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    Keywords: Ecofiction History and criticism ; Hochschulschrift ; Smith, Alexis M. 1983- Marrow Island ; Burnside, John 1955- Glister ; VanderMeer, Jeff 1968- Southern Reach Trilogy ; Umwelt ; Natur ; Klimaänderung ; Natur ; Umwelt ; Klimaänderung
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9783837667806
    Language: German
    Pages: 336 Seiten , 23 cm, 525 g
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft Band 37
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Luzern 2021
    DDC: 306.84509494
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    Keywords: Thailänderin ; Familiennachzug ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität ; Isolation ; Binationale Ehe ; Schweiz ; Heirat ; Migration ; Schweiz ; Thailand ; Buddhismus ; Religion ; Tempel ; Einsamkeit ; Isolation ; Traum ; Alltag ; Geschlecht ; Religionswissenschaft ; Religionssoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Marriage ; Switzerland ; Buddhism ; Loneliness ; Dream ; Everyday Life ; Gender ; Religious Studies ; Sociology of Religion ; Cultural Anthropology ; Heirat; Migration; Schweiz; Thailand; Buddhismus; Religion; Tempel; Einsamkeit; Isolation; Traum; Alltag; Geschlecht; Religionswissenschaft; Religionssoziologie; Kulturanthropologie; Marriage; Switzerland; Buddhism; Loneliness; Dream; Everyday Life; Gender; Religious Studies; Sociology of Religion; Cultural Anthropology; ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Schweiz ; Binationale Ehe ; Familiennachzug ; Thailänderin ; Isolation ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9783837664492
    Language: German
    Pages: 328 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 468 g
    Series Statement: Edition Museum Band 69
    Series Statement: Edition Museum
    Uniform Title: Nutzung und Aneignung im Museum in Indien - eine Fallstudie zu Museumsbesucher*innen im Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum Bhopal
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien 2022
    DDC: 305.80074543
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    Keywords: Museum visitors ; Partizipation ; Besucher ; Museum ; Bhopal ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; MP Tribal Museum ; Besucher ; Partizipation ; Lernort ; Sozialraum ; Roß, Ina 1970- ; Partizipation ; Besucher ; Museum ; Bhopal
    Abstract: Das Museumserlebnis ergibt sich nicht nur aus dem Konzept einer Ausstellung, auch das Publikum bringt hohe Handlungs- und Gestaltungskompetenzen mit, die bisher kaum beachtet wurden. Mit ihrer umfassenden Untersuchung des Tribal Museums in Bhopal liefert Ina Roß eine erste Studie zur Wirkmächtigkeit von Museumsbesucher*innen. Sie gibt detaillierte Einsichten in eine nicht-westliche Kulturinstitution, die sich als dynamischer sozialer Raum erweist, dessen Nutzung vom Publikum eigeninitiativ und alltagsorientiert mitbestimmt wird. Diese neue Form postkolonialer Museumsproduktion zwischen Institution, Source Community und Publikum bietet Inspiration für Museen weltweit.
    Abstract: Cover -- Inhalt -- Allgemeine Anmerkungen -- 1. Einleitung -- 1.1. Vorbemerkung -- 1.2. Die Adivasi -- 1.3. Das Museum und sein Publikum in Indien: SituationundForschungsstand -- 1.3.1. Das Museum in Indien -- 1.3.2. Das Museumspublikum in Indien -- 1.3.3. Publikumsforschung im europäischen und nordamerikanischen Raum -- 1.3.4. Publikumsforschung in Indien -- 1.3.5. Erfahrungs‐ und Praxisberichte als ergänzende Deutungsquellen -- 1.4. These dieser Studie -- 1.5. Theoretisch‐methodische Ansätze der Arbeit -- 1.5.1. Subaltern Studies: Fundierung des »agency«‐Begriffes -- 1.5.2. Cultural Studies: Fundierung des Aneignungsbegriffs -- 1.6. Struktur der Arbeit und Kapitelübersicht -- 2. Methodik der Untersuchung -- 2.1. Wahl der Methode und Erhebungsverfahren -- 2.2. Kategorienentwicklung -- 2.3. Forschungsprozess -- 2.4. Besonderheiten der Interviewsituation -- 2.4.1 Westliche Interviewerin -- 2.4.2 Gesprächspartner*innen aus sozial schwachen Schichten -- 2.4.3 Interviews mit Angehörigen der Adivasi‐Gemeinschaften -- Teil I: Das indische Museum und sein Publikum -- 3. Die Besucher*innen aus der Sicht kolonialer und einheimischer Museumsadministrator*innen -- 3.1. Die Besucher*innen aus Sicht der kolonialen Museumsadministratoren -- 3.2. Der Blick auf die Besucher*innen nach der Unabhängigkeit 1947 -- 3.3. Die »defizitären« Besucher*innen und ihre Beziehung zumMuseum -- 3.3.1. Die Besucher*innen als Kinder -- 3.3.2. Fehlverhalten und Abweichung von den Museumregeln -- 3.3.3. Das Defizit der einheimischen Mittelschicht -- 3.4. Schlussbemerkung -- 4. Das Museum in Indien - Drei historisch geprägte Perspektiven auf eine Institution -- 4.1. Das Museum als fremde Institution -- 4.2. Das Museum aus der Perspektive von Nation und »nationbuilding« -- 4.3. Museum und religiöse Revitalisierung -- 4.4. Schlussbemerkung.
    Description / Table of Contents: Cover -- Inhalt -- Allgemeine Anmerkungen -- 1. Einleitung -- 1.1. Vorbemerkung -- 1.2. Die Adivasi -- 1.3. Das Museum und sein Publikum in Indien: SituationundForschungsstand -- 1.3.1. Das Museum in Indien -- 1.3.2. Das Museumspublikum in Indien -- 1.3.3. Publikumsforschung im europäischen und nordamerikanischen Raum -- 1.3.4. Publikumsforschung in Indien -- 1.3.5. Erfahrungs- und Praxisberichte als ergänzende Deutungsquellen -- 1.4. These dieser Studie -- 1.5. Theoretisch-methodische Ansätze der Arbeit -- 1.5.1. Subaltern Studies: Fundierung des »agency«-Begriffes
    Description / Table of Contents: 1.5.2. Cultural Studies: Fundierung des Aneignungsbegriffs -- 1.6. Struktur der Arbeit und Kapitelübersicht -- 2. Methodik der Untersuchung -- 2.1. Wahl der Methode und Erhebungsverfahren -- 2.2. Kategorienentwicklung -- 2.3. Forschungsprozess -- 2.4. Besonderheiten der Interviewsituation -- 2.4.1 Westliche Interviewerin -- 2.4.2 Gesprächspartner*innen aus sozial schwachen Schichten -- 2.4.3 Interviews mit Angehörigen der Adivasi-Gemeinschaften -- Teil I: Das indische Museum und sein Publikum -- 3. Die Besucher*innen aus der Sicht kolonialer und einheimischer Museumsadministrator*innen
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.1. Die Besucher*innen aus Sicht der kolonialen Museumsadministratoren -- 3.2. Der Blick auf die Besucher*innen nach der Unabhängigkeit 1947 -- 3.3. Die »defizitären« Besucher*innen und ihre Beziehung zumMuseum -- 3.3.1. Die Besucher*innen als Kinder -- 3.3.2. Fehlverhalten und Abweichung von den Museumregeln -- 3.3.3. Das Defizit der einheimischen Mittelschicht -- 3.4. Schlussbemerkung -- 4. Das Museum in Indien -- Drei historisch geprägte Perspektiven auf eine Institution -- 4.1. Das Museum als fremde Institution -- 4.2. Das Museum aus der Perspektive von Nation und »nationbuilding«
    Description / Table of Contents: 4.3. Museum und religiöse Revitalisierung -- 4.4. Schlussbemerkung -- Teil II: Vorstellung des Fallbeispiels MP Tribal Museum Bhopal -- 5. Das MP Tribal Museum Bhopal in Zahlen, Fakten und Geschichte -- 5.1. Das MP Tribal Museum Bhopal -- Geschichte seiner Gründung -- 5.2. Das MP Tribal Museum Bhopal in Zahlen -- 5.3. Schlussbemerkung -- 6. Gang durchs MP Tribal Museum Bhopal -- 6.1. Topografie und Außengelände des Museums -- 6.2. Der Eingangs- und Foyerbereich -- 6.3. Der Museumsshop -- 6.4. Der Gang als Verbindungselement und Inszenierungsraum -- 6.5. Die Galerie-Ebene
    Description / Table of Contents: 6.5.1. Galerie »Cultural Diversity« -- 6.5.2. Galerie »Tribal Life« -- 6.5.3. Galerie »Tribal Aesthetic« -- 6.5.4. Galerie »Tribal Spiritual World« -- 6.5.5. Galerie »Guest-State« -- 6.5.6. Galerie »Tribal Games« -- 6.6. Die untere Ebene -- 6.7. Schlussbemerkung -- 7. MP Tribal Museum Bhopal -- Hauptcharakteristika, leitende kuratorische Ideen und Publikum -- 7.1. Hauptcharakteristika des Museums -- 7.1.1. Ein Museum für zeitgenössische Kultur und lebendige Gegenwart -- 7.1.2. Keine Sammlung, keine Originale: Das Museum als Kulturproduzent -- 7.1.3. Das Museum als »contact zone«
    Note: Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis: Seite [297]-314 , "Dieses Buch ist die leicht überarbeitete und ergänzte Druckfassung meiner Dissertation "Nutzung und Aneignung im Museum in Indien. Eine Fallstudie zu Museumsbesucher*innen im Madhya Pradesh Tribal Museum Bhopal", eingereicht am Institut für Kulturmanagement und Gender Studies an der Universiät für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien." (Nachwort, Seite 329) , Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , 7.1.4. Keine Permanenz: Das Museum als »work in progress«
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9783837666786 , 3837666786
    Language: German
    Pages: 381 Seiten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 657 g
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien Band 13
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck 2022
    DDC: 305.90691209436
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    Keywords: Weitergabe ; Intergenerationentransfer ; Migration ; Erinnerung ; Generationsbeziehung ; Bildungsprozess ; Einwanderung ; Familie ; Österreich ; Generation ; Familie ; Bildung ; Arbeitsmigration ; Migration ; Familiengedächtnis ; Biografieforschung ; Erinnerung ; Erzählung ; Bildungsforschung ; Bildungssoziologie ; Pädagogik ; Family ; Education ; Labour Migration ; Family Memory ; Biographical Research ; Memory ; Narrative ; Educational Research ; Sociology of Education ; Pedagogy ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Österreich ; Einwanderung ; Erinnerung ; Weitergabe ; Familie ; Generationsbeziehung ; Bildungsprozess ; Migration ; Familie ; Generationsbeziehung ; Intergenerationentransfer
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9783839466209 , 9783732866205
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (281 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Edition Politik 146
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Löw, Neva, 1987 - Solidarität und ihre Widersprüche
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Kassel 2022
    DDC: 305.906914094
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    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Deutschland ; Österreich ; Europäische Union ; Gewerkschaft ; Asylbewerber
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9783837665376
    Language: German
    Pages: 344 Seiten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 528 g
    Series Statement: Global- und Kolonialgeschichte Band 15
    Series Statement: Global- und Kolonialgeschichte
    Uniform Title: Die Missionskonzeption Franz Michael Zahns (1862-1900)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Christliche Moral und koloniale Herrschaft in Togo
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Toffa, Ohiniko M., 1981 - Christliche Moral und koloniale Herrschaft in Togo
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bremen 2019
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    Keywords: Christianity ; Colonialism & imperialism ; European history ; Europäische Geschichte ; Geschichte der Religion ; HISTORY / World ; History of religion ; Kolonialismus und Imperialismus ; African History ; Afrikanische Geschichte ; Christentum ; Christianity ; Colonial Morale ; Colonialism ; Deutsche Geschichte ; Franz Michael Zahn ; German history ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Herrschaft ; History ; History of Colonialism ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Zahn, Franz Michael 1833-1900 ; Togo ; Kolonialismus ; Mission ; Theologische Ethik ; Afrika ; Mission ; Christentum ; Ethik ; Kolonialismus ; Deutsches Reich ; Moral ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Herrschaft ; Geschichte ; Imperialismus ; Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft ; Zahn, Franz Michael 1833-1900 ; Zahn, Franz Michael 1833-1900 ; Togo ; Kolonialismus ; Mission ; Moral ; Geschichte 1880-1914
    Abstract: Das Verhältnis von Christentum und Kolonialismus ist vielschichtig und häufig undurchsichtig. Ohiniko M. Toffa entwickelt eine neue epistemische Lesart der deutschen Missions- und Kolonialgeschichte in Togo. Anhand der Missionskonzeption des Missionsinspektors Franz Michael Zahn wirft er einen diskursanalytischen Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Ordnungen, Entscheidungen und persönlichen Überlegungen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf den daraus abzuleitenden Werten und Normen. Diese Herangehensweise bringt eine neue Kolonialmoral hervor und liefert somit wichtige Anstöße für eine Dekolonialisierung des Wissens
    Note: Quellen- und Literaturangaben Seite 315-344 , "Diese Publikation ist eine leicht überarbeitete Version der im Rahmen des Promotionskolloquiums am 12.12.2019 an der Universität Bremen angenommenen Dissertationsschrift."
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9783837667783 , 3837667782
    Language: German
    Pages: 439 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 674 g
    Series Statement: Global- und Kolonialgeschichte Band 17
    Series Statement: Global- und Kolonialgeschichte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Küntzel, Sabine, 1985 - Kolonialismus im Krieg
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Technische Universität Dresden 2022
    DDC: 940.54231
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    Keywords: African history ; Afrikanische Geschichte ; Colonialism & imperialism ; General & world history ; Geschichte allgemein und Weltgeschichte ; HISTORY / Europe / General ; Kolonialismus und Imperialismus ; Africa ; African History ; Afrika ; Afrikanische Geschichte ; Colonialism ; Erfahrungsgeschichte ; Experience Story ; Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Gewalt ; Global History ; Globalgeschichte ; History ; Hochschulschrift ; Deutsches Reich Wehrmacht ; Soldat ; Afrikafeldzug ; Erfahrung ; Nordafrikabild ; Kolonialismus ; Rassismus ; Geschichte 1941-1943
    Abstract: Der Kolonialismus prägte die deutsche Gesellschaft nachhaltig. So schlug er sich auch in der Erfahrungsbildung der Menschen zur NS-Zeit nieder. Im Fokus der Studie steht die Kriegserfahrung deutscher Soldaten in Nordafrika, wo die Wehrmacht über zwei Jahre Krieg in einem kolonialen Raum führte. Sabine Küntzel zeichnet anhand von soldatischen Briefen, Tagebüchern, Bildern und anderen Zeugnissen ein vielfältiges Bild von exotistischen und kolonial geprägten Wahrnehmungen des nordafrikanischen Raums und seiner Menschen, die lange Zeit keinen Platz in der Erinnerung hatten. Zugleich wird deutlich, wie rassistische Fremd- und Weltbilder das gewaltvolle Handeln der Soldaten anleiteten. Die Studie liefert damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zu einer Kulturgeschichte des deutschen Militärs an der Schnittstelle von europäischem Kolonialismus und Weltkrieg
    Note: Überarbeitete Version der Dissertation
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9783837670080 , 3837670082
    Language: German
    Pages: 246 Seiten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 390 g
    Series Statement: Global studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Das marokkanische Familienrecht in der multiplen Differenzierung
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Guennouni, Kamal El Das marokkanische Familienrecht in der multiplen Differenzierung
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Graduate School of Sociology (GRASS) Universität Münster
    DDC: 346.64015
    Keywords: Domestic relations ; Law & society ; Recht und Gesellschaft, Rechtssoziologie ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General ; Social theory ; Sociology: family & relationships ; Sozialtheorie ; Soziologie: Familie und Beziehungen ; Familie ; Familienrecht ; Familiensoziologie ; Family ; Family law ; Gesellschaft ; Law ; Macrohermeneutical ; Makrohermeneutik ; Marokko ; Morocco ; Multiple Differentation ; Multiple Differenzierung ; Hochschulschrift ; Marokko ; Familienrecht ; Soziologische Theorie ; Soziale Differenzierung
    Abstract: Wie kann das marokkanische Familienrecht aus postkolonialer Perspektive analysiert werden? Im Gegensatz zur gegenwärtigen Forschungsliteratur, die oft ein vormodernes Gesellschaftsverständnis im Maghreb postuliert, wählt Kamal El Guennouni einen nichtlokalen Ansatz und arbeitet einen postkolonialen Rechtsbegriff heraus. In dieser multiplen Differenzierung herrscht eine Übersetzung multipler Ordnung vor, in der es zu keiner Kollision der verschiedenen Rechtsordnungen kommt. Er erforscht diese Prämisse qualitativ anhand von Grenzfällen im Familienrecht wie der Mehrehe und eröffnet durch eine makrohermeneutische Analyse nicht nur eine neue Perspektive für die Soziologie, sondern auch für andere Fachbereiche
    Note: Interessenniveau: 06, Professional and scholarly: For an expert adult audience, including academic research. (06)
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9783839466384
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (444 Seiten) , 32 SW-Abbildungen, 32 Farbabbildungen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Series Statement: Edition Politik 148
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bösch, Richard, 1982 - Observing conflict escalation in world society
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Augsburg 2022
    DDC: 322.409477
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    Keywords: Politischer Prozess ; Internationale Politik ; Regionalentwicklung ; Konfliktregelung ; Konflikt ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Zivilgesellschaft ; Aufstand ; Gewalttätigkeit ; Ukraine ; Mali ; Hochschulschrift
    Abstract: How do conflicts escalate? This is one of the major questions in conflict research. To offer further answers, Richard Bösch follows a tripartite agenda: First, he develops a constructivist methodology for the study of conflict escalation embedded in a Luhmannian systems theoretical world society perspective. Bösch argues that conflicts can be observed as social systems and he looks at the process of conflict escalation by analysing communication. Second, this analysis offers two case studies: the Maidan protests in Ukraine 2013-2014 and Mali's crisis 2010-2012. Third, it gives insights on how systems theoretical research can be beneficial for Peace and Conflict Studies.
    Abstract: How do conflicts escalate? This is one of the major questions in conflict research. To offer further answers, Richard Bösch follows a tripartite agenda: First, he develops a constructivist methodology for the study of conflict escalation embedded in a Luhmannian systems theoretical world society perspective. Bösch argues that conflicts can be observed as social systems and he looks at the process of conflict escalation by analysing communication. Second, this analysis offers two cases studies: the Maidan protests in Ukraine 2013-2014 and Mali's crisis 2010-2012. Third, it gives impulses on how systems theoretical research can further on be beneficial for Peace and Conflict Studies.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 425-441 , Theoretical foundations , Introduction : a sneak peek at the subject matter , Conflict escalation as a perspective in social sciences , Conflict escalation : developing a systems theoretical framework , Conflict escalation : of methods and methodologies , Case studies , Preliminaries , Observing a developing conflict system : the Maidan protests in Ukraine 2013/2014 , Sliding into armed conflict: observing Mali's crisis 2010-2012 , Synthesis , Reviewing the case studies
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9783837665734 , 3837665739
    Language: German
    Pages: 333 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 513 g
    Series Statement: Religion in Bewegung Band 2
    Series Statement: Religion in Bewegung
    Uniform Title: Religiöse Pluralität -Interaktion - Raum Untersuchung zur Räumlichkeit interreligiöser Veranstaltungen an Beispielen aus Hamburg
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Räumlichkeit und interreligiöse Begegnung
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 2022
    DDC: 201.5
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Religiöser Pluralismus ; Interreligiöser Dialog ; Interaktion ; Veranstaltung ; Sozialraum ; Interreligiöser Dialog ; Raum ; Veranstaltung ; Religiöser Pluralismus
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9783839467800
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft Band 37
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Luzern 2021
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    Keywords: Thailänderin ; Familiennachzug ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität ; Isolation ; Binationale Ehe ; Schweiz ; Heirat ; Migration ; Schweiz ; Thailand ; Buddhismus ; Religion ; Tempel ; Einsamkeit ; Isolation ; Traum ; Alltag ; Geschlecht ; Religionswissenschaft ; Religionssoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Marriage ; Switzerland ; Buddhism ; Loneliness ; Dream ; Everyday Life ; Gender ; Religious Studies ; Sociology of Religion ; Cultural Anthropology ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Schweiz ; Binationale Ehe ; Familiennachzug ; Thailänderin ; Isolation ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9783837662443 , 3837662446
    Language: German
    Pages: 354 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 573 g
    Series Statement: Kulturen der Gesellschaft Band 55
    Series Statement: Kulturen der Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Technische Universität Dresden 2020
    DDC: 306.874
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    Keywords: Neue Medien ; Technik ; Migration ; Familienbeziehung ; Arbeitnehmer ; Familie ; Soziale Distanz ; Transnationalisierung ; Familienkonflikt ; Polen ; Deutschland ; Familie ; Migration ; Medien ; Konflikt ; Technik ; Streit ; Qualitative Sozialforschung ; Mikrosoziologie ; Techniksoziologie ; Mediensoziologie ; Familiensoziologie ; Soziologie ; Family ; Media ; Conflict ; Technology ; Qualitative Social Research ; Microsociology ; Sociology of Technology ; Sociology of Media ; Sociology of Family ; Sociology ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Familienbeziehung ; Familienkonflikt ; Transnationalisierung ; Neue Medien ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Arbeitnehmer ; Migration ; Familienbeziehung ; Familienkonflikt ; Transnationalisierung ; Neue Medien ; Familie ; Soziale Distanz ; Technik
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9783837666106 , 3837666107
    Language: German
    Pages: 288 Seiten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 506 g
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Series Statement: Sozialtheorie
    Uniform Title: Compassion fatigue
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mack, Edda, 1989- Das Fremde als Entfremdung des Eigenen
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt 2022
    DDC: 305.8
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    Keywords: Actor-Network-Theory ; Fremdheit ; Soziologische Theorie ; Soziologie ; Zivilgesellschaft ; Flüchtlingshilfe ; Deutschland ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9783837666137 , 3837666131
    Language: German
    Pages: 407 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 23 x 15 cm, 693 g
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 78
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fritsche, Andrea Asyl als Anspruch?
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Wien
    DDC: 342.436083
    Keywords: Law & society ; Migration, Einwanderung und Auswanderung ; Migration, immigration & emigration ; Recht und Gesellschaft, Rechtssoziologie ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General ; Anpassung ; Asyl ; Asylum ; Austria ; Fleeing ; Flucht ; Gesellschaft ; Law ; Leistung ; Menschenrechte ; Migration ; Performance ; Recht ; Rechtsbewusstsein ; Rechtssoziologie ; Hochschulschrift ; Österreich ; Asyl ; Anspruch ; Soziale Wirklichkeit
    Abstract: Inwiefern fordern Asylsuchende (Menschen-)Rechte ein? Können in einem allumfassend rechtlich regulierten und von Unsicherheit geprägten Alltag überhaupt Ansprüche gestellt werden? Lässt die Asylpraxis Raum für Subjektpositionen abseits von Opferschaft? Andrea Fritsche nähert sich dem (Asyl-)Recht aus alltagssoziologischer Perspektive und fokussiert Asylsuchende als handelnde Subjekte und Rechteinhaber_innen. Dabei zeichnet sie Bedeutungen von Recht und Rechten in der österreichischen Asylwirklichkeit nach und schafft ein Verständnis für die Folgen rechtlicher, politischer und gesellschaftlicher Praktiken, die die Gewährleistung von Rechten an Dankbarkeit, Leistung und Anpassung koppeln
    Note: Interessenniveau: 06, Professional and scholarly: For an expert adult audience, including academic research. (06)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9783837670431 , 3837670430
    Language: German
    Pages: 375 Seiten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 654 g
    Series Statement: Sozialtheorie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Habilitationsschrift Universität Rostock 2022
    DDC: 305.8001
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Gesellschaft ; Ökonomie ; Subjekt ; Kritische Theorie ; Antirassismus ; Soziologische Theorie ; Ideologiekritik ; Rassismus ; Rassentheorie ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis Seite: 330-375
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9783837660616
    Language: German
    Pages: 349 Seiten , 23 x 15 cm, 528 g
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Uniform Title: Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Sichtbarkeit, Ermächtigung und Repräsentation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schönhofer, Gerhard, 1987 - Ermächtigung durch Sichtbarkeit?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schönhofer, Gerhard, 1987 - Ermächtigung durch Sichtbarkeit?
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt 2021
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Deutschland ; Jugendlicher Flüchtling ; Kurzfilm ; Dreharbeit ; Kurs ; Repräsentation ; Partizipation ; Empowerment ; Diskurs ; Flucht ; Jugendlicher Flüchtling
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 333-349
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9783837662580 , 3837662586
    Language: German
    Pages: 184 Seiten , 22.5 cm x 13.5 cm
    Series Statement: X-Texte zu Kultur und Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zenthöfer, Jochen, 1977 - Plagiate in der Wissenschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zenthöfer, Jochen, 1977 - Plagiate in der Wissenschaft
    DDC: 001.2
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Plagiat ; Plagiat ; Wissenschaft ; Wissenschaftliches Werk ; Urheberrecht
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9783837660395 , 3837660397
    Language: English
    Pages: 257 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Media studies volume 95
    Series Statement: Media studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz 2020
    DDC: 306.4870285
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Dokumentarfilm ; Dialogsystem ; Flucht ; Interaktive Medien ; Computerspiel ; Exil ; Migration ; Interactive Media ; Migration ; Serious Games ; Maps ; Humanitarianism ; Media ; Internet ; Digital Media ; Refugee Studies ; Media Studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Computerspiel ; Flucht ; Migration ; Dialogsystem ; Flucht ; Migration ; Exil ; Computerspiel ; Dokumentarfilm ; Interaktive Medien
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9783837663136 , 3837663132
    Language: German
    Pages: 284 Seiten , 23 x 15 cm, 468 g
    Series Statement: Edition Moderne Postmoderne
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ehrenfeld, Coretta, 1985 - Philosophie der transnationalen Migration
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Leipzig
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 271-284
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Gender ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: The report focuses on sectoral choice as one of the contributors to the gender gap in firm performance. It explores the difference in profits among female entrepreneurs who cross over into male-dominated sectors (MDS) compared to those who remain in traditionally female-concentrated sectors (FCS). The report provides a snapshot of the factors associated with being a female entrepreneur who crosses over to MDS, including the most salient cross-country ones that are associated with breaking into and surviving in these sectors. Based on this analysis, it offers evidence-based programs and policies which can support women to cross over into more profitable sectors and contribute to their business performance more generally. The studies in this report were conducted across three regions and in ten countries (Sub-Saharan Africa: Botswana, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Guinea, in Latin America and the Caribbean: Peru and Mexico, and in East Asia and Pacific: Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Vietnam, and Indonesia). The report also draws from the findings of the global multi-country future of business survey of entrepreneurs carried out through a social media platform
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Houngbonon, Georges Vivien The Impact of Internet Access on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Africa
    Keywords: Access To Internet ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; High Speed Internet ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Multilateral Development Bank ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development Law ; Private Sector Economics ; Process Innovation ; Product Innovation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of access to high-speed internet on innovation and entrepreneurship in Africa. The identification strategy exploits the staggered arrival of submarine internet cables to the coast of Africa and the subsequent rollout of terrestrial fiber network across the continent. The findings show a positive effect of access to high-speed internet on innovation at the firm level, with availability of digital skills within the firm playing a key role in the internet-innovation nexus. The paper also finds evidence of internet-induced entrepreneurship: the probability that a household establishes a non-farm business increases when connected to the internet. However, the increase in entrepreneurial activities is largely concentrated in the service sector
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hatayama, Maho Understanding and Predicting Job Losses Due to COVID-19: Empirical Evidence from Middle Income Countries
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firms ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Job Loss ; Labor Market ; Pandemic Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; Survey
    Abstract: This paper utilizes firm survey data to understand which formal private sector jobs are most at risk from COVID-19 or similar future crises, based on empirical evidence from two middle-income economies. In particular, it estimates the importance for formal private sector job losses of various COVID-19 pandemic-related labor market shocks and mitigating factors, such as the closure of non-essential industries, workers' ability to perform their jobs from home, infection risks to workers, customers' infection risk, global demand shocks, input supply constraints, employers' financial constraints, and government support, in determining the level and distribution of job losses. This provides an empirical identification of the main risk factors for job loss and a basis for predicting the level and distribution of these losses due to the crisis for permanent formal private sector (PFPS) jobs in core productive manufacturing and service sectors (captured by World Bank Enterprise Surveys) in Jordan and Georgia. Comparing the empirical findings across the two countries, the paper assesses the degree of commonality of these risk factors. Job losses are projected for different groups within the employed population prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 and compared with post-crisis labor force data. The results indicate that in these countries the level of job losses is predominantly due to a reduction in demand rather than a reduction in the supply of labor. Closures, global demand shocks, supply disruptions, and other unexplained demand-side shocks are significant determinants of jobs lost. The sensitivity of employment to closures, supply disruptions, and sales shocks was of similar magnitudes in both countries; however, variation in infection risk was a significant determinant of sales only in Georgia. At the same time, Georgian formal firms were better able to rebound their sales and hire back workers than formal firms in Jordan. Finally, the paper finds no evidence that firms with workers performing tasks that can be performed from home were better able to preserve jobs, given the dominant role of firm-level demand and supply chain shocks
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chaurey, Ritam Firm-Level Input Distortion in Indian States
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Competitiveness ; Corporate Data and Reporting ; Corporate Governance ; Distortions ; Factor Misallocation ; Firm Performance ; Firms ; Labor Market ; Land Market ; Misallocation ; National Labor Policy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Reallocation of Resources ; Resource Allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets
    Abstract: This paper measures trends in factor misallocation in India between 1999 and 2014, using data from a rich panel of Indian firms. The misallocation of a factor is modeled as an adjustment cost, that is, an implicit variable cost incurred by a firm when using that factor. Trends in the adjustment cost are estimated using a new adaptation of the firm-level cost-minimization approach. The paper documents these trends for four factors of production (permanent labor, contract labor, land, and fixed capital) across Indian states and by firm size. Overall, the findings show that adjustment costs declined over time for labor and land but with significant heterogeneity with respect to state growth rate and firm size. Using these stylized facts on trends in factor adjustment costs, as well as in-depth field interviews with firms in two Indian states, the paper also discusses potential policy developments behind these trends, including a preliminary examination of the role of state-level governance in the implementation of relevant factor market policies
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dinarte-Diaz, Lelys Neither by Land Nor by Sea: The Rise of Electronic Remittances during COVID-19
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Bank Account Surge in Mexico ; Covid Impact on Remittances ; COVID-19 ; E-Business ; Electronic Remittance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Informal Remittance Channels ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact on Remittances ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Despite concerns that the COVID-19 economic collapse would torpedo international remittances, formal remittances to several developing countries ballooned early in the pandemic. This increase might, however, have reflected a shift from informal channels to formal ones rather than a change in actual flows. This paper employs Mexican data to explore this and finds that remittance channels did change. The rise in formal inflows was larger among municipalities that were previously more reliant on informal channels (for example, near a border crossing). Households there also experienced a disproportionate increase in bank accounts opened after lockdown measures. The paper also rules out hypotheses related to the US Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and. Economic Security Act and altruism
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Engel, Eduardo Managing the Fiscal Risks Wrought by Ppps: A Simple Framework and Some Lessons from Chile
    Keywords: Concessionaires ; Fixed Term Infrastructure Contract ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Concession ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Financing ; Infrastructure Investment Risk Assessment ; PPP Funding ; Private Investment ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Public Infrastructure ; Public Private Partnership Assessment ; Rate of Return on Infrastructure ; Variable Term Infrastructure Contract
    Abstract: Public-private partnerships are used to procure public infrastructure. Despite involving private investors and concessionaires, they impact the public budget like traditional provision and create fiscal risks. This paper develops a conceptual framework to assess whether and how public-private partnerships shift risks to concessionaires and financiers. It uses this framework to describe and assess the Chilean public-private partnerships program. The paper identifies renegotiations as the major source of fiscal risk, which involved additional investments, increasing the cost by about one-third over the original project cost estimates. The 2010 law reform on public-private partnerships introduced changes to the renegotiations regime and began the routine use of variable term contracts. Using contractual data, the analysis finds evidence suggesting that renegotiations fell dramatically. The paper also calculates the realized internal rates of return for 50 highway and airport public-private partnerships, using cash flow data for the entire public-private partnerships program, which started in 1991. The average internal rate of return is 6.8 percent, with averages of 9.1 and 3.1 percent for fixed and variable term public-private partnerships, respectively. The returns show a large dispersion, which suggests that infrastructure projects are intrinsically risky and private participation entails significant risk shifting from the budget to concessionaires and financiers
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: E-Business ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Infrastructure Investment ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The rapid expansion of digital technologies around the world has impacted many economic and social activities with increasingly reliable and fast Internet connectivity changing how people communicate, work, and live. Digital services have also played an important role in keeping the world connected and economies running during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is therefore crucial that countries implement proactive polices to become more digitalized and target the creation of an inclusive digital economy in order to foster sustainable and inclusive economic growth. Cross-border data transfer regulations also play an important role in supporting trade in digital services. The Malaysia digital economy report produced by the World Bank in 2018 examined three interrelated issues that are closely aligned with Malaysia's own goal of becoming an e-commerce hub for the region. Building on this research agenda, this deep dive seeks to explain how the role of digital services trade can be enhanced to contribute to Malaysia's competitiveness and integration into the global marketplace. The paper is structured as follows: section one gives introduction and context. Sections 2 and 3 benchmarks Malaysia's digital preparedness (for example, in terms of Internet penetration ratios) against its structural, aspirational, and regional peers. Section 4 assesses the performance of Malaysia's digital services trade and digital economy, including in sub-sectors such as e-commerce and FinTech which are both important elements of digitalization. Section 5 discusses the constraints to deeper integration and development of the digital sector in the Malaysian economy. Section 6 presents the main findings and makes policy recommendations
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Labor Market ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: While Malaysia's economy has had great success, it also faces several challenges including limited services trade. This report seeks to explain the main constraints that are holding back the services sector in the country. The key finding is that Malaysia's development strategy needs to pivot to better capture new trade patterns. This will need to address some of the main constraints facing the development of Malaysia's services sector. First, is low labor productivity. Secondly, is informality. Thirdly, weak educational outcomes in Malaysia contribute to skills shortages. Finally, limits to competition and regulatory restrictions in services restrict Malaysia's ability to deepen foreign linkages. The key recommendation of the report is that to fulfill the potential of its services sector, Malaysia should take an integrated approach that progressively and gradually addresses artificial policy distinctions between goods and services, and between trade and investment in a world increasingly governed by international production networks
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islam, Asif M The Human Capital of Firms and the Formal Training of Workers
    Keywords: Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Educated Labor Shortage ; Firm-Level Data ; HR Management Practices ; Human Capital Investment Benefits ; Invest In Training ; Labor Market ; Management Practices Competitiveness ; On The Job Training ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Training Finance ; Vocational and Technical Education ; Vocational Training ; World Bank Enterprise Survey 2019/2020
    Abstract: The benefits of formal training are numerous, and yet in many regions few firms utilize them. This study builds on the literature by exploring how two forms of human capital-the quality of management practices and the proportion of university educated employees-influence the adoption of formal training. Using both cross-sectional and panel firm-level data for 29 economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and six economies in the Middle East and North Africa, the study finds that firm management practices are positively correlated with the implementation of formal training in Eastern Europe and Central Asia but not in the Middle East and North Africa. The proportion of university educated workers is positively correlated with formal training in both regions, but the finding is more robust for the Middle East and North Africa. These findings imply significant heterogeneity across regions in the determinants of formal training, suggesting that policies should be context specific
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brancati, Emanuele Jobs, Access to Credit, and Informality in MENA Countries
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Barriers To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level Data For Countries in the Middle East and North Africa ; Informal Competition ; Informality ; Job Creation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: This paper explores the link between jobs, access to Finance, and informality. Using longitudinal firm-level data for countries in the Middle East and North Africa, it documents that jobs creation is positively associated with access to finance. At the same time, the findings show that access to finance is lower for firms that are more exposed to competition from informal firms. As a possible mechanism underlying this result, the paper provides evidence that firms that suffer informal competition have worse expectations on future sales growth, which in turn are associated with fewer loan applications
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atiyas, Izak Informal Microenterprises in Senegal: Performance Outcomes and Possible Avenues to Boost Productivity and Jobs
    Keywords: Digital Technologies ; Formal Employment ; Heterogeneous Characteristics ; Informal Employment ; Informal Microenterprises ; Microenterprises ; Performance Outcomes ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity Boost ; Quantile Regressions
    Abstract: This paper explores differences and similarities across formal and informal microenterprises in Senegal. It uses a new national sample of more than 500 firms, of which two-thirds are informal and over 95 percent are micro-size, employing five or fewer full-time employees. The analysis finds that formal firms have average performance outcomes that are in the range of three to five times higher than informal firms. Formal firms are also more likely than informal firms on average to possess "good" characteristics, namely assets and uses of digital technologies that are positively correlated with productivity, sales, exporting, and employment. Despite these average differences, informal firms are highly heterogeneous, with a sizable number similar to formal firms in terms of both performance outcomes and good characteristics: the share of informal firms in the top productivity and sales deciles having good characteristics is substantial, and one-third of all firms in the high-performance cluster based on a data-driven combination of the four performance variables are informal firms. Importantly, several characteristics that are correlates of better performance (being in the top two clusters) for informal firms are identical to those for all firms in the high-performance cluster: having electricity, having had a loan, and in terms of uses of digital technologies, having a smartphone and using a mobile phone to communicate with suppliers and customers. However, a sizable number of high-performance informal firms are lagging in terms of good characteristics. That roughly half of formal firms and no informal firm had a loan implies that it is possible to be in the top performance cluster even without having access to such formal financing. That over half of formal firms in the top cluster as well as in the top decile of productivity and sales use inventory control/point of sales software as a management tool while only one informal firm does is both indicative of the small number of informal firms that use these technologies and suggestive of the potential for performance improvements if such technologies were used more widely
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Business Environment ; Business Regulation ; Business Start-Up ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Corporate Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In the past, the business registration system in China was complicated and market access was highly restricted and regulated. The business registration process focused too much on administrative approvals for market entry and not enough on oversight of firm activities. Firms are not allowed to start operations before being registered and receiving a business license and the business license is the only document indicating a firm's legal identity. Before the 2014 business reform initiative, firms were also legally required to obtain various registration certificates in addition to a business license. People's Republic of China (PRC or China) has been making a great effort to simplify its business registration process, enhance its efficiency, and reduce its cost. China has reduced both the amount of time and the number of procedures required to start a business by more than two thirds within the past decade.In 2014, China launched a country-wide multi-year National Business System Reform Initiative to ease market access, making it easier to start a business by streamlining administrative procedures, while strengthening post-registration supervision by setting up the corporate social credit system. China has made remarkable progress to reform its business registration system over the past decade, cutting the number of procedures to register a business by more than two-thirds, and shortening time to register from 34 days in 2014 to 9 days in 2020
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This report is divided into two main parts. Part One examines Romania's Instruments for Entrepreneurship and contains analysis conducted by the World Bank team. It culminates with recommendations to improve the functionality of the Romania's policy instruments. Part Two presents Policy Recommendation Notes for consideration as operational elements accompanying Romania's National Startup Ecosystem Strategy. These could easily serve policymakers preparing Romania's future science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy mix for the upcoming EU financing perspective. Most of the policy recommendations presented in this report overlap with the Top 12 Interventions identified by the Romania entrepreneurial ecosystem, revealing significant alignment between the analytical findings and the demand for policy by key ecosystem stakeholders. Please see Annex A. Top 12 Interventions Identified by the Romanian Entrepreneurial Ecosystem for an overview of the Top 12 Interventions. At the request of the North-East Regional Development Agency (NE RDA), two additional Policy Recommendations are included within, 'Scale up through exports' and 'Implementing Startup Visas'. The team recommends additional analysis to inform a 'Transform Public Procurement' recommendation that improves domestic market access for startups. This report is complemented by the separate report "Starting Up Romania: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Diagnostic" which provides a comprehensive assessment of entrepreneurship and startup performance in Romania. See link below
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Export Competitiveness ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: The report is organized in four chapters that together provide a comprehensive assessment of entrepreneurship and startup performance in Romania. Chapter one examines the context of entrepreneurship in Romania through a cross-country comparison that covers key outcomes and structural pillars of the ecosystem. The analysis exploits both firm-level data and cross-country indicators. Chapter two spotlights the potential of subnational entrepreneurship ecosystems, with a focus on tech startups and high-potential startups. This chapter identifies potential subnational ecosystems and sheds light on the characteristics of average tech startups in Romania, and their similarities to and differences from high-potential startups from Romania. It also includes a connectedness analysis, which helps us understand the relationships between entities in the ecosystem and the regional interdependencies. Chapter three examines the characteristics of public programs and private ecosystem enablers supporting entrepreneurship in Romania. Chapter four presents the policy recommendations stemming from the analysis within the report and juxtaposes them with policy priorities identified by ecosystem stakeholders. This report is complemented by the separate report "Scaling Up Romania: A Policymaker's Toolkit" that outlines stakeholder- and diagnostic-driven policy recommendations for Romania's National Startup Ecosystem Strategy. See link below
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