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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,010)
  • Singapore : Imprint: Springer  (10)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (579)
  • Economic Growth  (332)
  • Financial Literacy
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819707065
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 176 p. 9 illus., 6 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Household Finance ; Finance Health ; Financial Resilience ; Financial Literacy ; Family Financial Behavior ; Household Asset Allocation ; Risky Financial Market ; Entrepreneurial Activity ; Financial Consumer Protection ; FinTec
    Abstract: Chinese Household Finance: Research Background and Conceptual Delineation -- Health status, risk attitude and Household financial investment behavior -- Housing type, financial literacy and household financial investment behavior -- The effect of mental accounting and housing wealth on household financial asset allocation -- The age-period-cohort effect on household financial health -- The influence of risk attitude and borrowing participation on resident entrepreneurship -- The influence of financial exclusion and financial literacy on resident entrepreneurship -- The impact of digital technology on household finance -- Fintech, household finance, and financial consumer protection: opportunities, challenges, and countermeasures.
    Abstract: This book systematically studies and discusses pertinent issues related to household finance in China. This book not only elucidates the concept and connotation of household finance, but also extensively examines the significance and necessity of enhancing household finance and upholding household financial well-being. Drawing upon theories from economics, psychology, sociology, and behavioral finance, it conducts a quantitative analysis of family finance and its influencing factors by constructing models such as Probit model, Tobit model, and APC model to empirically test the underlying mediation mechanism. In addition, from the perspective of inclusive finance development and safeguarding the rights and interests of financial consumers, this book expounds on its profound impact on household finance. This book is a valuable reference for researchers in related fields, and it also provides some insights into residents’ and families’ awareness of financial health. Furthermore, it aids in formulating and improving consumption policies, adjusting economic structures, and preventing household financial risks. This research provides valuable guidance for enhancing family welfare and increasing property income for Chinese residents.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Finance ; Inlcusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines Liberia's development trajectory through the lens of the country's vulnerability to climate change. It identifies Liberia's development risks and opportunities, models various scenarios of climate impact and intervention, and proposes ways to strengthen resilience and finance climate actions that support Liberia's development aspirations of inclusive growth and poverty reduction
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economies ; Economic Growth ; Income Convergence ; Migration ; Trade Costs ; Transport Networks ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment: Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean employs a territorial lens to understand the persistently low economic growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using new data and methods, it shows that deindustrialization, distance, and divisions offer intertwined explanations for an urban productivity paradox in the LAC region: its highly dense cities should be among the world's most productive, yet they are not. LAC cities have been held back by lack of dynamism, poor connectivity, and divisions into disconnected poor and affluent neighborhoods. Deindustrialization has shifted urban employment, especially in the largest LAC cities, away from manufacturing and toward less dynamic, low-productivity nontradable activities, such as retail trade and personal and other services, that profit less from agglomeration, especially in highly congested cities. Although employment in urban tradable services has risen, the increase has not been strong enough to offset the decline in manufacturing employment. Meanwhile, intercity connectivity issues have undermined the performance of the region's network of cities by restricting market access and firms' ability to benefit from specialization in smaller cities. Within cities, poor connectivity and residential labor market segregation have limited the gains from agglomeration to neighborhoods in central business districts where formal firms operate. Informality has persisted in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face multiple deprivations. By contrast, many agricultural and mining areas have benefited from the strong demand for commodities by China and other fast-growing economies, particularly during the Golden Decade (2003-13), leading to a decline in territorial inequality in most countries in the region. The report concludes that to encourage inclusive growth, countries must more efficiently transform natural wealth into human capital, infrastructure, and institutions and improve the competitiveness of the urban economy. It then sketches out the contours of such a development strategy, identifying policy priorities at the national, regional, and local levels
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cunningham, Wendy Urban Informality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Profiling Workers and Firms in an Urban Context
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Informal Sector ; Low Skilled Workers ; Self-Employment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Informal Sector ; Women in The Workforce ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: This paper describes the state of informal sector work in urban Sub-Saharan Africa, using household surveys from 26 countries representing 61 percent of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa and firm surveys from three countries. Five main conclusions emerge. First, the urban informal sector is large and persistent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approximately 56 to 65 percent of urban workers are informal, half of whom are self-employed. Data from five countries suggest little systematic reduction in the prevalence of informality during the 2010s. Second, heterogeneity in the African informal sector cuts along demographic lines. Women are overrepresented in informal self-employment, men in informal wage work, and youth in unpaid employment. Third, while the urban informal workers are, on average, poorer and in less-skilled occupations than formal sector workers, the majority are not extremely poor and are in mid-skilled occupations. Fourth, informal enterprises are small and are challenged to survive and grow into job-creating firms. Few find much benefit from registration given the costs, both monetary (taxes) and transactional (information about the registration process). Fifth, access to urban public services (utilities) is weakly associated with the probability of working in an informal job, although access to mobile phones is high across all job types. If thriving urban jobs are to contribute to economic and social development in Africa, it will be crucial for policies and programs to take into consideration the heterogeneity in jobs, the profile of workers, and the urban context
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; ESG Integration ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Pension Fund ; Investments ; Pension Funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report describes the ESG integration practices at GPF as a practical example of how a pension fund can integrate ESG considerations into its investment practices and processes. The report focuses on the incorporation of ESG issues into our investment analysis and decision-making process. Other elements of responsible investing such as active ownership and ESG disclosure practices whilst also key to GPF's overall approach, are not discussed in detail in this report. The report is a product of technical co-operation between teams from GPF and the World Bank. The report starts by providing some background information on GPF, including its investment philosophy and an overview of ESG investment philosophy before detailing the GPF ESG Score methodology. It then describes how the GPF ESG Score methodology is applied to equity and fixed-income investments, followed by an overview of how GPF ensures that ESG considerations are integrated into the selection, appointment and monitoring of external managers. It concludes with some reflections on the landscape of responsible investment and identifies areas where GPF expects to improve its investment process in the coming years
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Assem Mohammed G Hassan Ahmed, Hoda Stages of Diversification Redux
    Keywords: Development Trajectories ; Economic Concentration ; Economic Diversification ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resource Poor Countries ; Resource Rich Countries
    Abstract: The existing literature on development and economic diversification finds an inverted-U function between these two variables, whereby economies diversify as they grow up to a point, after which they start specializing. This paper contributes to this literature by investigating the stages of diversification over the course of development during the past 57 years. The paper emphasizes the trajectories of resource-rich and resource-poor countries, an issue that has not been covered by the extant literature. In addition, the paper studies the stages of diversification across three dimensions, namely employment, value-added, and exports. Additionally, it examines the relationship for services. Non-parametric estimations suggest a U-shaped curve between measures of economic concentration and per capita income levels, which is in line with existing evidence. However, these patterns are mainly driven by between-country rather than within-country variation, a finding that had been ignored in the existing literature. Diversification patterns also differ across resource-rich and resource-poor countries: Employment and value added in resource-rich countries are on average more concentrated at low levels of development while in resource poor countries, they are more concentrated at high levels of development. In contrast, at all levels of development, exports are more concentrated in resource-rich countries
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Data Development and Gender ; Economic Growth ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Development and Gender ; Labor Market Policy and Programs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development and Poverty ; Social Protection Delivery Systems ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The following analytical report summarizes the technical notes and presentations prepared by the World Bank and the Workforce Development Center under the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of Kazakhstan (MLSPP). These works aimed to support the MLSPP in the preparation of the Concept Plan of Labor Market Development for 2024-2029. The teams analyzed existing barriers and the potential for the creation of quality jobs in Kazakhstan because employment is essential for economic growth, which contributes to reducing poverty. Despite slower economic growth and some institutional challenges, Kazakhstan, nevertheless, has been successful at reducing the poverty rate. The major factor contributing to Kazakhstan's growth has been productivity, regardless of the period. A much lower contribution stems from labor market factors and employment rates. Therefore, the teams focused on how to boost firm productivity to increase the number and accessibility of better jobs, as well as how to develop skills and provide good education to the different groups of the population and prepare people for new and old jobs. Based on the material delivered by the World Bank, the WDC and other local expert groups, the MLSPP was able to draft the Concept Plan of Labor Market Development for 2024-2029, which the Government of Kazakhstan approved on November 28, 2023
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hauser, Christina Sarah Tackling Gender Discriminatory Inheritance Law Privately: Lessons from a Survey Experiment in Tunisia
    Keywords: Family Law ; Gender Discrimination ; Gifting ; Inheritance Law ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: When reform of gender discriminatory law fails, individual action can offer a second-best solution. As most Muslim-majority countries, Tunisia applies Islamic inheritance law, systematically favoring sons over daughters. By making gifts to their daughter, parents can privately attenuate gender discrimination in inheritance. This study investigates to what extent gifting can represent an alternative to legal reform and for whom. Within a randomized experiment, this study tests whether providing information on public support for inheritance law reform and/or the possibility to make a gift to one's daughter has a causal impact on individual attitudes towards women's right to inheritance. The overall evidence on the effectiveness of the proposed informational treatments to encourage gifting is mixed. However, approval of gifting daughters is high--especially among the wealthy. Men are more likely to gift than women. By contrast, demand for legal reform is significantly higher among women and individuals with low educational attainment. The findings thus suggest that gifting indeed represents an alternative to legal reform; but mostly for a relatively well-off subset of the population, leaving the agency to the traditionally male head of the family
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Benazir Income Support Programme ; Benazir Nashonuma ; Benazir Taleemi Wazaif ; BISP ; Case Management ; CCT ; Conditional Cash Transfer ; Digital Divide ; Grievance Redress Mechanism ; ICT Applications ; National Socio-Economic Registry ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report documents the progress that Pakistan has made so far in improving its systems for delivering social protection to its people. The government has increasingly relied on data and technology to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the program. BISP UCT (Kafaalat),the country's largest social assistance program in terms of both budget allocation and number of beneficiaries has been responsible for the most innovative developments in the delivery of benefits. Its delivery systems have evolved significantly overtime expanding in scope from simply delivering the UCT to becoming a system that other programs can leverage to identify beneficiaries and deliver benefits. It has flexibility to be scaled up, both horizontally and vertically, in times of shock. This did not happen overnight: the government has consistently invested time and resources over the past decade and a half to improve how it functions. By documenting that journey, using the Social Protection Delivery Chain Framework developed by the World Bank in the "Sourcebook on the Foundations of Social Protection Delivery Systems," (Lindert and others 2020), this report can be a resource for domestic and international stakeholders
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Patino Pena, Fausto The Role of Firm Dynamics in Aggregate Productivity, Job Flows, and Wage Inequality in Ecuador
    Keywords: Aggregate Productivity ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Performance ; Job Flows ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Inequality
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of firm dynamics in aggregate total factor productivity, job flows, and wage inequality in Ecuador. Utilizing a comprehensive employer-employee dataset, the paper documents firm dynamics and job flow patterns that are consistent with the presence of market distortions. Also, the paper identifies factor misallocation as the main contributor to Ecuador's total factor productivity deceleration. Given these trends, the paper explores allocative inefficiency drivers through firm- and industry-level regressions. Firms in the top productivity quintile face distortive non-wage labor costs that are 3.7 times higher than the bottom quintile, after controlling for firm size and age. The findings also provide evidence of credit misallocation across firms. Additionally, industries with higher job mobility, credit access, and competition and lower non-wage labor costs, minimum wage incidence, and zombie firms demonstrate higher allocative efficiency. Moreover, worker-level regressions indicate that misallocation drivers explain up to 41 percent of wage inequality, with non-wage labor costs and product market frictions as distortions driving this inequality
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragile States ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This Private Sector Assessment Report on the Republic of Yemen is delivered as part of the Private Sector Technical Assistance project. The goal of the project is to understand the dynamics of the country's private sector during conflict; identify constraints to trade, investment, and finance; and propose recommendations for inclusive private sector entry, survival, and growth. The report also includes an overview of the financial sector's impact on the private sector, especially on the latter's resilience during conflict. Finally, the report provides structural and policy recommendations that, once implemented by the authorities on both national and subnational levels, would prepare the Yemeni private sector to participate in the country's post-conflict recovery and reconstruction
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Consumer Protection ; Consumer Protection Law ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Capability ; Financial Consumer Protection ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The 2022 Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (FICP) Report is an update to the 2013 and 2017 FICP reports. These surveys aim to provide a timely source of global data to benchmark efforts by financial sector authorities to improve the enabling environment for financial inclusion and consumer protection. To date, this is the only longitudinal and global survey of this nature. As such, this report serves as a valuable resource to shape the World Bank's country engagements, a reference document for regulators and supervisors and, finally, a tool for both public and private sector actors with an interest in knowing the developments in this sector. The Survey questionnaire covers key topics related to financial inclusion and financial consumer protection (FCP) and aligns with international guidance to financial sector authorities in these areas. Because the report aims to capture both a snapshot as well as trends over time, the survey questionnaire has been modified over the three cycles to reflect the changing policy and regulatory landscape of financial inclusion and consumer protection
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Asean Region ; Informal Waste Workers ; IWW ; Livelihood Models ; Marine Plastic Waste ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerabilities ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The present study focuses on a particular group of actors along the plastics collection and recycling value chain--informal waste workers (IWWs)--on whom limited information has been collected at the country level. Specifically, the study examines two questions: (i) what is the profile and vulnerabilities of informal waste workers in the three countries including gender-specific vulnerabilities; and (ii) what livelihood opportunities and community-based innovation models have been piloted in the selected countries, and can be used as case study examples in future policies and interventions, with the objectives of reducing vulnerability of IWWs and contributing to improving solid waste management and recycling value chains
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barnett, Carolyn Louise Gender Role Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and the "Double Burden" in Morocco
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Employment ; Household Roles ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unpaid Domestic Labor ; Women in The Labor Market
    Abstract: To what extent do attitudes and perceived norms around household roles hinder the emergence of more gender-equal distributions of labor in Morocco Moroccan women undertake a disproportionate share of unpaid household and care labor and participate in the labor force at low rates. Yet everyday practices are shifting, and normative expectations may be as well. From an online survey of predominantly urban, employed Moroccans, this paper finds that respondents aspire for men to be equal contributors in care tasks. Yet, unpaid labor burdens remain highly unequal, respondents disfavor men taking primary responsibility for cooking or cleaning, and women's share of household labor correlates with perceptions of what men prefer more than with individuals' actual preferences. Results from a conjoint survey experiment measuring preferences around employment and the household division of labor confirm respondents' interest in more egalitarian relations in principle, but also suggest that strong preferences for a male breadwinner family model will continue to drive an unequal distribution of labor at home
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Xuan Hoang, Trung The Long-Term and Gender-Equalizing Impacts of the Islamic Republic of Iran-Iraq War in 1980-88 on School Access and Labor Market Performance
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Employment and Unemployment ; Iran Iraq War ; National Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Welfare ; Violent Conflict ; Work Hazards
    Abstract: This paper uses the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran-Iraq war in 1980-88 to study the long-term impacts of exposure to the war during school years on educational attainment and labor market outcomes in Iraq. The analysis uses an event study and the Iraq Household Socio-Economic Surveys 2006-2007. The findings show that the Islamic Republic of Iran-Iraq conflict had a negative impact on the social welfare of men who were exposed to the war, including on social security, pension plan, health care, paid leave, and job permanence, while little impact on women is found. Additionally, the conflict reduced wages for both men and women. Furthermore, men who were exposed to the conflict were more likely to work in dangerous jobs or without air conditioning, while no evidence on this is found for women. The paper also shows the impact of the intensity of the Islamic Republic of Iran-Iraq war on educational attainment and labor market outcomes. It documents the education channel through which the war affects labor market outcomes, showing that the war decreased the educational levels of men and women born between 1971 and 1981. The findings are robust to a variety of robustness checks and falsification tests
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Najam, Rafiuddin Closing the Gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women's Access to Education in Afghanistan
    Keywords: Affirmative Action ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; LMIC ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Women in The Employment Market
    Abstract: Affirmative action is a promising solution to the crucial challenge of bridging the gap in women's access to higher education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper uses public universities' matriculation data from 2013-2018 and difference-in-differences estimators to examine the causal impact of a gender quota on women's educational opportunities in Afghanistan. The quota increased the proportion of women in the treated concentration group by nine percentage points and the share of women from low socio-economic status by three percentage points. The expansion was associated with a 0.04-unit decline in the average score ratio of female-to-male applicants, driven by a reduction in the score threshold needed for women's admission. The effects were condensed in competitive concentrations, where the overall share of women and women with low SES increased by 17 and four percentage points, respectively. The findings suggest that affirmative action is a viable option for addressing the gender gap in fragile settings
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lebrand, Mathilde Does Africa Need More Roads in the Digital Age? Evidence of Complementarities in Infrastructure
    Keywords: Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structured Transformation
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether the expansion of fast internet networks complements or substitutes for the development of roads to improve market access and create more and higher-skilled jobs in Africa. The paper combines the geographic locations of households and firms with the locations of main roads and optical-fiber nodes in 25 Sub-Saharan African countries. Using the difference-in-differences and instrumental variables approaches and leveraging the history of post-independence road building and the timing of the arrival of submarine internet, the paper examines the impacts of access to these two types of infrastructure, both in isolation and in combination. The findings show that improving access to both has large and positive complementary effects. On average, the additional impacts on employment from combining access to both types of infrastructure are 22 percent larger than the sum of their isolated effects. The findings suggest that a big push for combined investments in fast internet and road access could enhance economic development in Africa overall. Firms and workers in urban locations, female workers, and workers with higher levels of education gain the most from the complementarities that emerge
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nonextractive Sectors ; Resilience
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea has abundant resources in the form of oil and mineral wealth. But a complex set of factors, including systemic gender inequality, underinvestment in non-extractive sectors, and fragility compounded by vulnerability to disasters caused by natural hazards act as barriers to sustainable and inclusive growth of the country. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of World Bank Group support to Papua New Guinea between fiscal year FY08 and FY23. It assesses the Bank Group's development effectiveness in addressing the above three core themes, namely: (i) lack of investment in Papua New Guinea's non-extractive sectors and their poor performance, (ii) the economic exclusion of women and gender-based violence (GBV) issues associated with it, and (iii) unmitigated risks of disaster from natural hazards, and violence, and conflict. The report answers three specific questions. The first explores the extent to which the Bank Group adapted its engagement in line with key constraints, including in relation to development partners, changes in country context, and lessons from experience. The second focuses on the results of Bank Group support and explanatory factors for results under each them, answered by applying a gender lens where relevant. The third question explores the extent to which the Bank Group successfully identified and addressed conflict, violence, and disaster from natural hazards risks. The report offers key lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future engagement with the country: (i) Data gaps need to be addressed to inform sound policy making and effective programming in Papua New Guinea. (ii) Declining governance quality and increasing bilateral aid will require the World Bank to reassess how it supports key policy reforms to achieve development impact, including through using DPOs. (iii) The Bank Group could elevate its impact on gender equality and GBV by shifting from a project-centric approach to a strategic country engagement approach. (iv) The negative effects that compound and interrelated risks pose to achieving development aims need to be addressed more comprehensively
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier Beyond the Usual: Understanding the Multidimensional Nature of Job Quality in Bolivia's Labor Market
    Keywords: Household Survey ; Industry ; Job Quality ; Job Specific Characteristics ; Social Protections and Labor ; Synthetic Job Quality Index ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Job quality can impact workers' productivity and contribute to societal well-being. To analyze the evolution of job quality in Bolivia, this paper employs Bolivian household survey data spanning 2007 to 2021 to construct a synthetic job quality index. The index incorporates a broad definition of a good job, encompassing six dimensions: adherence to regulations, working conditions, establishment of an appropriate wage-job linkage, productive usage and adaptability of skills, availability of career opportunities, and employment resilience. The findings indicate that job quality in Bolivia has mostly remained incessant, exhibiting limited change even during periods of high growth in economic output. However, this result masks heterogeneities, with significant variation in job quality associated with workers' demographic and job-specific characteristics and across regions
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Climate change, and its associated impacts, threatens to reverse decades of global progress in improving people's health, human capital accumulation, and poverty reduction. At the same time, individuals and households with more human capital and are better positioned to withstand climate change impacts. Several studies have established a correlation between higher human capital with faster disaster preparedness and recovery. These challenges are particularly pressing for Indonesia, where the poor are disproportionately affected by climate shocks. The disproportionate impact of climate change on poor households, and those vulnerable to poverty, signals the importance of social protection as a critical interlocutor to help address the pressing threat of climate change and climate shocks. This background paper outlines the important relationship between human capital development and climate change adaptation; and the needs and opportunities for improving the adaptiveness of Indonesia's social protection system
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Co-Evolutionary Framework ; Diversification ; Economic Growth ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Principle Of Relatedness ; Technology-Based
    Abstract: This research examines the diversification process by conceptualizing a co-evolutionary framework linking production and technology. The study applies the framework to retrospectively explain Korea's successful diversification path and to Viet Nam to identify how the country could further diversify into complex and value-added products. The authors apply relatedness analysis leveraging patent and trade data and present four different types of diversification patterns, namely unrelated diversification, production-based diversification, technology-based diversification, and complex diversification. Developed countries including Korea shifted toward technology-based or complex diversification strategies as their economies developed. Using a simulated scenario approach, the report outlines potential future trajectories wherein Viet Nam attains technological capabilities. The result shows that Viet Nam can diversify into 233 products if it accumulates capabilities in the 12 identified technologies. The report concludes with policy lessons that could inform policy makers in Viet Nam as well as other developing economies. Namely, that the country would need to invest more intensively in technology and capabilities upgrading to diversify into new complex products and evolve its diversification strategy alongside its economic growth and capability building process
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Labor Management and Relations ; Labor Market Policy and Programs ; Public Sector Management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to assess the performance of Cambodia's tertiary education system in terms of equitable access, labor market relevance, and research output, and to provide policy recommendations to the government and all stakeholders in the tertiary education sector. This will inform priority reforms and investments to strengthen the sector overall and, specifically, improve coverage, relevance, research, and governance. Building on the latest analytical work carried out in 2017 ahead of the preparation of an ongoing higher education operation supported by the World Bank, the study is an important step toward overcoming knowledge gaps about the main drivers of the results of the Cambodian tertiary education system and institutions. It will shed light on the factors explaining disparities in access, the mismatch between higher education programs and labor market needs, the capacity of higher education to train the specialists and technicians needed for the green economy, and shortcomings in the governance set up and processes that impede both public and private HEIs from operating in a flexible and efficient manner. The findings of the report will significantly add to the evidence base for identifying policy options to improve equity, relevance, and governance at both the national and institutional levels
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Demographics ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Fetal and Maternal Health ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Government Financing ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Nutrition Services ; Pregnancy ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review (HCR) report presents an in-depth analysis of human capital indicators throughout a person's lifetime, from in utero to productive aging. By examining the various stages of human capital accumulation, the report aims to provide accurate recommendations for specific groups in Sierra Leone. Thus, the report disaggregates data whenever possible. It relies on an extensive consultative process involving various stakeholders such as Government counterparts, development partners, teachers, adolescent girls, students, private sector representatives, and local representatives. The consultation process followed a Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) approach, which facilitates the identification and resolution of problems by local leadership. In addition, this report aims to inform the design and implementation of human capital reforms that will respond to specific challenges identified in the report
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ambler, Kate Rural Labor and Long Recall Loss
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Supply ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Household Survey ; Rural Labor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment
    Abstract: Surveys frequently rely on annual recall to capture individuals' labor activities over the preceding year. This paper uses a panel of rural households in Malawi for a survey experiment to test the effect of a long, annual recall window on reported labor supply relative to a set of quarterly interviews. The paper documents large losses in reported labor participation using the long recall window with reductions of over 20 percent of reported activities and months worked and a 2.5 times greater incidence of reported unemployment relative to the shorter window. These losses are greater for activities further in the past and especially for individuals whose labor supply is reported by other family members, reaching up to 50 percent for some outcomes. The profile of households' primary respondents, predominantly male and older, and differential effects by age further suggest that long recall may cause meaningful biases in the resulting data for women and younger household members
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Food Security ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Real Sector
    Abstract: Notwithstanding slower global growth and lingering impacts of recent catastrophic floods, private sector activity, outside the oil sector, has been supported by a relative return to peace, and higher government spending. Nevertheless, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 0.4 percent in FY23/24, reflecting drags from oil production. Supported by a successful exchange rate liberalization, inflation averaged -3.2 percent in 2022 and around 3 percent in the first nine months of 2023. Monetary policy has tightened in recent months, but it remains imperative that the central bank refrain from financing the fiscal deficit. The FY23/24 budget projects a smaller financing gap of about 13 percent of budget expenditures comparedto previous years. However, financing vulnerabilities remain high because of limited fiscal and external liquidity buffers and limited debt-carrying capacity
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819987795
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 324 p. 1 illus.)
    Series Statement: Evolutionary Economics and Social Complexity Science 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic development. ; Environmental economics. ; Schools of economics. ; Operations research. ; Renewable Energy ; Economic Growth ; Demand Side Management ; Vehicle to Grid ; Power Market ; Data Science ; Unit Commitment Model ; Complex Network
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Today’s Our System -- Chapter 2. Statistical Analysis -- Chapter 3. Fluctuation and Correlation of Renewable Energy -- Chapter 4. Optimization and Dynamical System -- Chapter 5. Grid flexibility -- Chapter 6. Grid Integration of Renewable Energy -- Chapter 7. Evolving Microgrid Network and Power Market -- Chapter 8. Foreign Direct Investment in Renewable Energy -- Chapter 9. Hydrogen Energy Storage and Nuclear Energy -- Chapter 10. Blockchain Energy Trade System -- Chapter 11. V2G: Vehicle to Grid -- Chapter 12. Conclusion: Prospects for the Future.
    Abstract: This book covers various data scientific approaches to analyze the issue of grid integration of renewable energy for which the grid flexibility is the key to cope with its intermittency. It provides readers with the scope to view renewable energy integration as establishing a distributed energy network instead of the traditional centralized energy system. Specifically, quantitative valuation system-wise of the levelized cost of energy, which includes both initial cost and various operational costs, enables readers to optimize energy systems in order to minimize economic cost and environmental impact. It is noted, however, that the high cost of integrating renewable energy on a large scale might slow economic growth considerably. Topics addressed in the book also include statistical comparative study of the relationship between energy and economic growth, a graphical model of determinant factors for foreign direct investment in renewable energy, the coupled oscillator model and unit commitment model to capture intermittency of renewable energy, and the network model of evolving micro-grids. The book explains desired innovation to reduce the integration cost significantly using innovative technologies such as energy storage with hydrogen production and vehicle-to-grid technology. Illustrated by careful analysis of selected examples of renewable integration using different types of grid flexibility, this volume is indispensable to readers who make policy recommendations to establish the distributed energy network integrated with large-scale renewable energy by disentangling the nexus of energy, environment, and economic growth.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Saudi Arabia ; Women ; Women and Labor
    Abstract: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies have been a bright spot in an otherwise gloomy economic landscape. Average growthin the GCC surpassed 7 percent in 2022 led by Saudi Arabia, its biggest economy, which was globally the fastest growing large economy. This growth was not just a result of buoyant hydrocarbon prices but also continued growth of non-oil sectors. The latter was the result of persistent structural reforms undertaken by several GCC countries to improve the investment environment, promote flexible labor markets, and encourage women to join the labor market. GCC countries have used the windfall revenues from oil and gas to rebuild their buffers, pay down their debt, and shore-up their sovereign wealth funds. They have also sought to protect their vulnerable populations with continued subsidies on food, fuel, and utilities. Such policies have limited the impact of inflation on the domestic economy. Finally, GCC countries have also used their financial muscle to support economically weaker countries in the region. The stellar growth of 2022 is slowing down and growth is expected to moderate to 1 percent in 2023 before picking up again to 3.6 percent in 2024. The decline in economic activity in 2023 is driven by consecutive production cut decisions by OPEC+ in an effort to stabilize global oil prices. However, non-oil GDP continues its growth trajectory reaching 3.9 percent, resulting weaker integration between oil and non-oil sectors. To maintain this track record, GCC countries will need to continue to exercise prudent macroeconomic management, stay the course with structural reforms, and increase non-oil exports. Downside risks remain and it would be amiss not to mention them. The conflict in the Middle East presents major risks to the region and the GCC outlook if it extends or expands to include other regional players. While it is too early to quantify the impact and channels of the conflict, we already witness a 4 percentsurge in global oil futures. Although China is bouncing back after emerging from tight Covid-19 lockdowns, troubles in the real estate sector could still disrupt this trajectory. Persistent high inflation in the world's major economies has not been entirely vanquishedsuggesting a high interest rate environment for a longer period. Windfall revenues are anticipated as a result of higher oil prices driven by the conflict in the Middle East. However, the extent and duration of the conflict will play a pivotal role in determining economicramifications not only on energy markets but also on regional financial and trade markets and overall economic confidence. The Special Focus section of the report discusses the power of structural reforms and social norms in advancing female labor force participation in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia experienced an unprecedented surge in female labor force participation since 2016 as a result of: (i) changing regulations and the removal of legal barriers, shifting social norms, (ii) the implementation of sound structural reforms and (iii) effective government communications. Saudi Arabia's success in increasing female labor force participation from 17.4 percent in 2017 to 36 percent in 2023 offers important lessons to other countries in the region and the world
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fietz, Katharina Exit Patterns from Brazil's Bolsa Familia and the Role of the Local Labor Market
    Keywords: Bolsa Familia ; Conditional Cash Transfer ; Dynamic Means-Tested Cash Transfer ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Workers ; Social Protection Program Graduation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Can rising tides in the labor market lift the poor out of social assistance Although a substantial literature has studied the capacity of safety nets to expand automatically during labor market shocks, less is known about the dynamics of social assistance when labor market conditions improve, and who may benefit from positive changes. This paper studies how rising formal employment at the municipal level affects the likelihood of beneficiary families to exit Bolsa Familia, Brazil's dynamic means-tested cash transfer. The analysis exploits panel data from Brazil's vast social registry, matched with seven years of Bolsa Familia payroll information and formal employment records. The data reveal that the Bolsa Familia program displays significant and heterogeneous dynamism, with beneficiaries with higher levels of education and fewer constraints to labor supply taking fewer years to exit. The analysis then uses fixed-effects estimates, combined with an instrumental variable approach, to identify the effects of exogenous changes in the local labor market on exits. The findings show that the increase in local employment leads to a small, statistically significant rise in the probability of exiting from Bolsa Familia. These effects are concentrated in households with spare labor supply and those with medium levels of education
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Acceleration ; Human Capital ; Life Cycle ; Multisectoral Framework ; Policies ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: South Africa's economic growth and development agenda and to present a harmonized approach for investing in priority areas for human capital formation. The policy note first presents an in-depth diagnostic of the status of human capital in the country, applying a life cycle approach. The life cycle approach places a strong emphasis on investing in human capital development holistically, involving all relevant sectors, and as a continuum, following the trajectory of an individual's life. Focus is given to three critical stages of an individual's life, (i) early childhood; (ii) school age; and (iii) youth to adulthood. Based on the findings of the analysis, the policy note identifies the priority challenges and proposes a framework for action. The findings of this policy note aim to serve as a basis for a much-needed dialogue across key relevant government entities, including sector departments such as the Department of Health, the Department of Basic Education, the Department of Higher Education and Training, Department of Social Development, and others, such as National Treasury, Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, the Office of the Presidency as well as provincial government departments, on how best to invest in human capital, both in the short and medium-to-long term. The note could also be used to inform a range of stakeholders, including civil society, development partners, and the private sector of the human capital development challenges in South Africa and how certain gaps could be addressed through better coordination of interventions. Lastly, the note aims to motivate further research on key areas where there are information and knowledge gaps on human capital in South Africa
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Early Childhood ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Protection ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Strengths and Gaps
    Abstract: This human capital review assesses human capital outcomes in Mauritania and identifies actions to strengthen, utilize, and protect human capital. The government of Mauritania has demonstrated a strong commitment to placing human capital at the forefront of its long-term vision, with dedicated efforts focused on enhancing childhood health and education outcomes. Despite Mauritania's positive initiatives, the country's human capital wealth per capita has declined over the last 20 years; and it is imperative to look at ways to quickly reverse this situation. Children born today in Mauritania will only be 38 percent as productive when they grow up as they could have been had they enjoyed complete education and full health. Increasing the productivity of Mauritanians--both men and women--and thus allowing them to fully contribute to the development of their society entails transforming the human capital challenge to a human capital opportunity. This report takes a comprehensive, cross-sectoral approach and proposes recommendations for building, protecting, and utilizing human capital in Mauritania
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment and Labor Market ; Expanded Coverage ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Western Balkans
    Abstract: Reforming social protection systems has become more important recently due to various global crises, drawing attention to this unfinished agenda in the Western Balkans. The six Western Balkan countries, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, need social protection more than ever. Millions of people in the region remain vulnerable to a range of well-known risks, with shocks and new sources of vulnerability exacerbating the urgency of reform. These countries are taking steps to improve their social protection systems to make them fairer, more sustainable, more effective, and better able to respond to people's needs. However, progress is slow and uneven. Social protection systems across the Western Balkans are comprehensive and complex, spanning multiple objectives. To reduce poverty and vulnerability, reforms are necessary, and governments should focus on four main areas: (i) establishing strong foundations for social protection systems to better respond to crises; (ii) expanding coverage and effectiveness of poverty-targeted programs to improve inclusion and support for vulnerable populations; (iii) facilitating access to better employment opportunities and promoting labor market inclusion; and (iv) ensuring the financial sustainability of social protection programs for long-term effectiveness
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Crisis ; Sahel ; Shocks ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Sahel region of Africa faces multiple crises, which further compound structural economic and human development challenges. The Sahel is one of the world's poorest regions and displays some of the lowest levels of human capital globally. Violence and insecurity in the Sahel have significantly increased in the past decade, with several countries experiencing active armed conflict and unrest. The impacts of climate change compound existing vulnerabilities and risks. Finally, the external shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have impacted the Sahel, eroding purchasing power and aggravating poverty. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. ASP has emerged as a flexible and dynamic approach to social protection during the past decade. It combines and exploits synergies between social protection, disaster risk management (DRM), and climate change adaptation. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. The Sahel's vulnerability and exposure to shocks and crises is set to increase with accelerating climate change, calling for a shift from often externally funded, ad hoc responses toward building sustainable, government-led system. Over the past decade, ASP has been on a remarkable trajectory in the Sahel, and this is an appropriate time to take stock of the situation. This report provides an overview of the state of ASP across six Sahelian countries - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal - as well as a set of recommendations for actions to strengthen the adaptiveness and responsiveness of existing systems to shocks
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Carbon Pricing ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy and Economic Development ; Energy Prices ; Growth and Real Sector ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The twin shocks of the pandemic and weak global trade has particularly impacted Thailand due to the country's position as a trade and tourism hub. Thailand's tourism arrivals reached only 75 percent of pre-pandemic levels in September despite the ongoing growth in global services trade. Visitor numbers increased across the board, except for China and Japan which are experiencing economic slowdown. The economic recovery faltered due to global headwinds as growth fell to 1.5 percent year-on-year in 2023 Q3, well below expectations. Thailand has implemented a range of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and has taken the first steps to implementing comprehensive carbon pricing. This report explores some of the complexities involved in implementing carbon pricing. It finds that Thailand has already taken some of the most difficult steps in setting up a comprehensive carbon pricing policy instrument. Important questions remain to be addressed about what form carbon pricing should take in Thailand and which economic sectors should be included in a carbon pricing scheme. The potential benefits from carbon pricing may be substantial. Carbon pricing is likely to play an important role in meeting future emission reduction targets, reducing environmental degradation and air pollution while positioning Thailand as a regional leader in green and sustainable growth
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Demand Shortfalls ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Growth ; Inflation ; Investment Shifts ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Property Sector
    Abstract: Economic activity in China has picked up in 2023, but the recovery remains fragile. Real GDP growth accelerated to 5.2 percent y/y in the first three quarters of 2023, driven by demand for services, resilient manufacturing investment, and public infrastructure stimulus. The initial phase of economic reopening triggered a surge in economic activity in Q1, but growth momentum decelerated rapidly in Q2 before recovering modestly in Q3. The volatile growth performance, compounded by persistent deflationary pressures and still weak consumer confidence, suggests continued fragility in the recovery. China's investment deceleration has been one of the key drivers of the overall growth slowdown in recent years. Together with the decline in aggregate investment growth, there has been a marked shift in the composition of investment. Structural reforms are crucial both to accelerate rebalancing towards higher consumption and to mitigate risks of inefficiencies in capital allocation. Following recent statements by policymakers, a renewed focus on structural reform implementation with specific measures strengthening the rule of law, independent enforcement of regulations, fostering competition, and ensuring a level-playing field could help ensure that resources are allocated to the most productive sectors and firms. Deepening financial sector reform will enhance market-based financial intermediation. Measures to improve the progressivity of the fiscal system, reform the hukou system, and foster inclusive finance will support household consumption growth
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Cyclonic Storm ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Natural Disasters ; Rakhine State ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Extremely severe cyclonic storm Mocha made landfall as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone in the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on Sunday May 14, 2023, at 07:07 UTC (14:07 local time) around Sittwe city, the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar. Given the fragile and conflict-affected situation with limited access in Myanmar, the World Bank has adopted the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology to estimate damages arising from Cyclone Mocha. GRADE is a remote, desktop analysis to estimate damage to capital stock. This report summarizes the results of the GRADE conducted to assess damages following the impact of Extremely severe cyclonic storm Mocha in Myanmar during May 2023
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Legal and Judicial Sector Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Justice ; Cameroon ; Data Gap ; Ethiopia ; Gender and Marital Gaps ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Legal System ; Sierra Leone ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Zanzibar
    Abstract: Limited access to justice is a root cause of underdevelopment, social unrest, and conflict. Expanding access to all and especially vulnerable groups including women, the young, small business owners and the poor is clearly paramount for a peaceful and prosperous continent. Justice means different things to different people, particularly the multiple actors who design and administer justice systems and affect the outcomes. Elected leaders eager to respect aspirations for a fair society with human rights and accountable governance. Judges, lawyers, and service providers view justice as a moral duty to guarantee fairness before the law. Business leaders look to courts to resolve contract disputes and keep transaction costs and risks low. Yet the voices of vulnerable groups, who are the most impacted when justice fails, are not often heard in discussions regarding justice systems. This book aims to boost knowledge and improve decision making by exploring the perspectives of what justice means to the most vulnerable people and how to improve their access to justice
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wahby, Sarah Job Finding and Separation among Syrian refugees in Jordan and Their Hosts during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Keywords: Covid-19 Impact on Refugees ; Human Rights ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Job Finding ; Job Separation ; Labor Market Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Refugee Camps and Resilience ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Refugees face important barriers to participation in the formal market, which locks them in informal employment and makes them more vulnerable to shocks. Using data from Jordan, this paper compares the job finding and separation rates of Syrian refugees to those of their hosts before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show the change in these rates over time for Syrians to be similar to those of their Jordanian hosts prior to the pandemic, with a significant divergence after the start of the pandemic. Distinguishing between Syrians living in camps and those living in host communities shows that the Syrian disadvantage was entirely explained by living in camps
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mohieldin, Mahmoud Could Digital Inclusion Close the Gender Economic Gap in the MENA Region?
    Keywords: Access and Connectivity ; Connectivity and Gender Equity ; Digital Divide ; Equitable Development ; Female Labor Market ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Empowerment ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Law ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet Access ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Closing the gender digital divide by ensuring equal access to and benefit of the internet may reduce economic inequalities and close the gender gap in employment by providing new economic opportunities and facilitating access to market information. This paper estimates the impact of digital inclusion, measured by the Inclusive Internet Index on the female-to-male labor force participation ratio, while controlling for other economic and social factors. Using data from the World Development Indicators, the Economist Intelligence Unit database, and the World Bank's Women, Business and the Law database for 13 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region for four years (2018 to 2021), a pooled cross section dataset is constructed. The model is estimated using generalized least squares to control for heteroskedasticity. The results show that an inclusive internet environment would reduce the gender gap in the labor force. Other key drivers include the structure of the economic growth, norms, and gender roles in the society. These results are relevant for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals agenda, mainly goals 5 and 10
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impact ; Covid-19 Impact ; Education ; Food Security ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital Accumulation and Utilization ; Inclusive Development ; Long-Term Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report is undertaken as a part of the Human Capital Project (HCP), a globalinitiative of the World Bank Group that aims to increase governments' awarenessof the importance of investing in people (World Bank date of publication not identifiedb). One of the maincomponents of the HCP is a cross-country metric--the Human Capital Index (HCI). The HCI estimates the amount of human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate by the age of 18, thus highlighting how current health and education outcomes shape the work productivity of the next generation. Moreover, given the cumulative nature of human capital, the HCI has clear milestones across the entire human life cycle: at birth, children need to survive; during childhood, they need to be well-nourished; at school age, they must complete all schooling and active adequate learning levels; and in adulthood, they need to stay in good health. Finally, the HCI includes a result: a score that ranges from 0 to 1. A country where an average child has virtually no risk of being stunted or dying before age five, receives high-quality education, and becomes a healthy adult, would have an HCI close to 1. Conversely, when the risk of being ill-nourished or prematurely dying is high, access to education is limited, and the quality of learning is low, the HCI would approach zero
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Support ; IDA ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Reform ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This evaluation is the first stage of the Independent Evaluation Group's assessment of the World Bank's support for more, better, and more inclusive jobs through International Development Association (IDA) financing, and it assesses the implementation of IDA-supported interventions directly supporting its jobs objectives across the three Replenishment cycles from fiscal years 2015 to 2022. Supporting the creation of more, better, and more inclusive jobs is critical towards achieving the goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity in countries. This is especially true for countries that are eligible for International Development Association (IDA) financing. Since 2014, IDA has included jobs as a special theme, and subsequent IDA replenishments have had what this evaluation calls an 'IDA jobs strategy.' This strategy included explicit objectives, a series of policy commitments to achieve them, and results indicators to track them. This evaluation represents the first stage of the Independent Evaluation Group's assessment of the World Bank's performance in supporting more, better, and more inclusive jobs through IDA financing. It assesses the implementation of IDA-supported interventions that directly supported its jobs objectives across the three Replenishment cycles from fiscal years 2015 to 2022. The evaluation answers two questions: (i) To what extent IDA's strategy on jobs was grounded in sound analytics, adaptive, and operationally relevant (ii) To what extent the strategy has been translated into relevant and effective jobs interventions that directly address the objectives of more, better, and more inclusive jobs The scope of the evaluation is limited to the three main channels for achieving IDA jobs objectives: acting on labor demand, increasing labor supply, and improving labor market flexibility and geographic mobility. The report offers recommendations for further strengthening of the IDA jobs agenda towards the objective of supporting more, better, and more inclusive jobs
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Childcare ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Legal Framework ; Policies ; Services Mapping ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The "Comprehensive Assessment of the Childcare Landscape in Lebanon: A Mixed Methods Study" analyzes the supply and demand of formal childcare services for children aged 0-3. It provides a review of Lebanon's regulatory and institutional framework around childcare, maps out the current supply of services including cost and quality aspects, and deepens the understanding of households' childcare needs. Findings show that there is a mismatch between supply and demand, with a gap in provision for the youngest children and that supply is mostly private, costly, and concentrated in coastal areas. Childcare responsibilities limit women's ability to join the labor force, and affordability is a main constraint for families to access services, resulting in low demand for formal childcare. The study proposes measures for an inclusive expansion of quality and affordable childcare services in four areas: (i) an enabling environment for efficient, affordable provision of quality childcare services, (ii) a more equitable distribution of the unpaid care work burden within the household, (iii) improved State support to address households' care needs, and (iv) inclusive family-friendly workplace conditions in the private sector
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cho, Yoonyoung The Importance of Existing Social Protection Programs for Mental Health in Pandemic Times
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Depression and Pandemic ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental Health ; Mental Health Crisis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: When it comes to mental health, do social protection programs matter more in times of crisis Using panel data from the Philippines around the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study compares depression rates among beneficiaries of an existing conditional cash transfer program to those of non-beneficiaries of similar socioeconomic status. Depression rates were almost identical for the two groups in late 2019, but significantly lower for conditional cash transfer beneficiaries by July 2020, after the initiation of strict quarantine measures and a large emergency cash transfer program. One interpretation of the increased importance of the conditional cash transfer program during the pandemic is that these transfers have larger protective effects in times of vulnerability. Another possible reason is that the existing infrastructure of the program, by allowing for more timely distribution of the emergency cash, enhanced the effectiveness of the government's pandemic response for conditional cash transfer beneficiaries. This paper finds evidence supporting both explanations
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als El Mekkaoui, Najat For Labor or for Divorce? Unilateral Divorce Laws and Women's Labor Outcomes
    Keywords: Demographic and Health Survey ; Divorce ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Social Policy ; Intra-Household Bargaining ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Mothers Labor Force Participation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unilateral Divorce ; Women's Agency ; Women's Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: Despite substantial progress in closing the gender gap, women's labor force participation in the Middle East and North Africa remains one of the lowest globally, at a mere 18 percent. This paper investigates the effect of the introduction of unilateral divorce laws on women's labor outcomes, using data from the Demographic and Health Survey program that spans decades and a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design in three countries: Morocco, the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Jordan. The results highlight that no-fault divorce legislation was associated with a modest increase in mothers' labor outcomes, measured by current employment, a few years after the reform. These findings are likely induced by a power shift and anticipatory effects that drive women into the labor force. However, when a longer time window is considered, 10 or more years after the reform, the study documents a negative effect of the reform on women's labor outcomes in Morocco, and a positive effect in the Arab Republic of Egypt and Jordan. These differences can be attributed to a set of countervailing effects, including social norms, labor market dynamics, and evolution of the legislation, that make the derived utility from marriage, in some cases, more attractive than that derived from employment, and vice versa. These findings partially confirm results from previous research on the relationship between no-fault divorce and women's agency and empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa region, but, at the same time, contrast with prominent perspectives on legislation that aims at reducing gender-based discrimination. Instead, they show that there might be undesired effects of legislation and provide a policy relevant discussion on that basis
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Inclusive Society ; Income Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Drivers ; Wage
    Abstract: This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on income inequality in Thailand. It aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality in Thailand and identify opportunities to promote more inclusive growth. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A) to examine the pattern, structure, and drivers of income inequality in the country, with a special focus on inequality and labor market supply-side factors. It is structured as follows. This section has laid the foundation for analysis, examining historical trends in both consumption - and income-based measures of inequality while providing geographic context and data on public perceptions about inequality. It also provided a summary of literature findings. Section 2 analyzes the pandemic's impacts on inequality, including the role that social assistance played in mitigating its effects but also the potential scarring effects on children's human capital development. Section 3 examines the structural drivers of inequality and its persistence, focusing on the role of inequality of opportunity in human capital development and access to basic services. Finally, Section 4 provides policy options to create a more inclusive society by addressing the root causes of persistent inequality and mitigating the challenges brought about by the pandemic. In particular, since a significant share of the poor in Thailand are engaged in agriculture, the report underscores that improving farm incomes is crucial for alleviating poverty and reducing inequality. As such, Section 4 draws its recommendations from a recent study on the key challenges and opportunities facing Thai farmers to raise agricultural productivity and incomes
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; FDI ; Foreign Direct Investment ; FX ; Import Bans ; Improved Welfare ; Inflation ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil Flows ; Private Sector Credit
    Abstract: Important reform decisions have been taken for Nigeria to avoid a fiscal cliff, and temporary compensation is being provided to help the poorest and most vulnerable households. In May and June 2023, the incoming administration undertook two critical policy decisions, which have resulted in price and exchange rate adjustments in the second half of the year. Targeted cash transfers are helping to cushion the adjustment to higher gasoline prices. On fiscal policy, budget planning for the next several years is consistent with sustaining the fiscal savings from the subsidy reform and mobilizing more revenues. However, the reforms are yet to be completed to fully realize the economic benefits. The FX market has remained volatile and is still in a period of continuing adjustment to the new policy approach. Revenue gains from the FX reform are visible, but more clarity is needed on oil revenues, including the fiscal benefits from the PMS subsidy reform. The economic outlook for Nigeria in the short to medium term hinges on the continuation and effectiveness of its macroeconomic stabilization agenda. Successful implementation of the initiated reforms will be the first step toward improving Nigeria's growth prospect. Moving decisively onto a higher long-term growth and poverty reduction path requires not only a stable macroeconomic environment but also concerted structural reforms
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789819957286
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 603 p. 149 illus., 127 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: India Studies in Business and Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Macroeconomics. ; Economic development. ; Economic policy. ; Social policy. ; Finance. ; Industrial organization. ; Environmental economics. ; Macro Policy ; State Finances ; Economic Growth ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers ; Fiscal Reforms ; Banking and Monetary Policy ; Capital Markets ; Social Policy ; Emerging Policy Challenges ; Konferenzschrift ; Festschrift
    Abstract: This book extensively examines various contemporary macroeconomic themes of India, namely growth and macro policies, tax reforms, government finances and intergovernmental fiscal transfers, banking and monetary policy, and environment and social sector policies. It has three to six chapters devoted to each of these broad themes, with the contributors being eminent economists from the region. The book serves as an excellent reference for students in economics, finance, and management, and a valuable tool for professionals such as policymakers and investment analysts and other stakeholders in the areas of global economics and finance, in general, and India in particular.
    Note: "It is only befitting that forty-four eminent economists, most of whom had the privilege of working with, and learning from Dr. Rangarajan, have contributed to this volume titled, India's Contemporary Macroeconomic Themes: Looking Beyond 2020 published by Springer Nature. This volume is the outcome of papers presented by these authors in a Conference organized at Madras School of Economics for "Honoring and Celebrating the 90th Birth Anniversary of Dr. C. Rangarajan" on 21 and 22 April 2023." - Seite
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819949816
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 315 p. 36 illus., 28 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Contributions to Public Administration and Public Policy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic policy. ; Social policy. ; Power resources. ; Natural Resource Utilization ; Natural Resources Audit ; Social Utility Evaluation ; Water-energy System ; Energy and Mineral Resources ; Natural Resources Pricing ; Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Protection Laws ; Environment Efficiency ; Total Factor Economic Benefits
    Abstract: Introduction -- Index system, method, and application of natural resources evaluation -- Efficiency evaluation of energy and resource utilization at the regional level in China -- Spatial differences in water–energy system coupling relationship -- Study on the economic effects of efficient utilization of natural resources -- Research on environmental effects of natural resources efficiency utilization -- Analysis of temporal and spatial evolution of natural resources utilization -- Price fluctuation of natural resources and its impacts on economic development -- Research on policy support system and supervision mechanism of natural resources efficiency utilization.
    Abstract: This book focuses on the evaluation, coordination, and effects of China’s natural resource utilization. By adopting both quantitative and qualitative analyses, this book objectively evaluates the spatial distribution characteristics and coupling relationship of China’s natural resource utilization based on the status quo and prominent problems during resource utilization. Moreover, the environmental, economic, and price fluctuation effects of China’s natural resource utilization are discussed. Finally, current policy systems for efficient utilization of natural resources in China and abroad are provided, which suggest a way for China to achieve efficient utilization of natural resources through an appropriate policy mechanism. This book aims to seek the balance the utilization of natural resources and sustainable development in China. It puts forward a new paradigm of natural resource utilization by incorporating the efficiency evaluation, coordination measures, and effect mechanisms of different kinds of natural resources. The evaluation system and related research methods for the efficient utilization of natural resources are very mature, laying a foundation for the development of this book’s content. As the conservation of natural resources is widely accepted, this book helps readers understand how to achieve efficient natural resource utilization in China. Meanwhile, the study of resource utilization in China can provide insights for other countries.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789811995422
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXV, 938 p. 253 illus., 212 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Springer Texts in Business and Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Erokhin, Vasily, 1980 - Contemporary macroeconomics
    Keywords: Macroeconomics. ; Economic development. ; Development economics. ; Contemporary Macroeconomics ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; New Normal ; Sustainable Economic Development ; Global Economy ; Post-pandemic Development ; International Markets ; Macroeconomic Theories ; Economic Recovery ; Makroökonomie
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Macroeconomic Indicators -- 3. Market Structures -- 4. Major Actors in Contemporary Markets -- 5. Demand and Supply -- 6. Economic Equilibrium -- 7. Economic Cycles -- 8. Disequilibrium and Unemployment -- 9. Disequilibrium and Inflation -- 10. Government Intervention in Unbalanced MarketsProvides the most comprehensive set of fundamental and emerging concepts in macroeconomics.
    Abstract: This book covers a lot of ground in contemporary macroeconomics, from fundamental theories such as market structures and equilibrium to emerging concepts that reflect the most critical challenges of modern times, including economic slowdowns, the resilience of public health systems, digitalization, environmental footprints, and many more. The COVID-19 outbreak has aggravated the recurrent problems of poverty and income inequality between countries, food insecurity and hunger, unemployment, and social disorders that have resulted in the exacerbation of political, economic, and trade tensions between countries. In view of the damaging consequences of the pandemic for the entire global economy, the book examines how existing macroeconomic tools and policies could be adapted to the new normal to ensure sustainable post-pandemic development and growth. The main text is interspersed with real-life illustrations and cases that demonstrate practical implications of the concepts under study. This makes the reading relevant and active. Every chapter starts with learning objectives and ends with a series of questions and quizzes that enable easier reinforcement of the course content. This book is written mainly for students, but it would be much useful to the broader public audience, including postgraduates, researchers, and business people who will be able to learn all recent updates about macroeconomics and the post-pandemic perspectives of the global economy.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789819910670
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 201 p. 1 illus.)
    Series Statement: New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives 67
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional economics. ; Spatial economics. ; Microeconomics. ; Economic development. ; Macroeconomics ; Human Capital Accumulation ; Japanese Economy ; Political Institution ; Economic Growth ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: 1. Declining Population Growth and the Serendipity Theorem -- 2. Consumption of Leisure Goods, Leisure Time, and Inheritance of Tastes for Leisure in an Overlapping Generations Model -- 3. Overlapping Generations Model with Relative Preference for Children's Human Capital -- 4. The Impact of Life Insurance on Human Capital Investment during the Steady Growth Period in Japan: Simulation Analysis in an Overlapping Generations Model with Endogenous Growth -- 5. The Effects of Patience in a Growth Model with Infrastructure and a Related Externality -- 6. Intergenerational Inequalities and Policy Options for Achieving Generational Balance in Japan -- 7. Social Security Finance in Japan–Trends, Issues, and Some Measures for Stabilization -- 8. The Effect of Political Uncertainty and Political Lobbying -- 9. A Consideration of the Municipal Electric Power Utility and Local City of Modern Age in Japan -- 10. Concentration and Agglomeration in Spatial Monopoly, Spatial Duopoly, and Spatial Competition.
    Abstract: This book gives readers advanced insights into macroeconomics with historical perspectives and proposes policies to resolve the problems the Japanese economy faces. In the past decade, Japan has experienced a rapidly aging population with an ever-decreasing number of children. This causes significant problems related to macroeconomics covered by this book: a decreasing population, an increasing public debt, an increasing social security expenditure, and deteriorating labor productivity. Thus, the government must change the course it has followed until now. These problems can be categorized into two types: (1) human capital and (2) political institutions. The book therefore consists of two parts. The first, using a macroeconomic model, is mainly a discussion of health and education problems related to human capital. The second part deals with policy problems related to political institutions, that is, the intergenerational imbalance, preventive medicine, local public utilities, and other political issues. Through the arguments presented here, readers gain knowledge that will help to achieve the necessary economic policies in Japan.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Halim, Daniel Not All that it Seems: Narrowing of Gender Gaps in Employment during the Onset of COVID-19 in Indonesia
    Keywords: COVID Labor Market Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Employment and Gender ; Employment and Unemployment ; Female Employment ; Formal Job Loss ; Informal Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper studies the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesia's labor market by exploiting the exogeneous timing of the pandemic in a seasonal difference-in-differences framework. The analysis uses multiple rounds of Indonesia's National Labor Force Survey from 2016 to 2020 to establish a pre-pandemic employment trend and then attribute any excess difference in employment outcomes from this trend as the estimated effect of the pandemic on individual employment outcomes. The results suggest that the pandemic has had mixed effects on the Indonesian labor market. While the pandemic has narrowed the gender gaps in employment participation through the "added worker effect" among women, it has also lowered the overall employment quality among both gender groups. The findings show that the increase in female employment is primarily driven by women in rural areas without high school education, entering informal work, agricultural employment, or unpaid family work. For men, the pandemic has had adverse impacts on their employment across the board in all sub-populations. Consistent with findings from other studies, steeper employment declines are observed in urban areas, particularly among males. Among those employed, both women and men work fewer hours and earn lower wages
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Buri, Sinja Alternative Delivery Channels and Impacts: Agent Banking
    Keywords: Access To Banking ; Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Financial Literacy ; Microfinance ; Microfinance Channel Development ; Microfinance Product Development ; Rural Development ; Transformation of Microfinance Institutions
    Abstract: This paper reviews evidence on agent networks of microfinance institutions and other financial services providers, which have expanded rapidly in recent years in some low- and middle-income contexts. There is emerging evidence that clients become more financially active as a result of the convenience and security of transacting with agents, especially with respect to depositing, withdrawing, and transferring funds. Agent networks could also help increase the savings of low-income clients, although evidence suggests that commitment devices may also be required, and there is little evidence that agents expand credit to clients, although they can facilitate loan repayment. Building on their physical and social proximity to customers, agents can become a potential gateway for expanding and deepening financial inclusion, but the pricing of agent transactions and consumer protection remain important considerations
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Post-Pandemic ; Public Debt ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Travel-Dependent
    Abstract: This publication is the inaugural edition of the future publication series on Pacific Economic Update (PEU). It consists of two parts. Part A analyzes the recent economic developments in Pacific Islands. Based on these developments, the PI EU summarizes the outlook for the region's economies and risks to this outlook. Second, the PEU provides an in-depth examination of a public debt issues in the Pacific and proposes policy recommendations to address public debt related challenges. The PEU is intended for a broad set of audience, including regional forums, policy makers, business leaders, international donors and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in the economies of Pacific Island countries. In dealing with the challenges of rising inflation, tepid recovery from the pandemic and global slowdown, the PICs should strike a balance between supporting livelihoods and reducing future public debt risks. The need for fiscal support during the current environment of high inflation and tepid economic recovery is understandable as it provides the much needed relief for vulnerable households and businesses to navigate the crisis. Nonetheless, these support measures create significant fiscal burdens, and are unsustainable, particularly if the high energy and food prices persist longer than envisaged. Most PICs already face low capacity to finance unexpected shocks which would be further tested by a natural disaster event. Therefore, PICs should tread a delicate balance between fiscal support measures and achieving fiscal sustainability. Any forthcoming fiscal support should be well-targeted, time-bound, and deficit-neutral. Over the medium-term, fiscal efficiency gains and ongoing donor support is critical to finance key development challenges and climate adaptation. Revenue-based fiscal consolidation measures could include improving the efficiency of tax collections and eliminating tax exemptions. On the expenditure side, PICs have limited room to sharply cut spending given the expected modest growth and ongoing development needs. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the efficiency of public spending, to maximize social dividends for every dollar spent. Resulting savings from fiscal consolidation measures could help build sovereign wealth funds to provide added fiscal buffers during shocks and economic downturns. Due to high vulnerability to disasters and climate change, PICs will need to seek ongoing concessional financing for critical climate adaptation and development needs
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Banking Supervision ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Stabilization ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroprudential ; Microprudential
    Abstract: Over the past two years, the World Bank has been working with Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to assess the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on their financial systems and provide guidance to the PIC prudential authorities on policy issues relating to strengthening the resilience of financial systems in the region. As part of this work program, the World Bank produced a series of seven deep dive papers on a range of issues relating to financial stability in the PICs. Each paper was presented during an online workshop with the prudential authorities of the PICs and followed by a Questions and Answers session. The papers in the series are: COVID-19 and financial stability: guidance on financial system surveillance in the pandemic, COVID-19 and stress testing, micro prudential and macro prudential policy: seeking the right balance, early intervention in banking supervision, recovery planning for banks, bank resolution, and financial safety nets This volume pulls together these deep dive papers while being mindful that each paper stands on its own. Yet, an integrated approach is needed in all these policy areas, and it is vital to tailor reforms to country specific circumstances This recognizes that, even in a stable financial system there will inevitably be periods of financial stress and that there is a need to ensure that frameworks are in place to address these events cost-effectively and in ways that preserve market discipline, avoid moral hazard and minimize fiscal risks. Private
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Delivery Systems ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Reform ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The global economy continues to face steep challenges, but Timor-Leste's economy is slowly recovering. Nevertheless, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has not returned to pre-pandemic levels. Consumer price inflation reached 7.9 percent yoy in August 2022, one of the highest in the East Asia Pacific region. The real effective exchange rate (REER) has appreciated by about 10 percent since the first quarter of 2021. Enhancing productive capabilities through structural reforms and improving quality of public spending hold the key for accelerating and sustaining economic development. Extending the life of petroleum fund through fiscal consolidation is essential to delay the fiscal cliff and ensure the perpetuation of government spending to support economic growth. Despite receding impact of the pandemic, the level of government spending has not returned to the pre-COVID 19 levels
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Connectivity ; Digital Transformation ; Education ; Education For the Knowledge Economy ; Government Information Network ; Higher Education ; Higher Education Reform ; ICT Applications ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: The Digital Transformation of Philippine Higher Education recommends a medium-term strategy for the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). Chapter 1 presents an overview of the Philippine higher education sector and analyzes the sectoral and country context for digital transformation of higher education. Chapter 2 discusses the foundations and pillars that support digital transformation as well as the building blocks of common and shared platforms and services for students and academic, research, and administrative stakeholders in higher education. Based on the findings in Chapter 1 and global good practices on digital transformation in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 recommends strategic goals and actions for CHED and HEIs as well as other higher education key players to digitally transform Philippine higher education
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Hydrocarbon Revenues ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Hydrocarbon ; Private Sector ; Resilience
    Abstract: The recovery continued in the first semester of 2022, supported by nonhydrocarbon activity and crude oil production. The continuing high level of global hydrocarbon prices prolonged the upturn of external balances. The budget deficit is expected to narrow moderately in 2022, as the strong increase in public expenditure compensates for most of the increase in revenues. The economic recovery should continue in 2023, supported by the nonhydrocarbon sector and public expenditure growth. The main risks to the macroeconomic outlook arise from fluctuations in global hydrocarbon prices, underscoring the importance of the Government's current reform program
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Impact of Ethnic Fractionalization on Labor Productivity: Does Firm Size Matter?
    Keywords: Ethnic Fractionalization ; Firm Size and Labor Productivity ; Growth ; Labor Productivity ; Large Firm Workers ; Manufacturing Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Ethnic fractionalization has both positive and negative consequences. It is contended that the positive effects due to skill complementarity in the production process apply to large firms that have more complex and diversified production structures. Because small businesses rely more on public goods and have less access to institutions, the negative effects of lower quality public goods and higher transaction costs have a greater impact on them. Consistent with this viewpoint, it is found that a larger firm size significantly mitigates the negative impact of higher ethnic fractionalization on the level and growth rate of labor productivity in manufacturing firms across 84 developing countries. There is no robust and significant impact of ethnic fractionalization on large firms for the main and most of the other firm size categorizations considered. The results are confirmed by the instrumental variables estimation method, which uses the duration of early human settlement in each country to instrument ethnic fractionalization. Evidence is provided on the potential mechanisms by which ethnic fractionalization affects small versus large firms. The findings have significant policy implications, which are discussed in detail
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Premand, Patrick Cash and Conflict: Large-Scale Experimental Evidence from Niger
    Keywords: Boko Haram ; Cash Transfer Effectiveness ; Cash Transfers and Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Financial Terrorism ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; Poverty Reduction ; Sabatoge of Government Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Terrorism
    Abstract: Conflict undermines development, while poverty, in turn, breeds conflict. Policy interventions such as cash transfers could lower engagement in conflict by raising poor households' welfare and productivity. However, cash transfers may also trigger appropriation or looting of cash or assets. The expansion of government programs may further attract attacks to undermine state legitimacy. To investigate the net effect across these forces, this paper studies the impact of cash transfers on conflict in Niger. The analysis relies on the large-scale randomization of a government-led cash transfer program among nearly 4,000 villages over seven years, combined with geo-referenced conflict events that draw on media and nongovernmental organization reports from a wide variety of international and domestic sources. The findings show that cash transfers did not result in greater pacification but-if anything-triggered a short-term increase in conflict events, which were to a large extent driven by terrorist attacks by foreign rebel groups (such as Boko Haram) that could have incentives to "sabotage" successful government programs
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rude, Britta Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty in El Salvador
    Keywords: Adaptive Safety Nets ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Household-Level Shocks ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Risk Mitigation Strategy ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Risk Management ; Vulnerability To Poverty ; Vulnerable Populations
    Abstract: El Salvador is marked by high vulnerability to risks and hazards, such as crime, natural disasters, and migration. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the vulnerability patterns of its population. This paper applies an innovative approach to estimate the population's vulnerability to poverty and analyze its underlying drivers. The findings show that ex-ante vulnerability to poverty decreased over 2016 to 2019, a parallel trend to the poverty reduction observed in the country during this period. This finding comes hand in hand with an increase in the importance of risk factors relative to a low accumulation of assets driving vulnerability. Additionally, household-level shocks play a more significant role than community-level shocks. To address vulnerabilities in the country, the government should invest in adaptive safety nets and risk mitigation strategies
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Outlook ; Fiscal Deficit ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Lending ; Public DEBT
    Abstract: The economy has recovered to pre-pandemic levels and, with rising tourist arrivals, is expected to maintain a strong growth and poverty reduction trajectory over the medium term. Commodity price volatility is driving inflation and exerting pressure on fiscal and external balances, through costlier imports and higher subsidies. Despite recent improvements, public debt is expected to remain high, warranting continued efforts to reduce fiscal deficits, including comprehensive subsidy reforms while mitigating impacts on the vulnerable
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karra, Mahesh Liberian Women Count: Evidence from a Macrosimulation of the Gender Dividend
    Keywords: Demography ; Economic Contribution Of Women ; Economic Growth ; Gender ; Gender Dividend ; Inequality ; Macrosimulation ; Time Allocation ; Value Of Domestic Work ; Women's Empowerment ; Women's Human Capital
    Abstract: Liberian women make significant economic contributions yet are constrained from contributing even more due to their exclusion from productive opportunities. This study develops a macrosimulation model of the Gender Dividend that estimates the economic contributions of women and the societal costs incurred by excluding them. Using macroeconomic, demographic, and survey data from Liberia, the analysis finds that women were responsible for 39 percent of market-based output produced annually in 2020, equal to USD 1.08 billion, and contributed another USD 530 million in non-tradable sources of production, namely, housework and domestic chores. Using the macrosimulation model, the study estimates that if the gender gaps in labor force participation, intra-sectoral wages, and sector of employment were closed, gross domestic product would be 11.5 percent higher. If further reforms were undertaken to equalize education and reduce fertility rates to a net-reproduction rate, gross domestic product would be 23.7 percent higher. Finally, if the model also accounts for the value of non-tradable production, gross domestic product would be USD 5.89 billion, or 45.3 percent higher than today's estimates, with women being responsible for 53 percent of the labor market output. These estimates reinforce the need for a unified policy agenda that actively invests in women's human capital and work-related opportunities simultaneously
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nell, Andrew Carbon Pricing and Transit Accessibility to Jobs: Impacts on Inequality in Rio De Janeiro and Kinshasa
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; Climate Policy ; Co2 Mitigation ; Disaster Risk Management ; Distributional Impact ; Employment Accessibility ; Environment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Labor Market ; Urban Pollution ; Urban Transit
    Abstract: Urban transport is a major driver of global carbon dioxide emissions. Without strong mitigation policies, rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries, is expected to exacerbate the problem. There is a growing consensus on the fundamental role of carbon pricing for achieving reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon pricing policies are frequently criticized and resisted for having adverse distributional impacts, which could hinder their implementation, particularly when implemented as a fuel levy-which would impact private vehicle usage but may also affect transit services such as buses. Currently, there is a lack of evidence that quantifies these negative impacts, especially on people's ability to reach economic opportunities and services. To this end, this paper studies the impact of a uniform carbon price, as one of the most commonly discussed climate policies, on access to employment opportunities via transit services in Kinshasa and Rio de Janeiro. Reduced access to jobs would contribute to fragmented urban labor markets and thus lead to negative social outcomes. Unlike most previous studies, this study defines access as being constrained by both travel time and travel budget. The results indicate that fuel price increases (simulating increases induced by a carbon tax) reduce accessibility, but the effect is lower in more compact and walkable cities as well as in cities that have green transit options. The paper also shows that fuel price increases have spatially and socially disparate outcomes, with the lowest income communities not necessarily being the most affected, in part because even in the absence of carbon pricing, they are found to be priced out of using transit services. The results demonstrate the importance of strategies and investments, such as land use planning and decarbonized transit services, but also possibly complementary social protection programs (such as targeted subsidies, or even cash transfers), to mitigate the negative distributional consequences of carbon pricing policies
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Objectives ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA) has included jobs as a special theme since the 17th Replenishment of IDA (IDA17) in 2014, when it explicitly recognized the role played by labor markets in intermediating between growth and inclusion. This acknowledgment of jobs marked a shift in IDA's inclusive growth strategy. Before the IDA17 strategy paper, IDA emphasized growth and the use of social safety nets to mitigate the effects of poverty. Beginning in 2014, however, jobs became more central to IDA's strategy for inclusive growth and for achieving the twin goals. IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA established specific policy commitments and results indicators under the jobs-related special theme. At the same time, the World Bank Group expanded and deepened its attention to jobs, resulting in an increasingly multidimensional jobs agenda characterized by a growing body of lending, technical assistance and diagnostics, and a strong focus on IDA-eligible countries, including through use of the Country Private Sector Diagnostic and IDA's private sector window. This evaluation will assess IDA's support for jobs-related objectives over fiscal years (FY)14-22, the period covering three IDA replenishments during which jobs became an IDA special theme (IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA). The objectives of this assessment are to interrogate the contribution of IDA's Bank Group financing to improving outcomes related to more, better paying, and more inclusive jobs; the role of IDA's jobs strategy at the corporate, country, and operational levels in this context; and the analytical underpinnings of jobs-related interventions. The evaluation will provide lessons and recommendations to inform the design of the Bank Group's future multidimensional jobs support and enhance IDA's effectiveness in this space based on eight years of strategic, diagnostic, and operational experience
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Data Opacity ; Economic Growth ; Forecasting Growth ; Inadequate Data System ; Inflation ; Oil ; Oil Exporters ; Oil Importers ; Oil Prices ; Recovery
    Abstract: Growth is forecasted to slow down for the Middle East and North Africa region. The war in Ukraine in 2022 exacerbated inflationary pressures as the world recovered from the COVID 19 pandemic-induced recession. The response by central banks to raise rates to curb inflation is slowing economic activity, while rising food prices are making it difficult for families to put meals on the table. Inflation, when it stems from food prices, hits the poor harder than the rich. Moreover, food insecurity in MENA has been rising over decades. The immediate effects of food insecurity can be a devastating loss of life, but even temporary increases in food prices can cause long-term irreversible damages, especially to children. The rise in food prices due to the war in Ukraine may have altered the destinies of thousands of children in the region, setting them on paths to limited prosperity. Food insecurity imposes challenges to a region where the state of child nutrition and health were inadequate before the shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic. The report discusses policy options and highlights the need for data to guide effective decision making
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hernandez, Carlos Ospino Protecting Who? Optimal Social Protection Responses to Shocks with Limited Information
    Keywords: Adaptive Social Protection ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Disaster Risk Management ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting ; Targeting Social Protection Response
    Abstract: The literature on shock-responsive social protection focuses on operational features that improve the speed and reach of the response, but little is known about the optimal design of emergency social protection responses in terms of which programs to use, information about the people affected, and the extent of their losses. This paper studies optimal social protection responses to shocks, using microsimulations of different social assistance responses in Albania, Moldova, and North Macedonia. The paper shows that optimal design depends not only on the magnitude of the shock, but also on how the shock affects welfare rankings and on the parameters of the existing social assistance system, including the generosity of the schemes and how well they cover the poor. For given budgets, a universal transfer remains a suboptimal response. However, the extent to which existing programs should be expanded, as designed, to additional beneficiaries depends on the type of shock. When a shock tends to affect households homogeneously, increasing generosity and expanding the existing targeted social assistance program using established welfare metrics to assess eligibility is an effective response. When shocks affect households heterogeneously and bring some of them into extreme poverty, then pre-shock welfare indicators carry little information and policy makers should provide support through a new program or modified eligibility criteria, according to information on who suffered the shock. This analysis points to the importance of planning in advance for future crises and, within this, considering the optimal design of emergency social protection responses
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Deficit ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Following the significant volatility that characterized much of 2022, economic conditions in Myanmar have shown tentative signs of stabilization in the first half of 2023. The parallel market exchange rate remained broadly stable between January and May, albeit 27 percent lower against the US dollar than in June 2022 and depreciation pressures appear to have reemerged in recent weeks. In the medium-term, the deep contraction in 2021, the ensuring weak and uneven recovery, and increasing policy distortions will leave the economy permanently scarred. Many of the trends observed at household, firm and industry levels are likely to damage the productive capacity of the economy, in addition to their direct impacts on welfare and inequality. Increased reliance on coping mechanisms such as asset sales and reduced spending on health, education and agricultural inputs will curtail the longer-term earnings capacity of households. There has been little evidence of productivity-enhancing structural transformation in recent years; instead, more highly educated workers have moved into agriculture and away from higher productivity activities. Migration in recent years has been mostly forced, lowering the potential for income and productivity gains with recent migrants across states and regions within Myanmar tending to be worse off across various welfare indicators. And while interventionist measures to promote import substitution and self-sufficiency can generate employment and activity in the short term, in the long run, growth is likely to suffer as resources move toward activities that are less compatible with local factor endowments, and as the scope for productivity gains from specialization and exposure to international competition diminishes. Increased out-migration of more skilled workers and the sharp slowdown of foreign investment inflows will further constrain Myanmar's prospects for development over the longer term
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Sanctions ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Trade ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Kazakhstan's economy is set to experience a moderate growth acceleration, with real GDP forecast to rise by 3.5 percent in 2023 and 4 percent in 2024, propelled by the hydrocarbons sector, as oil production increases. Inflation has surged to its highest level since the late 1990s due in part to wage increases across sectors and crisis-related fiscal measures. Inflation is expected to remain high in 2023 due to elevated food prices and prices of imported intermediate goods. The outlook for growth faces several downside risks. Any further disruptions to the operation of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium could lead to losses in production volumes and fiscal revenues, posing downside risks to growth. The persistent high domestic inflation is a serious challenge, particularly for the most vulnerable households, and could potentially amplify the risk of social tensions. Additional tightening of global financial conditions due to geopolitical tensions, energy crisis, and high inflation may pressure the exchange rate, leading to potential capital flow volatility
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fossil Fuels Subsidies ; Hydrocarbon Prices ; Inflation ; Macroeconomic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Performing Loans ; Social Safety Nets ; Transport Sector
    Abstract: This is the tenth edition of the Republic of Congo Economic Update. Each edition of this annual report presents an overview of the Republic of Congo's (ROC) evolving macroeconomic position, followed by a detailed exploration of a specific topic. The first chapter of this year's update presents recent economic developments and macroeconomic outlook and risks. It also includes policy actions that could help strengthen fiscal and debt sustainability, contain food inflation, and sustain economic recovery. The second chapter discusses fossil fuel subsidies, which represent a significant fiscal burden in the Republic of Congo
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: EAP ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: The overarching objective of the Seoul Center for Finance and Innovation partnership was to improve and develop financial and private sectors in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region by delivering better technical assistance and advisory services to EAP countries. To achieve this objective, the Seoul Center provides grants to provide demand-driven, priority technical assistance and support capacity-building needs in EAP client countries. Since 2012, a total of 32 KTF grants have been allocated to 10 EAP countries and 2 regions (EAP and Global) in three phases. This limited scope impact assessment was undertaken on behalf of the Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Seoul Center Korean Trust Fund (KTF) in accord with an agreed term of reference. The purpose of this assignment is to carry out an independent impact assessment of select East Asia Pacific (EAP) country-level technical assistance and advisory grant funded projects completed over ten years from 2012 through 2022. The assessment of results realized focused on fifteen country-level TA and advisory KTF grant funded activities concluded by end-2022
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: DEBT ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Excessive Credit Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion Gaps ; Financial Sector Reform ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Republic of Korea's astonishing economic development commenced shortly after the end of the Korean war. Today, Korea is the world's tenth largest economy based on gross domestic product, a key development partner of the World Bank Group, an important contributor to the International Development Association, the fund established to support the world's poorest countries, and a unique international donor. Over the past decade, the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced significant economic growth and development. This has been especially evident in the financial sector. Nevertheless, many challenges remain. Risks such as excessive credit growth, asset bubbles, high levels of household and corporate debt have emerged, increasing the vulnerability of the financial sector to shocks. Consequently, ensuring the stability and resilience of the financial sector is crucial for sustainable economic development in the region. When it comes to financial inclusion, despite the good progress made in many developing countries in the region, there are still significant gaps across the region. A large portion of the population in some countries in the region especially in rural areas and among vulnerable groups, still lack access to formal financial services such as savings account and payment systems. This hampers their ability to save, invest and participate in the formal economy, limiting their economic opportunities and potential growth. Against this backdrop, with the support of the Korea Trust Fund, the World Bank has made a significant impact in enhancing the financial sector in the East Asia and Pacific region. These selected stories speak to the positive impact that the Seoul Center's partnership with the Ministry of Economy and Finance has had within the recipient countries. The booklet presents these in detail
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Development Challenges ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; IFC Platforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; SDGs
    Abstract: Recurring development challenges and new compounding crises affecting client countries and firms constrain the ambition of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to contribute to attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. The recurring challenges, including insufficient private sector participation in development financing, continue to affect emerging markets and developing economies and the firms within them. Two related initiatives-the IFC capital increase and the IFC 3.0 strategy-underpin IFC's goal to contribute to the SDGs by 2030. IFC's capital increase package was based on the IFC 3.0 strategy, which requires creating new markets through advisory and upstream services and mobilizing private capital from new sources and through new approaches (IFC 2017, 2018, 2020a). IFC has introduced a platforms approach to scale up its interventions in accordance with IFC 3.0 and the capital increase objectives. IFC defines platforms as thematic interventions-at a regional, global, or sectoral level-designed to address a specific development challenge (IFC 2022b). The main purpose of the evaluation is to assess whether the platforms approach offers IFC a means to achieve its capital increase and IFC 3.0 objectives while meeting the Board's and clients' expectations
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Growth and Prices ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payments ; Poverty Projections ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Finances
    Abstract: Private sector participation in the Tajik economy is relatively large, but dynamism is very low. Analysis with micro-level data points to multiple weaknesses: low entry rate, low productivity, limited integration to trade, low incidence of innovation, and limited capabilities. Also revealing is that private firms struggle to grow as they age. All these aspects reflect a business environment that does not reward the more efficient firms or those with the highest growth potential. The Covid-19 effects brought additional challenges to this low-level equilibrium scenario with shocks in sales and financial distress. The silver line aspect stems from the increasing use of digital technologies. Still, the apparent digital divide regarding firm size poses questions on the real implications for future productivity performance. Against this backdrop, and to tackle the long-term weaknesses of the private sector in Tajikistan, it is crucial to remove barriers that prevent the reallocation of resources towards more productive firms so that the private sector becomes more efficient and able to generate more and better jobs. In this case, and to prioritize measures that maximize effects on aggregate demand in the short-medium-run, it is crucial to give precedence to structural policies that remove impediments to firm entry and expansion of the private sector. Three sets of barriers deserve particular attention: (i) barriers to competition, (ii) barriers to foreign direct investment, and (iii) trade barriers. These barriers must be tackled together because they all reinforce each other regarding firms' competitiveness
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Evolving Skills ; Labor Markets ; Low-Income Countries ; Middle-Income Countries ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical and Vocational Education and Training ; TVET
    Abstract: Reform of formal technical and vocational education and training (TVET) is urgently needed in most low- and middle-income countries. Demographic trends, coupled with higher rates of students completing lower levels of education, can lead to an exponential increase in the number of secondary TVET students in the next 20 years, particularly in low-income countries (LICs). However, there are significant risks attached to expanding a system that is often considered a second-tier educational track and to which challenged learners are often directed. Because of a broken link between TVET systems and labor markets in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs, together: L/MICs), TVET cannot deliver on its promise. The urgency is compounded by megatrends associated with globalization, technological progress, demographic transformation, and climate change, which affect both skills demand and the distribution of economic opportunities. This report offers guidance to policymakers designing and implementing TVET reforms, emphasizing core principles and practical considerations for L/MICs. There is much to be learned from recent L/MIC reform experiences like those in Bangladesh, El Salvador, and Mongolia, about identifying effective reform strategies and the likely impact of megatrends on future demand for TVET. The report focuses on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary formal TVET, defined as TVET obtained within the formal education system that leads to diplomas, degrees, or other formal certifications. This overview, summarizing the main messages from the report, has three parts. The first, the TVET Promise, looks at the potential of TVET systems to deliver access to equitable, quality, and relevant training and contribute to employment and productivity. The second, the TVET Challenge, articulates the main limitations in practice for L/MIC TVET systems. The third, the Way Forward to Better TVET, proposes three interrelated transformations (three E's) and six policy priorities to help TVET deliver on its promise in L/MICs
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Informal Owners ; Informal Sector Enterprise ; Informal Workers ; Labor Law ; Laws and Regulations ; Mena ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Informality ; Women Owners ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: In Iraq, like many countries around the world, the informal sector is a major contributor to employment and business activity. The Iraq Labor Force Survey (LFS) of 2021 estimated that more than half of the workers in the country do not contribute to social insurance, consequently informal. Recent surveys conducted by the Central Statistics Organization (CSO) and the Kurdistan Region Statistics Office (KRSO) in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) found that 80 percent and 60 percent of businesses, respectively, are not registered with any public entity, consequently informal. Recognizing the prevalence of this sector and its role in people's earning and consumption, this report extends the knowledge about Iraq's urban informality through a new survey. The Informal Sector Enterprise Survey (ISES) was led by the World Bank, with the objective of further illuminating the characteristics of urban informal businesses and their workers. It was conducted in four key cities: Baghdad, Basrah, Najaf and Sulaymaniyah. It is complemented by two other World Bank surveys fielded around the same time: the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) and the Micro-enterprise survey of 2022, both of which focus on formal businesses. The next sections are organized as follows. Section II explains the data collection process and final sample. Section III highlights the key findings. Section IV proposes some key policy and program priorities to improve the lives of the people who work in the sector and the performance of the businesses. Section VII concludes with a few remarks on the potential for future research on Iraq's informality
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; European Union ; Inclusive Growth ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Challenges
    Abstract: Following a strong recovery after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, growth in the European Union (EU) is expected to sharply decelerate in 2023 as high inflation and increasingly tight monetary policy dampen economic activity. Despite considerable resilience, the EU economy is in a weakened spot following the string of overlapping crises since 2020, which have eroded macroeconomic buffers and left the economy vulnerable to additional negative shocks. Fiscal policy support, going forward, will need to be timely, targeted, time bound, and transparent to eventually support gradual fiscal consolidation. Part 1 of the EU regular economic report (RER) focuses on recent developments and the short-term outlook and risks. This part looks at inclusive growth trends in the EU as a whole and the four regions: Northern Europe (NE), Southern Europe (SE), Western Europe (WE) and Central and Southeast Europe (CEE). Depending on data availability, it also zooms in on a set of selected countries - Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Commodity Prices ; Developing Countries ; Developing Economies ; Economic Growth ; Economic Prospects ; Emerging Markets ; Global Economy ; International Trade ; Trade Protectionism
    Abstract: Global growth is projected to slow significantly in the second half of this year, with weakness continuing in 2024. Inflation pressures persist, and tight monetary policy is expected to weigh substantially on activity. The possibility of more widespread bank turmoil and tighter monetary policy could result in even weaker global growth. Rising borrowing costs in advanced economies could lead to financial dislocations in the more vulnerable emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). In low-income countries, in particular, fiscal positions are increasingly precarious. Comprehensive policy action is needed at the global and national levels to foster macroeconomic and financial stability. Among many EMDEs, and especially in low-income countries, bolstering fiscal sustainability will require generating higher revenues, making spending more efficient, and improving debt management practices. Continued international cooperation is also necessary to tackle climate change, support populations affected by crises and hunger, and provide debt relief where needed. In the longer term, reversing a projected decline in EMDE potential growth will require reforms to bolster physical and human capital and labor-supply growth
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biro, Aniko The Labor Market Effects of Disability Benefit Loss
    Keywords: Benefit Reduction ; Disability ; Disability Insurance ; Disability Welfare Reform ; Disabled Persons Poverty ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Employability Program ; Employment and Unemployment ; Joblessness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Persons with Disabilities ; Public Welfare ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Disability benefits provide social insurance against the risk of losing working capacity, as well as an important source of income for individuals with disabilities. They are also costly and tend to reduce labor supply. Although spending can be contained by careful targeting, correcting past flaws in eligibility rules or assessment procedures may entail welfare costs. This paper studies a major reform in Hungary that reassessed the health and working capacity of a large share of beneficiaries. Leveraging age and health cutoffs in the reassessment, the paper estimates employment responses to loss or reduction of benefits. The findings show that among those who left disability insurance due to the reform, 58 percent were employed in the primary labor market, 6 percent participated in public works, and 36 percent were out of work without benefits in the post-reform period. The consequences of leaving disability insurance differed sharply by pre-reform employment status. Among the beneficiaries who were employed in the pre-reform year, 81 percent worked, while only 33 percent of those without pre-reform employment did. The gains of the reform in activating beneficiaries were small and strongly driven by pre-reform employment status. This points to the importance of combining financial incentives with broader labor market programs that increase employability
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Balampama, Marianna Influence of COVID-19 on Female Sex Workers in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: A Mixed-Methods Analysis
    Keywords: COVID-19 Impact on Sex Workers ; Extreme Financial Vulnerability ; Female Sex Worker Welfare ; Food Insecurity ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Homelessness
    Abstract: This study investigates how the landscape of sex work in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, evolved in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic. Using a mixed-methods approach, the analysis triangulates data from quantitative and qualitative sources to quantify shifts in income, demand, and client frequency and describe female sex workers' perspectives on their work environment. The COVID-19 restrictions introduced in early 2020 resulted in dramatic decreases in sex work income, leading to extreme financial vulnerability, food insecurity, and challenges in meeting other basic needs such as paying rent. However, in a 2021 follow-up survey, sex workers reported the summer of 2021 as a key turning point, with the demand for sex work rebounding to closer to pre-pandemic levels. Notably, despite the average number of unique weekly clients not yet having fully rebounded, by 2021 the price per client and the total monthly sex work income had returned to pre-pandemic levels. This may potentially be explained by an increased number of repeat clients, which represented a larger proportion of all clients during the COVID-19 pandemic
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Assistance ; Gender ; Gender Identity ; Human Rights ; International Law ; Law ; Law and Development ; LGBTI Exclusion ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sogiesc-Based Exclusion ; Vulnerable Groups ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of Serbia and to provide the country's policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs)
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2109
    Keywords: Palestinian Pension Agency ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; PER ; SIAD ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Insurance Administrative Diagnostic ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This work builds on the Public Expenditure Review (PER) analysis of the pension system conducted in 2016 but also brings important innovations. It updates the financial analysis conducted then and offers new policy recommendations, with the key objective of improving the affordability of the pension system, subject to benefit adequacy. The principal difference of this work is in the adopted approach, which looks at the pension system holistically and offers advice from the angle of rationalizing the overall public expenditure policy in pensions, rather than working with each pension scheme individually. In doing so, it takes a forward-looking approach and minimizes the dependency path of the convoluted legacy system. The work also incorporates a component that looks at the Palestinian Pension Agency's (PPA) administrative systems using a new Bank tool - Social Insurance Administrative Diagnostic (SIAD). The findings reveal a system with unfinished reforms and call for a comprehensive restructuring of the pension financing arrangements, along with a change of the construct of the system. This work is largely diagnostic in nature, offering high level policy recommendations and suggesting a comprehensive follow up analysis. While presenting a status quo analysis and illustrating effects of several parametric adjustments, the main set of recommendations is centered around the structural adjustments and financial restructuring in the public sector pension scheme, which would require a round of follow up work, elaborating and modeling various reform cases, including careful fine-tuning of the transitional provisions
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William Preferences for Wage Discrimination against Women
    Keywords: Age Bias ; Discrimination ; Equal Pay ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Gender Wage Gap ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Systematic Gender Bias ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This study demonstrates systematic bias against women in public perceptions of the fairness of wages. In nationally representative survey experiments across more than 70,000 individual vignettes posed to 4,500 respondents in three Central Asian countries, respondents were 13 percent more likely to say wages were "too high" when the randomly assigned person described in the vignette (subject) was a woman, and 34 percent more likely to say they were "too low" when the subject was a man. The pattern of bias favoring higher wages for men is statistically significant at conventional levels in all three countries, among both male and female respondents, and in each of the eight occupations studied. The results also demonstrate the presence of significant bias in favor or older workers, specifically for white-collar occupations, and the absence of this relationship for the blue-collar occupations included in the experiment. The findings reinforce the importance of bias as a contributing factor to the gender pay gap, and the value of equal pay regulations to prevent gender discrimination in wage setting
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedoya, Juan Rule-Based Civil Service: Evidence from a Nationwide Teacher Reform in Mexico
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Civil Service Employment ; Civil Service Reform ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Rule-Based Teacher Hiring ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teacher Hiring Methods ; Teacher Quality
    Abstract: This paper studies the effect of a civil service reform on the skills profile of new teachers in Mexico. The reform mandated the use of rule-based recruitment over discretionary hiring. The results show that the reform led to hiring teachers with higher cognitive skills. The paper also shows that an improvement in the bottom of the skills distribution of new hires drove this change. Two channels explain these effects. First, the reform decreased the prevalence of discretionary hires, who tended to be drawn from the bottom of the skills distribution. Second, the reform improved the screening efficiency of rule-based hiring, making cognitive skills more important determinants of hiring outcomes
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Uncertainty ; Gender and Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gendered Impact ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women
    Abstract: The Iran Economic Monitor (IEM) provides an update on key economic developments and policies. It examines these economic developments and policies in a longer-term and global context and assesses their implications for the outlook for thecountry. The IEM's coverage ranges from the macroeconomy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. Iran's economy continued to grow moderately for the third consecutive year in 2022/23, albeit at a slower pace than in the previous year. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 3.8 percent in 2022/23, driven by expansions in services and manufacturing. Despite sanctions, the oil sector also expanded, aided by the tighter global oil markets. Favorable weather conditions helped the agriculture sector to marginally grow after the contractionsin previous years. On the expenditure side, private consumption was the main driver of GDP growth. Government consumption contracted to contain the budget deficit following a sharp expansionary policy in 2021/22. Meanwhile, exports and importsboth increased, and strong investment in machinery drove investments up, while construction investment marginally improved. However, the economy continuesto face growth constraints notably related to the economic sanctions, restricted access to external markets and to the latest technology, and much needed foreign investment. The Special Focus of the report highlights the scarring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, documenting the marked deterioration in labor market outcomes. Despite sizeable government interventions to sustain the economy, in the first year of the pandemic (2021/22), approximately 1 million Jobs were lost, and labor force participation contracted by 3 percentage points. Iranian women were the most affected: two out of three jobs lost between 2019/20 and 2020/21 were previously held by women. The gendered impact of the crisis contributed to widening Iranian's women disadvantage in the labor market. Most importantly, the gains in femalelabor force participation slowly accumulated since 2011 vanished. Consistent with what is observed in other countries, women with young children were the most affected by the crisis. The combined effect of school closures and unequal intra-household allocation of care responsibilities, associated with prevailing gender norms, pushed Iranian women with children out of the labor force. Whether or not these trends will be reversed as the management of the COVID-19 pandemic is normalized and the economy recovers from the crisis remains an important policy question
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atlas Region ; Earthquake ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Female Labor Force ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Women's Economic Empowerment
    Abstract: The Moroccan economy is recovering. Following a sharp deceleration in 2022 caused by various overlapping commodity and climatic shocks, economic growth increased to 2.9 percent in the first semester of 2023, driven primarily by services and net exports. Inflation has halved between February and August 2023, but food inflation remains high. Lower commodity prices havealso contributed to a temporary narrowing of the current account deficit. The response to recent crises and the unfolding reform of the health and social protection systems are exerting pressures on public spending. However, the government is managing to gradually reduce the budget deficit
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eslava, Marcela Business Size, Development, and Inequality in Latin America: A Tale of one Tail
    Keywords: Business Size ; Developing Economies Business Data ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level Datasets ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-Enterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Self-Employment
    Abstract: Using official employment surveys for 45 advanced economies and Latin American countries, this paper shows that the positive cross-country correlation between business size and GDP per capita is tighter than previously found using firm-level datasets and finds a close negative business size-Gini relationship. The paper also finds a closer connection between individual income and business size for workers in less developed countries compared with those in advanced economies. Because employment data address the bias against the smallest productive units that characterize firm-level datasets, our approach uniquely assesses and highlights the dominance of the left tail of the business size distribution in less developed countries
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inclusive Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sustainability
    Abstract: To respond to climate change effectively, human capital needs to be at the heart of policy responses. This policy note demonstrates the impacts of climate change across the lifecycle and provides a framework of policy and program interventions to protect, build, and use human capital to minimize climate change impacts and create opportunities for more sustainable and inclusive development on a livable planet. By demonstrating the scope of impacts of climate change on people and people's potential to contribute to climate action, the note also makes a case for prioritizing human capital investments as part of countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other climate strategies
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghorpade, Yashodhan Social Insurance for Gig Workers: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia
    Keywords: GIG Work ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal Employment ; Informality ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment Compensation ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Willingness To Pay For Social Insurance ; Worker Protections
    Abstract: The rise of "gig" or digital platform work globally has led to both enthusiasm for its potential to create lucrative employment for large numbers of people, as well as concern about its implications for worker protection that is often provided in more standard employment. While gig work platforms may not be akin to employers in standard work relationships, arrangements that do not obligate them to provide worker protection and social insurance contributions may leave several platform workers unprotected against a range of risks. Is the observed lack of protection among digital platform workers explained by an unwillingness on part of the workers themselves to make necessary contributions for social insurance coverage? This paper analyzes this question in the context of Malaysia, a rapidly growing upper-middle-income East Asian economy that has witnessed a rise in gig work in recent years. The paper deploys a novel vignette-based experiment to ascertain gig workers' willingness to pay for social insurance coverage. The analysis finds overall a large unmet need for social insurance among gig workers, as well as a high level of willingness to pay for (especially) unemployment insurance, retirement savings, and accidental and injury insurance. This implies that the policy challenge is to channel such willingness into regular contributions for social insurance coverage through relevant and flexible options for contributions. More than subsidies, this segment of the workforce could perhaps benefit from better tailored, more flexible, and more easily accessible instruments for social insurance. The analysis also finds evidence of substitution between distinct insurance instruments. For instance, those who have access to retirement savings appear to be less willing to pay for unemployment insurance, and those with private medical insurance are less likely to contribute to the state-run injury insurance scheme. This underlines the need to approach risk insurance for digital platform workers more holistically and to consider a wider range of insurance instruments, including those offered by the private sector
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Deforestation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Forest Degradation ; Land Degradation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Capital
    Abstract: Niger is a fragile country, marked by a poorly diversified economy and extreme poverty. Climate change, rapid demographic growth, and weak governance are major threats to Niger's growth. These changes have led to human losses, decreased soil productivity, and increased competition for access to resources. Moreover, many rural communities have grappled with a land tenure system with often unclear and overlapping rights, a lack of land use classification and registry, and an absence of monitoring and enforcing by local institutions. It is important to note that the rapid population growth and the recent COVID pandemic have put additional pressure on food security and natural resources. Natural capital is crucial for the Nigeriens' livelihoods and food security. Degradation of cropland and pastureland is a key problem in Niger. This Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) aims to analyze critical environmental challenges that threaten sustainable economic growth in Niger and to propose actions to address them. It focuses on three government priorities that require in-depth analysis and immediate response: land degradation, deforestation and forest degradation, and climate change
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Accommodation and ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Economic Growth ; Fisheries and ; Fisheries Sector ; Growth Potential ; Human Capital ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Regionalization ; Tourism Industry ; Tourism Sector
    Abstract: Comoros is at the crossroads to redefine its future and become an upper-middle income country by 2050, but this would require implementing an ambitious reform agenda that focuses on increasing productivity and private investment. The current business-as-usual policy framework has delivered low private investment and human capital, sectoral growth below potential, and no poverty eradication. Pursuing this policy framework, which would not allow Comoros to reach the GDP growth target of 7.5 percent by 2030 laid out in the national development plan, could result in GDP per capita of USD 1,890 and a poverty rate of 22.9 percent by 2050. By contrast, under a policy framework of ambitious reforms that include measures to increase inclusiveness, Comoros could reach a GDP per capita of USD 3,934 and reduce the poverty rate to below 5 percent by 2050. Supported by the continuous implementation of ambitious reforms, such a level of GDP per capita could have Comoros reach upper-middle-income status by 2050. Under this ambitious reform agenda, private investment would average 11.9 percent of GDP in 2023-2050, and total factor productivity growth would average 1.45 percentage points per year during the same period
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bachas, Pierre Effective Tax Rates and Firm Size
    Keywords: Digital Technology Adoption ; Economic Growth ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet ; Labor Market ; Productivity ; Welfare
    Abstract: This paper provides a compressive synthesis of the most recent and widely cited literature on the effects of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) adoption at the country, firm, and individual levels. The study surveys and analyzes the available literature on the topics of economic growth and transformation, and highlights the main conclusions drawn by scholars, areas of ongoing debate, and remaining research questions that need to be addressed in future work. The adoption of ICTs has been found to contribute to higher GDP growth in many countries, although the exact mechanism of its impact on macroeconomic growth is still uncertain. At the firm level, digital technology has been shown to increase productivity, but it also intensifies competition and may result in job losses in certain industries or occupations. In terms of labor conditions, ICTs can provide more flexible work arrangements which could improve workers' welfare, but it can also lead to job insecurity and wage stagnation. At the individual level, digital technology can provide access to more knowledge and services, thereby improving welfare in areas such as health and education. In conclusion, ICTs adoption can have both positive and negative effects, depending on how it is understood by researchers, impacted by the private sector and regulated by governments. Policymakers in developing countries should consider these factors when designing policies to promote digital technology adoption. The effects of ICTs adoption at the macroeconomic, firm, and individual levels should be thoroughly evaluated to ensure that the benefits outweigh the potential negative consequences
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Halloumi ; Hellim ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Turkish-Cypriot ; Women and Youth
    Abstract: The Turkish Cypriot economy (TCe) has struggled to recover since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. With a contraction of 16.2 percent in GDP in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic first took hold, the TCe experienced the most severe recession in its history, and the most severe recession among the economies of Europe. Moreover, just as other economies were beginning to recover, in 2021 the TCe underwent a phase of exceptional political uncertainty and numerous exogenous shocks, testing its resilience. With the emergence of new variants of the virus, the COVID-19 pandemic continued to adversely impact the TCe throughout 2021, with cases reaching a new peak at the end of 2021 despite the Turkish Cypriot (TC) administration's efforts to prevent the spread of the virus, together with its support for the health system, households, and companies. Furthermore, a new record low in average precipitation in 2021, a series of earthquakes at the beginning of 2022, and weak energy security, with a recent series of power outages experienced across the island, have all revealed the intrinsic vulnerabilities of the island to climate change and natural disasters. Building a competitive private sector would require reforming business regulations and procedures that are under the mandate of the TC administration, and that should be aligned with international best practices and the EU Acquis, irrespective of the broader context of the political economy. Special attention should be devoted to the regulation concerning imports and GL trade. Pre-permits and licenses imposed by the TC administration on imports, on top of regulatory uncertainty and other cumbersome procedures, contribute to increasing prices, penalizing consumers, and eroding domestic competitiveness. A dialogue framework between GC and TC private sectors could be established to support solutions to the long-standing constraints that have been impeding business cooperation across the GL, for the benefit of all Cypriots
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Allemand, Mathias Conscientiousness and Labor Market Returns: Evidence from a Field Experiment in West Africa
    Keywords: Attitudes Towards Work ; Conscientiousness ; Labor Markets ; Non-Cognitive Skills ; Skills Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Soft Skills Training
    Abstract: Non-cognitive skills are increasingly recognized as important determinants of labor market outcomes. To what extent specific skills can be affected in adulthood remains an open question. This study conducted a randomized controlled trial with low-skilled employed workers in Senegal, where workers were randomly assigned to receive a training intervention designed to affect conscientiousness-related skills. The findings show that treated workers were significantly more likely to stay in their job and have higher wages nine months after the intervention. The findings suggest that non-cognitive skills can be affected even later in the life cycle and can have substantial labor market returns
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Access To Basic Services ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Between 1993 and 2013, Mozambique became one of the fastest-growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa boosting incomes and living standards. Political and macroeconomic stability provided the foundation for robust growth led by a rebounding agricultural sector and significant donor support. Growth, however, decelerated beginning in 2016 in the face of low commodity prices, a hidden debt crisis, and natural disasters. In FY18, Mozambique was formally classified as a fragile country. The Covid-19 pandemic further eroded growth. In light of the country's evolving context, this Country Program Evaluation (CPE) reviews the World Bank Group's engagement in Mozambique over the period FY08 into FY21. The CPE assesses the extent to which the Bank Group's support was relevant to Mozambique's main development challenges and drivers of fragility as well as how Bank Group support evolved and adapted over time. The evaluation delves into four themes that are relevant to Mozambique's pursuit of the Bank Group's Twin Goals of Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity: (i) low agricultural productivity; (ii) unequal access to basic services; (iii) weak institutions and governance; and (iv) vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters. The evaluation presents findings from each of the four themes covered and distills lessons from Bank Group experience in Mozambique to inform future strategies and engagements
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Macroeconomic Impact ; Natural Disasters ; Recovery and Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Socioeconomic Impact ; Syria
    Abstract: Following the magnitude (Mw) 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake on February 6, 2023, and the (Mw) 6.3 earthquake on February 20, 2023, the World Bank launched the Syria Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA). The objective of the RDNA is to estimate the impact of the earthquake on physical assets and service delivery in the most affected areas. The RDNA covers six governorates with roughly 10million inhabitants, with an in-depth analysis of nine cities. It provides preliminary estimates to rebuild infrastructure and restore service delivery, and general guiding principles for recovery and building back better, focusing on early recovery (0-12 months) and short-term needs (1-3 years). The RDNA also analyses the macroeconomic and socioeconomic impacts of the earthquake to anticipate repercussions on the economic outlook and on the population's well-being. This RDNA contributes to the understanding of the impactof the earthquake on Syria. While the RDNA focuses on the damages incurred by the earthquake, the compounding effect of the pre-existing damages caused by the conflict are reflected in the pre-earthquake baseline. The RDNA follows a globally established and recognized damage, loss, and needs assessment methodology developed by the World Bank Group (WBG), the European Union (EU), and the United Nations (UN). This methodology has been applied globally in post-disaster and conflict contexts to inform recovery and reconstruction planning. Prior to this RDNA, the World Bank Group conducted six assessments to provide information on the effects of the ongoing conflict on population, physical infrastructure, and quality of service delivery
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Digital Technologies Adoption ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Services Sector ; Skills
    Abstract: The services sector has been a critical contributor to economic growth in Vietnam but its performance lags comparators The services sector has been the economy's largest sector for the past decade. Looking ahead, services could play a crucial role in supporting Vietnam to sustain productivity growth and achieve its ambition to become a high-income economy by 2045. However, the performance of Vietnam's services sector lags peer countries. Small scale of firms, restrictions to services trade, low technological adoption and few inter-sectoral linkages affect productivity. Based on the preliminary analysis presented in this report, the four broad policy directions can be identified. First, Vietnam could further reduce restrictions to services trade and foreign investment. Second, Vietnam should encourage further adoption of digital technologies within firms to spur innovation. Third, focus should be on strengthening workers skills especially basic digital skills and the capabilities of firms and managers. Lastly, Vietnam should leverage services to promote further growth of other sectors, especially manufacturing
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Climate Development ; Economic Growth ; EMDES ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Space ; Inclusive Recovery ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Sustainability ; Transformation
    Abstract: This report makes the case for a big investment push for EMDEs' sustainable recovery and development, assesses the magnitude and composition of such investment, presents actions needed for an energy transition, looks at the role that innovations and state capacity can play in facilitating GRID, and proposes actions that governments, the private sector, MDBs, the IMF, and donors can undertake to mobilize financing at the large scale needed. The report summarizes the insights derived from the meetings of the High-Level Advisory Group (HLAG) on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth, jointly led by Mari Pangestu, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, and Nicholas Stern, and composed of experts from research institutions, the private sector, and governments, as well as senior World Bank Group and IMF staff members. The work of the HLAG, and thus this report, focuses on EMDEs and delves in greater depth into climate investment and financing, particularly for energy transition, as it is a less researched area. While doing so, it recognizes that policy and investment decisions in high-income countries, which accounted for only 16 percent of the global population in 2019 and yet for 32 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank 2023a, 2023b), will be critical to whether the Paris Agreement goals can be reached. It also recognizes that these countries must play a key role in contributing financially to EMDEs' transition to low-carbon economies
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ulate, Mauricio Labor Market Effects of Global Supply Chain Disruptions
    Keywords: COVID Impact On Labor Market ; Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth, Rural Labor Markets, Supply Chain Disruption ; Pandemic Labor Market Impact ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Cost ; US Labor Force Participation Decline
    Abstract: This paper examines the labor market consequences of recent global supply chain disruptions induced by COVID-19. Specifically, it considers a temporary increase in international trade costs similar to the one observed during the pandemic and analyzes its effects on labor market outcomes using a quantitative trade model with downward nominal wage rigidities. Even omitting any health-related impacts of the pandemic, the increase in trade costs leads to a temporary but prolonged decline in U.S. labor force participation. However, there is a temporary increase in manufacturing employment as the United States is a net importer of manufactured goods, which become costlier to obtain from abroad. By contrast, service and agricultural employment experience temporary declines. Nominal frictions lead to temporary unemployment when the shock dissipates, but this depends on the degree of monetary accommodation. Overall, the shock results in a 0.14 percent welfare loss for the United States. The impact on labor force participation and welfare across countries varies depending on the initial degree of openness and sectoral deficits
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Diversification ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Inclusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector ; Regional Integration
    Abstract: Timor-Leste has made important development gains since independence in 2002 but is now at a critical juncture. The government has successfully rebuilt public infrastructure, reduced poverty, and quickly built from scratch a network of functional public institutions. Despite these achievements, there is an urgent need for private sector-centered development that is not dependent on the oil sector. Receipts from sales of hydrocarbons have been the main source of government revenues, but their contribution to the economy is decreasing, raising the urgency for economic diversification. High public spending has not translated into strong and sustained economic growth. Furthermore, depleting oil reserves signal an urgency to reduce economic dependence on oil. The public sector-driven growth model has run its course and is fiscally unsustainable. The excessive public spending level led to an astronomical fiscal deficit of 45.3 percent of non-oil gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021. This fiscal stance entails significant risks that bring the country toward a damaging fiscal cliff in 2035. Albeit narrowing, there is a window of opportunity for the government to urgently implement the much-needed reforms in the next five years. There are several potential drivers for increased regional integration. These include the operationalization of the Tibar Bay port, the modernization of the Dili airport, the internet submarine cable installation, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) accession progress. Success requires a concerted and persistent government effort to address supply-side constraints, kick-start economic diversification, and boost export. This report provides an in-depth analysis of Timor-Leste's economic performance in recent decades and proposes policies to enhance growth. It highlights two key interrelated constraints to sustained and inclusive growth: the 'missing' private sector and the need to tap into the growth-enhancing benefits of international trade. Given the diminishing returns of public investments, pursuing a sustainable development path will require a shift toward a more dynamic, private sector-driven growth model. Furthermore, with the right combination of a supportive enabling environment and trade policies, Timor-Leste could capitalize on incipient and established comparative advantages for its exports. Accordingly, the reforms to support private sector development and expand exports have the potential to boost Timor-Leste's international competitiveness and improve economic diversification
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