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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tenure Security Premium in Informal Housing Markets : A Spatial Hedonic Analysis (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Tenure Security Premium in Informal Housing Markets: A Spatial Hedonic Analysis
    Abstract: This paper estimates slum residents' willingness to pay for formalized land tenure in Pune, India. In so doing, it offers evidence that the legal assurance of slum residents' occupancy of their lands could benefit them. Previous studies have discussed legal and non-legal factors that substantially influence the tenure security of residents in informal settlements. However, it remains unclear to what extent, and how, the assignment of legal property rights through the formalization of land tenure improves the tenure security of residents in informal settlements and living conditions, even in the presence of other legal and non-legal factors that also contribute to their tenure security. To address the question, this study focuses on the city of Pune, India, where government agencies have formalized slums by legally ensuring the occupancy of the residents under "slum declaration." Applying a hedonic price model to an original household survey, this paper investigates how slum residents evaluate formalized land tenure. A spatial econometrics method is also applied to account for spatially autocorrelated unobserved errors. The spatial hedonic analysis finds that the premium of slum declaration is worth 19 percent of the average housing rent in slums. The associated marginal willingness to pay is equivalent to 6 percent of the average household expenditure, although it is heterogeneous depending on a household's caste and other legal conditions. This finding suggests that the assurance of occupancy rights is a vital component of land-tenure formalization policy even if it does not directly provide full property rights
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7526
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Living in African Cities Expensive? (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Is Living in African Cities Expensive?
    Abstract: Although several studies have examined why overall price levels are higher in richer countries, little is known about whether there is a similar relationship at the urban and city level across countries. This paper compares the price levels of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa with those of other regions by analyzing price information collected for the 2011 round of the International Comparison Program. Readjusting the calculated price levels from national to urban levels, the analysis indicates that African cities are relatively more expensive, despite having lower income levels. The price levels of goods and services consumed by households are up to 31percent higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other low- and middle-income countries, relative to their income levels. Food and non-alcoholic beverages are especially expensive, with price levels around 35 percent higher than in other countries. The paper also analyzes price information collected by the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, and obtains a similar result, indicating higher prices of goods and services in African cities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7641
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Article
    Article
    Revealing invisible rules in slums: The nexus between perceived tenure security and housing investment (2016)
    Associated volumes
    In:  Habitat international : a journal for the study of human settlements Vol. 53 (2016), p. 151-162
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-3975
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: Habitat international : a journal for the study of human settlements
    Publ. der Quelle: Oxford [u.a.] : Pergamon Press
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 53 (2016), p. 151-162
    DDC: 330
    DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.029
    URL: Volltext
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    Article
    OLC Ethnologie
  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Does slum formalisation without title provision stimulate housing improvement? A case of slum declaration in Pune, India (2017)
    Associated volumes
    In:  Urban studies Vol. 54, No. 7 (2017), p. 1715-1735
    Details
    ISSN: 0042-0980
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: Urban studies
    Publ. der Quelle: London : Sage Publications Ltd
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 54, No. 7 (2017), p. 1715-1735
    DDC: 300
    Abstract: Though previous studies have examined how formalising land tenure affects housing improvements in informal settlements, the role of tenure security and its long-term influence remain unclear. In response, this paper quantitatively examines the extent to which formalising land tenure by way of slum declaration has stimulated housing improvements during the last three decades in the slums of Pune, India. Since slum declaration guarantees residents occupancy but not full property rights, this study focuses on how tenure security contributes to housing outcomes, such as materials, size, the number of floors and the amount of money spent for the improvements. Using original household survey data, analysis involving propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods reveals that slum declaration has tripled a household’s likelihood of having added a second floor and, albeit less clear, increased the average amount of money spent on housing improvements. At the same time, slum declaration has not induced any improvement in housing materials, largely since many residents of non-formalised slums have also replaced materials. These results indicate that slum declaration, even in the long run, has continued to influence housing investments in Pune’s slums, in terms of both type and amount spent, though residents of non-formalised slums have also come to enjoy certain de facto tenure security. Among other implications for policy, these findings underscore that governments should at least provide legal assurance of occupancy rights in informal settlements, even if active interventions such as slum upgrading and titling are currently difficult.
    Note: Copyright: © Urban Studies Journal Limited 2016
    DOI: 10.1177/0042098016632433
    URL: Volltext
    URL: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0042098016632433
    URL: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1910814756
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    Article
    OLC Ethnologie
  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Africa's cities : opening doors to the world (2017)
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group
    Details
    ISBN: 978-1-4648-1044-2 , 978-1-4648-1045-9
    Language: English
    Pages: 162 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Keywords: Afrika Stadtplanung ; Stadtforschung, ethnologische ; Gemeindesoziologie ; Bevölkerungswachstum ; Bevölkerungsgeographie ; Urbanisation ; Armut
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    Book
    Frobenius-Institut
  • 6
    Article
    Article
    Impact of slum formalization on self-help housing construction: A case of slum notification in India (2014)
    Associated volumes
    In:  Urban studies Vol. 51, No. 16 (2014), p. 3420-3444
    Details
    ISSN: 0042-0980
    Language: Undetermined
    Titel der Quelle: Urban studies
    Publ. der Quelle: London : Sage Publications Ltd
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 51, No. 16 (2014), p. 3420-3444
    DDC: 300
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    Article
    OLC Ethnologie
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Anatomy of Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Combes, Pierre-Philippe An Anatomy of Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Dartboard Approach To Population Data ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Population Density ; Satellite Imagery ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements ; Urbanizaiton Patterns ; Urbanization
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed descriptive analysis of patterns of urbanization across Sub-Saharan Africa for the year circa 2015. Despite the rapidity and importance of Sub-Saharan Africa's urbanization, little is known about the anatomy of patterns of urbanization across the region due to a lack of detailed and accurate official data on urban settlements and populations. To address this gap, the paper applies a modified version of the "dartboard" algorithm to high-resolution gridded population data for the region, which is derived from digitized maps of the footprints of all buildings in the region from very high-resolution satellite imagery. This allows for a consistent definition of urban areas across all countries in the region, overcoming the measurement problems that arise from relying on official definitions of urban areas, which vary markedly across countries. Using this definition, the paper presents evidence on key empirical regularities that are related to disparities across the urban hierarchies, such as the extent of urban primacy and Zipf's law, as well as on the internal structures of cities, such as population density gradients and the number of centers that cities possess. The paper also analyzes how these characteristics are related to key country characteristics. Finally, the paper compares the results with those that arise from the use of an alternative definition of urban areas--the degree of urbanization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10621
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Linking Intra- and Inter-Country Spatial Price Adjustments in Global Poverty Measurement : Urban PPP Bias and Reference Price Mismatch (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Nakamura, Shohei Linking Intra- and Inter-Country Spatial Price Adjustments in Global Poverty Measurement: Urban PPP Bias and Reference Price Mismatch
    Abstract: Measuring global poverty requires two types of spatial price adjustments: inter-country price adjustment based on the international purchasing power parities (PPPs) and intra-country price adjustment to account for cost-of-living variations in different parts of a country, especially between urban and rural areas. Current global poverty measurement lacks an adjustment mechanism for this within-country price variation for many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper highlights the need for matching reference prices with those the International Comparison Program (ICP) uses for PPP calculation to avoid poverty estimation bias, largely because many countries collected 2011 ICP price information only in urban areas. Data from four Sub-Saharan African countries are used to show that potential bias in estimated poverty rates due to such reference price mismatches ranges from 0.3 to 6.2 points in absolute terms. A larger bias is observed in countries where gaps between urban and rural prices are greater. The analysis also shows potentially large bias due to lack of intra-country price adjustments. These potential biases underscore the urgent need for conducting within-country price adjustments and matching purchasing power parity reference prices with country spatial price deflators. An important first step is to identify what reference prices the 2011PPPs used for each country, which currently is not clear. The World Bank, with ongoing relationships with National Statistics Offices, is well positioned to take up this task to improve the accuracy of the methodology for estimating poverty at the global, regional, and national levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9684
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 Impacts on Urban Household Incomes : Between- and Within-City Evidence from Two African Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Batana, Yele Maweki Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 Impacts on Urban Household Incomes: Between- and Within-City Evidence from Two African Countries
    Keywords: Accessibility ; Connectivity ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Mobility ; Pandemic Impact ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development ; Urban Labor Market
    Abstract: This paper examines spatial heterogeneity in the impacts of the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban household incomes in Ethiopia and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Combining new panel household surveys with spatial data, the fixed-effects regression analysis for Ethiopia finds that households in large and densely populated towns were more likely to lose their labor incomes in the early phase of the pandemic, and their recovery was slower than other households. Disadvantaged groups, such as female, low-skilled, self-employed, and poor, particularly suffered in those towns. In Kinshasa, labor income-mobility elasticities are higher among workers-particularly female and/or low-skilled workers-who live in areas that are located farther from the city core area or highly dense and precarious neighborhoods. The between- and within-city evidence from two Sub-Saharan African countries points to the spatial heterogeneity of COVID-19 impacts, implying the critical role of mobility and accessibility in urban agglomerations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9762
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban agglomerations and employment transitions in Ethiopia (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9184
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kamei, Akito Urban Agglomerations and Employment Transitions in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Agglomeration boosts economic growth. A vast literature has empirically assessed the effects of agglomeration by estimating the city population elasticity on wages. This conventional approach is not necessarily suitable for analyzing urbanization at the early stage in developing countries, where a majority of urban workers engage in self-employment and/or informal jobs. Focusing on one of the poorest and largest among those countries, this paper sheds light on an aspect of urbanization and agglomeration: the transition in the mode of labor from self-employment/informal jobs to wage employment/formal jobs. Applying the instrumental variable approach to national labor force survey data sets, the analysis underscores several labor market transitions across space in urban Ethiopia. First, the town population size and the share of workers with wage employment are strongly correlated. The probability of engaging in wage work increases by 4.5 percentage points with a log increase in population size. Second, this relationship is particularly strong among disadvantaged workers, such as the female, young, and/or less educated population. Finally, the study documents higher labor force participation and lower underemployment in larger towns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9184
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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