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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating Spatially Disaggregated Probability of Severe COVID-19 and the Impact of Handwashing Interventions : The Case of Zimbabwe (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Estimating Spatially Disaggregated Probability of Severe COVID-19 and the Impact of Handwashing Interventions: The Case of Zimbabwe
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID Severity ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Hand Washing Intervention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health ; Severe COVID Prevention ; Spatial Modelling
    Abstract: The severity of COVID-19 disease varies substantially between individuals, with some infections being asymptomatic while others are fatal. Several risk factors have been identified that affect the progression of SARS-CoV-2 to severe COVID-19. They include age, smoking and presence of underlying comorbidities such as respiratory illness, HIV, anemia and obesity. Given that respiratory illness is one such comorbidity and is affected by hand hygiene, it is plausible that improving access to handwashing could lower the risk of severe COVID-19 among a population. In this paper, we estimate the potential impact of improved access to handwashing on the risk of respiratory illness and its knock-on impact on the risk of developing severe COVID-19 disease across Zimbabwe. We use a geospatial model that allows us to estimate differential clinical risk at the district level. Results show that the current risk of severe disease is heterogeneous across the country, due to differences in individual characteristics and household conditions. This study demonstrates how household level improved access to handwashing could lead to reductions in the risk of severe COVID-19 of up to 16% from the estimated current levels across all districts. Taken alongside the likely impact on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 itself, as well as countless other pathogens, this result adds further support for the expansion of access to handwashing across the country. It also highlights the spatial differences in risk of severe COVID-19, and thus the opportunity for better planning to focus limited resources in high risk areas in order to potentially reduce the number of severe cases
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10328
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conscientiousness and Labor Market Returns : Evidence from a Field Experiment in West Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Allemand, Mathias Conscientiousness and Labor Market Returns: Evidence from a Field Experiment in West Africa
    Keywords: Attitudes Towards Work ; Conscientiousness ; Labor Markets ; Non-Cognitive Skills ; Skills Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Soft Skills Training
    Abstract: Non-cognitive skills are increasingly recognized as important determinants of labor market outcomes. To what extent specific skills can be affected in adulthood remains an open question. This study conducted a randomized controlled trial with low-skilled employed workers in Senegal, where workers were randomly assigned to receive a training intervention designed to affect conscientiousness-related skills. The findings show that treated workers were significantly more likely to stay in their job and have higher wages nine months after the intervention. The findings suggest that non-cognitive skills can be affected even later in the life cycle and can have substantial labor market returns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10378
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Unintended Consequences of Curfews on Road Safety (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedoya, Guadalupe The Unintended Consequences of Curfews on Road Safety
    Keywords: Congestion Externalities ; Curfew ; Curfew Vehicle Crashes ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Road Safety ; Urban Road Safety ; Vehicle Crash
    Abstract: During COVID-19, curfews spread like wildfire. Although their impact on curbing the spread of disease remains to be proven, curfews have the potential to bring about costs to society in multiple domains. This paper investigates the impact of curfews on road safety in an urban setting. It shows that they lead to large reductions in crashes during the curfew hours when cars are off the road, but that these reductions can be fully offset by an increase in crashes during the hours before the curfew when people rush to get home. These findings forewarn that the use of curfews in future crises and pandemics should be carefully scrutinized and designed to minimize unintended negative effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10393
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The Importance of Maintenance : Geospatial Analysis of Cholera Risk and Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Harare, Zimbabwe (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George The Importance of Maintenance: Geospatial Analysis of Cholera Risk and Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Harare, Zimbabwe
    Keywords: Cholera Outbreaks ; Cholera Risk ; Communicable Disease ; Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure Maintenance ; Sanitation Infrastructure ; Water-Born Illness ; Waterinfrastructure
    Abstract: Understanding the specific factors associated with cholera outbreaks is an integral part of designing better approaches to mitigate their impact. This paper uses georeferenced case data from the cholera epidemic that occurred in Harare, Zimbabwe, from September 2018 to January 2019. The paper applies spatio-temporal modeling to understand how the outbreak unfolded and the factors associated with higher risk of being a reported case. The study highlighted a number of findings. First, using call detail records to estimate weekly population movement throughout the city, the results suggest that human movement helps to explain the spatiotemporal patterns of the cases observed. In addition, the results highlight a number of sociodemographic risk factors and suggest that there is a relationship between cholera risk and water infrastructure, with populations living in close proximity to the sewer network with high access to piped water being at higher risk. A possible explanation for this surprising observation is that sewer bursts led to the contamination of the piped water network, turning access to piped water, usually assumed to be protective, into a risk factor. Although further studies are required to test this hypothesis, if it is true, it highlights the importance of maintenance for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of improved water and sanitation infrastructure
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10327
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using mobile phone data to reduce spread of disease (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Impact Evaluation Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9198
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9198
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate Anomalies and International Migration : A Disaggregated Analysis for West Africa (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Martinez Flores, Fernanda Climate Anomalies and International Migration: A Disaggregated Analysis for West Africa
    Abstract: Migration is one of the channels West African populations can use to adjust to the negative impacts of climate change. Using novel geo-referenced and high- frequency data, this study investigates the extent to which soil moisture anomalies drive international migration decisions within the region and toward Europe. The findings show that drier soil conditions decrease (rather than increase) the probability to migrate. A standard deviation decrease in soil moisture leads to a 2 percentage point drop in the probability to migrate, equivalent to a 25 percent decrease in the number of migrants. This effect is concentrated during the crop-growing season and likely driven by financial constraints. The effect is only seen for areas that are in the middle of the income distribution, with no impact on the poorest or richest areas of a country, suggesting that the former were constrained to start and the latter canaddress those financial constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9664
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Applying machine learning and geolocation techniques to social media data (Twitter) to develop a resource for urban planning (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Impact Evaluation Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9488
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Milusheva, Sveta Applying Machine Learning and Geolocation Techniques to Social Media Data (Twitter) to Develop a Resource for Urban Planning
    Keywords: Big Data ; Machine Learning ; Road Safety ; Urban Mobility ; SDGs ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: With all the recent attention focused on big data, it is easy to overlook that basic vital statistics remain difficult to obtain in most of the world. This project set out to test whether an openly available dataset (Twitter) could be transformed into a resource for urban planning and development. The hypothesis is tested by creating road traffic crash location data, which are scarce in most resource-poor environments but essential for addressing the number one cause of mortality for children over age five and young adults. The research project scraped 874,588 traffic-related tweets in Nairobi, Kenya, applied a machine learning model to capture the occurrence of a crash, and developed an improved geoparsing algorithm to identify its location. The project geolocated 32,991 crash reports in Twitter for 2012-20 and clustered them into 22,872 unique crashes to produce one of the first crash maps for Nairobi. A motorcycle delivery service was dispatched in real-time to verify a subset of crashes, showing 92 percent accuracy. Using a spatial clustering algorithm, portions of the road network (less than 1 percent) were identified where 50 percent of the geolocated crashes occurred. Even with limitations in the representativeness of the data, the results can provide urban planners useful information to target road safety improvements where resources are limited
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9488
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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