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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maternity Leave and Women's Labor Market Status in Kosovo : Five Key Messages (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Labor market engagement of women is very low in Kosovo - only 12.5 percent of women of working age are employed compared to 41.3 percent of men - suggesting that women face obstacles to work and or being hired. These barriers can be related to a multiplicity of factors, including labor regulations - such as maternity provisions - but also others such as disincentives to work from taxes and social protection systems; limited flexible work arrangements; limited access to information, networks, and productive inputs such as credit; and lack of access to childcare, coupled with social norms and attitudes towards women. This note focuses specifically on regulations related to maternity and family leave, and their potential impact on women's labor market outcomes. Legislation on maternity leave in Kosovo was enacted with the law on labor on December 2010, providing mothers to nine months of paid leave and three months of unpaid leave. The note is organized around five main messages that emerge from reviewing the evidence of the impact of maternity leave on female labor force participation and employment, both through international benchmarking of maternity leave duration and payment forms in Kosovo, review of existing studies, and through data collection and analysis of Kosovo-specific qualitative evidence
    DOI: 10.1596/29549
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Voices of Europe and Central Asia : New Insights on Shared Prosperity and Jobs (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Does the data we traditionally use on poverty, inequality and labor markets capture the full picture? Qualitative evidence from 9 countries in Europe and Central Asia shows that people's perceptions are not always well aligned with quantitative indicators. Increased polarization and the role of factors beyond people's control, such as connections and social norms, are at the heart of this disconnect. This report discusses the implications of these findings for policy makers and the development community as we seek to better understand barriers to accessing jobs, reducing poverty and sharing prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/25361
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Moldova : A Story of Upward Economic Mobility (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dávalos, María E Moldova: A Story of Upward Economic Mobility
    Abstract: During the early 2000s, Moldova experienced strong economic growth and poverty and inequality reductions. This paper aims at uncovering the patterns behind these poverty trends by looking at economic mobility and its associated factors in Moldov
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7167
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The distributional impact of the fiscal system in Albania (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8370
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Davalos, Maria E The Distributional Impact of the Fiscal System in Albania
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Armut ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Albanien ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In a context of fiscal consolidation and the need to deliver on a structural reform agenda, policy makers in Albania must not lose sight of the critical redistributive role of the fiscal system, particularly its impact on poverty and inequality. Using household survey data, this paper estimates the redistributive effect of fiscal policy on income distribution and poverty in Albania, assessing the individual and combined effects of taxes and public social spending. The findings show that the fiscal system in Albania plays a positive role in reducing inequality. Yet, it has a moderate poverty-increasing effect. Specifically, taxes and social protection contributions have a poverty-increasing effect; indirect taxes, particularly the value-added tax, account for the largest increases in poverty. This effect is somewhat compensated by direct government transfers, which are pro-poor and equalizing, but are not large enough to offset fully the negative impact on the taxation side. Ongoing reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and targeting of social assistance can contribute to enhancing the pro-poor impact of the fiscal system
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8370
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Economic Mobility in Europe and Central Asia : Exploring Patterns and Uncovering Puzzles (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cancho, César Economic Mobility in Europe and Central Asia: Exploring Patterns and Uncovering Puzzles
    Abstract: Substantial upward economic mobility in the majority of countries in Europe and Central Asia in the 2000s translated into achievements in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Although factors associated with upward mobility vary significantly by country, education and jobs undoubtedly play an important role in lifting households out of poverty and helping them to improve their living standards. This study finds there is a puzzling mismatch between the objective economic mobility patterns observed in survey data and people's subjective perception of their mobility. A majority of people in the region perceives they are worse off economically than in the past and voice frustration over limited opportunities to improve their lives. This disconnect is partly explained by increased inequality in the region, an increasing sense of unfairness in the processes to move up, and a more marked sense of insecurity and vulnerability. Although the region has been making headway in lifting households out of poverty, ensuring sustainable progress toward poverty reduction and shared prosperity requires policies that promote human capital accumulation, foster job creation, and offer adequate protection to improve households' resilience to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7173
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
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    Online Resource
    How Have Gender Gaps in the Colombian Labor Market Changed during the Economic Recovery? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Davalos, Maria E How Have Gender Gaps in the Colombian Labor Market Changed during the Economic Recovery?
    Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic Impact ; Family Care Policy ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Transport ; Gender Inequality ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Wage Gap ; Part-Time Employment
    Abstract: This paper analyzes gender gaps in the Colombian labor market, with a particular focus on the impact of the COVID-19 shock and the economic recovery. Using household survey and administrative data, the analysis finds significant and persistent gender gaps in favor of men in terms of participation, unemployment, and income. These gaps are heterogeneous at the regional level in Colombia, and are exacerbated among women with children, particularly young children, and those with low levels of education. The COVID-19 pandemic widened these gaps, including from higher female concentration in the most affected sectors and potentially associated with the disproportionate burden of care on women. Moreover, using decomposition techniques, the paper finds that the decline observed in the hourly gender wage gap results from two offsetting effects: the explained gap, which favors women due to their endowments, primarily education level, and the unexplained gap, which favors men and may be associated with discriminatory biases. Moreover, the gender wage gap widens significantly when considering monthly income, showing variations in hours worked between men and women. Given the poorer labor market outcomes among women with children, policies toward the reduction and redistribution of care work within households could contribute to increase women's opportunities in the labor market
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10605
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
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    Online Resource
    The Short-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in Developing Countries : An Overview Based on a Harmonized Data Set of High-Frequency Surveys (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bundervoet, Tom The Short-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in Developing Countries: An Overview Based on a Harmonized Data Set of High-Frequency Surveys
    Abstract: This paper combines new data from high-frequency surveys with data on the stringency of containment measures to examine the short-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in developing countries. This paper is one of the first to document the impacts of COVID-19 on households across a large number of developing countries and to do so for a comparable time-period, corresponding to the peak of the pandemic-induced drop in human mobility, and the first to systematically analyze the cross- and within-country effects on employment, income, food security, and learning. Using representative data from 34 countries, accounting for a combined population of almost 1.4 billion, the findings show that in the average country, 36 percent of respondents stopped working in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic, over 64 percent of households reported decreases in income, and over 30 percent of children were unable to continue learning during school closures. Pandemic-induced loss of jobs and income translated into heightened food insecurity at the household level. The more stringent the virus containment measures were, the higher was the likelihood of loss of jobs and income. The pandemic's effects were widespread and highly regressive, disproportionately affecting vulnerable segments of the population. Women, youth, and lower-educated workers-groups disadvantaged in the labor market before the COVID-19 shock-were significantly more likely to lose their jobs and experience decreased incomes. Self-employed and casual workers-the most vulnerable workers in developing countries-bore the brunt of the pandemic- induced income losses. Interruptions in learning were most salient for children in lower-income countries, and within countries for children in lower-income households with lower-educated parents and in rural areas. The unequal impacts of the pandemic across socioeconomic groups risk cementing inequality of opportunity and undermining social mobility and call for policies to foster an inclusive recovery and strengthen resilience to future shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9582
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Gender Gaps in Albania through the Lens of Poverty and Shared Prosperity : Findings from the 2012 LSMS (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: This report analyzes gend ...
    DOI: 10.1596/25205
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Bosnia and Herzegovina : Economic Mobility, Jobs and Gender (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The aim of this case study is to qualitatively assess men and women's perceptions of economic mobility, access to labor market and entrepreneurship opportunities, and the impact of selected labor market and social assistance policies. Through the use of focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews, the study aims to uncover underlying differences in perspective by gender, related to the main study topics. The study is structured along four main themes: (1) economic mobility and shared prosperity; (2) pathways and barriers to employment; (3) youth transitions, and (4) coping with poverty and joblessness
    DOI: 10.1596/29536
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Why So Gloomy? : Perceptions of Economic Mobility in Europe and Central Asia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cancho, Cesar Why So Gloomy?: Perceptions of Economic Mobility in Europe and Central Asia
    Abstract: Despite significant improvements in per capita expenditures and a marked decline in poverty over the 2000s, a large fraction of Eastern Europe and Central Asias population reports their economic situation in the late 2000s to be worse than in 1989. This paper uses data from the Life in Transition Survey to document the gap between objective and subjective economic mobility and investigate what may drive this apparent disconnection. The paper aims at identifying some of the drivers behind subjective perceptions of economic mobility, focusing on the role of perceptions of fairness and trust in shaping peoples perceptions of their upward or downward mobility. The results show that close to half of the households in the region perceive to have experienced downward economic mobility, that is, that their position in the income distribution has deteriorated. The results also show that perceptions of higher inequality, unfairness, and distrust in public institutions are associated with downward subjective economic mobility. The findings from this study confirm that factors beyond objective well-being are associated with the perceptions of mobility observed in Europe and Central Asia and may explain why the region has had such a pessimistic view of economic mobility during the past two decades. Understanding what drives peoples perceptions of their living standards and quality of life is important, because regardless of objective measures, perceptions could influence peoples behavior, including support for reforms and labor market decisions. For Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a region that has undergone substantive transformations and which is still going through a reform process, accounting for these aspects is critical
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7519
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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