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  • World Bank  (199)
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  • Poverty  (140)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9781464802911
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Commitment to equity ; Equity ; Fiscal policy ; Human opportunity index ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Shared prosperity
    Kurzfassung: In 2012, the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region continued its successful drive to reduce poverty and build the middle class. Poverty reduction was accompanied by strong income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population, the World Bank's indicator of shared prosperity. However, the recent economic slowdown and stagnation in inequality decline suggest that future social gains may be more difficult to achieve. Given the modest prospects ahead, the region's poverty reduction strategy needs to focus on restoring growth and preserving macroeconomic stability, while reinforcing the ability of less advantaged groups to participate in and contribute to growth. This report assesses two relevant policy areas: equity of fiscal policy and equal access to basic goods and services for children that open the opportunity for them to lead lives of their choosing. Drawing on results from the Commitment to Equity project, the report shows that fiscal policy remains an underused instrument in terms of level and incidence of taxation and spending. The Human Opportunity Index underscores that opportunities are expanding for children in the region, but large gaps remain in access and quality
    Anmerkung: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464804410
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (164 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    Serie: World Development Indicators
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; GDP ; Gender ; GNI ; Growth ; Income classification ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Malnutrition ; MDGs ; Population ; Poverty ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: World Development Indicators 2015 provides a compilation of relevant, highquality, and internationally comparable statistics about global development and the fight against poverty. It is intended to help policymakers, students, analysts, professors, program managers, and citizens find and use data related to all aspects of development, including those that help monitor progress toward the World Bank Group's two goals of ending poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Six themes are used to organize indicators-world view, people, environment, economy, states and markets, and global links. As in past editions, World Development Indicators reviews global progress toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and provides key indicators related to poverty. WDI 2015 includes: * A selection of the most popular indicators across 214 economies and 14 country groups organized into six WDI themes * Thematic and regional highlights, providing an overview of global development trends * An in-depth review of the progress made toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals * A user guide describing resources available online and on mobile apps A complementary online data analysis tool is available this year to allow readers to further investigate global, regional, and country progress on the MDGs: data.worldbank.org/mdgs. Each of the remaining sections includes an introduction; six stories highlighting specific global, regional or country trends; and a table of the most relevant and popular indicators for that theme, together with a discussion of indicator compilation methodology. WDI DataFinder Mobile App Download the WDI DataFinder Mobile App and other Data Apps at data.worldbank.org/apps. WDI DataFinder is a mobile app for browsing the current WDI database on smartphones and tablets, using iOS, Android, and Blackberry, available in four languages: English, French, Spanish, and Chinese. Use the app to: * browse data using the structure of the WDI * visually compare countries and indicators * create, edit, and save customized tables, charts, and maps * share what you create on Twitter, Facebook, and via email
    Anmerkung: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, DC : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464801990
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank studies
    DDC: 305.50962
    Schlagwort(e): Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464800221
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: South Asia Development Matters
    DDC: 339.4/60954
    Schlagwort(e): Equality ; Poverty ; Equality ; Poverty ; Equality ; Poverty ; South Asia ; South Asia ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Social conditions ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Social conditions
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9781464802416
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Directions in development
    DDC: 339.4/6098090511
    Schlagwort(e): Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Caribbean Area ; Latin America ; Caribbean Area Economic conditions 21st century ; Latin America Economic conditions 21st century ; Caribbean Area Economic conditions 21st century ; Latin America Economic conditions 21st century
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9781464800573
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 343.08
    Schlagwort(e): Foreign trade regulation ; Investments, Foreign ; Service industries Law and legislation ; Evaluation ; Trade regulation Evaluation ; Foreign trade regulation ; Investments, Foreign ; Service industries Law and legislation ; Evaluation ; Trade regulation Evaluation ; Foreign trade regulation ; Investments, Foreign ; Service industries ; Trade regulation
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and indexes
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9781464801266 , 9781464801273
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Directions in development
    DDC: 332.673096
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Technology transfer ; Investments, Foreign ; Technology transfer ; Investments, Foreign ; Technology transfer ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Context, objectives, and methodologyConceptual frameworkThe role of mediating factors for FDI spillovers in developing countries : Evidence from a global datasetDetermining the nature and extent of spillovers : Empirical assessmentSector case study : miningSector case study : agribusinessSector case study : apparelSummary of main conclusionsPolicy implications.
    Anmerkung: "This study was prepared by Thomas Farole (Senior Economist, World Bank- PRMTR) and Deborah Winkler (Consultant Economist, World Bank- PRMTR) along with a team including: Cornelia Staritz (Vienna University and Austrian Research Foundation for International Development); Stacey Frederick (Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance, & Competitiveness); Rupert Barnard, Michelle de Bruyn, Philippa McLaren, and Nick Kempson (Kaiser Associates Economic Development) , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9780821399064
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xviii, 185 pages) , illustrations , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Human development perspectives
    DDC: 362.1
    Schlagwort(e): Developing Countries ; Health Behavior ; Health Status Indicators ; Poverty ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Social Problems ; Developing Countries ; Health Behavior ; Health Status Indicators ; Poverty ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Social Problems
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Overview of prevalence and trends of risky behaviors by region in the developing worldDeterminants of risky behavior -- The consequences of risky behavior -- Targeting risky behaviors using non-price interventions/legislation, information and education -- Using economic mechanisms to reduce risky behaviors : tax policy and other incentives.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821389683 , 9780821394618
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Directions in development
    DDC: 361.6
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development projects ; Poverty Government policy ; Public works ; Economic development projects ; Poverty Government policy ; Public works ; Economic development projects ; Poverty ; Public works ; Government policy
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9780821394656 , 9780821394663
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 330.95496
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Nepal ; Nepal ; Nepal Economic conditions ; Nepal Economic policy ; Nepal Economic conditions ; Nepal Economic policy
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821396698 , 9780821396704
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: MENA development reports
    DDC: 337.1/174927
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Arab countries ; Arab countries ; Arab countries ; Middle East ; Middle East ; Arab countries Commerce ; Arab countries Commercial policy ; Arab countries Foreign economic relations ; Middle East Economic integration ; Middle East Economic policy ; Arab countries Commerce ; Arab countries Commercial policy ; Arab countries Foreign economic relations ; Middle East Economic integration ; Middle East Economic policy
    Anmerkung: "A Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Report for the Deauville Partnership , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9780821395646 , 9780821395653
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    DDC: 305.2310951
    Schlagwort(e): Child development ; Child welfare ; Children Social conditions ; Children ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821388181 , 9780821388860
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xviii, 201 p) , ill , 24 cm
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.968
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Technological innovations ; Technology transfer ; Investments, Foreign ; Technological innovations ; Technology transfer ; Investments, Foreign ; Technological innovations ; Technology transfer ; Africa, Southern ; Africa, Southern Economic policy ; Africa, Southern Economic policy
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Technology absorption and its determinants: an introduction2. Channels of and constraints to technology absorption -- 3. Policy options for greater technology absorption.
    Anmerkung: "This study was carried out by a team jointly led by Itzhak Goldberg (Consultant) and Smita Kuriakose (Economist, the World Bank) and comprised of David E. Kaplan (Professor, University of Cape Town), Krista Tuomi (Lecturer, American University), Reza Daniels (Lecturer, University of Cape Town) and Peter Draper (Senior Research Fellow, SAIIA) , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821385623 , 9780821385630
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxi, 88 p) , ill. (some col.) , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.4/609567
    Schlagwort(e): Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Iraq ; Iraq Economic conditions ; Iraq Economic conditions
    Anmerkung: "Poverty Reduction Strategy High Committee Government of Iraq , Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821369539 , 0821369547 , 9780821369531 , 9780821369548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxii, 498 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 339.4/6
    Schlagwort(e): Development economics ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Development economics ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Development economics ; Economic development
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ch. 12HealthMacroeconomics and HealthHealth and Economic GrowthMacroeconomic Policy and HealthBeyond GDPInvesting in HealthGlobal Health InitiativesConclusionNotesBibliographych. 13Labor MarketsLabor-Friendly Economic GrowthLabor Markets in Developing CountriesConclusionNotesBibliographych. 14Land and AgricultureLand Distribution in Poor CountriesLand Inequality and Rural PovertyLand Inequality and Economic DevelopmentThe Role of Government in Land MarketsThe Role of Agriculture in Reducing Rural PovertyConclusionNotesBibliographych. 15Technology, Entrepreneurship, and ProductivityTotal Factor ProductivitySpending on Research and DevelopmentTechnology Diffusion and AdoptionInformation and Communication TechnologyAre Entrepreneurship and Growth Linked?Entrepreneurial Activity arid GrowthPolicy ImplicationsConclusionNotesBibliography
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ch. 16Urbanization and GrowthTrends in UrbanizationUrbanization and GrowthUrbanization and PovertyKey Issues in UrbanizationConclusionNotesBibliographych. 17Corruption and PovertyDetection and Measurement of CorruptionAnalytical Framework for the Study of CorruptionCauses of CorruptionCosts and Benefits of CorruptionImpact of Corruption on Economic PerformancePersistence of CorruptionConclusionNoteBibliographych. 18Regulation and Economic GrowthProduct-Market RegulationLabor RegulationRegulation and the Private SectorFinancial RegulationPolicy Lessons from the Recent CrisisRegulation and Reform of the Infrastructure SectorImpact of Regulation on Growth and InformalityConclusionNotesBibliographych. 19Shocks, Volatility, and GrowthAvoiding Economic DownturnsInterdependence of North and SouthThe Synchronized Movement of Developed and Developing Countries
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ch. 4Government and the EconomyFocus on Fiscal Policy -- The Role of Government in the EconomyFiscal Policy: Taxing and SpendingThe Uses of Fiscal PolicyConclusionNoteBibliographych. 5Monetary Policy, Inflation, and Exchange RatesDefinitions and ConceptsInflationInflation and Economic GrowthInflation and the PoorExchange-Rate PolicyConclusionNotesBibliographych. 6Financial DevelopmentFinancial Development and Economic GrowthFour Decades of Financial Sector Reform in Developing CountriesFinancial Development and Poverty ReductionWidening Access to Financial ServicesMicrofinance and the PoorEmigrant RemittancesConclusionNotesBibliographych. 7Development AssistanceAid Sources and TrendsAid in the Context of Overall Capital FlowsDoes Aid Spur Economic Growth?Ensuring That More Aid Means More Growth
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: International Initiatives to Improve the Effectiveness of AidConclusionAnnex The Five Principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid EffectivenessNotesBibliographych. 8External DebtMeasures of External IndebtednessExternal Indebtedness, Growth, and PovertyDebt Relief and Low-Income CountriesDebt Relief versus Development AssistanceConclusionNotesBibliographych. 9Trade PolicyThe Rationale for TradeTrade BarriersTrade and Economic GrowthTrade, Inequality, and the PoorConclusionBibliographypt. IIIFactor Accumulation and Structural Policych. 10Institutions and GrowthMeasures of Institutional QualityInstitutions and Economic GrowthSocial Capital and CultureConclusionNotesBibliographych. 11EducationEducation, Growth, and Poverty ReductionGlobal Education InitiativesDevelopment Assistance for EducationWhat Do We Know about Educational Policy?ConclusionNotesBibliography
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Machine generated contents note:pt. IPoverty, National Income, and Economic Growthch. 1Poverty and How We Measure ItPoverty and Well-BeingMeasuring PovertyCollecting DataHousehold Surveys and National AccountsConclusionNoteBibliographych. 2National Income and How We Measure ItMacroeconomic SectorsMacroeconomic ConceptsDetermining Gross Domestic ProductThe Business CycleThe Balance of PaymentsSome Basic Accounting RelationshipsConclusionNotesBibliographych. 3Growth, Poverty, and Inequality: An OverviewGrowth Theory, Then and NowInstitutions and Modern Growth TheoryEconomic Growth and Poverty ReductionVariations in Poverty Responses to GrowthPro-Poor GrowthConclusionNoteBibliographypt. IIGovernment Policy, Growth, and the Poor
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Complexity of North-South LinksMonetary Policies and Capital FlowsNorth-South Capital FlowsGlobalization, Volatility, and GrowthThe Financial Crisis of 2008 and Global GrowthGrowth BoomsThe Microeconomic Foundations of GrowthConclusionNotesBibliographych. 20The Politics of Growth and PovertyPolitical Power and Economic InstitutionsEconomic Origins of Political RegimesDo Democratic Countries Grow Faster than Dictatorships?The Interplay of Politics and EconomicsConclusionNotesBibliographych. 21Climate Change and the Wealth of NationsNational Wealth and Genuine SavingConsumption Saving, and a Counterfactual to the Hartwick RuleHow Does Natural Capital Affect Well-Being?High Carbon, High GrowthMitigation of and Adaptation to Climate ChangeConclusionAnnex Empirical Evidence of the Causes of GrowthNotesBibliography.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821386891 , 0821387286 , 9780821386897 , 9780821387283
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xx, 270 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.4/60954
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; India ; India ; India Economic conditions ; India Social conditions ; India Economic conditions ; India Social conditions
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821384368 , 0821384376 , 9780821384367 , 9780821384374
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xvii, 154 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 325.086/942
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Case studies Emigration and immigration ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries Emigration and immigration ; Government policy ; Developing countries Case studies Emigration and immigration ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries Emigration and immigration ; Government policy
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: OverviewPatterns of migration in Tanzania / Kathleen Beegle, Joachim De Weerdt, Stefan Dercon -- Work-related migration and poverty reduction in Nepal / Michael Lokshin, Mikhail Bontch-Osmolovski, Elena Glinskaya -- The evolution of Albanian migration and its role in poverty reduction / Carlo Azzarri ... [et al.] -- Migration choices, inequality of opportunities and poverty reduction in Nicaragua / Edmundo Murrugarra, Catalina Herrera -- How can developing country governments facilitate international migration for poverty reduction? / John Gibson, David McKenzie.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821383051 , 9780821383056
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxx, 122 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: IEG study series
    DDC: 362.5/7
    Schlagwort(e): World Bank ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Poverty ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-122) , This report was conducted under the overall direction of Vinod Thomas ... [et al.]--Acknowledgements
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821378406 , 0821378422 , 9780821378403 , 9780821378427
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (v. 〈1〉) , ill., tables , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 336.3/435/091724
    Schlagwort(e): Debts, External Statistics ; Finance ; International finance ; Investments, Foreign ; Debts, External Statistics ; Finance ; International finance ; Investments, Foreign ; Debts, External ; Finance ; International finance ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Statistics ; Investments, Foreign
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: v. 1: Review, analysis, and outlookv. 2: Summary and country tables.
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4923
    Paralleltitel: Khandker, Shahidur R Poverty and income seasonality in Bangladesh
    Schlagwort(e): Income ; Poverty ; Income ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Seasonal poverty in Bangladesh, locally known as monga, refers to seasonal deprivation of food during the pre-harvest season of Aman rice. An analysis of household income and expenditure survey data shows that average household income and consumption are much lower during monga season than in other seasons, and that seasonal income greatly influences seasonal consumption. However, lack of income and consumption smoothing is more acute in greater Rangpur, the North West region, than in other regions, causing widespread seasonal deprivation. The analysis shows that agricultural income diversification accompanied by better access to micro-credit, irrigation, education, electrification, social safety net programs, and dynamic labor markets has helped reduce seasonality in income and poverty in regions other than Rangpur in the recent past. Hence, government policies should promote income diversification through infrastructure investments and provide income transfers to the targeted poor to contain income seasonality and poverty in this impoverished part of Bangladesh. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4858
    Paralleltitel: Lanjouw, Peter Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and non-farm employment in rural India
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural laborers ; Manpower policy, Rural ; Poverty ; Rural poor ; Agricultural laborers ; Manpower policy, Rural ; Poverty ; Rural poor
    Kurzfassung: "The authors analyze five rounds of National Sample Survey data covering 1983, 1987/8, 1993/4, 1999/0, and 2004/5 to explore the relationship between rural diversification and poverty. Poverty in rural India declined at a modest rate during this period. The authors provide region-level estimates that illustrate considerable geographic heterogeneity in this progress. Poverty estimates correlate well with region-level data on changes in agricultural wage rates. Agricultural labor remains the preserve of the uneducated and also to a large extent of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Although agricultural labor grew as a share of total economic activity over the first four rounds, it had fallen back to the levels observed at the beginning of the survey period by 2004. This all-India trajectory masks widely varying trends across states. During this period, the rural non-farm sector grew modestly, mainly between the last two survey rounds. Regular non-farm employment remains largely associated with education levels and social status that are rare among the poor. However, casual labor and self-employment in the non-farm sector reveal greater involvement by disadvantaged groups in 2004 than in the preceding rounds. The implication for poverty is not immediately clear - the poor may be pushed into low-return casual non-farm activities due to lack of opportunities in the agricultural sector rather than being pulled by high returns offered by the non-farm sector. Econometric estimates reveal that expansion of the non-farm sector is associated with falling poverty via two routes: a direct impact on poverty that is likely due to a pro-poor marginal incidence of non-farm employment expansion; and an indirect impact attributable to the positive effect of non-farm employment growth on agricultural wages. The analysis also confirms the important contribution to rural poverty reduction from agricultural productivity, availability of land, and consumption levels in proximate urban areas. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4892
    Paralleltitel: Creskoff, Stephen Implications of WTO disciplines for special economic zones in developing countries
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Export processing zones ; Industrial districts ; Export processing zones ; Industrial districts
    Kurzfassung: "Many developing countries operate geographically delineated economic areas in the form of export processing zones, special industrial zones, or free trade zones. This paper provides an overview of the application of World Trade Organization disciplines to incentive programs typically employed by developing countries in connection with such special economic zone programs. The analysis finds that the disciplines under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures have the most immediate relevance for middle-income World Trade Organization members that are not exempt for certain "grandfathered" programs, but will also concern other developing countries in the future, as their exemption expires or their per-capita income passes a threshold of US
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4844
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Weakly relative poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Prevailing measures of relative poverty put an implausibly high weight on relative deprivation, such that measured poverty does not fall when all incomes grow at the same rate. This stems from the (implicit) assumption in past measures that very poor people incur a negligible cost of social inclusion. That assumption is inconsistent with evidence on the social roles of certain private expenditures in poor settings and with data on national poverty lines. The authors propose a new schedule of "weakly relative" lines that relax this assumption and estimate the implied poverty measures for 116 developing countries. The authors find that there is more relative poverty than past estimates have suggested. In 2005, one half of the population of the developing world lived in relative poverty, half of whom were absolutely poor. The total number of relatively poor rose over 1981-2005, despite falling numbers of absolutely poor. With sustained economic growth, the incidence of relative poverty becomes less responsive to further growth. Slower progress against relative poverty can thus be seen as the "other side of the coin" to success against absolute poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4887
    Paralleltitel: De Hoyos, Rafael E Poverty effects of higher food prices
    Schlagwort(e): Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The spike in food prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 has highlighted the vulnerabilities of poor consumers to higher prices of agricultural goods and generated calls for massive policy action. This paper provides a formal assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of higher prices on global poverty using a representative sample of 63 to 93 percent of the population of the developing world. To assess the direct effects, the paper uses domestic food consumer price data between January 2005 and December 2007--when the relative price of food rose by an average of 5.6 percent --to find that the implied increase in the extreme poverty headcount at the global level is 1.7 percentage points, with significant regional variation. To take the second-order effects into account, the paper links household survey data with a global general equilibrium model, finding that a 5.5 percent increase in agricultural prices (due to rising demand for first-generation biofuels) could raise global poverty in 2010 by 0.6 percentage points at the extreme poverty line and 0.9 percentage points at the moderate poverty line. Poverty increases at the regional level vary substantially, with nearly all of the increase in extreme poverty occurring in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821376489 , 0821376543 , 9780821376485 , 9780821376546
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 236 pages) , illustrations , 28 cm
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 332.1/532091724
    Schlagwort(e): World Bank ; Economic assistance Social aspects ; Poverty ; Unemployment
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, DC : World Bank | [Tunisia] : Infrastructure Consortium for Africa | [Washington, D.C.] : Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility
    ISBN: 0821377302 , 0821377310 , 9780821377307 , 9780821377314
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 111 pages) , color illustrations , 23 cm
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 658.15/224
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastructure (Economics) ; Investments, Foreign ; Public works Finance ; Public-private sector cooperation
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-104) and index
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 Seiten) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg
    Serie: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Originaltitel: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil. 〈engl.〉
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Schlagwort(e): Marginality, Social ; Poverty ; Social mobility ; Brazil / Social conditions
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4687
    Paralleltitel: Gozzi, Juan Carlos Patterns of international capital raisings
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign
    Kurzfassung: "This paper documents several new patterns associated with firms issuing securities in foreign markets that motivate the need for and help guide future research. Besides noting that these international capital raisings grew almost four-fold from 1991 to 2005, accounting for 35 percent of all capital raised through security issuances, the paper has three main findings. First, a large and growing fraction of capital raisings, especially debt issuances, occurs in international markets, but a very small number of firms accounts for the bulk of international capital raisings, highlighting the distributional implications of financial globalization. Second, changes in firm performance following equity and debt issuances in international markets are qualitatively similar to those following domestic issuances, suggesting that capital raisings abroad are not intrinsically different from domestic ones. Third, after firms start accessing international markets, they significantly increase the amount raised in domestic markets, suggesting that international and domestic markets are complements. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 29
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4689
    Paralleltitel: Fung, K. C China and Central and Eastern European countries
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign
    Kurzfassung: "China has emerged as one of the top recipients of foreign direct investment in the world. Meanwhile, the successful transition experience of many Central and Eastern European countries has also allowed them to attract an increasing share of global foreign direct investment. In this paper, the authors use a panel data set to investigate whether foreign direct investment flows to these two regions are complements, substitutes, or independent of each other. Taking into account the role of host country characteristics - such as market size, degree of trade liberalization, and human capital - the authors find no evidence that foreign direct investment flows to one region are at the expense of those to the other. Instead, the results suggest that foreign direct investment flows are driven by distinct regional production networks (and thus are largely independent of each other) and the development of global supply chains (indicating that foreign direct investment flows are complementary). "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4703
    Paralleltitel: Chen, Shaohua The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The paper presents a major overhaul to the World Bank's past estimates of global poverty, incorporating new and better data. Extreme poverty-as judged by what "poverty" means in the world's poorest countries-is found to be more pervasive than we thought. Yet the data also provide robust evidence of continually declining poverty incidence and depth since the early 1980s. For 2005 we estimate that 1.4 billion people, or one quarter of the population of the developing world, lived below our international line of
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4736
    Paralleltitel: Ahmed, Sadiq Making regional cooperation work for South Asia's poor
    DDC: 360
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Economic integration ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Economic integration
    Kurzfassung: "South Asia has attracted global attention because it has experienced rapid GDP growth over the last two decades. What is not so well known is that South Asia is the least integrated region in the world. South Asia has opened its door to the rest of the world but it remains closed to its neighbors. Poor market integration, weak connectivity, and a history of friction and conflict have resulted in two South Asias. The first South Asia is dynamic, growing rapidly, highly urbanized, and is benefiting from global integration. The second South Asia is rural, land locked, full of poverty, and lagging. The divergence between the two South Asias is on the rise. Policy makers in South Asia have realized that countries and regions can not grow in isolation. The unique geography of South Asia-distance and density--has the potential to raise growth through increased flow of labor, capital, ideas, technology, goods and services within the region and with the rest of the world. Most lagging regions, in terms of both per capita income and poverty incidence, in South Asia are either land-locked or located in the border areas. Regional cooperation and market integration will unlock the development of these lagging regions in South Asia. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4744
    Paralleltitel: Joseph, George Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Schlagwort(e): Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Mali the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because about half of the rice consumed in the country is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. By contrast, for millet and sorghum, as well as corn, the impact is more ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Mali using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, millet and sorghum, corn, as well as wheat and bread could together lead to a substantial increase in poverty, with the increase in the price of rice having by far the largest negative impact. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4730
    Paralleltitel: Fernandes, Ana Margarida Foreign direct investment in services and manufacturing productivity growth
    Schlagwort(e): Industrial productivity ; Investments, Foreign ; Industrial productivity ; Investments, Foreign
    Kurzfassung: "During the 1990s, foreign direct investment in producer service sectors in Latin America was massive. Such investment may increase the quality of services, reduce their cost, and offer opportunities for knowledge spillovers to downstream users of the services. This paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment in services on manufacturing productivity growth in Chile between 1992 and 2004. The authors estimate an extended production function where plant output growth depends on input growth and a weighted measure of foreign direct investment in services. The novelty of the approach is that the authors are able to assess the intensity of usage of various types of services at the plant level and use that information in the estimation of the importance of foreign direct investment in those services. The econometric results show a positive and significant effect of foreign direct investment in services on productivity growth of Chilean manufacturing plants which is robust to a multitude of tests. The economic impact of the estimates is that forward linkages from foreign direct investment in services account for almost 5 percent of the observed increase in Chilean manufacturing productivity growth during the sample period. This evidence therefore suggests that reducing the barriers restricting foreign direct investment in services in many developing economies may help accelerate productivity growth in their manufacturing sectors. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4740
    Paralleltitel: Wodon, Quentin Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Schlagwort(e): Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Ghana, the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. For maize by contrast, the impact is ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Ghana using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, maize, and other cereals would together lead to an increase in poverty, but that by contrast to a number of other countries, this increase, while not negligible, may not be as large as feared. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4742
    Paralleltitel: Tsimpo, Clarence Rice prices and poverty in Liberia
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices
    Kurzfassung: "When assessing the impact of changes in food prices on poverty, it is important to consider food producers (who may benefit from an increase in prices) as well as consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor consumers and producers. In the case of rice in Liberia however, the impact of a change in price is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, while the rice locally produced is used mostly for auto-consumption. An increase in the price of rice will result in higher poverty in the country as a whole (even if some local producers will gain from this increase), while a reduction in price will reduce poverty. Furthermore, because rice represents a large share of food consumption, any change in its price is likely to have a large impact on poverty. Using data from the 2007 CWIQ survey, the paper finds that an increase or decrease of 20 percent in the price of rice could lead to an increase or decrease of three to four percentage points in the share of the population in poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4789
    Paralleltitel: De Hoyos, Rafael E Can maquila booms reduce poverty?
    Schlagwort(e): Offshore assembly industry ; Poverty ; Women Employment ; Offshore assembly industry ; Poverty ; Women Employment
    Kurzfassung: "This paper identifies and estimates the strength of the reduction in poverty linked to improved opportunities for women in the expanding maquila sector. A simulation exercise shows that, at a given point in time, poverty in Honduras would have been 1.5 percentage points higher had the maquila sector not existed. Of this increase in poverty, 0.35 percentage points is attributable to the wage premium paid to maquila workers, 0.1 percentage points to the wage premium received by women in the maquila sector, and 1 percentage point to employment creation. Given that female maquila workers represent only 1.1 percent of the active population in Honduras, this contribution to poverty reduction is significant. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4739
    Paralleltitel: Nouve, Kofi Impact of rising rice prices and policy responses in Mali
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Mali Economic conditions ; Mali Economic conditions
    Kurzfassung: "The increase in the international price of rice is likely to have substantial negative impacts on the poor in countries such as Mali which are net importers of rice. This paper relies on a dynamic CGE model to estimate the likely impact of the recent increase in rice prices on poverty with and without policy responses. Two sets of policy responses are considered: import tax cuts on rice and measures to increase productivity of domestic rice production. The results suggest that an increase in productivity would have a much larger positive impact than a reduction in taxes. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4743
    Paralleltitel: Coulombe, Harold Assessing the geographic impact of higher food prices in Guinea
    Schlagwort(e): Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Telling a policy maker that poverty will increase due to the recent increase in food prices is not very useful; telling the policy makers where the impact is likely to be larger is better, so that measures to cope with the impact of the crisis can be targeted to areas that need them the most. This paper shows how to use poverty mapping techniques to assess where higher food prices are likely to hurt the most using Guinea census and survey data as a case study. The results suggest that in the case of a rice price increase, the poorest areas of the country will not be the hardest hit, especially if the potential positive impact of higher food prices on rice producers is taken into account, in which case poverty may decline in some of these areas even if for the country as a whole poverty will increase significantly due to the large share of rice in the household consumption budget. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4745
    Paralleltitel: Available in another form Potential impact of higher food prices on poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Food prices ; Food supply ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Food supply ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers who are poor or near-poor and could benefit from an increase in prices and food consumers who are poor or near-poor and would loose out when the price increases. In most West and Central African countries, the sign (positive or negative) of the impact is not ambiguous because a substantial share of food consumption is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is larger than the positive impact for net sellers of locally produced foods. Yet even if the sign of the impact is clear, its magnitude is not. Using a set of recent and comprehensive household surveys, this paper summarizes findings from an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in a dozen countries. Rising food prices for rice, wheat, maize, and other cereals as well as for milk, sugar and vegetable oils could lead to a substantial increase in poverty in many of the countries. At the same time, the data suggest that the magnitude of the increase in poverty between different countries is likely to be different. Finally, the data suggest that a large share of the increase in poverty will consist of deeper levels of poverty among households who are already poor, even if there will also be a larger number of poor households in the various countries. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Serie: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Originaltitel: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil.
    Paralleltitel: Reproduktion von Social exclusion and mobility in Brazil
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Schlagwort(e): Sozialgeschichte 1977-2001 ; Soziale Mobilität ; Ausgrenzung ; Brasilien ; Brazil Social conditions ; Brasilien ; Marginality, Social ; Brazil ; Poverty ; Brazil ; Social mobility ; Brazil ; Brasilien ; Soziale Mobilität ; Ausgrenzung ; Sozialgeschichte 1977-2001
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c2008
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  • 41
    ISBN: 082137205X , 0821372068 , 9780821372050 , 9780821372067
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xiii, 182 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.5/561091724
    Schlagwort(e): Budget ; Economic assistance Management ; Poverty Government policy ; Budget ; Economic assistance Management ; Poverty Government policy ; Budget ; Economic assistance ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-176) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821374729 , 9780821374726
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxv, 155 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available on the World Wide Web
    Serie: Directions in development. Trade
    DDC: 330.9496
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Exports ; Investments, Foreign ; Economic development ; Exports ; Investments, Foreign ; Economic development ; Exports ; Investments, Foreign ; Balkan Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula Commerce ; Balkan Peninsula Economic integration ; Balkan Peninsula Economic policy ; Balkan Peninsula Commerce ; Balkan Peninsula Economic integration ; Balkan Peninsula Economic policy
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Motivation and macroeconomic context -- Trade trends and patterns and labor competitiveness -- Deepening integration -- Services as an engine of growth: the regional dimension of trade in services -- Attracting private investment.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-148) and index , Also available on the World Wide Web.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 082137530X , 0821375318 , 9780821375303 , 9780821375310
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xiv, 139 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 331.109691
    Schlagwort(e): Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-134) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821372238 , 0821372246 , 9780821372234 , 9780821372241
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (vii, 78 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Environment and development
    DDC: 339.4/9091724
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental health ; Households Economic aspects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty Environmental aspects ; Environmental health ; Households Economic aspects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty Environmental aspects ; Environmental health ; Households ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Understanding poverty-environment linkages at the household level -- Poverty and environmental change at the macro scale -- Environmental management and pathways to household welfare -- Scope of the report -- Some key conclusions -- Local natural resources, poverty, and degradation: examining empirical regularities -- The importance of environmental income to the poor -- Commons as a source of insurance -- The effect of growth on local resource use -- Welfare impacts of degradation -- The role of poverty in environmental change -- Conclusions -- Health outcomes and environmental pathogens -- Theoretical linkages between health outcomes and environmental conditions -- Empirical evidence of linkages between health outcomes and environmental conditions -- How robust are the empirical findings? -- Conclusions and tentative policy implications -- Household welfare and policy reforms -- Selected policy reforms: evidence from case studies -- Challenges and data limitations -- Conclusions -- Directions for change -- Use of local natural resources -- Design principles for improving environmental health -- Better data for monitoring change -- Policy reforms for managing the environment and reducing poverty -- Moving forward.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-74) and index
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821375652 , 0821375660 , 9780821375655 , 9780821375662
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xviii, 285 p) , ill., map , 23 cm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 339.4/609679
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Mozambique ; Mozambique ; Mozambique Economic conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Social conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Economic conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Social conditions 1975-
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-275) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821372258 , 9780821372265
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xii, 144 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Environment and development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Climatic changes Economic aspects ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes ; International trade ; Welthandel ; Klimaschutz ; World Trade Organization ; Klimaänderung
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-138) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 47
    ISBN: 0821371894 , 9780821371893
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (viii, 92 p) , col. ill , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available online
    Serie: Occasional paper / FIAS 18
    DDC: 338.914796
    Schlagwort(e): Foreign Investment Advisory Service ; Foreign Investment Advisory Service ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Latvia Economic conditions 21st century ; Latvia Economic policy 21st century ; Latvia Economic conditions 21st century ; Latvia Economic policy 21st century
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92) , Also available online.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821371614 , 0821371622 , 9780821371619 , 9780821371626
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xi, 62 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: World Bank working paper no. 118
    DDC: 339.4/60947
    Schlagwort(e): Pauvreté ; Pauvreté ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Pauvreté ; Pauvreté ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Asia, Central Economic policy 1991- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy 1989- ; Asia, Central Economic policy 1991- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy 1989-
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 0821369296 , 082136930X , 0821370308 , 9780821369296 , 9780821369302 , 9780821370308
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xix, 308 p) , ill , 25 cm
    Ausgabe: Rev. ed
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    Schlagwort(e): Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization ; Globalization ; International economic relations ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects ; International trade ; Developing countries ; Poverty
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Background and context -- Globalization and poverty -- Trade -- Finance -- Aid -- Migration/with Andrew L. Beath -- Ideas -- Toward a policy agenda.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 50
    ISBN: 0821370367 , 0821370375 , 9780821370360 , 9780821370377
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (vii, 34 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Africa Region human development series
    DDC: 368.1/210091724
    Schlagwort(e): Insurance ; Poverty ; Risk (Insurance) ; Insurance ; Poverty ; Risk (Insurance) ; Insurance ; Poverty ; Risk (Insurance) ; Africa ; Africa Economic conditions 1960- ; Africa Economic conditions 1960-
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction -- Index-based insurance in low income contexts: potential and limitations -- Recent global innovations -- Forays into insurance in Africa -- Future directions and conclusions.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34)
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  • 51
    ISBN: 0821368885 , 0821368893 , 9780821368886 , 9780821368893
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (liv, 504 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Directions in development. Environment and sustainable development
    DDC: 363.7009861
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental health ; Fuel Health aspects ; Indoor air pollution ; Industries Environmental aspects ; Pollution ; Poverty ; Environmental health ; Fuel Health aspects ; Indoor air pollution ; Industries Environmental aspects ; Pollution ; Poverty ; Environmental health ; Fuel ; Indoor air pollution ; Industries ; Pollution ; Poverty ; Colombia ; Colombia Environmental conditions ; Colombia Environmental conditions
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 52
    ISBN: 0821368907 , 0821368915 , 9780821368909 , 9780821368916
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xviii, 267 p) , ill , 24 cm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.5/561091724
    Schlagwort(e): Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic policy Evaluation ; Poverty Government policy ; Evaluation ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic policy Evaluation ; Poverty Government policy ; Evaluation ; Economic assistance ; Economic policy ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index , Statement of responsibility from acknowledgments
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821371738 , 0821371746 , 9780821371732 , 9780821371749
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xviii, 329 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 201/.76
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development Religious aspects ; Poverty ; Religion and social problems ; Economic development Religious aspects ; Poverty ; Religion and social problems ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Religious aspects ; Religion and social problems
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-317) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 54
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3831
    Paralleltitel: Silva, Patricia Exploring the linkages between poverty, marine protected area management, and the use of destructive fishing gear in Tanzania
    Schlagwort(e): Coastal zone management ; Environmental degradation ; Fishing industry ; Poverty ; Coastal zone management ; Environmental degradation ; Fishing industry ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Coastal resources in Tanzania have come under increasing pressure over the past three decades, which has led to a significant decline in the biodiversity and productivity of coastal ecosystems. The livelihoods of coastal communities that directly depend on these resources are consequently under increasing threat and vulnerability. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one tool for managing coastal and marine resources that have been increasingly used in Tanzania. Promotion of alternative income generating activities (AIGAs) is often a component of MPA management strategies to reduce fishing pressure and address poverty concerns. However, empirical evidence on whether these AIGAs are successful in reducing pressure on fisheries, or their impact on poverty, is scarce and inconclusive. This paper seeks to contribute to this debate by investigating the linkages between household characteristics, MPA activities, and household choice of fishing gear. The empirical analysis is based on household survey data from a sample of villages located along the coast of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. The author finds that some aspects of poverty increase the likelihood of using destructive fishing gear. MPAs do not directly affect household choice of fishing gear. However, households participating in AIGAs are less likely to use destructive fishing gear, suggesting that MPA support to these activities in Tanzania has a positive influence on household choice of fishing gear. The author also finds the use of destructive fishing gear is associated with higher consumption levels, whereas participation in AIGAs does not significantly affect household consumption levels. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/26/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3833
    Paralleltitel: Mauricio Structural change and poverty reduction in Brazil
    Schlagwort(e): Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Structural adjustment (Economic policy) ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Structural adjustment (Economic policy)
    Kurzfassung: "Over the medium time horizon, skill upgrading, differentials in sectoral technological progress, and migration of labor out of farming activities are some of the major structural adjustment factors shaping the evolution of an economy and its connected poverty trends. The main focus of the authors is understanding, for the case of Brazil, how a trade shock interacts with these structural forces and ascertaining whether it enhances or hinders medium-term poverty reduction. In particular, they consider the interactions between the migration of labor out of agriculture, a potentially important poverty reduction factor, and trade liberalization, which increases the price incentives to stay in agriculture. A recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model simulates Doha scenarios and compares them against a business as usual scenario. The authors estimate the poverty effects using a microsimulation model that primarily takes into account individuals' labor supply decisions. Their analysis shows that trade liberalization does contribute to structural poverty reduction. But unless increased productivity and stronger growth rates are attributed to trade reform, its contribution to medium-term poverty reduction is rather small. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/6/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3850
    Paralleltitel: Bussolo, Maurizio Do regional trade pacts benefit the poor?
    Schlagwort(e): Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The main objective of this paper is to provide an ex-ante assessment of the poverty and income distribution impacts of the Central American Free Trade Area agreement on Nicaragua. The authors use a general equilibrium macro model to simulate trade reform scenarios and estimate their price effects, while a micro-module maps these price changes into real income changes at the individual household level. A useful insight from this analysis is that even if the final total impact on poverty is not too large, its dispersion across households-due to their heterogeneity of factor endowments, inputs use, commodity production, and consumption preferences-is significant and should be taken into account when designing compensatory policies. Additionally, growth and redistribution decomposition show that, at least in the short to medium run, redistribution can be as important as growth. The main policy message that emerges from the paper is that Nicaragua should consider enlarging its own liberalization to countries other than the United States to boost trade-induced poverty reductions. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3882
    Paralleltitel: Busse, Matthias Foreign direct investment, regulations, and growth
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Investments, Foreign ; Economic development ; Investments, Foreign
    Kurzfassung: "This paper explores the linkage between income growth rates and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. So far the evidence is rather mixed, as no robust relationship between FDI and income growth has been established. The authors argue that countries need a sound business environment in the form of good government regulations to be able to benefit from FDI. Using a comprehensive data set for regulations, they test this hypothesis and find evidence that excessive regulations restrict growth through FDI only in the most regulated economies. This result holds true for different specifications of the econometric model, including instrumental variable regressions. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3918
    Paralleltitel: Anderson, Kym The world trade organization's Doha cotton initiative
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Cotton trade ; Cotton trade
    Kurzfassung: "Four West African nations have demanded that the World Trade Organization's Doha Development Agenda include a Cotton Initiative that involves two issues: cutting cotton subsidies and tariffs, and assisting farm productivity growth in Africa. The authors provide estimates of the potential economic impacts of (1) complete or partial removal of cotton subsidies and import tariffs globally, and (2) cotton productivity growth through the adoption of genetically modified (GM) cotton varieties. They use the latest version of the GTAP database and model. Their results confirm that-unlike for other agricultural subsidies and tariffs-for cotton it is subsidy reductions rather than tariff cuts that would make by far the largest impact. For Sub-Saharan Africa the potential gains are huge relative to the effects on that region of reforming other merchandise trade policies. And they could be more than doubled if that reform provided the cash for farmers to take advantage of the biotechnology revolution and adopt GM cotton varieties. But those potential gains, and the affordability of switching to costly GM seed, depend crucially on the extent to which high-income countries are willing to lower domestic support to their cotton farmers. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/17/2006 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 59
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3951
    Paralleltitel: Eschenbach, Felix Services policies in transition economies
    Schlagwort(e): European Union ; World Trade Organization ; European Union ; World Trade Organization ; Free trade ; Service industries ; Free trade ; Service industries
    Kurzfassung: "The authors analyze the extent to which the EU-15 and 16 transition economies used the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to commit to service sector policy reforms. They compare GATS commitments with the evolution of actual policy stances over time. While there is substantial variance across transition economies on both actual policies and GATS commitments, the authors find an inverse relationship between the depth of GATS commitments and the "quality" of actual services policies as assessed by the private sector. In part this can be explained by the fact that the prospect of EU accession makes GATS less relevant as a commitment device for a subset of transition economies. But for many of the non-EU accession candidates, the WTO seems to be a weak commitment device. One explanation is that the small size of the markets concerned generates weak external enforcement incentives. The authors' findings suggest greater collective investment by WTO members in monitoring and the need for transparency to increase the benefits of WTO membership to small countries. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/28/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 0821364863 , 9780821364864
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxvi, 520 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6091724
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
    ISBN: 0821363999 , 9780821363997
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xix, 246 p) , ill., col. maps , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Directions in development
    DDC: 363.8/56
    Schlagwort(e): Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-237) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3838
    Paralleltitel: Adams, Richard H. Jr Remittances and poverty in Ghana
    Schlagwort(e): Emigrant remittances ; Poverty ; Emigrant remittances ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The author uses a large, nationally representative household survey to analyze the impact of internal remittances (from Ghana) and international remittances (from African and other countries) on poverty in Ghana. With only one exception, he finds that both types of remittances reduce the level, depth, and severity of poverty in Ghana. But the size of the poverty reduction depends on how poverty is being measured. The author finds that poverty is reduced more when international, as opposed to internal, remittances are included in household income, and when poverty is measured by the more sensitive poverty measures-poverty gap and squared poverty gap. For example, the squared poverty gap measure shows that including international remittances in household expenditure (income) reduces the severity of poverty by 34.8 percent, while including internal remittances in such income reduces the severity of poverty by only 4.1 percent. International remittances reduce the severity of poverty more than internal remittances because of the differential impact of these two types of remittances on poor households. Households in the poorest decile group receive 22.7 percent of their total household expenditure (income) from international remittances, as opposed to only 13.8 percent of such income from internal remittances. When these "poorest of the poor" households receive international remittances, their income status changes dramatically and this in turn has a large effect on any poverty measure-like the squared poverty gap-that considers both the number and distance of poor households beneath the poverty line. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/7/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3867
    Paralleltitel: Ferreira, Francisco H. G The rise and fall of Brazilian inequality, 1981-2004
    Schlagwort(e): Income distribution ; Inflation (Finance) ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Inflation (Finance) ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3873
    Paralleltitel: Limão, Nuno Tariff retaliation versus financial compensation in the enforcement of international trade agreements
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit ; Theorie ; Handelskonflikt ; Foreign trade regulation ; Tariff ; Foreign trade regulation ; Tariff
    Kurzfassung: "The authors analyze whether financial compensation is preferable to the current system of dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization that permits member countries to impose retaliatory tariffs in response to trade violations committed by other members. They show that monetary fines are more efficient than tariffs in terms of granting compensation to injured parties when there are violations in equilibrium. However, fines suffer from an enforcement problem since they must be paid by the violating country. If fines must ultimately be supported by the threat of retaliatory tariffs, they fail to yield a more cooperative outcome than the current system. The authors also consider the use of bonds as a means of settling disputes. If bonds can be posted with a third party, they do not have to be supported by retaliatory tariffs and can improve the negotiating position of countries that are too small to threaten tariff retaliation. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/5/2006 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821363220 , 9780821363225
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxi, 389 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/096
    Schlagwort(e): Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3976
    Paralleltitel: Annabi, Nabil Implications of WTO agreements and unilateral trade policy reforms for poverty in Bangladesh
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Poverty ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The authors examine the effects of WTO agreements and domestic trade policy reforms on production, welfare, and poverty in Bangladesh. They use a sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which takes into account accumulation effects, allowing for long-run analysis. The study is based on the 2000 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Bangladesh including 15 production sectors, four factors of production (skilled and unskilled labor, agricultural and nonagricultural capital), and nine household groups (five in rural areas and four in urban areas). To examine the link between the macroeconomic effects and microeconomic effects in terms of poverty, the authors use the representative household approach with actual intra-group income distributions. The study presents five simulations for which the major findings are: (1) The Doha scenario has negative implications for the overall macroeconomy, household welfare, and poverty in Bangladesh. Terms of trade deteriorate and consumer prices, particularly food prices, increase more than nominal incomes, especially among poor households. (2) Free world trade has similar, but larger, impacts. (3) Domestic trade liberalization induces an expansion of agricultural and light manufacturing sectors, favorable changes in the domestic terms of trade. Although the short-run welfare and poverty impacts are negative, these turn positive in the long run when capital has adjusted through new investments. Rising unskilled wage rates make the poorest households the biggest winners in terms of welfare and poverty reduction. (4) Domestic liberalization effects far outweigh those of free world trade when these scenarios are combined. (5) Remittances constitute a powerful poverty-reducing tool given their greater importance in the income of the poor. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/25/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3889
    Paralleltitel: Do, Quy Toan Comparative advantage, demand for external finance, and financial development
    Schlagwort(e): Comparative advantage (International trade) ; Debts, External ; Investments, Foreign ; Comparative advantage (International trade) ; Debts, External ; Investments, Foreign
    Kurzfassung: "The differences in the levels of financial development between industrial and developing countries are large and persistent. Theoretical and empirical literature has argued that these differences are the source of comparative advantage and could therefore shape trade patterns. This paper points out the reverse link: financial development is influenced by comparative advantage. The authors illustrate this idea using a model in which a country's financial development is an equilibrium outcome of the economy's productive structure: financial systems are more developed in countries with large financially intensive sectors. After trade opening demand for external finance, and therefore financial development, are higher in a country that specializes in financially intensive goods. By contrast, financial development is lower in countries that primarily export goods which do not rely on external finance. The authors demonstrate this effect empirically using data on financial development and export patterns in a panel of 96 countries over the period 1970-99. Using trade data, they construct a summary measure of a country's external finance need of exports and relate it to the level of financial development. In order to overcome the simultaneity problem, they adopt a strategy in the spirit of Frankel and Romer (1999). The authors exploit sector-level bilateral trade data to construct, for each country and time period, a predicted value of external finance need of exports based on the estimated effect of geography variables on trade volumes across sectors. Their results indicate that financial development is an equilibrium outcome that depends strongly on a country's trade pattern. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3917
    Paralleltitel: Anderson, Kym Recent and prospective adoption of genetically modified cotton
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Cotton trade ; Transgenic plants ; Cotton trade ; Transgenic plants
    Kurzfassung: "The authors provide estimates of the economic impact of initial adoption of genetically modified (GM) cotton and of its potential impacts beyond the few countries where it is currently common. They use the latest version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database and model. The results suggest that by following the lead of China and South Africa, adoption of GM cotton varieties by other developing countries-especially in Sub-Saharan Africa-could provide even larger proportionate gains to farmer and national welfare than in those first-adopting countries. Furthermore, the estimated gains are shown to exceed those from a successful campaign under the World Trade Organization's Doha Development Agenda to reduce and remove cotton subsidies and import tariffs globally. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/17/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3971
    Paralleltitel: Finger, J. M Implementing a WTO agreement on trade facilitation
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Commerce ; Comparative advantage (International trade) ; Commerce ; Comparative advantage (International trade)
    Kurzfassung: "Contrary to the prevailing view that the Doha negotiations have achieved little, the authors find that on trade facilitation much progress has been made. This is particularly true in regard to action by development banks and bilateral development agencies to meet client demand for assistance in reform. Active private sector participation has been an important factor driving change. Many agencies have been involved in this work. The authors find that their roles have been consistent with their comparative advantages. As to how the international community can best support continued progress, the authors conclude in favor of a cautious approach to the imposition of new WTO obligations in the area of trade facilitation. On the whole, this is the approach the WTO has taken, for example, by limiting its negotiations on trade facilitation to several specific provisions of the GATT. The WTO can continue to function as a catalyst for reform. It is perhaps uniquely placed to relate the trade facilitation agenda to the overall trade agenda. On design and construction of the relevant infrastructures and capacities to spur development, the development institutions, including bilateral agencies, should continue to lead. The authors find little evidence to support the need for a comprehensive new "platform" or mechanism to channel trade-related aid as part of implementation of any new agreement at the WTO on trade facilitation. They recommend, however, that an innovative approach to using the well established, but under utilized Trade Policy Review Mechanism be considered to increase transparency on where new aid is going over time and to expand understanding of where and how country-based progress has been achieved. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 70
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3973
    Paralleltitel: Skoufias, Emmanuel Conditional cash transfers, adult work incentives, and poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Incentives in industry ; Poverty ; Transfer payments ; Incentives in industry ; Poverty ; Transfer payments
    Kurzfassung: "Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs aim to alleviate poverty through monetary and in-kind benefits, as well as reduce future levels of poverty by encouraging investments in education, health, and nutrition. The success of CCT programs at reducing poverty depends on whether, and the extent to which, cash transfers affect adult work incentives. The authors examine whether the PROGRESA program of Mexico affects adult participation in the labor market and overall adult leisure time, and they link these effects to the impact of the program on poverty. Using the experimental design of PROGRESA's evaluation sample, the authors find that the program does not have any significant effect on adult labor force participation and leisure time. Their findings on adult work incentives are reinforced further by the result that PROGRESA leads to a substantial reduction in poverty. The poverty reduction effects are stronger for the poverty gap and severity of poverty measures. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
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    Serie: Policy research working paper 3980
    Paralleltitel: Klytchnikova, Irina Trade reforms, farm productivity, and poverty in Bangladesh
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural productivity ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Agricultural productivity ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Bangladesh Rural conditions ; Bangladesh Rural conditions
    Kurzfassung: "This paper analyzes the distributional impacts of trade reforms in rural areas of Bangladesh. The liberalization of trade in irrigation equipment and fertilizer markets during the early 1990s has led to structural changes in the agricultural sector and a significant increase in rice productivity. A resulting increase in output has been associated with a decline in producer and consumer rice prices of approximately 25 percent. Using a combination of ex-post and ex-ante approaches, the authors investigate the implications of the changes in rice productivity and prices for the welfare of households. They find that the net effects of increased rice productivity and lower rice prices have benefited the poor. Regardless of the particular category analyzed, the poorest households emerged as being particularly positively affected by reforms in the 1990s. This mainly reflects the fact that they are predominantly net rice buyers in both urban and rural markets. In contrast, large net sellers of rice, among the better-off households in the rural areas, were the main losers. Since net buyers in rural areas tend to be poorer than net sellers, trade liberalization has benefited the poor. Although the authors are not able to test empirically what has happened to the welfare level of agricultural wage earners, secondary evidence suggests that they have gained from trade liberalization. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
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    Washington, D.C : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 0821362747 , 9780821362747
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xix, 308 p) , ill , 24 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    Schlagwort(e): Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization ; Globalization ; International economic relations ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects ; International trade ; Developing countries ; Poverty
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
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  • 73
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    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821365274 , 9780821365274
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxv,106 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Orientations in development series
    DDC: 339.46091767
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Africa, North ; Middle East ; Africa, North Social conditions ; Middle East Social conditions ; Africa, North Social conditions ; Middle East Social conditions ; Bibliografie
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-101) and index
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  • 74
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    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821365118 , 9780821365113
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xv, 221 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    DDC: 339.4/6098
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty Government policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Government policy ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Latin America ; Latin America ; Latin America Economic conditions 1945- ; Latin America Economic policy ; Latin America Economic conditions 1945- ; Latin America Economic policy
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-215) and index
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  • 75
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    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821361813 , 0821363484
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (v. 〈1-2 〉) , ill , 23 cm.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/091724
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: v. 1. A practitioner's guide on trade, monetary and exchange rate policy, utility provision, agricultural markets, land policy, and education -- v. 2. Analyzing the distributional impact of reforms
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3540
    Paralleltitel: Bown, Chad P Trade remedies and World Trade Organization dispute settlement
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping (International trade) ; Dumping (International trade)
    Kurzfassung: "Antidumping and related trade remedies are the most popular policy instruments that many of the largest importing countries in the World Trade Organization (WTO) system use to restrict international trade. While such trade remedies are also frequent targets of dispute settlement activity under the WTO, given that Panel and Appellate Body rulings have almost invariably found that some aspect of each reviewed remedy was inconsistent with WTO obligations, an open research question is why aren't more remedies targeted by dispute settlement? The author provides a first empirical investigation of the trade remedy and WTO dispute settlement interaction by focusing on determinants of WTO members' decisions of whether to formally challenge U.S. trade remedies imposed between 1992 and 2003. He provides evidence that it is not only the size of the economic market at stake and the capacity to retaliate under potential DSU (dispute settlement understanding)-authorized sanctions that influence the litigation decision of whether to formally challenge a measure at the WTO. The author also finds that if the negatively affected foreign industry has the capacity to directly retaliate through a reciprocal antidumping investigation and measure of its own, its government is less likely to pursue the case on its behalf at the WTO. This is consistent with the theory that potential complainants may be avoiding WTO litigation in favor of pursuing reciprocal antidumping and hence "vigilante justice." "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/12/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3601
    Paralleltitel: Aroca González, Patricio Migration, trade, and foreign investment in Mexico
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Migration, Internal ; Investments, Foreign ; Migration, Internal ; Mexico Emigration and immigration ; United States Emigration and immigration ; Mexico Emigration and immigration ; United States Emigration and immigration
    Kurzfassung: "Part of the rationale for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was that it would increase trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, creating jobs and reducing migration to the United States. Since poor data on illegal flows to the United States make direct measurement difficult, Aroca and Maloney instead evaluate the mechanism behind these predictions using data on migration within Mexico where the census data permit careful analysis. They offer the first specifications for migration within Mexico, incorporating measures of cost of living, amenities, and networks. Contrary to much of the literature, labor market variables enter very significantly and as predicted once the authors control for possible credit constraint effects. Greater exposure to FDI and trade deters out-migration with the effects working partly through the labor market. Finally, the authors generate some tentative inferences about the impact on increased FDI on Mexico-U.S. migration. On average, a doubling of FDI inflows leads to a 1.5-2 percent fall in migration. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3718
    Paralleltitel: Mattoo, Aaditya Services in a development round
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; International trade ; Labor mobility ; Service industries Government policy ; International trade ; Labor mobility ; Service industries Government policy
    Kurzfassung: "The benefits of services trade reform are huge but services negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) are making little progress. A proximate cause is the current negotiating process, based on an inertial request-and-offer approach rather than a set of goals that would give direction and momentum to the negotiations. The paper suggests that WTO members should consider: (1) locking in the current openness of cross-border trade for a wide range of services; (2) eliminating barriers to foreign investment either immediately or in a phased manner where regulatory inadequacies need to be remedied; and (3) allowing greater freedom of international movement at least for intra-corporate transferees and for service providers to fulfill specific services contracts. A deeper problem is that WTO members have sought to negotiate market access in services without adequately addressing concerns that the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) commitments limit regulatory freedom unduly and unpredictably, that regulatory institutions in many countries are too weak to cope with liberalized markets, and that there is no provision for the regulatory cooperation that is necessary for successful liberalization, particularly of temporary labor mobility. Three types of actions are needed: (1) at the current stage of its development, the GATS must focus primarily on disciplines for measures that discriminate against foreign services and providers, rather than on politically sensitive and legally complex rules for nondiscriminatory measures; (2) a credible assistance mechanism must be established to help developing countries make the regulatory improvements needed for successful liberalization; and (3) where necessary, WTO members should make access commitments on labor mobility conditional on the fulfillment of specific conditions by source countries-to screen services providers, accept and facilitate their return, and combat illegal migration. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 79
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3726
    Paralleltitel: Tarr, David Introduction and summary to the handbook of trade policy and WTO accession for development in Russia and the CIS
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Russia (Federation) Commercial policy ; Russia (Federation) Commercial policy
    Kurzfassung: "This paper is the introduction and summary chapter of the 43 chapter volume entitled Handbook of Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Development in Russia and the CIS. The key policy conclusions of each of the chapters are highlighted in this paper. The Handbook will be published only in Russian in 2005, but an English language version of the majority of the papers described here is available on the website www.worldbank.org/trade/russia-wto. This paper first explains the potential importance of World Trade Organization (WTO) accession as a development tool, and discusses the recent successful development models and the role of trade policy in their development. The paper then summarizes the three parts of the Handbook. The first part treats trade policy (with applications to Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States [CIS]). The second part treats World Trade Organization institutions and disciplines, again with Russia and CIS applications. And the third part focuses on various aspects of the impact of WTO accession on Russia. The numerous papers that relate trade policy and WTO accession to experience in Russia and the CIS are likely to be of special interest to native English speakers, since these papers are new to the literature. The papers in the Handbook are intended to be non-technical materials accessible to a wide policy audience. The Handbook forms the basis of a World Bank Institute course on trade policy and WTO accession, which has been delivered and will be delivered again on multiple occasions. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3757
    Paralleltitel: Hertel, Thomas W Poverty impacts of a WTO agreement
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Poverty ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "This paper reports on the findings from a major international research project investigating the poverty impacts of a potential Doha Development Agenda (DDA). It combines in a novel way the results from several strands of research. Intensive analysis of the DDA Framework Agreement pays particularly close attention to potential reforms in agriculture. The scenarios are built up using newly available tariff line data and their implications for world markets are established using a global modeling framework. These world trade impacts, in turn, form the basis for 12 country case studies of the national poverty impacts of these DDA scenarios. The focus countries include Bangladesh, Brazil (two studies), Cameroon, China (two studies), Indonesia, Mexico, Mozambique, the Philippines, Russia, and Zambia. The diversity of approaches taken in these studies allows the paper to reflect local conditions and priorities and illustrates many important facets of the trade and poverty link. It does, however, limit the ability to draw broader conclusions. Thus an additional study provides a 15-country cross-section analysis, and a global analysis provides estimates for the world as a whole. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/26/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3788
    Paralleltitel: Essama-Nssah, B Simulating the poverty impact of macroeconomic shocks and policies
    Schlagwort(e): Business cycles ; Poverty ; Business cycles ; Poverty ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Kurzfassung: "Developing countries face a host of macroeconomic challenges in the design and implementation of development strategies and policies. The importance of the underlying poverty and distributional issues creates a need for relevant and reliable ways of tracking the social impact of shocks and policies. This paper describes and demonstrates the use of a stylized framework for simulating the poverty implications of the Dutch disease, a change in the terms of trade and budgetary policy. The basic approach is to embed a Lorenz model of the size distribution of economic welfare in a general equilibrium model of an open economy. It is observed that, while aggregate welfare and poverty effects may be negligible, the structural and distributional impacts tend to be significant. The latter drive the political economy of policymaking and point to the need for an analytical framework that accounts for both the structural richness of the economy and the heterogeneity of the stakeholders "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3797
    Paralleltitel: Knill, April M Taking the bad with the good
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Portfolio management ; Small business Finance ; Investments, Foreign ; Portfolio management ; Small business Finance
    Kurzfassung: "The author examines the impact of the volatility of foreign portfolio investment on the financial constraints of small firms. Using a dataset of over 195,000 firm-year observations across 53 countries, she examines the impact of foreign portfolio investment instability on capital issuance and firm growth across countries and firm characteristics, in particular size. After controlling for the endogeneity of foreign portfolio investment instability, as well as for firm-, industry-, and country-level characteristics such as GDP growth, as well as the levels of foreign portfolio and direct investment, the author finds that the volatility of foreign portfolio investment is only significantly associated with a decreased ability to issue publicly-traded securities for small firms in years when nations are considered less "creditworthy." The volatility of foreign portfolio investment only hinders the growth of small firms significantly in periods when nations are deemed less "creditworthy." These results underscore both the significance of a good financial system that minimizes capital flow volatility, as well as the influence of property rights and country creditworthiness to instill confidence in foreign investors. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/15/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
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    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3501
    Paralleltitel: Jensen, Jesper Telecommunications reform within Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Investments, Foreign ; Telecommunication ; Telecommunication policy ; Investments, Foreign ; Telecommunication ; Telecommunication policy
    Kurzfassung: "In World Trade Organization (WTO) accession negotiations, telecommunications is always a sector that receives close scrutiny by the WTO Working Party, and the extent of market access and nondiscriminatory treatment of multinational telecommunications companies in Russia has been a significant issue in Russia's accession negotiations. Jensen, Rutherford, and Tarr use a computable general equilibrium model of the Russian economy to assess the role of telecommunications in the discussions regarding Russian accession to the WTO. The results show that reduction of barriers to foreign direct investment in telecommunications will bring substantial gains to the Russian economy, including an increase in the productivity of Russian labor and capital. Despite the fact that multinationals use Russian labor less intensively than Russian firms, demand for Russian labor employed in telecommunications should increase, following reductions in barriers to foreign direct investment that are included in the context of WTO accession. This is because the overall demand for telecommunication services should increase due to the growth effects of the liberalization of barriers against foreign direct investment generally and the reduction in tariffs. Russian capital owners in telecommunications will likely be sought as joint venture partners and can restructure and obtain gains as partners with foreign firms. Wholly owned Russian firms are likely to experience losses. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the consequences of liberalization of barriers against foreign direct investment in services"--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/28/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3505
    Paralleltitel: Dean, Judith Myrle Are foreign investors attracted to weak environmental regulations?
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Pollution Economic aspects ; Pollution Government policy ; Investments, Foreign ; Pollution Economic aspects ; Pollution Government policy
    Kurzfassung: "One of the most contentious debates today is whether pollution-intensive industries from rich countries relocate to poor countries with weaker environmental standards, turning them into "pollution havens." Empirical studies to date show little evidence to support the pollution haven hypothesis, but suffer potentially from omitted variable bias, specification, and measurement errors. Dean, Lovely, and Wang estimate the strength of pollution-haven behavior by examining the location choices of equity joint venture (EJV) projects in China. They derive a location choice model from a theoretical framework that incorporates the firm's production and abatement decision, agglomeration, and factor abundance. The authors estimate conditional logit and nested logit models using new data sets containing information on a sample of EJV projects, effective environmental levies on water pollution, and estimates of Chinese pollution-intensity for 3-digit ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification) industries. Results from 2,886 manufacturing joint venture projects from 1993--96 show that EJVs from all source countries go into provinces with high concentrations of foreign investment, relatively abundant stocks of skilled workers, concentrations of potential local suppliers, special incentives, and less state ownership. Environmental stringency does affect location choice, but not as expected. Low environmental levies are a significant attraction only for joint ventures in highly-polluting industries with partners from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan (China). In contrast, joint ventures with partners from OECD sources are not attracted by low environmental levies, regardless of the pollution intensity of the industry. The authors discuss the likely role of technological differences in explaining these results. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the impact of environmental policies in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3607
    Paralleltitel: Anderson, Kym Agricultural trade reform and the Doha development agenda
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Agricultural subsidies ; Free trade ; Tariff ; Agricultural subsidies ; Free trade ; Tariff
    Kurzfassung: "Anderson and Martin examine the extent to which various regions, and the world as a whole, could gain from multilateral trade reform over the next decade. They use the World Bank's linkage model of the global economy to examine the impact first of current trade barriers and agricultural subsidies, and then of possible outcomes from the World Trade Organization's Doha round. The results suggest moving to free global merchandise trade would boost real incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (and in Cairns Group countries) proportionately more than in other developing countries or high-income countries. Real returns to farm land and unskilled labor and real net farm incomes would rise substantially in those developing country regions, thereby alleviating poverty. A Doha partial liberalization could take the world some way toward those desirable outcomes, but more so the more agricultural subsidies are disciplined and applied tariffs are cut. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3631
    Paralleltitel: Kraay, Aart Poverty traps, aid, and growth
    Schlagwort(e): Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The authors examine the empirical evidence in support of the poverty trap view of underdevelopment. They calibrate simple aggregate growth models in which poverty traps can arise due to either low saving or low technology at low levels of development. They then use these models to assess the empirical relevance of poverty traps and their consequences for policy. The authors find little evidence of the existence of poverty traps based on these two broad mechanisms. When put to the task of explaining the persistence of low income in African countries, the models require either unreasonable values for key parameters, or else generate counterfactual predictions regarding the relations between key variables. These results call into question the view that a large scaling-up of aid to the poorest countries is a necessary condition for sharp and sustained increases in growth. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3640
    Paralleltitel: Murgai, Rinku Is a guaranteed living wage a good anti-poverty policy?
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Casual labor ; Minimum wage ; Poverty ; Transfer payments ; Casual labor ; Minimum wage ; Poverty ; Transfer payments ; Indien ; Garantiertes Mindesteinkommen
    Kurzfassung: "Minimum wages are generally thought to be unenforceable in developing rural economies. But there is one solution - a workfare scheme in which the government acts as the employer of last resort. Is this a cost-effective policy against poverty? Using a microeconometric model of the casual labor market in rural India, the authors find that a guaranteed wage rate sufficient for a typical poor family to reach the poverty line would bring the annual poverty rate down from 34 percent to 25 percent at a fiscal cost representing 3-4 percent of GDP when run for the whole year. Confining the scheme to the lean season (three months) would bring the annual poverty rate down to 31 percent at a cost of 1.3 percent of GDP. While the gains from a guaranteed wage rate would be better targeted than a uniform (untargeted) cash transfer, the extra costs of the wage policy imply that it would have less impact on poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3663
    Paralleltitel: Eschenbach, Felix Services policy reform and economic growth in transition economies, 1990-2004
    Schlagwort(e): Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Municipal services ; Municipal services ; Post-communism Economic aspects ; Post-communism Economic aspects ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Municipal services ; Municipal services ; Post-communism Economic aspects ; Post-communism Economic aspects
    Kurzfassung: "Major changes have occurred in the structure of former centrally planned economies, including a sharp rise in the share of services in GDP, employment, and international transactions. However, large differences exist across transition economies with respect to services intensity and services policy reforms. The authors find that reforms in policies toward financial and infrastructure services, including telecommunications, power, and transport, are highly correlated with inward foreign direct investment. Controlling for regressors commonly used in the growth literature, they find that measures of services policy reform are statistically significant explanatory variables for the post-1990 economic performance of transition economies. These findings suggest services policies should be considered more generally in empirical analyses of economic growth "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/18/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3702
    Paralleltitel: Zhai, Fan Impacts of the Doha development agenda on China
    Schlagwort(e): Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Poverty ; China Commercial policy ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; Regional disparities ; China Commercial policy ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; Regional disparities
    Kurzfassung: "The authors assess the implications of multilateral trade reforms for poverty in China. They do so by combining results from a global modeling exercise with a national CGE model that features disaggregated households in both the rural and urban sectors. They examine two trade reform scenarios: one involving global trade liberalization, and one involving possible Doha Development Agenda reforms. Using the World Bank's
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/1/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3721
    Paralleltitel: Hoekman, Bernard M Economic policy responses to preference erosion
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Economic assistance ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences ; Economic assistance ; Free trade ; Tariff preferences
    Kurzfassung: "Trade preferences are a central issue in ongoing efforts to negotiate further multilateral trade liberalization. "Less preferred" countries are increasingly concerned about the discrimination they confront, while "more preferred" developing countries worry that WTO-based liberalization of trade will erode the value of current preferential access regimes. This tension suggests there is a political economy case for preference-granting countries to explicitly address erosion fears. The authors argue that the appropriate instrument for this is development assistance. The alternative of addressing erosion concerns through the trading system will generate additional discrimination and trade distortions, rather than moving the WTO toward a more liberal, non-discriminatory regime. They further argue that prospective losses generated by most-favored-nation liberalization should be quantified on a bilateral basis, using methods that estimate what the associated transfer should have been and ignoring the various factors that reduce their value in practice (such as compliance costs or the fact that part of the rents created by preference programs accrue to importers in OECD countries). Given that many poor countries have not been able to benefit much from preference programs, a case is also made that preference erosion should be considered as part of a broader response by OECD countries to calls to make the trading system more supportive of economic development. The focus should be on identifying actions and policy measures that will improve the ability of developing countries to use trade for development. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/19/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3764
    Paralleltitel: Antman, Francisca Poverty traps and nonlinear income dynamics with measurement error and individual heterogeneity
    Schlagwort(e): Households ; Income ; Poverty ; Households ; Income ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Theories of poverty traps stand in sharp contrast to the view that anybody can make it through hard work and thrift. However, empirical detection of poverty traps is complicated by the lack of long panels, measurement error, and attrition. This paper shows how dynamic pseudo-panel methods can overcome these difficulties, allowing estimation of non-linear income dynamics and testing for the presence of poverty traps. The paper explicitly allows for individual heterogeneity in income dynamics to account for the possibility that particular groups of individuals may face traps, even if the average individual does not. These methods are used to examine the evidence for a poverty trap in labor earnings, income, and expenditure in Mexico and are compared to panel data estimates from a short rotating panel. The results do find evidence of nonlinearities in household income dynamics and demonstrate large bias in the panel data estimates. Nevertheless, even after allowing for heterogeneity and accounting for measurement error, the paper finds no evidence of the existence of a poverty trap for any group in the sample. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3782
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Who cares about relative deprivation ?
    Schlagwort(e): Deprivation (Psychology) ; Externalities (Economics) ; Poverty ; Deprivation (Psychology) ; Externalities (Economics) ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Theories of relative deprivation predict negative welfare effects when friends and neighbors become better-off. Other theories point to likely positive benefits. The authors encompass both views within a single model, which motivates their tests using a survey for Malawi that collected data on satisfaction with life, own economic welfare, and the perceived welfare of friends and neighbors. Their methods help address likely biases in past tests found in the literature. In marked contrast to research for industrial countries, the authors find that relative deprivation is generally not a concern for most of their sample, although it does appear to matter to the comparatively well off. Their results provide a welfarist explanation for the priority given to absolute poverty in poor countries. The pattern of externalities also suggests that there will be too much poverty and inequality in this economy, even judged solely from the point of view of aggregate efficiency. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/2/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3794
    Paralleltitel: Filmer, Deon Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries
    Schlagwort(e): Schüler ; Behinderte ; Armut ; Bildungsverhalten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Household surveys ; People with disabilities ; Poverty ; School attendance ; Household surveys ; People with disabilities ; Poverty ; School attendance
    Kurzfassung: "This paper analyzes the relationship between whether a young person has a disability, the poverty status of their household, and their school participation using 11 household surveys from nine developing countries. Between 1 and 2 percent of the population is identified as having a disability. Youth with disabilities sometimes live in poorer households, but the extent of this concentration is typically neither large nor statistically significant. However, youth with disabilities are almost always substantially less likely to start school, and in some countries have lower transition rates resulting in lower schooling attainment. The order of magnitude of the school participation disability deficit is often larger than those associated with other characteristics such as gender, rural residence, or economic status differentials. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/9/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3799
    Paralleltitel: Available in another form Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction
    Schlagwort(e): Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "This paper selectively synthesizes much of the research on Latin American and Caribbean labor markets in recent years. Several themes emerge that are particularly relevant to ongoing policy dialogues. First, labor legislation matters, but markets may be less segmented than previously thought. The impetus to voluntary informality, which appears to be a substantial fraction of the sector, implies that the design of social safety nets and labor legislation needs to take a more integrated view of the labor market, taking into account the cost-benefit analysis workers and firms make about whether to interact with formal institutions. Second, the impact of labor market institutions on productivity growth has probably been underemphasized. Draconian firing restrictions increase litigation and uncertainty surrounding worker separations, reduce turnover and job creation, and poorly protect workers. But theory and anecdotal evidence also suggest that they, and other related state or union induced rigidities, may have an even greater disincentive effect on technological adoption, which accounts for half of economic growth. Finally, institutions can affect poverty and equity, although the effects seem generally small and channels are not always clear. Overall, the present constellation of labor regulations serves workers and firms poorly and both could benefit from substantial reform. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3475
    Paralleltitel: Siegel, Paul Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America
    Schlagwort(e): Assets (Accounting) ; Poverty ; Assets (Accounting) ; Poverty ; Central America Rural conditions ; Central America Rural conditions
    Kurzfassung: "The asset-based approach considers links between households' productive, social, and locational assets; the policy, institutional, and risk context; household behavior as expressed in livelihood strategies; and well-being outcomes. For sustainable poverty reducing growth, it is critical to examine household asset portfolios and understand how assets interact with the context to influence the selection of livelihood strategies, which in turn determine well-being. Policy reforms can change the context and income-generating potential of assets. Investments can add new assets or increase the efficiency of existing household assets, and also improve households' risk management capacity to protect assets. After all is said and done, a household's asset portfolio will determine whether growth and poverty reduction can be achieved and sustained over time. The asset-based framework is amendable to different analytical techniques. Siegel suggests combining quantitative and qualitative spatial and household level analyses (and linked spatial and household level analyses) to deepen understanding of the complex relationships between assets, context, livelihood strategies, and well-being outcomes. This paper--a joint product of the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Vice Presidency and the Rural Development Family, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to strengthen analyses and strategies for rural development, and address policy issues and investment priorities"--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 96
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3506
    Paralleltitel: Bayraktar, Nihal A macroeconomic framework for quantifying growth and poverty reduction strategies in Niger
    Schlagwort(e): Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "The authors apply the dynamic macroeconomic framework developed by Agnor, Bayraktar, and El Aynaoui (2004) to Niger. As in the original model, linkages between foreign aid, public investment (disaggregated into education, infrastructure, and health), and growth are explicitly captured. Although the nominal exchange rate is fixed, the relative price of domestic goods is endogenous, thereby allowing for potential Dutch disease effects associated with increases in aid. The authors assess the impact of policy shocks on poverty by using partial growth elasticities. They perform various policy experiments, including an increase in the level of foreign aid, a reallocation of public nvestment toward infrastructure, and neutral and non-neutral cuts in tariffs. The simulations show the dynamic tradeoffs that these policies entail with respect to growth and poverty reduction in Niger. This paper--a product of Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 3, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the region to formulate country-specific growth strategies"--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/1/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3677
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Inequality is bad for the poor
    Schlagwort(e): Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "It has been argued that inequality should be of little concern in poor countries on the grounds that (1) absolute poverty in terms of consumption (or income) is the overriding issue in poor countries, and (2) the only thing that really matters to reducing absolute income poverty is the rate of economic growth. The author takes (1) as given but questions (2). He argues that there are a number of ways in which the extent of inequality in a society, and how it evolves over time, influences the extent of poverty today and the prospects for rapid poverty reduction in the future. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/18/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3684
    Paralleltitel: de la Torre, Luz Elena Reyes Antidumping and safeguard measures in the political economy of liberalization
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Kurzfassung: "Mexico's creation and use of safeguard and antidumping processes to advance its liberalization illustrate three key points: (1) The country was able to use the instruments without losing political control. In a period of crisis that threatened congressional approval of critical steps in the liberalization-brought on by currency overvaluation and recession, along with unexpected demands from the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement negotiations-the government applied a number of trade defense measures. Once the problems were addressed with adequate instruments the number of measures dropped drastically. The instruments had not been captured by protection-seeking interests; (2) The country adopted a liberalization-accepting measure of international norms. An important innovation that Mexico made operational was the use within World Trade Organization (WTO) rules of prevailing international prices as the measure of competition that industry was expected to meet. The WTO rules would also have allowed the use of other standards-as in traditional antidumping-using countries-that impose less discipline. Moreover, the Mexican standard was consistent with the government-industry understanding that though Mexican industry would be protected against extraordinary circumstances it would be expected to face up to international competition; (3) Political judgment and political courage are essential. While mastery of the technical elements of a safeguard or antidumping investigation is mandatory, sustaining liberalization depends in significant part on the political skills to know when to emphasize the technical elements, when to rely more on the discretion the government retains under the rules, and on the courage to do it. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/1/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3707
    Paralleltitel: Nicita, Alessandro Multilateral trade liberalization and Mexican households
    Schlagwort(e): Free trade ; Households ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Households ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Empirical evidence suggests that global trade reforms are unlikely to produce analogous results across countries, especially when analyzing their effect on poverty. This implies that the analysis of trade reform on social welfare cannot be generalized and needs to be conducted on a country by country basis. Moreover, even within the same country, geographic areas, households, and individuals are likely to be differentially affected, some of them benefiting more than others, while others might lose. With this in mind, the author provides a quantitative estimate of the effect on Mexican households from the implementation of the Doha development agenda. His analysis uses a two-step approach for which changes in prices and factors are estimated through a CGE model (GTAP) and then mapped into the welfare function of the household using household survey data. The empirical approach the author uses aims to measure the impact of Doha implementation by tracing changes in the household prices of goods and factors and their impact on household welfare, taking particular account the role of domestic price transmission. The findings suggest that multilateral trade liberalization alone would have a negative effect on Mexican households, even though very small. However, when the implementation of the Doha development agenda is complemented by domestic policies aimed at increasing productivity and improving domestic price transmission, the overall effects become positive. The results point to the importance of domestic price transmission in determining the variance of the effects across households. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/6/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 3725
    Paralleltitel: Rutherford, Thomas Fox The impact on Russia of WTO accession and the DOHA agenda
    Schlagwort(e): World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Doha Development Agenda ; Doha Development Agenda ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991- ; Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991-
    Kurzfassung: "Taking price changes from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of world trade, the authors use a small open economy computable general equilibrium comparative static model of the Russian economy to assess the impact of global free trade and a successful completion of the Doha Agenda on the Russian economy, and especially on the poor. They compare those results with the impact of Russian accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on income distribution and the poor. The model incorporates all 55,000 households from the Russian Household Budget Survey as "real" households. Crucially, given the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) liberalization as part of Russian WTO accession, the authors also include FDI and Dixit-Stiglitz endogenous productivity effects from liberalization of import barriers against goods and FDI in services. The authors estimate that Russian WTO accession in the medium run will result in gains averaged over all Russian households equal to 7.3 percent of Russian consumption (with a standard deviation of 2.2 percent of consumption), with virtually all households gaining. They find that global free trade would result in a weighted average gain to households in Russia of 0.2 percent of consumption, with a standard deviation of 0.2 percent of consumption, while a successful completion of the Doha Development Agenda would result in a weighted average gain to households of -0.3 percent of consumption (with a standard deviation of 0.2 percent of consumption). Russia, as a net food importer, loses from subsidy elimination, and the gains to Russia from tariff cuts in other countries are too small to offset these losses. The results strongly support the view that Russia's own liberalization is more important than improvements in market access as a result of reforms in tariffs or subsidies in the rest of the world. Foremost among the own reforms is liberalization of barriers against FDI in business services. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2005 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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