ISBN:
1-4648-1942-4
Language:
English
Pages:
1 online resource (348 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
Series Statement:
World Development Report
Series Statement:
World Development Report
Parallel Title:
Print version: World Bank, World World Development Report 2023
DDC:
304.8
Keywords:
668 Migranten
;
Emigration and immigration.
;
Labor mobility.
Abstract:
Mobility is an integral part of the development process. It is a mechanism for reallocating labor across economic sectors and geographical areas. It enables adaptation to shocks, stresses, and imbalances. Cross-border mobility inevitably comes with economic and social consequences for those who move, their communities of origin, and their destinations. And this mobility involves primarily people from developing countries, who make up a large majority of the 295 million people living outside their country of birth -- economic migrants and refugees -- and a large share of their hosting communities. How can we manage cross-border mobility in a manner that is beneficial to all? This question is key to achieving the development mandate of the World Bank Group as well as the Sustainable Development Goals. The World Development Report 2023 takes a fresh look at these issues. It shifts from a narrow focus on labor markets for migrants and legal protection for refugees to a more holistic perspective -- one that recognizes the humanity of migrants and the complexity of the societies of origin and destination. The Report focuses on three main themes: drivers of mobility and the role of development; impacts and policy responses; and the need for collective action to strengthen the nexus between international protection and development. While recognizing that situations are very diverse and that there can be no one-size-fits-all approach, it seeks to identify policy options for each group of stakeholders -- migrants' origin and destination countries, refugee-hosting countries, the international community, and development actors, as well as the private sector and civil society -- to deliver a system of better mobility in a transforming.
Description / Table of Contents:
Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Key takeaways -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Migration is necessary for all countries -- A practical framework for policy makers: The Match and Motive Matrix -- When the match is strong, the gains are large -- When the match is weak, the costs need to be shared-and reduced-multilaterally -- Making migration work better requires doing things differently -- A message of hope -- Notes -- References -- 1 The Match and Motive Matrix -- Key messages -- A people-centric approach -- A focus on foreign nationals -- Two perspectives: Labor economics and international law -- The Match and Motive Matrix -- Policy priorities -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 1 History -- Part 1 Migration is increasingly necessary for countries at all income levels -- 2 The numbers: Understanding who moves, where to, and why -- Key messages -- Current trends -- Motives and patterns -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 2 Data -- 3 The outlook: Changing patterns, needs, and risks -- Key messages -- Demographics: The coming competition for workers -- Climate change: New risks of distressed movements -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 3 Methodological considerations -- Part 2 When the match is strong, the gains are large -- 4 Migrants: Prospering-and even more so with rights -- Key messages -- Receiving higher wages -- Accessing better services -- Dealing with social costs -- Returning -- Failing, sometimes -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 4 Gender -- 5 Origin countries: Managing migration for development -- Key messages -- Reaping the full development benefits of remittances -- Leveraging knowledge transfers -- Managing labor market impacts -- Taking a strategic approach -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 5 Measurement of remittances.
Description / Table of Contents:
6 Destination countries: Maximizing gains through economic and social policies -- Key messages -- Benefiting from migrants' labor -- Maximizing economic gains -- Fostering social inclusion -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 6 Racism, xenophobia, and discrimination -- Part 3 When the match is weak, the costs need to be shared-and reduced-multilaterally -- 7 Refugees: Managing with a medium-term perspective -- Key messages -- Recognizing the development challenge -- Enhancing responsibility-sharing through regional solidarity -- Going beyond emergency responses -- Making progress toward durable solutions by combining legal status and access to opportunities -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 7 Internal displacement and statelessness -- 8 Distressed migrants: Preserving dignity -- Key messages -- Acknowledging policy trade-offs -- Extending international protection -- Shifting migrants' incentives through legal pathways -- Strengthening the match of migrants' skills and attributes through development -- Notes -- References -- Spotlight 8 "Root causes" and development -- Part 4 Making migration work better requires doing things differently -- 9 Recommendations: Making migration work better -- Key messages -- Introduction -- Strong match: Maximize gains for all -- Weak match and fear motive: Ensure the sustainability of refugee-hosting, including through responsibility-sharing -- Weak match and no fear motive: Respect dignity and reduce the need for distressed movements -- Essentials for reform -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 How many migrants are there, and where do they live? -- Box 1.1 Foreign nationals or foreign-born? -- Box 2.1 Migration data in this Report -- Box 3.1 Can technology solve labor market mismatches across countries? -- Box 3.2 Compounded drivers of migration in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Description / Table of Contents:
Box 4.1 Migrating to seek more inclusive gender norms: The case of highly educated women -- Box 5.1 Migrants can transfer institutional and social norms to their origin country -- Box 5.2 The Philippines: A case study of how origin countries can benefit from migration -- Box 6.1 The longer-term economic effects of migration -- Box 6.2 Profound cultural changes are under way -- Box 6.3 Lessons from Germany: The successful integration of asylum-seekers and refugees -- Box 7.1 Ukrainian refugee crisis -- Box 7.2 Among refugees, some have higher protection needs -- Box 7.3 An example of development financing: IDA's Window for Host Communities and Refugees -- Box 7.4 Preparedness is critical when refugee situations are predictable or chronic -- Box 7.5 Return: Homecoming or new movement? -- Box 7.6 Creating better outcomes through integration: Lessons from Colombia -- Box S7.1 IDPs versus refugees -- Box S7.2 Internal displacement and assistance targeting -- Box 8.1 The externalization of migration policy -- Box 8.2 The evolving definition of refugee -- Box 8.3 Climate-related mobility in Small Island Developing States -- Box 8.4 Smugglers and traffickers -- Box 9.1 Priorities for research ahead -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Widely different demographic forces are at play in Italy, Mexico, and Nigeria -- Figure O.2 Two perspectives on cross-border migration -- Figure O.3 "Match" determines the net gains of receiving migrants -- "motive" determines their international protection needs -- Figure O.4 When the match is strong, policies in both destination and origin countries can maximize the gains of migration -- Figure O.5 When the match is weaker, policy making involves trade-offs for the destination country between economic gains and migrants' dignity -- Figure O.6 Policy actions in both origin and destination countries can reduce distressed migration.
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure O.7 Different types of migration require distinct forms of international cooperation -- Figure 1.1 Distinct groups of migrants require distinct policy responses -- Figure B1.1.1 In many high-income OECD countries, over half of foreign-born people have been naturalized -- Figure 1.2 When migrants are a strong match, their contributions exceed the costs of their integration -- Figure 1.3 When people have a "well-founded fear" of harm if they return to their country of origin, destination countries are obligated to host them -- Figure 1.4 The Match and Motive Matrix combines the perspectives of labor economics and international law to distinguish between four types of movements -- Figure 1.5 Destination countries' policies partly determine where migrants fit in the Match and Motive Matrix -- Figure 1.6 The Match and Motive Matrix helps to identify policy priorities for distinct groups of migrants -- Figure 1.7 The challenge for countries is to enhance the match of migrants and reduce distressed movements -- Figure 2.1 Patterns of movements reflect distinct matches and motives -- Figure 2.2 A large share of migrants and refugees live in low- and middle-income countries -- Figure 2.3 Since 1960, the share of emigrants in low-income countries' population has almost doubled -- Figure 2.4 Since 1960, the share of immigrants and naturalized citizens in high-income countries' population has tripled -- Figure 2.5 Cross-border movements vary greatly by region -- Figure 2.6 Where migrants go to largely depends on where they come from -- Figure 2.7 Most refugees come from a limited number of countries of origin-and increasingly so -- Figure 2.8 Refugee flows spike after a crisis and then slow over time -- Figure 2.9 Refugees are increasingly originating from middle-income countries.
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure S2.1 Many population censuses do not collect basic and consistent data on migration -- Figure 3.1 Demographics and climate change are transforming migration patterns -- Figure 3.2 Widely different demographic forces are at play in Italy, Mexico, and Nigeria -- Figure 3.3 The population is growing quickly in lower-income countries, whereas it will soon begin to shrink in higher-income countries -- Figure 3.4 Higher-income countries are aging rapidly, whereas lower-income countries remain young -- Figure 3.5 In high-income countries, the elderly population is growing, whereas the working-age population is declining -- Figure 3.6 By 2050, in the high-income OECD countries there will be fewer than two working-age individuals to support every elderly person -- Figure 3.7 The number of children born per woman is declining rapidly in middle-income countries -- Figure 3.8 Many upper-middle-income countries are reaching shares of elderly usually seen in higher-income countries -- Figure 3.9 By 2050, Sub-Saharan Africa will be the only region with population growth -- Figure B3.1.1 US employment growth is expected to be higher for occupations having younger and less-educated workers -- Figure 3.10 Climate change affects migration through income and habitability -- Figure B3.2.1 Some intertwined drivers of mobility -- Figure 4.1 When migrants' skills and attributes match the needs of destination societies, the gains are large -- Figure 4.2 In Bangladesh, Ghana, and India, income gains from international migration are many times greater than those from internal migration -- Figure 4.3 Decades of economic growth are needed in the country of origin for non-migrants to achieve the economic gains of migrants who moved to high-income countries -- Figure 4.4 For low-skilled migrants, incomes surge at the destination.
Description / Table of Contents:
Figure 4.5 South Asian workers moving to Gulf Cooperation Council countries face some of the highest migration costs.
DOI:
10.1596/978-1-4648-1941-4
Permalink
