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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,008)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (985)
  • Paris, France : OECD  (23)
  • Environment  (664)
  • Gender  (359)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,008)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global RApid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report : Mw 6.3 Herat Earthquake Sequence in Afghanistan, October 2023 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Damages ; Earthquake ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Herat Province ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Following the Herat province (Western Afghanistan) earthquake sequence of October 7 to 15, 2023, the World Bank carried out a remote desk-based assessment of the physical damages using the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology. The objective of the assessment is to develop a model-based estimate of the direct physical (economic) damages to residential buildings (houses), non-residential buildings (e.g., education, health, worship, commercial, industrial assets) and infrastructure (e.g., transport, power, water, telecommunications), and to evaluate the spatial distribution of damages in order to support the development of a roadmap for recovery and reconstruction. This report summarizes the key findings of the assessment
    DOI: 10.1596/40816
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking Floating Solar Photovoltaics Potential in India (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Anchoring and Mooring ; Energy ; Energy Resources Development ; Energy Yield ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Floating Solar Photovoltaics ; FSPV Ecosystem ; HSE ; Inverter ; Power Plants
    Abstract: This report builds a compelling case for India to look beyond land and institute an ecosystem that supports the installation and operationalization of floating solar photovoltaics (FSPV) power plants. Since these plants are installed on the underutilized surfaces of large water bodies, no land needs to be diverted from other uses. The installation of FSPVs also spurs job creation and catalyzes the development of a domestic value chain as some of the components, such as floaters, need to bemanufactured close to installation sites. They also provide a range of other benefits as they generate relatively more power than ground-mounted solar plants (due to the cooling effect of water) and better utilize shared infrastructure such as transmission systems, wherever available
    DOI: 10.1596/40817
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Female Headship and Poverty in the Arab Region : Analysis of Trends and Dynamics Based on a New Typology (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als AlAzzawi, Shireen Female Headship and Poverty in the Arab Region: Analysis of Trends and Dynamics Based on a New Typology
    Keywords: Female-Headed Households (FHH) ; Female-Headedness Typology ; Gender ; Household Survey Data ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Feminization ; Poverty Reduction ; Synthetic Panels
    Abstract: Various challenges are thought to render female-headed households (FHHs) vulnerable to poverty in the Arab region. Yet, previous studies have had mixed results and the absence of household panel survey data hinders analysis of poverty dynamics. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel typology of FHHs and analyzes synthetic panels constructed from 20 rounds of repeated cross-sectional surveys spanning the past two decades from the Arab Republic of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Mauritania, the West Bank and Gaza, and Tunisia. The paper finds that the definition of FHHs matters for measuring poverty levels and dynamics. Most types of FHHs are less poor than non--FHHs on average, but FHHs with a major share of female adults are generally poorer. FHHs are more likely to escape poverty than households on average, but FHHs without children are the most likely to do so. While more children are generally associated with more poverty for FHHs, there is heterogeneity across countries in addition to heterogeneity across measures of FHHs. The findings provide useful inputs for social protection and employment programs aiming at reducing gender inequalities and poverty in the Arab region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10672
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Costing Disasters : Hedonic Pricing, Neighborhood Effects, and the Nepal Gorkha Earthquakes (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Floreani, Vincent A Costing Disasters: Hedonic Pricing, Neighborhood Effects, and the Nepal Gorkha Earthquakes
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Hedonic Price ; Housing Prices ; Imputed Rent ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microsimulation ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Neighborhood Effects ; Spatial Economics ; Welfare
    Abstract: Disasters are frequent and clearly harmful in developing countries, but precisely estimating their overall cost and distributional impact is challenging. This paper proposes a microsimulation approach to do so rapidly, borrowing concepts from both poverty analysis and urban economics. Because housing prices reflect the present value of a specific bundle of living conditions, local earnings opportunities, and local access to services, their change in the aftermath of a disaster can be interpreted as a measure of the welfare cost incurred by households. A hedonic pricing function is used to estimate such changes based on the destruction experienced by the dwellings themselves, but also on the overall destruction suffered by their surrounding areas. The first element captures the damage from worse living conditions, whereas the second captures the loss from diminished earnings opportunities and access to services. The proposed approach is illustrated by estimating the cost of the 2015 Gorkha earthquakes in Nepal. Overall, the estimated impact is comparable to that from the official assessment. But its spatial distribution is significantly different due to the pivotal influence of neighborhood effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10668
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labor Market Participation and Employment Choice in Ghana : Do Individual Personality Traits and Gender Role Attitudes Matter? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amankwah, Akuffo Labor Market Participation and Employment Choice in Ghana: Do Individual Personality Traits and Gender Role Attitudes Matter?
    Keywords: Education ; Employment Outcome ; Employment Preference ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Norms ; Gender Role Attitudes ; Informal Sector Measurement Study ; Labor Markets ; Multi-Stage Sampling ; Personality Traits ; Poverty Reduction ; Secondary Education Equity ; Self-Employment
    Abstract: In addition to the conventional determinants of labor market participation and the choice between wage employment and self-employment, there is a growing interest of the significance of gender role attitudes and personality traits. This study uses data from the 2022 Ghana Informal Sector Measurement Study to investigate the influence of these factors on employment outcomes in the Northern and Ashanti regions of Ghana. The findings are based on a series of analyses, including descriptive, multinomial logistic, and linear probability model regressions. The empirical results show the critical role played by both gender role attitudes and personality traits in shaping individuals' decisions on labor market participation and employment choices. Notably, personality traits emerge as significant drivers of observed employment outcomes. However, the impact of these personality traits is often mitigated or even reversed in the presence of heightened traditionalism. Furthermore, the gender-disaggregated analysis reveals that possessing at least a secondary education level is a pivotal factor in the selection of men into formal employment, whereas this criterion holds less significance for women. Conversely, once the decision to participate in the labor market has been made, having at least a secondary education becomes relevant for securing wage employment, regardless of an individual's gender
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10664
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023, Myanmar : Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Cyclonic Storm ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Natural Disasters ; Rakhine State ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Extremely severe cyclonic storm Mocha made landfall as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone in the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on Sunday May 14, 2023, at 07:07 UTC (14:07 local time) around Sittwe city, the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar. Given the fragile and conflict-affected situation with limited access in Myanmar, the World Bank has adopted the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology to estimate damages arising from Cyclone Mocha. GRADE is a remote, desktop analysis to estimate damage to capital stock. This report summarizes the results of the GRADE conducted to assess damages following the impact of Extremely severe cyclonic storm Mocha in Myanmar during May 2023
    DOI: 10.1596/40921
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Climate Change on Work : Lessons for Developing Countries (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Feriga, Moustafa Amgad Moustafa Ahmed Moustafa The Impact of Climate Change on Work: Lessons for Developing Countries
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Labor ; Environment ; Labor Demand ; Labor Supply ; Productivity
    Abstract: What is the impact of climate change on labor Reviewing the evidence, this paper finds five areas of potential impact. Climate change may have an immediate effect on labor demand, labor supply and time allocation, on-the-job productivity, and income and vulnerability among the self-employed. In the medium term, climate change may lead to a reallocation of labor across economic activities and across space. Impact estimates typically rely on fixed effect estimation. These estimates require care when interpreted as they typically reflect the short-term direct impact of past events and abstract from potential adaptation. The paper discusses emerging work trying to address this, analyzing the responses by firms, farms, households, and workers. Together, the existing evidence points toward six potential areas of government response. Potential labor policies include green jobs, green skills, labor-oriented adaptation, flexible work regulation, labor market integration, and social protection. The paper concludes by setting out avenues for future research in this field
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10682
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    For Labor or for Divorce? : Unilateral Divorce Laws and Women's Labor Outcomes (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als El Mekkaoui, Najat For Labor or for Divorce? Unilateral Divorce Laws and Women's Labor Outcomes
    Keywords: Demographic and Health Survey ; Divorce ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Social Policy ; Intra-Household Bargaining ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Mothers Labor Force Participation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unilateral Divorce ; Women's Agency ; Women's Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: Despite substantial progress in closing the gender gap, women's labor force participation in the Middle East and North Africa remains one of the lowest globally, at a mere 18 percent. This paper investigates the effect of the introduction of unilateral divorce laws on women's labor outcomes, using data from the Demographic and Health Survey program that spans decades and a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design in three countries: Morocco, the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Jordan. The results highlight that no-fault divorce legislation was associated with a modest increase in mothers' labor outcomes, measured by current employment, a few years after the reform. These findings are likely induced by a power shift and anticipatory effects that drive women into the labor force. However, when a longer time window is considered, 10 or more years after the reform, the study documents a negative effect of the reform on women's labor outcomes in Morocco, and a positive effect in the Arab Republic of Egypt and Jordan. These differences can be attributed to a set of countervailing effects, including social norms, labor market dynamics, and evolution of the legislation, that make the derived utility from marriage, in some cases, more attractive than that derived from employment, and vice versa. These findings partially confirm results from previous research on the relationship between no-fault divorce and women's agency and empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa region, but, at the same time, contrast with prominent perspectives on legislation that aims at reducing gender-based discrimination. Instead, they show that there might be undesired effects of legislation and provide a policy relevant discussion on that basis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10661
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trading Towards Sustainability : The Role of Trade Policies in Indonesia's Green Transformation (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Environment ; Green Transformation ; International Economics and Trade ; Plastic Substitutes ; Sustainability ; Trade ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Climate change - and efforts to mitigate and adapt to it - will affect global flows of trade and Indonesia's ability to transition to a more environmentally sustainable economy on its path to become a high-income economy is, therefore, interlinked with trade policy. Environmental policy stringency (EPS) is increasing around the globe - a crucial challenge lies in harmonizing these with sustained economic growth, yet both goals can be reached. Although trade flows facilitate emissions, they are also a critical part of the solution, including through trade in environmental goods (EGs) and plastic substitutes - with important economic spillovers. This report provides a detailed analysis of the role of trade and trade policy on EGs and plastic substitutes in Indonesia's green transition. Chapter one describes the need for, and urgency of, this transition, by looking at the carbon intensity of Indonesia's trade, the impacts of environmental policies of Indonesia and key trading partners, and the roles of EGs. Chapter two examines where Indonesia stands on the level of trade in EGs and plastic substitutes and the competitiveness of EGs trade. Chapter three explores trade agreements and tariffs and simulates potential impacts of tariff reforms - including through multilateral actions. Chapter four examines what non-tariff measures (NTMs) apply on the products including inputs of firms exporting EGs and assesses which NTMs may be costly. Finally, chapter five concludes with policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/40925
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Just Transition : Issues for Central Banks and Financial Regulators (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro Just Transition: Issues for Central Banks and Financial Regulators
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Finance ; Energy ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Financial Regulators ; Social Changes
    Abstract: Recent calls on central banks and financial regulators to use the tools at their disposal to help mitigate the negative economic and social impacts of climate policies are based on several false analogies between the energy transition and the "just" energy transition. The same false analogies explain why voluntary efforts to incorporate just transition considerations into private financial decisions and products copying approaches from climate finance have so far failed to gain traction. None of the above invalidates the just transition as a political aspiration. However, only the government has the legitimacy and authority to identify the regions or sectors where the negative impacts of the energy transition are to be mitigated, determine the extent and instruments for this mitigation, and adjust them over time in line with shifting social preferences. This is an essentially political task that cannot be delegated to technocratic agencies. Nevertheless, within the parameters established by the government, central banks and financial regulators can play a supporting role by ensuring accurate data on the social impact of the energy transition, enforcing disclosure requirements, sensitizing financial firms to just transition--related risks, and raising awareness among financial firms. However, they must be cautious not to overstep their mandate, and remain mindful of the limitations of their toolkit and of the risks and potential unintended consequences of their actions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10685
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Leveraging Women's Views to Influence Gender Norms around Women Working : Evidence from an Online Intervention in Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cameron, Lisa Leveraging Women's Views to Influence Gender Norms around Women Working: Evidence from an Online Intervention in Indonesia
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Equality ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Women Employment ; Women In The Workforce
    Abstract: How to influence social norms that drive behavior in relation to women's participation in employment is not well understood. Providing randomly selected participants with information on the extent of (i) women's support for women with children working; (ii) husband's support for sharing day-to-day childcare with wives; and (iii) mothers' and mother-in-law's support for working women, increased the probability of choosing an online career mentoring course for women over a shopping voucher of equal value by 25 percent. Information beyond women's support for working women further increased support for women working for some groups, although not strongly so
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10681
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    Could Digital Inclusion Close the Gender Economic Gap in the MENA Region? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mohieldin, Mahmoud Could Digital Inclusion Close the Gender Economic Gap in the MENA Region?
    Keywords: Access and Connectivity ; Connectivity and Gender Equity ; Digital Divide ; Equitable Development ; Female Labor Market ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Empowerment ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Law ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Internet Access ; Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Closing the gender digital divide by ensuring equal access to and benefit of the internet may reduce economic inequalities and close the gender gap in employment by providing new economic opportunities and facilitating access to market information. This paper estimates the impact of digital inclusion, measured by the Inclusive Internet Index on the female-to-male labor force participation ratio, while controlling for other economic and social factors. Using data from the World Development Indicators, the Economist Intelligence Unit database, and the World Bank's Women, Business and the Law database for 13 countries in the Middle East and North Africa region for four years (2018 to 2021), a pooled cross section dataset is constructed. The model is estimated using generalized least squares to control for heteroskedasticity. The results show that an inclusive internet environment would reduce the gender gap in the labor force. Other key drivers include the structure of the economic growth, norms, and gender roles in the society. These results are relevant for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals agenda, mainly goals 5 and 10
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10663
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Connecting People to Projects : A New Approach to Measuring Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ragui, Assaad Connecting People to Projects: A New Approach to Measuring Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Employment Survey Questionnaire ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Informatics ; Household Enterprises ; Labor Market Panel Surveys ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Survey Design ; Women's Employment
    Abstract: Innovations to date in detecting women's employment have focused primarily on improving individual-level questions. This paper explores an alternative approach, using data on household enterprises and asking who participates in these activities. This research uses the latest waves of the Labor Market Panel Surveys for the Arab Republic of Egypt (2018) and Tunisia (2014). The research questions are (1) How do men's and women's employment rates change when adding enterprise-based detection questions to standard individual-level questions (2) Was the additional market employment detected with project-based approaches classified as subsistence work with individual measurement approaches (3) For which women is additional employment detected using project-based approaches The paper presents descriptive results on work based on the different approaches. It also estimates changes in state (being reclassified as working) from adding enterprise-level data. The findings show large increases in employment rates for rural women in both countries when including enterprise-based detection questions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10659
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  • 14
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    Somalia Economic Update, Eighth Edition : Integrating Climate Change with Somalia's Development: The Case for Water (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Food Security ; Fragile Recovery ; Pollitical Challenges ; Water Resources ; Water Security
    Abstract: Somalia has remained on a strong economic reform path despite the various global and exogenous shocks that have continued to buffet the economy. Recurrent climate-related shocks, such as cycles of droughts, floods, locusts' infestation, higher international commodity prices, as well as increased insecurity and conflict, have interrupted the country's growth trajectory. However, this has not deterred the country's commitment to continue advancing reforms to strengthen key economic institutions and promote macroeconomic stability and recovery. As a result, Somalia has continued to make progress toward meeting the conditions for achieving the heavily indebted poor country (HIPC) completion point in December 2023. Within the framework of resilience, the eighth edition of the World Bank's Somalia economic update series provides an in-depth analysis of recent economic developments and growth outlook and makes a case for integrating climate change with Somalia's growth agenda. This report highlights macroeconomic policies and reforms that promote inclusive growth and institutional building including enhancing fiscal space for development priorities while strengthening expenditure controls; strengthening financial integrity; integrating Somalia into the global financial system; and improving debt management
    DOI: 10.1596/40852
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  • 15
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    Gulf Economic Update, Fall 2023 : Structural Reforms and Shifting Social Norms to Increase Women's Labor Force Participation (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Saudi Arabia ; Women ; Women and Labor
    Abstract: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies have been a bright spot in an otherwise gloomy economic landscape. Average growthin the GCC surpassed 7 percent in 2022 led by Saudi Arabia, its biggest economy, which was globally the fastest growing large economy. This growth was not just a result of buoyant hydrocarbon prices but also continued growth of non-oil sectors. The latter was the result of persistent structural reforms undertaken by several GCC countries to improve the investment environment, promote flexible labor markets, and encourage women to join the labor market. GCC countries have used the windfall revenues from oil and gas to rebuild their buffers, pay down their debt, and shore-up their sovereign wealth funds. They have also sought to protect their vulnerable populations with continued subsidies on food, fuel, and utilities. Such policies have limited the impact of inflation on the domestic economy. Finally, GCC countries have also used their financial muscle to support economically weaker countries in the region. The stellar growth of 2022 is slowing down and growth is expected to moderate to 1 percent in 2023 before picking up again to 3.6 percent in 2024. The decline in economic activity in 2023 is driven by consecutive production cut decisions by OPEC+ in an effort to stabilize global oil prices. However, non-oil GDP continues its growth trajectory reaching 3.9 percent, resulting weaker integration between oil and non-oil sectors. To maintain this track record, GCC countries will need to continue to exercise prudent macroeconomic management, stay the course with structural reforms, and increase non-oil exports. Downside risks remain and it would be amiss not to mention them. The conflict in the Middle East presents major risks to the region and the GCC outlook if it extends or expands to include other regional players. While it is too early to quantify the impact and channels of the conflict, we already witness a 4 percentsurge in global oil futures. Although China is bouncing back after emerging from tight Covid-19 lockdowns, troubles in the real estate sector could still disrupt this trajectory. Persistent high inflation in the world's major economies has not been entirely vanquishedsuggesting a high interest rate environment for a longer period. Windfall revenues are anticipated as a result of higher oil prices driven by the conflict in the Middle East. However, the extent and duration of the conflict will play a pivotal role in determining economicramifications not only on energy markets but also on regional financial and trade markets and overall economic confidence. The Special Focus section of the report discusses the power of structural reforms and social norms in advancing female labor force participation in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia experienced an unprecedented surge in female labor force participation since 2016 as a result of: (i) changing regulations and the removal of legal barriers, shifting social norms, (ii) the implementation of sound structural reforms and (iii) effective government communications. Saudi Arabia's success in increasing female labor force participation from 17.4 percent in 2017 to 36 percent in 2023 offers important lessons to other countries in the region and the world
    DOI: 10.1596/40880
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  • 16
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    Trade, Outsourcing, and the Environment (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Artuc, Erhan Trade, Outsourcing, and the Environment
    Keywords: Border Carbon Adjustment ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Tariffs ; Carbon Tax ; CO2 Emission Leakage ; Environment ; Environment and Trade ; Environmental Policy ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Tax Law
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of carbon taxation and border carbon adjustments in a setting where firms can choose to respond to taxation by abating or by outsourcing part of their production. For this, this paper sets up a general equilibrium trade model, calibrated with world trade and input-output data that features a discrete choice production structure, where the producers choose between outsourcing or abating emission-intensive intermediate production steps. The paper finds that border adjustments that cannot target scope 3 emissions can lead to outsourcing, and thus leakage, further down the value chain, but nevertheless induce higher abatement both in the countries that impose the border adjustment and in the ones affected by it
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10665
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  • 17
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    Leveraging Big Data to Understand Women's Mobility in Buenos Aires (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stokenberga, Aiga Leveraging Big Data to Understand Women's Mobility in Buenos Aires
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender and Transportation ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Norms ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Mobility ; Transportation Planning ; Urban Transport ; Women and Public Transportaton ; Women's Agency
    Abstract: While the travelers' gender has not been a central consideration driving urban mobility planning, increasing evidence points to gender-differentiated mobility preferences and behaviors. This paper explores this topic in the context of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, aiming to identify policy relevant differences between the mobility of women and men. It does so by leveraging mobile phone--based data, combined with existing household travel survey data and an original large-scale interception survey implemented in late 2021 and early 2022. The paper provides descriptive analysis of key spatial and temporal mobility patterns as well as implements statistical analysis to identify whether gender represented a key determinant of mode choice in the context of the pandemic. The analysis finds that women in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area travel less, tend to have shorter individual trips, and are much more likely than men to travel during off-peak hours, including due to disproportionately taking on "care mobility" responsibilities. In terms of mode choices, women represent the majority of public transport users and are more likely than men to say they would cycle. However, women's share among public transport users and their actual cycling and walking appear to be spatially correlated with, respectively, the availability of public transport services and dedicated, safe infrastructure. The travel responses to the pandemic documented in the original survey data also suggest that women are more likely than men to switch from public transport to private motorized modes as soon as their incomes allow them to unless appropriate health safety measures are put in place
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10662
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  • 18
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    Are Regional Fiscal Multipliers on EU Structural and Investment Fund Spending Large? : A Reassessment of the Evidence (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiuratti, Frederico Are Regional Fiscal Multipliers on EU Structural and Investment Fund Spending Large? A Reassessment of the Evidence
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Covid-19 Economic Recovery Package ; Environment ; EU Economies ; European Union ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Fiscal Multiplier ; Green Issues ; Monetary Union ; Short-Term Regional Fiscal Stimulus ; Social Risk Management ; Sustainable Green Growth
    Abstract: The European Commission's "NextGenerationEU" COVID-19 recovery package has underscored interest in the size of regional fiscal multipliers in Europe. While the objective of these funds is the long-term transformation toward more sustainable green growth and digitalization in EU economies, several recent papers have also focused on their short-term stimulatory effects and have estimated large short-term regional multipliers on historical EU structural and investment fund spending. This has contributed to a view that EU funds can boost growth substantially not only in the long term, but also in the short term in countries receiving large flows, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper reevaluates the evidence by estimating regional short-term multipliers using recent data on EU fund spending and a leave-one-out predicted disbursement schedule instrument. In contrast with much of the recent literature, there is little evidence of large relative GDP multipliers at either the national or subnational level in the short term. This is despite a strong response of regional investment to EU funds, which often increases euro for euro. The results suggest that expectations should be tempered on using EU structural and investment funds as a tool for short-term regional fiscal stimulus, and instead policy makers may want to focus on the long-term benefits of EU funds, in line with their original purpose
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10658
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    Are Global Value Chains Women Friendly in Developing Countries? : Evidence from Firm-Level Data (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kalliny, Marize Are Global Value Chains Women Friendly in Developing Countries? Evidence from Firm-Level Data
    Keywords: Firm-Level Data ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Trade ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gendered Entrepreneur Data ; Global Value Chain ; Women's Empowerment ; Women's Trade Participation
    Abstract: Despite the efforts made to increase women's inclusion in the economy, they are still underrepresented in trade in general and in global value chains in particular. Thus, this paper aims at examining the impact of global value chains on women's trade participation as entrepreneurs and employees. It also analyzes how this effect is moderated through external (gender provisions in trade agreements) and internal (investment climate variables) factors. The analysis uses firm-level data for 154 developing economies and emerging markets with a special focus on the Middle East and North Africa region, being one of the regions with the lowest female labor force participation. The main findings show that global value chains integration increases the likelihood of being a female owner and the share of female employees, especially production ones. A less robust negative effect is found for the impact on being a female top manager. These effects are moderated by the inclusion of gender provisions in trade agreements and by the characteristics of the investment climate (especially tax policy, access to finance, and corruption). These results remain robust after controlling for the endogeneity of global value chains using an instrumental variable approach and a propensity score estimation method where the treatment is being part of a global value chains. Thus, global value chains can be perceived as a tool that boosts women's empowerment in emerging economies, especially in the Middle East and North Africa region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10667
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Zimbabwe Gender Assessment (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Equality ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Women ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: The aim of this report is to gather evidence that will identify priorities and actions by stakeholders towards positively influencing, up scaling and accelerating gender equality and women's empowerment in Zimbabwe. The report consolidates information on gender gaps and drivers of inequality in human endowments, economic opportunities, ownership and control of assets, and voice and agency. This includes identifying factors that deepen inequalities, and effectiveness of current policies and programming in narrowing gender disparities. The aim is to also identify promising and good practices that can potentially be replicated for greater impact, cascading to all areas in the country. The analysis guided by a conceptual framework that describes the ways households, markets, and institutions (both formal and informal), and their interactions all influence gender equality and economic development outcomes. Additionally, attention is paid to intersecting identities of women and men that affect their ability to access services and opportunities, including disability status, place of residence and other socio cultural and economic factors. The assessment draws on several data sources collected using mixed methods. Available quantitative and qualitative data sources form the basis of the assessment, including surveys, national and institutional reports and broader feminist and economic literature. Robust stakeholder consultations, including representatives from Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ), development partners, the United Nations (UN), Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and communities grounded the analysis and provided insights into priority setting and forward-looking strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/41146
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  • 21
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    Climate Shocks and the Poor : A Review of the Literature (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Triyana, Margaret Climate Shocks and the Poor: A Review of the Literature
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Distributional Impact ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Meta Analysis ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty
    Abstract: There is a rapidly growing literature on the link between climate change and poverty. This study reviews the existing literature on whether the poor are more exposed to climate shocks and whether they are more adversely affected. About two-thirds of the studies in our analyzed sample find that the poor are more exposed to climate shocks than is the rest of the population and four-fifths of the studies find that the poor are more adversely affected by climate shocks than is the rest of the population. Income and human capital losses tend to be concentrated among the poor. These findings highlight the potential long-term risk of a climate-change induced poverty trap and the need for targeted interventions to protect the poor from the adverse effects of climate shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10742
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  • 22
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    The World Bank Group in Papua New Guinea : Country Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2008-23 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nonextractive Sectors ; Resilience
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea has abundant resources in the form of oil and mineral wealth. But a complex set of factors, including systemic gender inequality, underinvestment in non-extractive sectors, and fragility compounded by vulnerability to disasters caused by natural hazards act as barriers to sustainable and inclusive growth of the country. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of World Bank Group support to Papua New Guinea between fiscal year FY08 and FY23. It assesses the Bank Group's development effectiveness in addressing the above three core themes, namely: (i) lack of investment in Papua New Guinea's non-extractive sectors and their poor performance, (ii) the economic exclusion of women and gender-based violence (GBV) issues associated with it, and (iii) unmitigated risks of disaster from natural hazards, and violence, and conflict. The report answers three specific questions. The first explores the extent to which the Bank Group adapted its engagement in line with key constraints, including in relation to development partners, changes in country context, and lessons from experience. The second focuses on the results of Bank Group support and explanatory factors for results under each them, answered by applying a gender lens where relevant. The third question explores the extent to which the Bank Group successfully identified and addressed conflict, violence, and disaster from natural hazards risks. The report offers key lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future engagement with the country: (i) Data gaps need to be addressed to inform sound policy making and effective programming in Papua New Guinea. (ii) Declining governance quality and increasing bilateral aid will require the World Bank to reassess how it supports key policy reforms to achieve development impact, including through using DPOs. (iii) The Bank Group could elevate its impact on gender equality and GBV by shifting from a project-centric approach to a strategic country engagement approach. (iv) The negative effects that compound and interrelated risks pose to achieving development aims need to be addressed more comprehensively
    DOI: 10.1596/41274
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  • 23
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    Closing the Gap : Effect of a Gender Quota on Women's Access to Education in Afghanistan (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Najam, Rafiuddin Closing the Gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women's Access to Education in Afghanistan
    Keywords: Affirmative Action ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; LMIC ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Women in The Employment Market
    Abstract: Affirmative action is a promising solution to the crucial challenge of bridging the gap in women's access to higher education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper uses public universities' matriculation data from 2013-2018 and difference-in-differences estimators to examine the causal impact of a gender quota on women's educational opportunities in Afghanistan. The quota increased the proportion of women in the treated concentration group by nine percentage points and the share of women from low socio-economic status by three percentage points. The expansion was associated with a 0.04-unit decline in the average score ratio of female-to-male applicants, driven by a reduction in the score threshold needed for women's admission. The effects were condensed in competitive concentrations, where the overall share of women and women with low SES increased by 17 and four percentage points, respectively. The findings suggest that affirmative action is a viable option for addressing the gender gap in fragile settings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10674
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  • 24
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    Net Zero Energy by 2060 : Charting the Path of Europe and Central Asia Toward a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Decarbonization ; Energy ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Gas Security ; Renewable Energy ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Since February 2022, geopolitical events have made clear Europe's need to diversify its energy sources and avoid excessive dependence on fossil fuel imports. The drop in Russian natural gas flows to Europe in 2022 marked the single largest supply shock in the history of global gas markets. It caused a significant increase in prices of electricity and heating services for consumers across the continent. With Europe's high reliance on imported natural gas, reestablishing energy security is a paramount objective. But how security can be achieved is subject to many uncertainties. Although Central Asia is not as dependent on gas imports as other parts of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, it has not been spared an energy crisis. Chronic underinvestment and the harshest winter conditions in decades resulted in significant blackouts in power and heating during the winter of 2022/23. -- This report analyzes the implications of the 2022/2023 energy crises over the short and long term, observing possible energy scenarios through 2060 in the Bank's ECA region and examining three key questions: -- What is the state of energy security in ECA in the wake of recent geopolitical events? -- What will it take to decarbonize the ECA energy system? -- What are the main uncertainties?
    DOI: 10.1596/41089
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    Tanzania Economic Update, Issue 20 : Overcoming Demographic Challenges while Embracing Opportunities (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Demographics ; Family Planning Research ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Fertility Rates ; High Population Growth ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Women's Agency
    Abstract: Tanzania has managed to sustain its growth momentum despite the intensifying effects of climate change. While Tanzania's economy continues to expand, recent growth has been concentrated in sectors that employ few workers from poor households, limiting its impact on poverty. The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) has implemented an effective monetary policy designed to curb inflation and alleviate mounting short-term demand pressure on foreign exchange. While Tanzania's recovery continues to accelerate, several serious threats cloud its economic outlook. Key risks include the slow or incomplete implementation of structural reforms, the damaging effects of climate change on the agriculture and tourism sectors, and the possibility of a global recession caused by fiscal and monetary policy tightening in advanced economies and major EMDEs. To mitigate these risks, policymakers must accelerate structural reforms as part of a sustained effort to attract greater private investment and spur resilient and inclusive private-sector-led growth. Over the longer term, one of the country's key challenges will be to complete its structural economic transformation, which will require creating a more favorable business climate to support the growth of the industrial and services sectors while boosting agricultural productivity. Another key long-term growth challenge will be achieving more balanced and inclusive growth
    DOI: 10.1596/41195
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    Breadwinners and Caregivers : Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gonzalez Martinez, Paula Lorena Breadwinners and Caregivers: Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior
    Keywords: Division of Labor ; Gender ; Gender and Employment ; Gender Gap ; Gender Gap in The Workforce ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Household Maintenance
    Abstract: Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. This paper examines global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver, and broad support for gender equality in opportunities, and studies their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intrahousehold decision-making power within a country. The paper provides descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among couples. The findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10692
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    Algeria Diagnostic on Climate and Disaster Risk Management (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Mena ; Natural Disasters ; Risk Management
    Abstract: The Algeria Disaster Risk Management Diagnostic was developed as part of World Bank technical assistance to the Algerian government. The diagnostic offers a concise overview of the country's disaster risk profile, delves into the macroeconomic implications of disasters, outlines Algeria's advancements in disaster risk management (DRM), and highlights ongoing challenges within the DRM sector. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Algeria's DRM sector and identify key priority areas to enhance the country's resilience. This diagnostic was developed through a robust partnership between the World Bank and the National Delegation for Major Risks (DNRM) under the Algerian Ministry of Interior, Local Authorities and Territorial Development (MICLAT) from 2021 to 2023. It represents the culmination of an extensive review of over 500 documents, a comprehensive multi-stakeholder consultation workshop conducted in July 2021, and bilateral interviews held between March and October 2021 with the DNRM and all DRM stakeholders in Algeria. An initial version was completed in November 2021, which was further refined in 2022 and 2023 based on feedback received from Algerian counterparts through additional discussions, email correspondences, and recommendations from World Bank experts
    DOI: 10.1596/40883
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    The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Shocks in Uruguay (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Giuliano, Fernando The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Shocks in Uruguay
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Shocks ; Droughts ; Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Floods ; Macro-Structural Model ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Uruguay is an economy that is vulnerable to precipitation patterns, as evidenced during the country's historic 2022/23 drought. Yet, and despite its rich macroeconomic and climate data environment, the country does not have a consistent macroeconomic model to address the aggregate impact of climate shocks, let alone the expected additional impact from climate change. This paper intends to fill this gap by integrating climate shocks into the World Bank's Macro-Fiscal Model, its workhorse structural macroeconomic projection model. Building on existing country studies on the sectoral effects of droughts and floods, the analysis finds that the volatility of a simulated Uruguayan economy only subject to historical climate shocks reaches 22 percent of the historical volatility of gross domestic product. Moreover, as climate shocks are only one of many shocks that can simultaneously affect an economy, incorporating exogenous macroeconomic shocks into historical climate shocks exacerbates volatility and increases potential losses. Gross domestic product can fall by 2.3 percent under a combined negative climate and macroeconomic shock of the type witnessed once every six years on average, and 4.1 percent under a once-in-40-years combined negative shock. Climate change compounds these effects going forward, worsening the magnitude of the downside risks from droughts by between 18 and 30 percent, although estimates incorporating climate change are subject to large uncertainty. The order of magnitude of these effects calls for a more systematic consideration of climate shocks in macroeconomic projections and fiscal risk assessments for Uruguay
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10740
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    Climate Immobility Traps : A Household-Level Test (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Letta, Marco Climate Immobility Traps: A Household-Level Test
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Causal Forests ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Migration ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Data ; Housing Finance ; Immobility Traps
    Abstract: The complex relationship between climate shocks, migration, and adaptation hampers a rigorous understanding of the heterogeneous mobility outcomes of farm households exposed to climate risk. To unpack this heterogeneity, the analysis combines longitudinal multi-topic household survey data from Nigeria with a causal machine learning approach, tailored to a conceptual framework bridging economic migration theory and the poverty traps literature. The results show that pre-shock asset levels, in situ adaptive capacity, and cumulative shock exposure drive not just the magnitude but also the sign of the impact of agriculture-relevant weather anomalies on the mobility outcomes of farming households. While local adaptation acts as a substitute for migration, the roles played by wealth constraints and repeated shock exposure suggest the presence of climate-induced immobility traps
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10724
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    Measuring the Emissions and Energy Footprint of the ICT Sector : Implications for Climate Action (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Carbon Emissions ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Digitalization ; Energy Footprint ; Environment ; GHG ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; ICT Sector ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: Digitalization is increasing rapidly worldwide, requiring more energy, and resulting in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) two thirds of the world's population are now online. Estimates of the internet and communication technology (ICT) sector's share of global carbon emissions vary across the literature ranging from 1.5 to 4 percent. Based on the data and estimates in this report at least 1.7 percent of global emissions stem from the ICT sector. Meanwhile, one-third of the world's population, or 2.6 billion people, remain unconnected to the internet. The large majority, about 94 percent, live in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), and less than 20 percent of LMICs have modern data infrastructure, such as co-location data centers and access to cloud computing. Connecting people in these countries will require more infrastructure and devices, which will further increase demand for scarce energy resources and drive emissions even higher if targeted interventions are not implemented. The objective of this report is two-fold. First, the report breaks down the energy and emissions profile of the sector and assesses the 30 highest emitting countries for telecommunications while providing global estimates for other ICT sector segments. The report uses a key framework for categorizing energy use and emissions, the greenhouse gas protocol corporate standard. Second, the report addresses the policy and regulatory implications inferred from this data and the examination of these issues through several country case studies
    DOI: 10.1596/41238
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    Resilience Rating System : A Methodology for Building and Tracking Resilience to Climate Change - Synthesizing Key Lessons from IDA19 Piloting (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Environment ; IDA19 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rating System ; Resilience ; RRS
    Abstract: In response to the growing recognition that measuring inputs, such as climate finance, is not enough to capture the impacts of investments, the World Bank Group developed the Resilience Rating System (RRS). Developed over a two-year, multi-sectoral consultative process through close collaboration with internal and external actors, the RRS methodology aims to guide investment decisions and improve climate resilience in project design and outcomes. The methodology report is publicly available. The RRS evaluates and rates investment projects from C to A+, based on their resilience attributes in two complementary dimensions. The resilience of rating considers a project's design, reflecting the confidence that it will achieve its expected objectives and maximize development benefits in the face of climate and disaster risks. The resilience through rating considers a project's outcomes and reflects its contribution to improving climate resilience in the broader community, sector and systems, and to driving transformational adaptation. Combining the two dimension ratings provides an overall project rating, from CC to A+A+
    DOI: 10.1596/41225
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    Trading in Green : Policy Notes on Climate Change and Trade in Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Green Goods ; Green Technologies ; Green Trade ; International Economics and Trade ; Low-Carbon
    Abstract: Although Indonesia's economy has diversified over the past decades, natural resource extraction remains a key sector for both the domestic economy as well as international trade. Indonesia's ability to diversify away from primary products, reduce carbon emissions, adapt to climate change, and transition to a low-carbon economy is strongly interlinked with trade and trade policy. To position itself to benefit from the global transition to a non-carbon economy, Indonesia needs to adapt to new sources of international demand, adjust its existing productive capabilities, and cultivate new green industries. This note analyzes the carbon content of Indonesia's trade flows
    DOI: 10.1596/41156
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    Opportunities for Financing : Farming and Processing in the Cassava, Maize and Plantain Value Chains in Cote d'Ivoire (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Cassava ; Food ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Loans ; Marketing ; Plantain ; Value Chain
    Abstract: The main objective of the report is to develop business models on farming and/or processing of cassava, maize and plantain in Cote d'Ivoire that would help financial institutions to gain better knowledge of the value chains, to design appropriate financing products and to streamline the loan decision process for women-led cooperatives. This report has been produced hand in hand with a financial evaluation tool, to assess the profitability of lending to various cooperatives engaged these select value chains. In addition, detailed financial models have been prepared to assess the cash flow projections of the cooperatives, which could be used in the loan decision process. A marketing strategy plan has also been prepared, which aims at guiding financial institutions in their lending initiatives to cooperatives operating in the various value chains. It is vital for financial institutions to have the right marketing approach, so that cooperatives with a suitable profile can enter their pipeline as potential clients for lending
    DOI: 10.1596/41276
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    How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiuratti, Federico Ivan How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa?
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Employment Gap ; Gender Employment Gap Index ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Neoclassical Growth Models ; Poverty Reduction ; Women in The Workforce
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the gains in gross domestic product per capita from closing gender employment gaps in the Middle East and North Africa, using three neoclassical growth models. The paper starts with baseline impacts from the Gender Employment Gap Index, which suggests that in the long run, gross domestic product per capita would be around 50 percent higher in the typical economy in the region if gender employment gaps were closed (mean 54 percent, median 49 percent). However, the gains are heterogeneous, ranging from less than 10 percent in Qatar to more than 80 percent in the Republic of Yemen. The paper then explores short-term gains, when capital is fixed (or adjusts slowly), and gains in the medium-term, with sluggish implementation of reforms using the Long Term Growth Model, which roughly halves the gains (and lowers the gains by more than half in resource-rich countries). Finally, the paper incorporates the effects of changes in the skill distribution in a model incorporating capital-skill complementarities in production. Because gender employment gaps in the Middle East and North Africa tend to be larger among the unskilled, closing these gaps reduces average skill levels, moderating long-term gains by 5-10 percentage points. However, if women in the Middle East and North Africa continue the current trend toward greater educational attainment, the gains will be greater than in the baseline. All three models--the Gender Employment Gap Index, the Long Term Growth Model, and capital-skill complementarities--point to large increases in gross domestic product per capita from closing gender employment gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10706
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    Turning Risks into Reward : Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rosenow, Samuel Kaspar Turning Risks into Reward: Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Decarbonization ; Decarbonization Technologies ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Environment ; Export Strength Index ; Global Value Chains ; Net-Zero Emissions
    Abstract: Reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 requires unprecedented scaling up in the global deployment of critical decarbonization technologies, such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. This challenge is currently rife with both risks and rewards: while securing an adequate supply of these technologies has become an urgent policy priority for many countries, their high-growth global value chains also offer lucrative benefits for those able to meet the burgeoning global demand. Although recent policy responses have sought to nearshore production to reduce risks and capitalize on rewards, this paper instead lays out an evidence-based strategy to help diversify the global value chains of decarbonization technologies across countries with latent production capabilities and resource endowments. To that end, it constructs a new dataset of traded products, components, and materials associated with decarbonization technologies; develops new indexes capturing countries' current export strengths and future diversification potential in these global value chains; and highlights products with supply risks due to high market concentration levels and those with development rewards in terms of their potential for growth, knowledge spillovers, and technological upgrading. Taken together, the evidence supports the idea that there is plenty of opportunity to diversify these value chains across a larger number of countries to avoid the risks associated with reliance on only a few countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10696
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    Gender and Fiscal Policy : A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jellema, Jon Gender and Fiscal Policy: A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Social Development ; Incidence Analysis ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Taxes ; Transfers
    Abstract: Fiscal policies affect households and individuals in a variety of ways. Even though these effects are likely to be different for men and women, conventional tools of fiscal incidence analysis are typically unable to capture these gender differences. Using a particular type of incidence analysis known in the literature as the Commitment to Equity framework, this paper proposes a methodology to overcome this challenge. A particular novelty the paper introduces is the explicit incorporation of social reproduction into the fiscal incidence analysis framework, enabling the implicit valuation of unpaid work that is typically undertaken by women on activities such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children and the elderly. Applying this methodology to the cases of Jordan and Armenia -- two countries with very different approaches to fiscal policy and cultural norms around the economic and social roles of men and women -- the paper also highlights some of the insights that this engendered perspective could add to standard fiscal incidence analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10733
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    Cambodia : Recommendations to the National Roadmap for Electric Mobility Transition (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
    DOI: 10.1596/41263
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  • 38
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    Liberia Country Climate Development Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Finance ; Inlcusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines Liberia's development trajectory through the lens of the country's vulnerability to climate change. It identifies Liberia's development risks and opportunities, models various scenarios of climate impact and intervention, and proposes ways to strengthen resilience and finance climate actions that support Liberia's development aspirations of inclusive growth and poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/41241
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  • 39
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    Blended Finance for Climate Investments in India (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Environmental Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Blended Concessional Finance ; Clean Energy ; Climate Investments ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Housing ; Solar Power ; Waste-To-Energy
    Abstract: The document collection focuses on the concept of blended finance for climate investments, emphasizing the need for innovative financial mechanisms to address climate change. It discusses the potential of blending public and private capital to mobilize investment in climate-related projects, aiming to achieve both environmental and financial returns. The collection explores various models and case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of blended finance in driving sustainable development and combating climate change on a global scale
    DOI: 10.1596/41194
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  • 40
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    Sierra Leone Human Capital Review : Maximizing Human Potential for Resilience and Inclusive Development (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Demographics ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Fetal and Maternal Health ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Government Financing ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Nutrition Services ; Pregnancy ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review (HCR) report presents an in-depth analysis of human capital indicators throughout a person's lifetime, from in utero to productive aging. By examining the various stages of human capital accumulation, the report aims to provide accurate recommendations for specific groups in Sierra Leone. Thus, the report disaggregates data whenever possible. It relies on an extensive consultative process involving various stakeholders such as Government counterparts, development partners, teachers, adolescent girls, students, private sector representatives, and local representatives. The consultation process followed a Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) approach, which facilitates the identification and resolution of problems by local leadership. In addition, this report aims to inform the design and implementation of human capital reforms that will respond to specific challenges identified in the report
    DOI: 10.1596/41188
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  • 41
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    Does Financial Development Reduce Gender Disparity in Top Manager Positions in Manufacturing SMEs in Developing Countries? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad Does Financial Development Reduce Gender Disparity in Top Manager Positions in Manufacturing SMEs in Developing Countries?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit Market ; Discriminating Practices ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Manufacturing Enterprises ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Women in Management
    Abstract: Women often face more hurdles than men in obtaining finance. This is especially so when credit supply is limited and financial markets are less developed. As a result, owners of firms may prefer men over women as top managers of their firms, widening the gender gap in top manager positions. This paper tests this idea using firm-level survey data for small and medium-size formal manufacturing enterprises in 47 developing countries. The results confirm a positive relationship between credit supply and the likelihood of having a woman versus a man as the top manager. This positive relationship is much stronger in industries that are more dependent on external sources of finance for technological reasons. It is also stronger in countries with poor coverage by credit bureaus and low competition between banks, which is consistent with "statistical" and "taste-based" discrimination against women borrowers. The main result is robust to several endogeneity checks, sample alterations, and alternative measures of credit supply and financial development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10711
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  • 42
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    Presumptive Tax on Small and Microenterprises with a Gender Lens in Ethiopia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Komatsu, Hitomi Presumptive Tax on Small and Microenterprises with a Gender Lens in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Effective Tax Rate ; Female Entrepreneurs ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Tax ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Governments often use simplified business tax systems, such as presumptive tax regimes, to register and tax small and microenterprises. Despite concerns about how such regimes could disproportionately affect female-owned and low-revenue entrepreneurs, there is a lack of empirical analysis examining the tax burden. The presumptive tax in Ethiopia has a complex assessment system, where the tax liabilities are determined according to the activity type and turnover (99 activities and 19 turnover bands), and some activities do not have a tax-free threshold. This paper uses two rounds of data in the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys and the tax code to analyze the equity and gender implications of the presumptive tax on small and microenterprises by imputing the effective tax rates. There are three key findings. First, the effective tax rates are higher for businesses in the lowest quartile at 4.3 percent of turnover compared to 1.5 percent for businesses in the highest quartile, using the most recent survey, resulting in a regressive system. Second, male-owned businesses tend to operate in sectors without a tax-free threshold and are more likely than female-owned businesses to face higher tax rates. Third, the effective tax rates are high for businesses in food and beverage services, which is female-dominated, and for transit services, which is male-dominated, due to the lack of a tax-free threshold for these sectors. The study finds that an alternative presumptive tax system with a single tax rate on turnover and an exemption for all low-revenue businesses would be simpler for tax assessment and more progressive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10707
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  • 43
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    Mobilizing Climate Finance for Railways (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Emissions and Transport ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Rail Greenhouse Gas Analysis ; Railways ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Railways are a low carbon way to access opportunities and move goods to markets. To realize the benefits of railways in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), an estimated USD 25-80 billion of investment annually will be needed. Many organizations and investors want to support green activities and a variety of climate finance sources and instruments have been developed todo just that. However, railways have had limited success in accessing climate specific financing instruments. This report examines the experience in attracting financing from climate-specific financing instruments of railways in LMICs. The review encompasses private sector climate finance, whose resources could potentially meet the entire rail financing gap, as well as carbon markets, and other results-based climate finance and climate funds
    DOI: 10.1596/41321
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    Our Digital Earth : Insights and Opportunities from the World Settlement Footprint (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Earth Observation ; Environment ; ICT Applications ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Hazards ; World Settlement Footprint (WSF)
    Abstract: Earth observation is a crucial source of accurate and up-to-date information of Earth's natural and manmade environments that are critical when planning for, responding to, and mitigating the effects of natural hazards. Satellites that regularly collect images of the entire globe combined--with machine learning algorithms to process them more efficiently--have the potential to provide timely, standardized, verifiable, and scalable information. This report focuses on the use of Earth observation to identify built-up areas exposed to natural hazards. It describes the World Settlement Footprint (WSF) suite of derived datasets, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA), the Google Earth Engine team, and the World Bank. These gridded datasets capture the extent of built-up areas from 1985-2015 and again for 2019, estimated building heights, impervious surfaces, and estimated population. Earth observation derived information is particularly useful for standardized and recurring World Bank operations. The report looks at several World Bank operations, and the key insights provided through analysis incorporating the various WSF suite products
    DOI: 10.1596/41229
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    Managing Flood Risks : Leveraging Finance for Business Resilience in Malaysia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Adaptation ; Environment ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Resilience
    Abstract: Building resilience to natural disasters is imperative for sustainable private sector development and growth in Malaysia. Floods have been Malaysia's most frequent natural disaster, accounting for 85 percent of all natural disasters since 2000. This report looks holistically at the challenges of adaptation to climate change for businesses, exploring the complementarity among the public sector, the financial sector, and the private sector efforts in managing flood risks. It does so by using a range of complementary analyses that bring together the private sector perspective drawn from a firm-level survey, the financial sector perspective based on a survey of financial institutions (both banks and insurers and takaful operators), along with macro-modelling estimates of the aggregate impacts of future floods. The report concludes with a roadmap for policy action to strengthen private sector resilience and enhance the management of flood risks for businesses, zooming in on policies for the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/41223
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    Charting a Blue Course : Investment Projects for the Blue Economy Transition in Sao Tome e Principe (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Artisanal Coastal Fleet ; Blue Cabotage ; Blue Economy ; Blue Tourism ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Environment ; Investment Projects ; STP
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome e Principe (STP) is the smallest independent island state in Africa, having gained independence in 1975, following the Seychelles. STP has a predominantly young population. However, as an island micro-state, the country faces many development problems specific to islands and small countries, such as weak governance capacity, the inability to provide basic services to the population, and a lack of adequate infrastructure (ports, electricity, airports). Additionally, high production and distribution costs of goods and services, including food products, exacerbate the poverty level of the population. The virtually nonexistent corporate structure and undiversified, highly dependent economy make the country vulnerable to exogenous shocks. To address these challenges, STP developed and adopted a Transition Strategy for the Blue Economy in December 2019. This strategy aims to establish the coherence of public policies linked to oceanic resources with the policies of other sectors, such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, and energy. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the analysis of the three investment projects prioritized for inclusion in the National Investment Plan for the Blue Economy. While the report does not imply endorsement of these projects by the World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), its primary objective is to illuminate the drivers of cost and benefit associated with the priorities already identified by the government of Sao Tome e Principe
    DOI: 10.1596/41183
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    Does Unequal Tax Burden Contribute to Women-Owned Businesses Leaving the Tax Net? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ambel, Alemayehu A Does Unequal Tax Burden Contribute to Women-Owned Businesses Leaving the Tax Net?
    Keywords: Effective Tax Rate ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women and Tax ; Women Run Businesses
    Abstract: This study investigates gender disparities in the tax burden in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, using data on 2,320 taxpayers for 2011 and 2012. A quantile regression analysis is employed to control for firm characteristics such as sector, size, and age. The results show that women-owned businesses are more likely to operate in low-profit sectors and report lower sales and tax liabilities than men-owned businesses. However, women-owned businesses pay as much as men-owned businesses in taxes, suggesting that they are subject to a higher effective tax rate. This, in turn, may lead to women-owned businesses exiting the tax net at a higher rate. These findings suggest that gender disparities in tax compliance are not simply due to differences in firm characteristics but may also be due to biases in tax declaration and enforcement processes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10712
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    The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Iranian Labor Market (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Redaelli, Silvia The Gendered Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Iranian Labor Market
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Norms ; Labor Force Participation ; Poverty Reduction ; Women in The Workforce
    Abstract: Despite sizable government interventions to sustain the economy, in the first year of the pandemic (2021/22), approximately 1 million jobs were lost in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and labor force participation contracted by 3 percentage points. Iranian women were the most affected: two out of three jobs lost between 2019/20 and 2020/21 were previously held by women. The gendered impact of the crisis contributed to widening Iranian women's disadvantage in the labor market. Most importantly, the gains in female labor force participation that had slowly accumulated since 2011 vanished. Consistent with what is observed in other countries, women with young children were the most affected by the crisis. The combined effect of school closures and unequal intra-household allocation of care responsibilities, associated with prevailing gender norms, pushed Iranian women with children out of the labor force. Whether or not these trends will be reversed as the management of the COVID-19 pandemic is normalized and the economy recovers from the crisis remains an important policy question
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10705
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  • 49
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    Gender-Specific Transportation Costs and Female Time Use : Evidence from India's Pink Slip Program (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chen, Yutong Gender-Specific Transportation Costs and Female Time Use: Evidence from India's Pink Slip Program
    Keywords: Difference in Differences Specifications ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Gender ; Labor Supply ; Low Skilled Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transportation Cost ; Travel Subsidies ; Unemployed Women ; Women in The Workforce
    Abstract: This paper estimates a synthetic difference-in-differences specification on the roll-out of a program providing free bus transit for women in several Indian states, to examine the impact on women's time allocation and labor supply. Household expenditures on buses fall and women save time on travel. However, there is substantial heterogeneity. Skilled employed women increase labor supply and reduce time on household chores. Low-skilled married women increase time on household activities and reduce labor supply. Unemployed women increase job search with no effect on employment. The findings show that gender roles within households undermine the effect of gender-specific travel subsidies on female labor supply
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10701
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  • 50
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    Does Global Warming Worsen Poverty and Inequality? : An Updated Review (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trinh, Trong-Anh Does Global Warming Worsen Poverty and Inequality? An Updated Review
    Keywords: Chronic Poverty ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Transient Poverty
    Abstract: This paper offers an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impact of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperature on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub-Saharan Africa, there is inconclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analysis of a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys shows that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. The findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10697
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    In Most Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pollution Levels Are Higher in Wealthier Areas (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, Arnold Patrick In Most Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pollution Levels Are Higher in Wealthier Areas
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Ambient Air Pollution ; Economic Concentration ; Environment ; Large Cities ; Pollution Management and Control ; Urban Environment
    Abstract: Air pollution is a major threat to health, and the dangers are particularly acute in low- and middle-income countries. However, little is known about how the burden of pollution is spread across the wealth distribution in these countries. This paper uses new data providing high-resolution wealth estimates for more than 100 low- and middle-income countries, combined with equally high-resolution estimates of air pollution, to estimate how wealth is correlated with ambient air pollution around the world. The findings show that on average air pollution is positively correlated with wealth, but the relationship is highly heterogeneous across countries. The fact that air pollution and wealth are both disproportionately high in urban areas, where economic activity is largely concentrated, appears to drive this relationship. When the analysis is limited to anthropogenic sources of pollution, the relationship becomes less heterogeneous and more systematically positive. The paper also examines the relationship between pollution exposure and wealth within large cities around the world. Again, the findings show substantial heterogeneity across cities. The paper explores several hypotheses for this heterogeneity but does not find a single explanation. Economic concentration within cities appears to explain some of the relationship. Cities with more concentrated economic opportunity tend to have more positive correlations between pollution and wealth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10689
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    Colombia Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment, 2024 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: CHVA ; Climate and Health ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health Risks ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: The objective of this Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment (CHVA) is to assist decision-makers in Colombia with planning effective adaptation measures to deal with climate-related health risks. This assessment includes sub-national considerations for health-related climate action (see Annex A for the methodology). Sub-national considerations are given for Colombia's 32 departments (see Figure 1). It also incorporates data from a Climate and Health Economic Valuation conducted by the World Bank to estimate of the potential economic costs of health impacts arising from projected changes in temperature and precipitation (see Annex B for the methodology). The findings from this CHVA are organized under four sections. Section I characterizes the climatology in Colombia, highlighting observed and projected climate exposures relevant to health. Section II describes key climate-related risks to health, including nutrition and food security, vector-borne diseases (VDBs), water-borne diseases, increasing temperatures, air quality, and zoonotic diseases. Section III analyzes the adaptive capacity and readiness of Colombia's health system to prevent and manage climate-related health risks. Recommendations are discussed in Section IV
    DOI: 10.1596/41249
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    Reimagining Higher Education in Cambodia : Modernizing Governance for Improved Access and Relevance (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Labor Management and Relations ; Labor Market Policy and Programs ; Public Sector Management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to assess the performance of Cambodia's tertiary education system in terms of equitable access, labor market relevance, and research output, and to provide policy recommendations to the government and all stakeholders in the tertiary education sector. This will inform priority reforms and investments to strengthen the sector overall and, specifically, improve coverage, relevance, research, and governance. Building on the latest analytical work carried out in 2017 ahead of the preparation of an ongoing higher education operation supported by the World Bank, the study is an important step toward overcoming knowledge gaps about the main drivers of the results of the Cambodian tertiary education system and institutions. It will shed light on the factors explaining disparities in access, the mismatch between higher education programs and labor market needs, the capacity of higher education to train the specialists and technicians needed for the green economy, and shortcomings in the governance set up and processes that impede both public and private HEIs from operating in a flexible and efficient manner. The findings of the report will significantly add to the evidence base for identifying policy options to improve equity, relevance, and governance at both the national and institutional levels
    DOI: 10.1596/41246
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    High Temperature and Learning Outcomes : Evidence from Ethiopia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Srivastava, Bhavya High Temperature and Learning Outcomes: Evidence from Ethiopia
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Education and Gender ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Higher Education ; Temperatures
    Abstract: This paper uses data from 2003-19 on 2.47 million test takers of a national high stakes university entrance exam in Ethiopia to study the impacts of temperature on learning outcomes. It finds that high temperatures during the school year leading up to the exam reduce test scores, controlling for temperatures when the exam is taken. The results suggest that the scores of female students are less impacted by higher temperatures compared to their male counterparts. Additionally, the analysis finds that the scores of students from schools located in hotter regions are less impacted by higher temperatures compared to their counterparts from cooler regions. The evidence suggests that the adverse effects of temperature are driven by impacts from within-classroom temperatures, rather than from indirect impacts on agriculture
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10714
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    Territorial Development : A Report on the Territorial Development Approach to Accelerate Economic Growth and Development in the Kingdom of Lesotho (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Demographics and Aging ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Human Development and Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Urban and Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This report begins with an Executive Summary, which introduces the territorial development approach and the rationale for applying it in Lesotho's development context before going on to summarize key takeaways and recommendations. It is followed by four chapters: chapter 1, Introduction, lays out the country context, presenting in brief Lesotho's economic and demographic situation, population projections, governmental structure, and poverty profile and the government's goals. Chapter 2, territorial development framework and analysis in Lesotho, discusses the territorial development approach, its objectives, and the challenges it aims to address before presenting a customized 2 by 2 territorial framework for Lesotho and explaining how it can be applied. Chapter 3, analyzing Lesotho's Challenges through a Territorial Lens, lays out a spatial analysis centering on four development challenges: economic opportunities, internal connectivity and regional integration, access to basic services, and climate preparedness. To highlight the challenges, the chapter includes 4D heat maps linked to density, distance, disparity, and disaster risk. It also summaries case studies and real-life applications of the territorial development approach in Lesotho. Full case studies are in an annex. Chapter 4, recommendations, covers guiding principles and recommendations based on the territorial development approach and analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/41248
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    Gender Role Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and the "Double Burden" in Morocco (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barnett, Carolyn Louise Gender Role Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and the "Double Burden" in Morocco
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Employment ; Household Roles ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unpaid Domestic Labor ; Women in The Labor Market
    Abstract: To what extent do attitudes and perceived norms around household roles hinder the emergence of more gender-equal distributions of labor in Morocco Moroccan women undertake a disproportionate share of unpaid household and care labor and participate in the labor force at low rates. Yet everyday practices are shifting, and normative expectations may be as well. From an online survey of predominantly urban, employed Moroccans, this paper finds that respondents aspire for men to be equal contributors in care tasks. Yet, unpaid labor burdens remain highly unequal, respondents disfavor men taking primary responsibility for cooking or cleaning, and women's share of household labor correlates with perceptions of what men prefer more than with individuals' actual preferences. Results from a conjoint survey experiment measuring preferences around employment and the household division of labor confirm respondents' interest in more egalitarian relations in principle, but also suggest that strong preferences for a male breadwinner family model will continue to drive an unequal distribution of labor at home
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10694
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  • 57
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    How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bauer, Adam Michael How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies
    Keywords: Adjustment Costs ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Price ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Risk ; Environment ; Green Investment ; Stochastic Modeling
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement established that global warming should be limited to "well below" 2?C and encouraged efforts to limit warming to 1.5?C. Achieving this goal presents a significant challenge, especially given the presence of (i) economic inertia and adjustment costs, which penalize a swift transition away from fossil fuels, and (ii) climate uncertainty that, for example, hinders the ability to predict the amount of emissions that can be emitted before a given temperature target is passed, which is often referred to as the remaining carbon budget. This paper presents a modeling framework that explores optimal decarbonization investment strategy when both delayed learning about the remaining carbon budget and adjustment costs are present. The findings show that delaying learning about the remaining carbon budget impacts investment in three ways: (i) the cost of policy increases, especially when adjustment costs are present; (ii) abatement investment is front-loaded relative to the certainty policy; and (iii) the sectoral allocation of investment changes to favor declining investment pathways rather than bell-shaped paths. The latter effect is especially pronounced in hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy industry. Each of the effects can be traced back to the carbon price distribution inheriting a "heavy tail" when the remaining carbon budget is learned later in the century. The paper highlights how climate uncertainty and adjustment costs combined result in a more aggressive least-cost strategy for decarbonization investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10743
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  • 58
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    Responsibility Sharing and the Economic Participation of Refugees in Chad (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Coulibaly, Mohamed Responsibility Sharing and the Economic Participation of Refugees in Chad
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Disaster Risk Management ; Environment ; Flood and Drought Risk Management ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The Global Compact on Refugees recognizes the importance of responsibility sharing for hosting, protecting, and assisting refugees, while emphasizing the potential of economic participation to reduce the cost of humanitarian assistance. This note explores the relative importance of aid in caring for refugees hosted in Chad and the importance of the incomes earned by the refugees. It finds that the combination of aid and self-earned incomes falls far short of a minimum standard of living (the poverty line) as a consequence of which the vast majority of refugees lives in abject poverty. It is also finds that although refugees are hosted in camps with relatively few economic opportunities, self-generated income covers 54 percent of the poverty line and aid only 14 percent. As Chad has adopted a policy of refugee inclusion and dispersion, the note then explores how much these progressive policies might increase the income earning potential of refugees. This is found to be substantial. Economic participation policies are estimated to reduce refugee poverty from 88 to 50 percent (thus increasing the self-sufficiency of refugees dramatically), while increasing the incomes generated by poor refugees by more than 50 percent. The greatest participation benefits will be realized when refugees move to areas with more economic potential
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10727
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  • 59
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    Environmental Policy under Weak Institutions (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karayalcin, Cem Environmental Policy under Weak Institutions
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy
    Abstract: Developing countries are facing mounting pressures to incorporate environmental concerns into their policy reform agendas. This paper finds that common environmental policies, such as levying taxes to reduce the excessive exploitation of natural assets, can be self-defeating when (i) institutions are weak and (ii) the general equilibrium effects of such policy actions are overlooked. This seemingly paradoxical result is driven by fundamental mechanisms in structural transformation frameworks, without the need for strong assumptions. It also carries a clear policy implication: environmental policies should be considered within a country's broader development context, rather than in isolation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10719
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  • 60
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    Closing the Gender Gap in ID Ownership in Ethiopia : Findings and Recommendations (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Civil Registration and Identification ; Gender ; Governance ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In Ethiopia, women are 15 percentage points less likely than men to possess a kebele ID, the primary proof of identity document used in the country. This report unveils findings from a study that aims to grasp the reasons behind this gender gap in ID ownership and offers recommendations for overcoming these barriers in Fayda, the new digital ID system launched by the Government of Ethiopia in 2021. Executed by the World Bank in partnership with Ethiopia's National ID Program (NIDP), the study first uses statistical analysis of ID4D-Findex data to illustrate the nature of the ID ownership gap and its ramifications for women. Subsequently, through desk research and original qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the report delves into four categories of potential reasons for the gap: legal and policy barriers, social and community barriers, economic and procedural barriers, and information and knowledge barriers. In the concluding section, the report offers three key recommendations for integrating gender inclusivity into the Fayda program, drawingfrom the research findings and inputs gathered from qualitative research participants
    DOI: 10.1596/41264
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  • 61
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    Blueprints for Private Investment in Ecosystem Restoration : Lessons from Case Studies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
    DOI: 10.1596/41251
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  • 62
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    Climate Change Adaptation : What does the Evidence Say? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rexer, Jonah Climate Change Adaptation: What does the Evidence Say?
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Impacts ; Diversification ; Environment ; Meta-Analysis ; Public Goods ; Reallocation ; Technology Adoption ; Transfers
    Abstract: Adapting to climate change is an increasingly urgent policy priority in lower- and middle-income countries. This systematic review summarizes the current state of the literature on adaptation to climate change, and conducts a quantitative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of climate adaptation. The meta-analysis reveals that observed adaptations offset 46 percent of climate losses on average, with firms using more effective adaptation strategies than households and farmers. The review identifies several key lessons. First, purely private adaptations to climate shocks tend to be less effective than those from public infrastructure and services, although neither by itself is generally sufficient to fully offset the effects of climate change. Second, some adaptations may reduce climate losses in the present, but in the long-run, households, firms, and farmers might be better-served by reducing their climate exposure. Third, the literature tends to focus on adaptation by households and farmers, neglecting firms. Finally, productivity losses from climate shocks may be offset if capital and labor can adjust across sectors and locations, but constraints on these reallocations have not been sufficiently studied
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10729
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  • 63
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    Empowering Adolescent Girls through Safe Spaces and Accompanying Measures in Cote D'Ivoire (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Boulhane, Othmane Empowering Adolescent Girls through Safe Spaces and Accompanying Measures in Cote D'Ivoire
    Keywords: Adolescent Girls ; Clubs ; Family Planning Research ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Husbands ; Income-Generating Activities ; Law and Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Safe Spaces
    Abstract: This study uses a cluster-randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of a large-scale women and girls empowerment program on sexual and reproductive health and empowerment outcomes in Cote d'Ivoire. The study assesses and compares the impact of diverse strategies aimed at equipping girls with life skills and sexual and reproductive health knowledge, provided through well-established safe spaces, in isolation or in combination with livelihood support interventions, or with initiatives designed to engage boys and men and community and religious leaders. The findings show that one year after the end of the interventions, safe spaces alone have a moderate impact on girls' empowerment, while safe spaces combined with husbands' and future husbands' clubs are the most impactful. Combining safe spaces with livelihood support interventions leads to improvements in adolescent girls' employment outcomes, as expected. Finally, the findings show that engaging leaders in the context of safe spaces interventions yields mixed results on girls' empowerment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10721
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  • 64
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    Behavior Change in Solid Waste Management : A Compendium of Cases (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Policies ; Pollution ; Solid Waste ; Waste Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Today the world faces unprecedented challenges in waste management while the state of the municipal waste management sector globally is a matter of concern. To reverse current trends related to waste generation, pollution, and resource management, active collaboration between the various waste actors including governments, civil society, and the private sector will be required along with sustained behavior change. This compendium is designed to help decision-makers - including policy makers, policy professionals, and practitioners-investigate, understand, and respond to waste management challenges in their communities through interventions considering a behavioral science lens. The document contains short case studies that uncover and highlight where and what behavioral tools were applied along three main challenges, that is, getting people to generate less waste, getting people to use waste services, and getting people to be more sustainable with their waste
    DOI: 10.1596/41271
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  • 65
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    Nepal Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis : Technical Annex (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
    DOI: 10.1596/41192
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  • 66
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    Clean and Climate Resilient Transport : Identifying Policy Priorities for Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Transport ; Decarbonization ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Road and Bridge Infrastructure
    Abstract: At five percent of energy emissions, transport is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia. The rapid growth in vehicle fleet-personal passenger vehicles in particular is driving road transport emissions. Indonesian cities are suffering from severe congestion, air quality issues, and increasing numbers of road accidents and fatalities. Private transport dependence is increasing in Indonesian cities. The growth in Indonesia's urban population has led to a growth in urban area boundaries, suboptimal spatial patterns, and increased travel distances. The availability and quality of public transport is highly deficient and largely left to fragmented unorganized players with old and poorly maintained minivans (angkot). Electric vehicle mobility has been identified as a major prospective area of development for Indonesia. The market response has been timid so far and, despite the government electrification plans, the EV market uptake as a fraction of total vehicle sales is small Large gains in both economic development and climate mitigation benefits are possible through a more structured approach towards urban mobility
    DOI: 10.1596/41179
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    Madagascar Urbanization Review : Leveraging Cities as Drivers of Growth and Structural Transformation (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Madagascar urbanization review
    Keywords: Verstädterung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtplanung ; Politische Planung ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; City Development Strategies ; Environment ; Government Capacity ; Integrated Approach ; Sustainable Urban Growth ; Urban Development ; Urban Policies ; Urbanization ; Madagaskar
    Abstract: The Madagascar Urbanization Review aims to: - Contribute to the 2019 National Policy for Urban Development (Politique National de Developpement Urbain), the main policy document outlining the priorities for cities in Madagascar. - Serve as a diagnostic tool to identify the key barriers to sustainable and equitable urban growth in the country - Offer a set of recommended investment priorities and their sequencing, to support governments in making informed decisions on the future development of cities. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Help city leaders and national policy makers to: i. Think strategically about the opportunities offered by urbanization; ii. Address key bottlenecks that are holding back the potential benefits of urbanization; iii. Develop plans to address cities' most pressing issues; and iv. Build consensus between the national and local levels to drive the urban policy agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/41220
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    Climate Toolkits for Infrastructure PPPs : Road Sector (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Toolkit ; Environment ; PPP ; Public-Private Partnerships ; Road Sector
    Abstract: The toolkit contains three modules covering the major climate entry points (i.e., alignment with climate policies; incorporation of climate considerations in the project selection; and appraisal of climate effects in the project's economics and financing), followed by a fourth module that provides climate-related key performance indicators (KPIs) applicable to road projects. Every module is divided into steps, outlining the logical order of the process, that are implemented using specific tools. The tools contained in this toolkit have different formats, depending on the task they serve, and many are accompanied by reference libraries. The toolkit also provides ready-to-use reporting templates to assist in the implementation of the process and the documentation of results. Module 1 presents a two-step process, with tools to assist users with mapping climate policies, and screening projects' alignments with such policies, to identify areas where corrective actions may be needed. Module 2 contains five steps designed to assist users in assessing climate risks, defining strategies to reduce them, estimating the carbon footprints of projects at a preliminary stage, and designing strategies for climate mitigation actions. Module 3, which provides a two-step approach (comprising three tools) to guide users on how to prioritize climate strategies and check their economic soundness. Module 4 presents a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) for all the above processes that are specific to road projects and are meant to serve as entry points for the relevant activities
    DOI: 10.1596/40025
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    Niger Country Environmental Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Deforestation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Forest Degradation ; Land Degradation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Capital
    Abstract: Niger is a fragile country, marked by a poorly diversified economy and extreme poverty. Climate change, rapid demographic growth, and weak governance are major threats to Niger's growth. These changes have led to human losses, decreased soil productivity, and increased competition for access to resources. Moreover, many rural communities have grappled with a land tenure system with often unclear and overlapping rights, a lack of land use classification and registry, and an absence of monitoring and enforcing by local institutions. It is important to note that the rapid population growth and the recent COVID pandemic have put additional pressure on food security and natural resources. Natural capital is crucial for the Nigeriens' livelihoods and food security. Degradation of cropland and pastureland is a key problem in Niger. This Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) aims to analyze critical environmental challenges that threaten sustainable economic growth in Niger and to propose actions to address them. It focuses on three government priorities that require in-depth analysis and immediate response: land degradation, deforestation and forest degradation, and climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/39588
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    Gender-Based Violence Country Profile : Chile (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Domestic Violence ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Norms ; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) ; Law and Development ; Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Norms ; Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) ; Women's Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: The economy of Chile, with a total population of approximately 19.493.185 by 2021, is undergoing an adjustment phase after a remarkable expansion in 2021, with real gross domestic product (GDP) growth dropping to 2.4 percent in 2022 due to normalized consumption and contractionary policies. This economic adjustment is predicted to continue during the first half of 2023, as consumption is expected to fall further amid weakened household liquidity and labor market. The Chilean economy is based on the exploitation of agricultural, fishing, forest, and mining resources. Chile has made several improvements in gender parity, but violence against women remains a significant problem in the country. As the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the problem of gender-based violence, women's labor force participation rate reduced by 10 percentage points as well as several other indicators have been affected negatively
    DOI: 10.1596/40136
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    Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report : Mw 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake - Assessment of the Impact on Syria (Results as of February 20, 2023) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Earthquake ; Environment ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Impacts ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Natural Disaster ; Syria
    Abstract: Following the magnitude (Mw) 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake on February 6, 2023 and the Mw 6.3 earthquake on February 20, 2023, the World Bank carried out a remote, desk-based assessment of the physical damages in Syria using the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology. The objective of the assessment is to develop a model-based estimate of the direct physical damages to residential buildings (houses) and non-residential buildings caused by the event, and to evaluate the spatial distribution of damages. In this report, direct physical damage is quantified using the gross capital stock, which is the replacement cost of an asset newly rebuilt based on current unit costs and construction practice, and although it does include fixed and mobile industry capital, it does not take into account transport equipment, or technological changes et cetera Reconstruction costs are expected to be proportionately higher for non-residential than residential buildings, due to the possibility of upgrades and build back better practices (because a large share of its capital stock and production technologies are outdated). Estimates of direct damages, presented in this report, do not include costs associated with humanitarian and emergency response, or the losses associated with economic flows (for example, business interruption). As of February 20, 2023, the confirmed death toll across Turkiye and Syria surpassed 47,000 deaths, with 6,599 fatalities and 14,500 injuries in Syria. In northwest Syria, this includes 4,525 reported deaths and 8,424 reported injuries, with many still trapped under the rubble. More details on the fragility and crisis dynamics and how these amplified the earthquakes' impacts are discussed in the Annex B of this GRADE report
    DOI: 10.1596/39529
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    Combatting Forest Fires in the Drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa : Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nguyen Huy, Tung Combatting Forest Fires in the Drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Deforestation ; Drylands Fire Prevention ; Environment ; Fire Reduction Case Study ; Forest Conservation ; Forest Fire ; Forestry Management ; Synthetic Control Method
    Abstract: Forest fires are among the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses remote sensing data on forest fires and remaining tree cover to estimate the effectiveness of a project targeted at reducing fire incidences in twelve protected forests in arid Burkina Faso. The project consisted of two components that were implemented in the villages surrounding the target forests: a campaign aimed at raising community awareness about the detrimental effects of forest fires, and a program to support establishing and maintaining forest fire prevention infrastructures. Using the Synthetic Control Method the paper finds that the project resulted in a 35% reduction in forest fire occurrences in the period of the year when they tend to be most prevalent -in November, at the very end of the agricultural season. However, this impact is short-lived (as the reduction only occurred in the first four years of the program). The reduction in forest fires also did not result in a detectable increase in vegetation cover-because the reduction in November was not sufficiently large to be captured via remote sensing, or because the duration of the reduction was too short for the vegetation to recover. The paper then tries to uncover the underlying mechanisms to shed light on which of the project's components were effective and to also learn how the program can be improved
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10336
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    Gender-Based Discounts on Taxes Related to Property : Role in Encouraging Female Ownership - a Case Study of Indian States and Cities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Awasthi, Rajul Gender-Based Discounts on Taxes Related to Property: Role in Encouraging Female Ownership - a Case Study of Indian States and Cities
    Keywords: Female Land Ownership ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Bias ; Gender-Based Discount ; Governance ; Law and Development ; Local Government ; Online Payment System ; Property Ownership Rights ; Property Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax Revenue ; Urban Immovable Property Tax
    Abstract: In India, state and city governments are making a simultaneous push to increase revenues through property-related taxes and to offer tax incentives to female property owners. This dual policy approach creates an opportunity to study the impact of gender-based tax incentives on property ownership patterns and tax compliance. This paper investigates linkages between gender-based discounts on taxes related to property (stamp duties and property taxes), female property ownership, and revenues from taxes related to property. The methodology designed for this paper deploys researchers to collect insights through focus group discussions with male and female property owners and taxpayers and to conduct one-to-one interviews with government officials in state and urban local body revenue and land administration departments. The study's most important finding is that incentives related to property taxes and involving economically significant amounts, such as the stamp duty, encourage female property ownership. It is notable, however, that property ownership does not always translate into a greater role for females in the control and management of the property. Other factors - such as concessions in loan terms offered to females buying properties in their own names or through joint ownership, security of inheritance, and equal property ownership rights for females - can also positively contribute to encouraging female property ownership
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10287
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    Gendered Laws and Women's Financial Inclusion (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Perrin, Caroline Gendered Laws and Women's Financial Inclusion
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Discrimination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Global Findex and Women ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Involuntary Financial Exclusion ; Law ; Legal Equality ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This paper documents the relationship between legal gender equality and the use of financial services, using individual-level data from 148 developed and developing economies. The analysis, which combines data from the Global Findex and Women, Business and the Law databases, highlights the existence of a significant and positive correlation between gender equality in the law and women's access to financial products. The results show that greater legal equality alleviates women's involuntary financial exclusion. The findings also suggest that prevailing adverse social norms can 0ify the beneficial effects of legal equality, and that better implementation of the law can facilitate a stronger relationship between legal frameworks and women's financial inclusion
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10282
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  • 75
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    Policy Lessons on Empowering Adolescent Girls (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Keywords: Adolescent Girls ; Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Girls Empowerment ; Life Skills
    Abstract: Adolescent girls face multiple challenges that restrict their horizons. They have to make decisions about employment and fertility at an early age with limited access to formal education and under restrictive social norms. Domestic responsibilities limit their time in school and educational achievement, in turn curtailing their ability to enter the labor force. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence on what works, and what does not, in empowering adolescent girls. This note presents evidence on five key findings
    DOI: 10.1596/39426
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  • 76
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    Is Climate Change Slowing the Urban Escalator Out of Poverty? : Evidence from Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Is Climate Change Slowing the Urban Escalator Out of Poverty? Evidence from Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia
    Keywords: Climatic Change ; Environment ; Flooding ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Agglomeration ; Urban Climate Shock ; Urban Poverty
    Abstract: While urbanization has great potential to facilitate poverty reduction, climate shocks represent a looming threat to such upward mobility. This paper empirically analyzes the effects of climatic risks on the function of urban agglomerations to support poor households to escape from poverty. Combining household surveys with climatic datasets, the panel regression analysis for Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia finds that households in large metropolitan areas are more likely to escape from poverty, indicating better access to economic opportunities in those areas. However, the climate shocks offset such benefits of urban agglomerations, as extreme rainfalls and high flood risks significantly reduce the chance of upward mobility. The findings underscore the need to enhance resilience among the urban poor to allow them to fully utilize the benefits of urban agglomerations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10383
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  • 77
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    Coping with Compounding Challenges in Conflict Crises : Evidence from North-East Nigeria (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stojetz, Wolfgang Coping with Compounding Challenges in Conflict Crises: Evidence from North-East Nigeria
    Keywords: Conflict Crisis ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Displacement ; Internallydisplaced Persons ; Law and Development ; Most Vulnerable Refugee Groups ; Social Development ; Violent Conflict
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the intersectionality of gender, forced displacement, and collective violence shapes coping behaviors in conflict crises, paying particular attention to household composition by gender and age. Drawing on survey data from 17,951 individuals in North-east Nigeria, the analysis finds that coping behaviors at the household, adult, and child levels are interlinked and strongly shaped by compounding challenges stemming from individual gender, household forced displacement status, and local violence shocks. These challenges have significant welfare implications and create severe vulnerabilities and special needs for specific groups of households and individuals, such as rural communities affected by violence, large households with many children, female breadwinners, and displaced girls. The findings emphasize the need for and potential of concerted policy approaches that account for the intersectionality of gender, displacement, and violence in conflict settings and pay particular attention to specific types of communities, households, and individuals
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10379
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  • 78
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    Leaning in at Home : Women's Promotions and Intra-Household Bargaining in Bangladesh (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Uckat, Hannah Leaning in at Home: Women's Promotions and Intra-Household Bargaining in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Decision Making and Poverty ; Female Managers ; Female Role Models ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Empowerment ; Poverty Reduction ; Textile Industry Jobs ; Womens Agency ; Womens Career Impact
    Abstract: It is established that entering employment improves a woman's bargaining position in the household. This paper investigates whether a woman's career advancement further improves her intra-household bargaining power. The analysis exploits quasi-random participation in a career promotion program in Bangladesh's garment industry to causally estimate the impact of women's promotion on household decision-making. The findings show that women who participate in the promotion program gain bargaining power as measured by higher expenditures on women (51%) and girls (74%), and on remittances (58%). The promotion-related income effect only partially explains these increases, suggesting that women gain more agency over household income more generally. Further, these new female managers now serve as role models to their staff. The paper finds that the direct effects spill over to women who are quasi-randomly exposed to the new female managers, who also report more say in household decisions. Complementarities between women's positions in the workplace and in the household appear important
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10370
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  • 79
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    Man or Machine? : Environmental Consequences of Wage Driven Mechanization in Indian Agriculture (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (101 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, A. Patrick Man or Machine? Environmental Consequences of Wage Driven Mechanization in Indian Agriculture
    Keywords: Agricultural Fire ; Agriculture ; Air Pollution ; Environment ; Mahatma Ghandi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ; Mechanized Agriculture ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Labor Market Shocks ; Structural Change
    Abstract: This paper uses an exogenous shock to wages from the world's largest anti-poverty program to show that higher wages can lead to increased air pollution, likely by inducing farmers to shift into a labor-saving and mechanized production process. Using a difference-in-differences approach on the staggered roll-out of India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), combined with data on nearly 1 million fires, the paper shows that the frequency of agricultural fires increases by 21 percent after the shock. The increase in fires is concentrated in districts that appear more likely to mechanize the harvest. MNREGA did not lead to changes in area planted or tonnage produced in fire intensive crops. The estimates show that nationally, the shock increased the rate of particulate emissions from biomass burning by 30 to 50 percent. The results suggest that absent policies to correct for environmental externalities of mechanization at all stages of development, labor market shocks may lead to inefficient levels of mechanization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10376
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  • 80
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    Syria Earthquake 2023 : Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Macroeconomic Impact ; Natural Disasters ; Recovery and Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Socioeconomic Impact ; Syria
    Abstract: Following the magnitude (Mw) 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake on February 6, 2023, and the (Mw) 6.3 earthquake on February 20, 2023, the World Bank launched the Syria Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA). The objective of the RDNA is to estimate the impact of the earthquake on physical assets and service delivery in the most affected areas. The RDNA covers six governorates with roughly 10million inhabitants, with an in-depth analysis of nine cities. It provides preliminary estimates to rebuild infrastructure and restore service delivery, and general guiding principles for recovery and building back better, focusing on early recovery (0-12 months) and short-term needs (1-3 years). The RDNA also analyses the macroeconomic and socioeconomic impacts of the earthquake to anticipate repercussions on the economic outlook and on the population's well-being. This RDNA contributes to the understanding of the impactof the earthquake on Syria. While the RDNA focuses on the damages incurred by the earthquake, the compounding effect of the pre-existing damages caused by the conflict are reflected in the pre-earthquake baseline. The RDNA follows a globally established and recognized damage, loss, and needs assessment methodology developed by the World Bank Group (WBG), the European Union (EU), and the United Nations (UN). This methodology has been applied globally in post-disaster and conflict contexts to inform recovery and reconstruction planning. Prior to this RDNA, the World Bank Group conducted six assessments to provide information on the effects of the ongoing conflict on population, physical infrastructure, and quality of service delivery
    DOI: 10.1596/39610
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  • 81
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    Digital Climate Information and Agriculture Advisory Delivery Mechanisms in West Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Digital Climate Information ; Environment ; Food Systems ; Resilience ; West Africa
    Abstract: By advancing knowledge on digital climate information and agriculture advisory services ('agromet services') in support of West Africa's farmers, this report has two objectives. First, it aims to identify priority actions for promoting digital agromet services under the West Africa Food System Resilience Program (FSRP) with a focus on Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Togo. Second, the report strives to provide insights on the required ingredients for creating viable agromet delivery models to all stakeholders involved in the production and dissemination of weather and climate information. These stakeholders include representatives from the Ministries of Agriculture (MOAs), National Meteorological Services (NMSs), Disaster Risk Management (DRM) specialists, interested parties from the private sector and civil society, and development practitioners. This report's findings were obtained through i) a benchmarking analysis of ten case studies examining existing delivery mechanisms of digital agromet services, and ii) semi-structured interviews with public institutions complemented by desk research. Case study results indicate that providers of agromet services should bundle different service types and diversify revenue streams to ensure that their offerings are impactful and viable. The report also finds that increasing levels of trust between the public and the private sector would facilitate the creation of innovative climate information delivery models based on public-private engagement (PPE). Other key recommendations to enhance agromet services include continuing to invest in the technical and human capacity of the region's NMSs, increasing collaboration between NMSs and agricultural extension services, and establishing clear regulatory frameworks on digitalization and open data
    DOI: 10.1596/39565
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  • 82
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    Greening Public Human Development Buildings in Croatia : Support for the Implementation of the European Green Deal in the Croatian Health and Education Sectors (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Education ; Environment ; Environment and Health ; European Union Green Deal (EUGD) Implementation ; Green Issues ; Greening HD Infrastructure ; Health Policy and Management, Education Sector Strategy ; Health, Nutrition and Population, Education Reform and Management ; Human Development Buildings ; Sustainable Public Buildings ; Sustainable Public Health Facilities
    Abstract: The goal of this policy note is twofold: first, to identify and propose how to address some of the key regulatory and implementation hurdles that Croatia and potentially other EU Member States are facing in greening their HD infrastructure while improving HD outcomes; and second, to compile best practices and examples in green design, construction, and renovation of public HD buildings. The Note will also provide guidance and encourage dialogue among relevant policy makers at national, regional, and local levels, and with targeted clients. Furthermore, the recommendations would address the importance of green skills development and other related topics relevant to the implementation of EUGD. Overall, the analysis results and the recommendations on these issues could also be useful for World Bank experts and other external stakeholders focused on the green economy and human development
    DOI: 10.1596/39825
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  • 83
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    Using Behavioral Science to Increase Women's Participation in Natural Resource Management in Mexico (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reyes-Retana, Graciela Using Behavioral Science to Increase Women's Participation in Natural Resource Management in Mexico
    Keywords: Behavior Change Communication ; Deforestation Emissions ; Degradation ; Gender ; Gender and Environment ; Natural Resource Management ; Outreach Strategies ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Reducing Emissions ; Rural Development ; Rural Gender Inclusion
    Abstract: Natural resources management (NRM) helps protect forests and promote sustainable development. Although women are key in strengthening activities in NRM, they are dramatically underrepresented in public funding for forest projects in many countries, such as Mexico, limiting their participation and impact. While structural barriers, such as land tenure and low capacity, cause this problem, this is exacerbated by barriers such as lack of information, complex application processess, gender norms, and rural women's low aspirations and limited agency and self-efficacy to participate in NRM projects. This paper tests whether additions and modifications to the standard outreach strategies of a call for proposals for NRM grants in Mexico increase the number of applications submitted by localities and the share of women participating. The study uses a randomized controlled trial in 113 rural localities, where the standard outreach approach (control) is complemented with additional information channels and simplified materials (treatment 1), aiming to appeal more directly to inexperienced populations. A second treatment group further modifies the informational materials using insights from behavioral science (loss aversion, norms framing, and others) and adds proactive text message reminders to prompt behavior (treatment 2), hoping to address the barriers to women's participation. The results suggest that treatment 1 localities had, on average, 2.3 more applications per locality than the control group (increasing the participation of both men and women). Treatment 2 complemented this, having, on average, 6.4 more women per locality participating of these applications than in treatment 1. This shows that women manifested interest in participating in these activities. A representative survey of women in the study localities (1,485 women in 52 localities) suggests that women in treatment localities were more likely to recognize the name of the project or informational materials. The analysis also suggests that the complementary strategies had no effect on the likelihood of being selected to receive a grant under the project, suggesting that additional support is needed to translate this increased interest into successful applications that would allow participation in NRM
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10419
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  • 84
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    Jobs, Food and Greening : Exploring Implications of the Green Transition for Jobs in the Agri-food System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agri-Food Jobs ; Agricultural Pollution ; Agriculture Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Industry ; Food Industry Pollution ; Green Issues ; Green Transition Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: The agri-food system (AFS) employs about one third of the global workforce and contributes about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This together with its large exposure to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation makes what happens in AFS central to the green transition and its implications for jobs and the structural transformation. Microeconomic evidence suggests that the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices will increase labor requirements, at least in the short run and at lower levels of incomes, when its mechanization is still limited. Econometric macro-model-based simulations suggest however that especially substantial investment in climate friendly agricultural R and D as well as soil and water preserving practices and market integration will more than offset the negative effects of climate change and even accelerate the structural transformation, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Overall, the findings underscore the tremendous potential of increasing agricultural and climate friendly R and D investment for brokering an environmentally sustainable structural transformation. Repurposing of agriculture's current USD 638 billion support package towards supporting more climate friendly practices, including to overcome the time lag between the moment of investment and the realization of the benefits, provides an important policy entry point
    DOI: 10.1596/39819
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  • 85
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    Options for Reducing Plastic Leakage to the Marine Environment from Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Acquaculture Mismanagement ; Acquaculture Pollution ; Agriculture ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Discarded Fishing Equipment ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Marine Plastic Debris ; Marine Plastic Pollution Mitigation ; Pollution Management and Control ; Water Resources
    Abstract: The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) National Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris (NPOA-MPD 2017-2025) outlines the ambitious objective of reducing marine plastic debris by seventy percent by 2025. Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) is a major component of sea-based sources of marine debris, and is another important sea-based source of plastic leakage. The cultivation of marine and aquatic species, including seaweed, uses plastic components such as buoys, ropes, harvest bins and feed sacks. The primary pathways for plastic leakage from aquaculture include mismanagement, deliberate discharge, extreme weather and catastrophic events such as tsunamis. The impacts of fishery and aquaculture plastic pollution on the environment, economy, livelihoods and food security are significant. The scale of these impacts on fisheries, marine ecosystems and human users has prompted international action. Managing and mitigating plastic pollution from fisheries and aquaculture has the potential to contribute to Indonesia's marine plastic debris targets while also providing economic opportunities. This report presents options for reducing ALDFG and ALDAG in Indonesia, and improving the management and use of End-of-life fishing gear (EOLFG)
    DOI: 10.1596/39801
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  • 86
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    Empowering Girls and Women in South Sudan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Empowerment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Women ; Womens Education
    Abstract: This advisory services and analytics (ASA) study focuses on the empowerment of South Sudanese girls and women. The report provides a cohesive overview of the barriers to empowering girls and women in South Sudan, as well as evidence-based programs and strategies that have been successful in the country and other similar fragile contexts. Focusing on both global and country-specific evidence, which has been informed by a desk review, the report also focuses on successful strategies and programs to understand what is being done and what works worldwide for women and girls. This ASA builds on several programs currently in place for South Sudan, providing synergies across various sectors. The findings from this ASA will be particularly impactful for an emerging operation in South Sudan that focuses on the empowerment of women. Specifically, this ASA will create synergies with the South Sudan Women's Social and Economic Empowerment Project, given that its target population is also girls and women. This report will attend to strategies to empower women from the social and economic perspective and its support to the institutional environment to facilitate this. Further, the South Sudan Women's Social and Economic Empowerment Project may benefit from the findings and recommendations from this ASA, especially from an economic perspective, as it embarks on implementation and seeks to empower women in South Sudan
    DOI: 10.1596/39703
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  • 87
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    Do Public Works Programs have Sustained Impacts? : A Review of Experimental Studies from LMICs (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bagga, Aanchal Do Public Works Programs have Sustained Impacts? A Review of Experimental Studies from LMICs
    Keywords: Africa Gender Innovation ; Experimental Evidence ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Low and Middle-Income Countries ; Safety Nets ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Social Protection ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have introduced public works programs that offer temporary cash-for-work opportunities to poor individuals. This paper reviews experimental evidence on the impacts of public works programs on participants over the short and medium run, providing new insights on whether they have sustained impacts. The findings show that public works mainly increase employment and earnings during the program. Short-term positive effects tend to fade in the medium run, except in a few cases in which large impacts on savings or investments in self-employment activities are also observed. Importantly, the estimated impacts on earnings are much lower than planned transfer amounts due to forgone earnings, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. There is also little evidence of public works programs improving food consumption expenditure. The review finds evidence of improvements in psychological well-being and women's empowerment in some cases, but not systematically, and with limitations in measurement. The paper concludes by outlining directions for future research
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10471
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  • 88
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    Kenya Economic Update, June 2023 - Securing Growth : Opportunities for Kenya in a Decarbonizing World (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Quality ; Carbon Footprint ; Climate Change Economics ; Decarbonization ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Growth Prospects ; Inflation ; Low-Carbon ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy
    Abstract: Kenya's economic performance softened in 2022, steering towards country's long-term growth rate. Real GDP expanded by 4.8 percent in 2022, a deceleration compared with the strong rebound from the Covid-19 crisis at 7.5 percent annual growth in 2021 but broadly aligned with growth rates of Kenya's potential GDP as well as of the pre-pandemic decade. The adverse weather shock of the last two years has been a major drag on economic growth, with growth in real GDP excluding agriculture standing at 6.3 percent in 2022. Besides, the impacts of tightening of domestic macroeconomic policies and challenging global financial conditions significantly hurt domestic economic activity, especially in the latter half of the year
    DOI: 10.1596/39930
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  • 89
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    Improving Building-Level Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality in South Asia : Energy-Efficient and Cost-Effective Interventions for a Changing Climate (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Cost-Effective ; Energy-Efficient ; Environment ; Indoor Air Quality ; Thermal Comfort ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: This report provides evidence-based guidance on cost-effective and energy-efficient cooling and ventilation interventions to improve building-level thermal comfort and indoor air quality for a changing climate in South Asia. It focuses on Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan but also covers all the countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. After an introduction, the report analyzes local climates and air quality issues, building types, and occupant behavior, as well as available passive and active interventions and their relevance in the region, before concluding with a set of recommendations for all building types. The report also identifies additional recommendations specific to residential and commercial buildings, along with policy and country-specific recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/39872
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  • 90
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    Distributing Carbon Revenues from Shipping (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Revenues ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Decarbonization ; Environment ; GHG ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; International Shipping ; Maritime Infrastructure ; Zero-Carbon Energy
    Abstract: International shipping accounts for nearly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. If no further action is taken, these emissions are set to grow significantly. Apart from reducing emissions, there is a strong call for shipping's decarbonization to be equitable. In this light, the International Maritime Organization is considering a price on carbon. This could raise USD 40 to USD 60 billion annually in revenues between 2025 and 2050. The report discusses which countries could access carbon revenues, for what purposes, and on what terms. It argues that revenues should be used to decarbonize shipping, enhance maritime infrastructure, and support broader climate aims. This (mix of options to use carbon revenues) would speed up shipping's transition to zero-carbon energy, help build the necessary infrastructure, lower maritime transport costs, and result in climate benefits beyond maritime transport. It would also ensure that all countries, including those with no shipping industry or ports, could access carbon revenues. By developing a smart and flexible framework, the report shows how carbon revenues could be distributed to maximize climate benefits and support an equitable transition
    DOI: 10.1596/39876
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  • 91
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    Philippines Economic Update, June 2023 : Securing Clean Energy Future (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Clean Energy ; Decarbonization ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Power Sector ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: The Philippine economy outperformed its regional peers, expanding by 6.4 percent in the first quarter of 2023. The continued release of pent-up demand as well as recovering labor market, steady remittances, and tourism rebound supported domestic activity. Weak global conditions, however, tempered external demand, which weighed on manufacturing and net exports. Domestic demand remained robust despite elevated inflation. To address inflationary pressure and anchor inflation expectations, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has raised the key policy rate by an additional 75 bps since January 2023. Meanwhile, a decline in public spending led to a narrower fiscal deficit. With robust economic growth, unemployment declined despite higher labor force participation, but the quality of jobs remains a concern
    DOI: 10.1596/39858
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  • 92
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    Moving to Adaptation? : Understanding the Migratory Response to Hurricanes in the United States (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, A. Patrick Moving to Adaptation? Understanding the Migratory Response to Hurricanes in the United States
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Adaptation To Risk ; Climate Change ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Cyclones ; Environment ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Migration
    Abstract: Using data on the paths of all hurricanes in the Atlantic Basin from 1992 to 2017, this paper studies whether migration has served as a form of adaptation to hurricane risk. The findings show that on average hurricanes have little to no impact on county out-migration, with population-weighted exposure to hurricanes increasing slightly over the sample period. Counties with high economic activity see net in-migration in the years after a hurricane. Further, return migration likely plays a role in offsetting any out-migration in the year of the storm. The intensity of pre-hurricane migration between county pairs is a strong predictor of excess migration after a hurricane, suggesting that existing economic and social ties dominate in post-hurricane migration decisions. Given existing policies and incentives, the economic and social benefits that people derive from living in high-risk areas currently outweigh the incentive to adapt to future storms by relocating across counties
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10528
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    Advancing Disaster Risk Financing in Sint Maarten (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Disaster Risk Finance ; DRF ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Disaster Risk Modeling ; Insurance Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Public Financial Management
    Abstract: Historical losses due to hurricanes have been significant in Sint Maarten (SXM) since 1960, with the most severe impact having been experienced in 2017 following Hurricane Irma. The objective of this report is to provide recommendations to the Government of Sint Maarten (GoSXM) for the formulation of a country-specific comprehensive disaster risk financing (DRF) strategy based on the assessment of the legislative, financial management, fiscal, and insurance market environment in SXM. It is envisioned that this report will be used as a planning tool for the potential development of an all-encompassing DRF strategy that would equip the GoSXM with information and instruments to manage contingent liabilities posed by disasters
    DOI: 10.1596/40149
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 94
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    Mapping and Valuing Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Landscape Management in Zimbabwe (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Ecosystem Degradation ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Landscape ; Mazowe ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: Productive natural ecosystems are being lost and degraded by poorly planned and managed commercial and small-scale livelihood activities in Zimbabwe, and threats will be further exacerbated by climate change. This report identifies the drivers of ecosystem degradation and assesses the value of ecosystems that are key to Zimbabwe's sustainable development. It also highlights investments that are necessary to protect the landscape and deliver ecosystem services for sustainable livelihood and climate resilience
    DOI: 10.1596/40116
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 95
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    An Operational Approach to Enhancing Women's and Girls' Empowerment in World Bank Projects (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Empowerment ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Equality ; Poverty Reduction ; WGE ; Women and Girls ; World Bank Projects
    Abstract: Gender equality has long been central to the World Bank's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. More recently, women's and girls' empowerment (WGE) has become a priority in the Africa region in the context of the region's demographic transition. There has been a proliferation of World Bank projects with development objectives that include "empowerment", yet there remains a lack of consensus around its definition and operationalization. This note lays out a pragmatic Operational Approach to enhancing women's and girls' empowerment in World Bank projects. It is not intended to provide a new definition of empowerment or to present a new framework. Instead, the objective of the note is to translate widely accepted empowerment concepts into an operational approach to WGE that Bank Task Team Leaders (TTLs) can use in their project and ASA work. The approach includes: (i) a systematic way to analyze constraints to achieving WGE in the context of lending or analytical products; (ii) a list of potential intervention areas within the three empowerment pillars that can be integrated into World Bank projects; and (iii) guidance on how to incorporate the operational approach to WGE into project design
    DOI: 10.1596/40110
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 96
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    How to Design a Grievance Mechanism that Responds to Gender-Based Violence? : Learning from South Sudan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender Based Violence ; Grievance Mechanism ; Human Capital ; Poverty Reduction ; Sexual Abuse ; Sexual Exploitation
    Abstract: The grievance mechanism is based on a survivor-centric approach id est, empowering the survivor of gender-based violence by prioritizing their rights, needs, and wishes. This note provides an overview of the grievance mechanism's setup and details for teams who may be considering implementing a similar mechanism in their projects
    DOI: 10.1596/40107
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 97
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    Global Evidence on Context and Agency Interventions to Empower Women and Girls (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Empowerment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Equity ; Gender Gaps ; Women and Girls
    Abstract: As gender equity becomes more central to social and economic development, practitioners are increasingly focused on women and girls' empowerment as a sustainable way to enhance well-being and close gender gaps. The operational approach to women and girls' empowerment can guide practitioners in systematically translating the concept of empowerment into project designs. While World Bank projects are fairly effective at providing women and girls with the resources they need to reach their desired achievements, interventions that affect agency and context are much more scarce. This literature review is intended to provide a curated set of examples of interventions that aim to affect the context and agency factors impeding women's and girls' empowerment. The paper starts from the assumption that practitioners are increasingly convinced of the importance of addressing the three pillars of empowerment, but they are unfamiliar with evidence-based context and agency interventions. Information about effective initiatives is dispersed, often leaving task teams to start from zero rather than drawing on prior experience. This paper sorts through the literature and presents some of the most effective examples of agency and context interventions in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/40078
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 98
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, July 2023 - Powering Malawi's Growth : Rapidly and Sustainably Increasing Energy Access (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Cyclone Freddy ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Environment ; Foreign Exchange ; Inflation ; Kwacha ; Macro-Fiscal Crisis ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: The Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. This 17th edition was published in July 2023 and is part of an ongoing series published twice each year. The publication intends to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/40068
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  • 99
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    Gender Inclusive Legislation in Vietnam : How to Design a Gender Equality Law Inclusive of Sexual and Gender Minorities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality ; Gender Inclusive ; Law ; Reform ; Sexual and Gender Minorities
    Abstract: In every country, including Vietnam, certain groups confront barriers that prevent them from participating equally in their nation's political, economic, and social life. These groups are excluded through a number of practices, ranging from stereotyping, to stigmatization, to superstitions. Because of deeply entrenched prejudice and harmful social norms sexual and gender minorities continue to endure discrimination, economic and social exclusion, and violence. The Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) of Vietnam is undertaking an update to the country's Gender Equality Law (GEL) of 2006. Because the country's legal framework refers to gender equality in binary terms male and female without reference to inclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC), this update presents a great opportunity and critical entry point to broaden the scope and definition of gender equality to include SOGIESC. The note begins by examining the available data on LGBTI people globally, including the many challenges they face. After presenting the economic case for inclusion, the note examines international policy frameworks on SOGIESC inclusion. It then analyzes the legal framework for SOGIESC inclusion in Vietnam and goes on to assess the key gaps in the current GEL in addressing the inclusion of sexual and gender minorities. The note proposes concrete recommendations to make the GEL more inclusive of LGBTI people with recommendations for new or updated text to specific articles in the current GEL
    DOI: 10.1596/40061
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 100
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    Colombia Country Climate and Development Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Resilient Economy ; Environment ; Green Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net Zero GHG ; Transition
    Abstract: As Colombia navigates a complex path toward a richer and more equitable future, the country faces three critical climate transitions. First, it will need to transit from a climate-vulnerable to a more climate-resilient economy. Second, guided by its Long-Term Climate Strategy (LTS) and strong legal framework, which place it among the climate-goal leaders of the Latin America region, the country will need to navigate a transition to a net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions economy in the context of its stated goal for 2050. Third, in a world that will demand increasingly less of Colombia's primary exports-oil and coal-and more green products, it will need to engineer a transition in its economic model. This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores the opportunities for, and challenges to, achieving Colombia's development goals and its ambitious climate commitments, as well as the complementarities between the two. It explores how climate change and climate action would affect the country's growth and development and, in turn, how growth and development challenges would affect the achievement of its climate ambitions. The CCDR also investigates complementarities-specifically, how climate action could help Colombia achieve its development objectives, capture opportunities, support a just and inclusive transition, and protect its economy against longer-term risks from climate change and from the world's transition toward net zero GHG emissions
    DOI: 10.1596/40056
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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