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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,734)
  • Macroeconomics and Economic Growth  (1,206)
  • Social Protections and Labor  (579)
  • Law and Development  (286)
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  • 101
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    Jordan Economic Monitor, Fall 2022 - Public Investment : Maximizing the Development Impact (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Debt Management ; Economic Growth ; Financial Economics ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Developments ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Public Investment
    Abstract: Despite a challenging global environment, Jordan's growth exceeded expectations during the first half of 2022. Propelled by a strong rebound in international tourism, the full reopening of the economy, and improving exports, real GDP accelerated to 2.7 percent. However, the rebound in economic activity was only modestly reflected on labor market indicators with unemployment rates declining only gradually. Inflation has reached its highest level since 2018 but remains contained compared to regional peers, due to temporary fuel subsidies and a number of other price control measures introduced in 2022. Yet, the untargeted subsidy support came at a fiscal cost as fiscal consolidation adjustments have slowed down despite good tax performance. On the external front, elevated global commodity prices led to a significant rise in Jordan's import bill, outpacing the effect of the increased merchandise exports and tourism. Moreover, capital and financial inflows did not keep up with the widening current account deficit, resulting in a widening of the balance of payment deficit and a drawdown in foreign exchange reserves. Nonetheless, due to its substantial reserve buffers, the Central Bank's gross foreign reserves remained at an adequate level, while Jordan continues to retain investors' confidence and access to foreign financial markets. Jordan's economic recovery in 2022 is expected to be driven by a full rebound of the services sector, helped by the full reopening of the economy and a strong rebound in tourism. However, highly volatile global fuel and food prices are impacting both domestic consumption and the trade balance. Risks surrounding Jordan's outlook include a looming global economic downturn, prolongation of the global food and energy crisis, and the impact of higher borrowing costs and widening losses from state-owned water and electricity sectors on debt dynamics. The Special Focus highlights the role of public investment as a driver of growth, with a particular focus on its recent trends, as well as its efficiency and effectiveness. This is particularly relevant given Jordan's constrained fiscal envelope. Public investment spending has been suffering from a steady decline during the past two decades to meet the fiscal consolidation targets, consistent under-execution, large dependency on external aid and lack of budget for operation and maintenance cost. Its efficiency can be maximized by having in place financially realistic long-term strategic planning, transparent project selection and an adoption of a medium-term perspective. Purposefully integrating climate concerns in public investments would also advance the country's achievement of its climate targets
    DOI: 10.1596/38510
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
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    The Impact of Ethnic Fractionalization on Labor Productivity : Does Firm Size Matter? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Impact of Ethnic Fractionalization on Labor Productivity: Does Firm Size Matter?
    Keywords: Ethnic Fractionalization ; Firm Size and Labor Productivity ; Growth ; Labor Productivity ; Large Firm Workers ; Manufacturing Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Ethnic fractionalization has both positive and negative consequences. It is contended that the positive effects due to skill complementarity in the production process apply to large firms that have more complex and diversified production structures. Because small businesses rely more on public goods and have less access to institutions, the negative effects of lower quality public goods and higher transaction costs have a greater impact on them. Consistent with this viewpoint, it is found that a larger firm size significantly mitigates the negative impact of higher ethnic fractionalization on the level and growth rate of labor productivity in manufacturing firms across 84 developing countries. There is no robust and significant impact of ethnic fractionalization on large firms for the main and most of the other firm size categorizations considered. The results are confirmed by the instrumental variables estimation method, which uses the duration of early human settlement in each country to instrument ethnic fractionalization. Evidence is provided on the potential mechanisms by which ethnic fractionalization affects small versus large firms. The findings have significant policy implications, which are discussed in detail
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10375
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
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    The Global Investment Slowdown : Challenges and Policies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stamm, Kersten The Global Investment Slowdown: Challenges and Policies
    Keywords: Developing Economies ; Emerging Market Growth ; Instititutions and Macroeconomy ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment Growth ; Investment Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Investment growth in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) is expected to remain below its average rate of the past two decades through the medium term. This subdued outlook follows a decade-long, geographically widespread investment growth slowdown before the COVID-19 pandemic. An empirical analysis covering 2000-21 finds that periods of strong investment growth were associated with strong real output growth, robust real credit growth, terms of trade improvements, growth in capital inflows, and investment climate reform spurts. Each of these factors has been decreasingly supportive of investment growth since the 2007-09 global financial crisis. Weak investment growth is a concern because it dampens potential growth, is associated with weak trade, and makes achieving the development and climate-related goals more difficult. Policies to boost investment growth need to be tailored to country circumstances, but include comprehensive fiscal and structural reforms, including repurposing of expenditure on inefficient subsidies. Given EMDEs' limited fiscal space, the international community will need to significantly increase international cooperation, official financing and grants, and leverage private sector financing for adequate investment to materialize
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10364
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 104
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    China as an International Lender of Last Resort (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Horn, Sebastian China as an International Lender of Last Resort
    Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative ; Central Banks ; DEBT ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overseas Lending Practices ; Rescue Lending ; Swap Line
    Abstract: This paper shows that China has launched a new global system for cross-border rescue lending to countries in debt distress. It builds the first comprehensive dataset on China's overseas bailouts between 2000 and 2021 and provide new insights into China's growing role in the global financial system. A key finding is that the global swap line network put in place by the People's Bank of China is increasingly used as a financial rescue mechanism, with more than USD 170 billion in liquidity support extended to crisis countries, including repeated rollovers of swaps coming due. The swaps bolster gross reserves and are mostly drawn by distressed countries with low liquidity ratios. In addition, we show that Chinese state-owned banks and enterprises have given out an additional USD 70 billion in rescue loans for balance of payments support. Taken together, China's overseas bailouts correspond to more than 20 percent of total IMF lending over the past decade and bailout amounts are growing fast. However, China's rescue loans differ from those of established international lenders of last resort in that they (i) are opaque, (ii) carry relatively high interest rates, and (iii) are almost exclusively targeted to debtors of China's Belt and Road Initiative. These findings have implications for the international financial and monetary architecture, which is becoming more multipolar, less institutionalized, and less transparent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10380
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 105
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    Potential Growth Prospects : Risks, Rewards, and Policies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kilic Celik, Sinem Potential Growth Prospects: Risks, Rewards, and Policies
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Growth Expectations ; Human Capital Accumulation ; Labor Force Participation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Slow Growth ; Social Development
    Abstract: Potential output growth around the world slowed over the past two decades. This slowdown is expected to continue in the remainder of the 2020s: global potential growth is projected to average 2.2 percent per year in 2022-30, 0.4 percentage point below its 2011-21 average. Emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) will face an even steeper slowdown, of about 1.0 percentage point to 4.0 percent per year on average during 2022-30. The slowdown will be widespread, affecting most EMDEs and countries accounting for 70 percent of global GDP. Global potential growth over the remainder of this decade could be even slower than projected in the baseline scenario-by another 0.2-0.9 percentage point a year-if investment growth, improvements in health and education outcomes, or developments in labor markets disappoint, or if adverse events materialize. A menu of policy options is available to help reverse the trend of weakening economic growth, including policies to enhance physical and human capital accumulation; to encourage labor force participation by women and older adults; to improve the efficiency of public spending; and to mitigate and adapt to climate change, including infrastructure investment to facilitate the green transition
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10355
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 106
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    An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support to Jobs and Labor Market Reform through International Development Association Financing (Approach Paper, March 2, 2023) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Objectives ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA) has included jobs as a special theme since the 17th Replenishment of IDA (IDA17) in 2014, when it explicitly recognized the role played by labor markets in intermediating between growth and inclusion. This acknowledgment of jobs marked a shift in IDA's inclusive growth strategy. Before the IDA17 strategy paper, IDA emphasized growth and the use of social safety nets to mitigate the effects of poverty. Beginning in 2014, however, jobs became more central to IDA's strategy for inclusive growth and for achieving the twin goals. IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA established specific policy commitments and results indicators under the jobs-related special theme. At the same time, the World Bank Group expanded and deepened its attention to jobs, resulting in an increasingly multidimensional jobs agenda characterized by a growing body of lending, technical assistance and diagnostics, and a strong focus on IDA-eligible countries, including through use of the Country Private Sector Diagnostic and IDA's private sector window. This evaluation will assess IDA's support for jobs-related objectives over fiscal years (FY)14-22, the period covering three IDA replenishments during which jobs became an IDA special theme (IDA17, the 18th Replenishment of IDA, and the 19th Replenishment of IDA). The objectives of this assessment are to interrogate the contribution of IDA's Bank Group financing to improving outcomes related to more, better paying, and more inclusive jobs; the role of IDA's jobs strategy at the corporate, country, and operational levels in this context; and the analytical underpinnings of jobs-related interventions. The evaluation will provide lessons and recommendations to inform the design of the Bank Group's future multidimensional jobs support and enhance IDA's effectiveness in this space based on eight years of strategic, diagnostic, and operational experience
    DOI: 10.1596/39571
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 107
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    Maldives Development Update, April 2023 : Navigating a Tight Line (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Outlook ; Fiscal Deficit ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Lending ; Public DEBT
    Abstract: The economy has recovered to pre-pandemic levels and, with rising tourist arrivals, is expected to maintain a strong growth and poverty reduction trajectory over the medium term. Commodity price volatility is driving inflation and exerting pressure on fiscal and external balances, through costlier imports and higher subsidies. Despite recent improvements, public debt is expected to remain high, warranting continued efforts to reduce fiscal deficits, including comprehensive subsidy reforms while mitigating impacts on the vulnerable
    DOI: 10.1596/39627
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 108
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    Biodiversity and Finance : A Preliminary Assessment of Physical Risks for the Banking Sector in Emerging Markets (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro Biodiversity and Finance: A Preliminary Assessment of Physical Risks for the Banking Sector in Emerging Markets
    Keywords: Climate Change Impact ; Economy and Climate Change ; Ecosystem Services ; Environment, Biodiversity, Biodiversity ; Environmental Risk ; Green Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nature Loss
    Abstract: Economic activity depends on a flourishing biodiversity and intact environment through the provision of ecosystem services. The depletion of these services poses physical risks for the financial sector. This paper attempts to measure the potential exposure of the banking systems in 20 emerging markets to nature loss through their lending portfolio. The results show that banks in emerging markets allocate around half of their credit portfolio to firms whose business processes are highly or very highly dependent on one or more ecosystem services. The results also provide initial and preliminary evidence that points to a negative correlation between country income level and dependency on ecosystem services. Accounting for indirect dependencies on ecosystem services via supply chains and trade could change this observed relationship, however. Furthermore, the highest dependencies on ecosystem services across countries tend to be on climate regulation and flood and storm protection, indicating the interconnectedness of climate change and nature loss
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10432
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 109
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    Indonesia Economic Prospects : Trade for Growth and Economic Transformation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Spending ; Social Assistance ; Tax Reforms ; Transformation
    Abstract: The Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted global trade and supply chains, exacerbating the rise in global commodity and food prices. Persistently high global inflation accompanied by tepid growth brings fears of stagflation that could endure for several years. Amidst this environment, the US Federal Reserve and other advanced economy central banks sharply tightened monetary policy to curb inflation. This has translated into tighter external financing conditions and financial stress for some emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) as capital outflows have intensified. Despite global slowdown, Indonesia has experienced strong growth in 2022 thanks to commodity windfalls and a reopening of the economy. Indonesia's external vulnerability has been low to moderate as strong exports have supported the external balance although tighter global finances have put some pressure on the capital account. Indonesia is projected to have a robust growth over the next three years though with significant downside risks emanating from the global economic environment. To address current macrofiscal policy challenges, the report highlights three policy and institutional areas that may warrant attention going forward. The first is about continuing with the implementation of tax reforms to broaden the tax base and improve compliance of business tax collection. The second is related to public spending where the authorities could over time move towards a rules-based pricing model for energy to contain subsidy pressures. The third is improving targeting and expanding coverage of existing social assistance and social insurance programs. This means filling coverage gaps, developing a system that provides a guaranteed minimum protection across the lifecycle, and strengthening delivery systems
    DOI: 10.1596/38451
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 110
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    Banking Sector Risk in the Aftermath of Climate Change and Environmental-Related Natural Disasters (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nie, Owen Banking Sector Risk in the Aftermath of Climate Change and Environmental-Related Natural Disasters
    Keywords: Banking ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Nonperforming Loans ; Physical Risks
    Abstract: Climate change and environmental risks are increasingly recognized as a concern for financial authorities, yet empirical evidence of the damage for bank balance sheets is relatively scant. This paper provides preliminary estimates of the aggregate impact of physical risks from climate and environmental-related natural disasters on bank balance sheets across 184 countries over nearly 40 years. Using the local projection method, the analysis finds that severe disaster episodes lead to an increase in the level of systemwide non-performing loans, which is persistent over time. The paper complements the cross-country results with a country-specific example, which finds that typhoon damages lead to a significant increase in non-performing loans in the Philippines between 2011 and 2018. The results suggest a role for financial policy and supervision to monitor, assess, and mitigate climate and environmental related physical risks to the banking sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10326
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  • 111
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    Timor-Leste : Pathways to Economic Diversification; Country Economic Memorandum 2023 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Diversification ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Inclusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector ; Regional Integration
    Abstract: Timor-Leste has made important development gains since independence in 2002 but is now at a critical juncture. The government has successfully rebuilt public infrastructure, reduced poverty, and quickly built from scratch a network of functional public institutions. Despite these achievements, there is an urgent need for private sector-centered development that is not dependent on the oil sector. Receipts from sales of hydrocarbons have been the main source of government revenues, but their contribution to the economy is decreasing, raising the urgency for economic diversification. High public spending has not translated into strong and sustained economic growth. Furthermore, depleting oil reserves signal an urgency to reduce economic dependence on oil. The public sector-driven growth model has run its course and is fiscally unsustainable. The excessive public spending level led to an astronomical fiscal deficit of 45.3 percent of non-oil gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021. This fiscal stance entails significant risks that bring the country toward a damaging fiscal cliff in 2035. Albeit narrowing, there is a window of opportunity for the government to urgently implement the much-needed reforms in the next five years. There are several potential drivers for increased regional integration. These include the operationalization of the Tibar Bay port, the modernization of the Dili airport, the internet submarine cable installation, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) accession progress. Success requires a concerted and persistent government effort to address supply-side constraints, kick-start economic diversification, and boost export. This report provides an in-depth analysis of Timor-Leste's economic performance in recent decades and proposes policies to enhance growth. It highlights two key interrelated constraints to sustained and inclusive growth: the 'missing' private sector and the need to tap into the growth-enhancing benefits of international trade. Given the diminishing returns of public investments, pursuing a sustainable development path will require a shift toward a more dynamic, private sector-driven growth model. Furthermore, with the right combination of a supportive enabling environment and trade policies, Timor-Leste could capitalize on incipient and established comparative advantages for its exports. Accordingly, the reforms to support private sector development and expand exports have the potential to boost Timor-Leste's international competitiveness and improve economic diversification
    DOI: 10.1596/39780
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 112
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    Carbon Pricing and Transit Accessibility to Jobs : Impacts on Inequality in Rio De Janeiro and Kinshasa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nell, Andrew Carbon Pricing and Transit Accessibility to Jobs: Impacts on Inequality in Rio De Janeiro and Kinshasa
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; Climate Policy ; Co2 Mitigation ; Disaster Risk Management ; Distributional Impact ; Employment Accessibility ; Environment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Labor Market ; Urban Pollution ; Urban Transit
    Abstract: Urban transport is a major driver of global carbon dioxide emissions. Without strong mitigation policies, rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries, is expected to exacerbate the problem. There is a growing consensus on the fundamental role of carbon pricing for achieving reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon pricing policies are frequently criticized and resisted for having adverse distributional impacts, which could hinder their implementation, particularly when implemented as a fuel levy-which would impact private vehicle usage but may also affect transit services such as buses. Currently, there is a lack of evidence that quantifies these negative impacts, especially on people's ability to reach economic opportunities and services. To this end, this paper studies the impact of a uniform carbon price, as one of the most commonly discussed climate policies, on access to employment opportunities via transit services in Kinshasa and Rio de Janeiro. Reduced access to jobs would contribute to fragmented urban labor markets and thus lead to negative social outcomes. Unlike most previous studies, this study defines access as being constrained by both travel time and travel budget. The results indicate that fuel price increases (simulating increases induced by a carbon tax) reduce accessibility, but the effect is lower in more compact and walkable cities as well as in cities that have green transit options. The paper also shows that fuel price increases have spatially and socially disparate outcomes, with the lowest income communities not necessarily being the most affected, in part because even in the absence of carbon pricing, they are found to be priced out of using transit services. The results demonstrate the importance of strategies and investments, such as land use planning and decarbonized transit services, but also possibly complementary social protection programs (such as targeted subsidies, or even cash transfers), to mitigate the negative distributional consequences of carbon pricing policies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10341
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  • 113
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    The World Bank Group in Mozambique, Fiscal Years 2008-21 - Country Program Evaluation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Access To Basic Services ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Between 1993 and 2013, Mozambique became one of the fastest-growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa boosting incomes and living standards. Political and macroeconomic stability provided the foundation for robust growth led by a rebounding agricultural sector and significant donor support. Growth, however, decelerated beginning in 2016 in the face of low commodity prices, a hidden debt crisis, and natural disasters. In FY18, Mozambique was formally classified as a fragile country. The Covid-19 pandemic further eroded growth. In light of the country's evolving context, this Country Program Evaluation (CPE) reviews the World Bank Group's engagement in Mozambique over the period FY08 into FY21. The CPE assesses the extent to which the Bank Group's support was relevant to Mozambique's main development challenges and drivers of fragility as well as how Bank Group support evolved and adapted over time. The evaluation delves into four themes that are relevant to Mozambique's pursuit of the Bank Group's Twin Goals of Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity: (i) low agricultural productivity; (ii) unequal access to basic services; (iii) weak institutions and governance; and (iv) vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters. The evaluation presents findings from each of the four themes covered and distills lessons from Bank Group experience in Mozambique to inform future strategies and engagements
    DOI: 10.1596/39568
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  • 114
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    Macro Poverty Outlook for Azerbaijan : April 2023; Datasheet (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic
    Abstract: In Azerbaijan, economic growth was 4.6 percent in 2022, driven by non-energy sectors supported by recovering demand and fiscal expansion. Inflation accelerated sharply to 13.8 percent, driven by import prices. In the medium-term, growth is expected to moderate as non-energy sector growth returns to pre-COVID levels while the energy sector shrinks further. Risks to this outlook are balanced. This Macro Poverty Outlook presents GDP, debt and fiscal forecasts and examines the implications for critical economic and social concepts such as growth, poverty reduction and macroeconomic stability
    DOI: 10.1596/39662
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  • 115
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    The Rigor of Case-Based Causal Analysis : Busting Myths through a Demonstration (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Case Study Review ; Case-Based Evaluation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Evaluation Design ; Intervention Effectiveness ; Interventions and Outcomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; World Bank Support To Carbon Finance Case Study
    Abstract: Several myths persist within research and evaluation circles about the power and limitations of evaluation designs that use cases (or case studies) as their primary empirical material (case-based evaluation designs). Using a real-world application, this paper busts two myths regarding the use of case-based designs in evaluations that aim to answer effectiveness questions and unpack the relationships between interventions and observed changes in outcomes (broadly known as causal analysis): that case studies cannot be used for causal analysis and that it is impossible to generalize from case studies. Through a detailed demonstration of how the evaluation of the World Bank's support to carbon finance has been designed and implemented, the paper undoes these preconceived ideas about the inferential, explanatory, and generalizability power of case-based evaluation designs
    DOI: 10.1596/39773
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  • 116
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    Kazakhstan Economic Update, Spring 2023 : Economic Recovery During Challenging Times (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Sanctions ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Trade ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: Kazakhstan's economy is set to experience a moderate growth acceleration, with real GDP forecast to rise by 3.5 percent in 2023 and 4 percent in 2024, propelled by the hydrocarbons sector, as oil production increases. Inflation has surged to its highest level since the late 1990s due in part to wage increases across sectors and crisis-related fiscal measures. Inflation is expected to remain high in 2023 due to elevated food prices and prices of imported intermediate goods. The outlook for growth faces several downside risks. Any further disruptions to the operation of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium could lead to losses in production volumes and fiscal revenues, posing downside risks to growth. The persistent high domestic inflation is a serious challenge, particularly for the most vulnerable households, and could potentially amplify the risk of social tensions. Additional tightening of global financial conditions due to geopolitical tensions, energy crisis, and high inflation may pressure the exchange rate, leading to potential capital flow volatility
    DOI: 10.1596/39933
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  • 117
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    Yemen Country Economic Memorandum 2022 : Glimmers of Hope in Dark Times (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Conflict ; COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Food Insecurity ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Yemen's economy has been transformed by eight years of violent conflict. War has shattered the country's already fragile economic equilibrium, touching upon virtually every aspect of life. The compounded shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising global prices have only deepened the economic and humanitarian disaster precipitated by the war. Since the start of the conflict, economic analyses have tended to focus on the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, the sharp rise in poverty and food insecurity, and the destruction of infrastructure and the capital stock, but relatively little attention has been paid to the current structure of the economy or what prospects can be envisaged for the country. Also, it is important to situate this analysis within the political economy dynamics of the country which majorly affect the economic development challenges of the country. Data constraints and the unique characteristics of Yemen's recent experience limit the effectiveness of traditional growth-analysis methodologies. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) uses novel data-collection methods and analytical techniques, triangulating its findings with traditional approaches and direct data collection to close the economic knowledge gap. Information sources include extensive key-informant interviews, household phone surveys, and remotely sensed geospatial data based on satellite imagery, including nighttime illumination data. This CEM also combines an in-depth political economy analysis with economic development investigation
    DOI: 10.1596/39914
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  • 118
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    Gabon Economic Update, April 2023 - Special Topic : Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: CEMAC ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Energy Sector Regulation ; Fossil Fuel Subsidies ; Fuels ; Hydrocarbon Prices ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Safety Nets
    Abstract: The Gabon Economic Update is an annual World Bank publication that presents an overview of the evolving macroeconomic position in Gabon, followed by a detailed exploration of a specific topic in each edition. The first chapter analyzes recent economic developments, as well as the macroeconomic outlook and risks for Gabon's future growth. It presents policy actions that could help strengthen fiscal and debt sustainability, contain food inflation, and sustain a resilient growth path. The second chapter of this year's Economic Update has a special focus dedicated to fossil fuel subsidies, which represent a growing fiscal burden in Gabon. This chapter analyzes the costs of fuel subsidies and discusses policy options for alleviating their fiscal impact while protecting the most vulnerable groups in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/39907
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    Difference Maker : A Story of the Seoul Center Korea Trust Fund Impactin the East Asia and Pacific Region (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: DEBT ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Excessive Credit Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion Gaps ; Financial Sector Reform ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The Republic of Korea's astonishing economic development commenced shortly after the end of the Korean war. Today, Korea is the world's tenth largest economy based on gross domestic product, a key development partner of the World Bank Group, an important contributor to the International Development Association, the fund established to support the world's poorest countries, and a unique international donor. Over the past decade, the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced significant economic growth and development. This has been especially evident in the financial sector. Nevertheless, many challenges remain. Risks such as excessive credit growth, asset bubbles, high levels of household and corporate debt have emerged, increasing the vulnerability of the financial sector to shocks. Consequently, ensuring the stability and resilience of the financial sector is crucial for sustainable economic development in the region. When it comes to financial inclusion, despite the good progress made in many developing countries in the region, there are still significant gaps across the region. A large portion of the population in some countries in the region especially in rural areas and among vulnerable groups, still lack access to formal financial services such as savings account and payment systems. This hampers their ability to save, invest and participate in the formal economy, limiting their economic opportunities and potential growth. Against this backdrop, with the support of the Korea Trust Fund, the World Bank has made a significant impact in enhancing the financial sector in the East Asia and Pacific region. These selected stories speak to the positive impact that the Seoul Center's partnership with the Ministry of Economy and Finance has had within the recipient countries. The booklet presents these in detail
    DOI: 10.1596/39899
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    Commodity Price Cycles : Commonalities, Heterogeneities, and Drivers (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kabundi, Alain Commodity Price Cycles: Commonalities, Heterogeneities, and Drivers
    Keywords: Commodities ; Commodity Price Comovement ; Commodity Price Cycles ; Dynamic Factor Model ; Global Business Cycle ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Speculative Demand
    Abstract: This paper studies commodity price cycles and their underlying drivers using a dynamic factor model. The study employs a sample of 39 monthly commodity prices over 1970:01 to 2019:12. The analysis identifies global and group-specific cycles in commodity markets and includes them in a structural vector autoregressive model together with measures of global economic activity and global inflation, to disentangle their response to global demand, global supply, and commodity market-specific shocks. The findings reveal the following main results. (i) There exists a global cycle in commodity markets that accounts for an increasing fraction of co-movement in commodity prices over the past two decades, particularly for energy, metals, and precious metals. (ii) The results are heterogeneous across groups of commodities, with group-specific commodity cycles existing for grains and precious metals over the full sample period, 1970-2019. Metal and energy prices exhibit within-group synchronization over 1970-99; however, in recent years, their movements have become increasingly aligned with the global business cycle. (iii) Since 2000, the global commodity cycle is largely driven by global supply shocks, such as rapid productivity growth in emerging markets and developing economies, which increase demand for commodities. (iv) The large price spikes observed during the two most prominent commodity market boom-bust episodes of the past half-century (1972-74 and 2006-08) are driven additionally by shocks that are orthogonal to global economic activity such as shifts in speculative demand for commodities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10401
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    Fossil Fuel Prices and Air Pollution : Evidence from a Panel of 133 Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mayr, Kentaro Fossil Fuel Prices and Air Pollution: Evidence from a Panel of 133 Countries
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Pollution Reduction ; Economic Statistics ; Energy Subsidies ; Environmental Impact ; Fossil Fuel Prices ; Fuel Subsidies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Fossil fuel combustion is a major contributor to urban air pollution, which in turn can lead to negative health outcomes. While the relationship between fuel prices and consumption has been extensively documented, the knock-on impact on air quality is less studied. Detailed knowledge on the price-pollution channel is valuable in designing effective pollution reduction measures. This paper analyzes the impact of gasoline, diesel, and coal prices on air pollution in 133 countries over a 19-year period. The dataset combines prices, consumption, country-specific variables, and annual average fine particulate matter concentrations in each country's capital city. Using the common correlated effects estimator, the analysis finds a robust negative relationship between gasoline and diesel prices and particle concentrations. A USD 1 increase in the average annual retail price of these common transport fuels is associated with at least a 22.2 microgram per cubic meter decrease in annual average fine particulate matter concentrations. In contrast, there is no significant effect for coal, which is often used in power generation and industrial applications, making it less responsive to short-term price variations. Overall, the results are in line with earlier studies, as price increases are correlated with improved urban air quality for transport fuels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10397
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    Is the Magic Happening? : A Systematic Literature Review of the Economic Multiplier of Cash Transfers (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gassmann, Franziska Is the Magic Happening? A Systematic Literature Review of the Economic Multiplier of Cash Transfers
    Keywords: Cash Transfer ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Local Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiplier ; Poverty Alleviation ; Return ; Safety Net ; Social Accounting Matrix ; Social Assistance ; Social Protection ; Spillover Effect
    Abstract: The multiplier effects of cash transfers are receiving renewed attention globally. The existence of multipliers-or the generation of additional dollars for every one dollar injected as cash transfers-illuminates new aspects of the impacts of social assistance and holds the potential to redefine how "fiscal sustainability" is generally interpreted. However, multipliers also attract questions: are multipliers real and tangible How are multipliers estimated What method might be more suitable than others in different contexts What does the evidence reveal about those effects This paper briefly summarizes emerging findings from existing literature on low- and middle-income countries, including a total of 23 studies. The paper discusses the main estimation methods, such as social accounting matrix and econometric techniques; presents results on multipliers across studies; and draws lessons for future research and practice
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10529
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  • 123
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    The Monetary Value of Externalities : Experimental Evidence from Ugandan Farmers (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lerva, Benedetta The Monetary Value of Externalities: Experimental Evidence from Ugandan Farmers
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Economic Development ; Externalities ; Field Experiments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Networks ; Technology Adoption ; Willingness To Pay
    Abstract: Understanding the value of the externalities associated with a technology is crucial to correctly estimate the welfare benefits of public policies and investments. Suboptimal adoption rates of agricultural technologies in low-income countries partly result from farmers not fully internalizing the positive externalities of adoption. This paper designs an experiment to measure the monetary value of the externalities of an agricultural pest-control technology; it elicits a farmer's willingness-to-pay for another farmer to adopt the technology, as a measure of the externalities generated by the other farmer. The findings show that externalities are large, as mean willingness-to-pay for others is equal to two days' wage, or half the willingness-to-pay for themselves. Willingness-to-pay for another farmer depends on social proximity (as it is easier to learn about the technology from closer connections), and the distance between their two plots (as pest-control is more beneficial for plot neighbors). Targeting the technology to farmers with geographically central plots and more socially connected farmers generates greater positive externalities and more social value than targeting farmers with the highest willingness-to-pay for themselves
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10521
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    Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade Shocks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Goes, Carlos Gender-Segmented Labor Markets and Trade Shocks
    Keywords: Gender and Economics ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Inequality ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Segmentation ; Gendered Poverty ; International Trade ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Gender segmentation in labor markets shapes the local effects of international trade. This paper develops a theory that embeds trade in gender-segmented labor markets and shows that in this framework, foreign demand shocks may increase or decrease the female-to-male employment ratio. If a foreign demand shock from a relevant market happens in a female-intensive (male-intensive) sector, the model predicts that the female-to-male employment ratio should increase (decrease). The paper then uses plausibly exogenous variation in the exposure of Tunisian local labor markets to foreign demand shocks and shows that the empirical results are consistent with the theoretical prediction. In Tunisia, a country with a high degree of gender segmentation in the labor markets, foreign demand shocks have been relatively larger in male-intensive sectors. This induced a decrease in the female-to-male employment ratio, with households likely substituting female for male labor supply
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10518
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  • 125
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    Opening Opportunities : The Economic Cost of Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurship in Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Economic Cost ; Economic Growth ; Female Entrepeneurship ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gaps ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women
    Abstract: This report examines the state of female entrepreneurship in Indonesia, outlines major binding constraints and gender gaps, and highlights the untapped potential that could be realized if key barriers were lifted. The report draws on quantitative analysis of household- and firm-level surveys, the collection and review of qualitative work with male and female entrepreneurs across the country, a review of global evidence on gender and entrepreneurship, and analysis of relevant policies, laws, and regulations in Indonesia. The report also offers a novel analysis of the potential economic dividends from closing gender gaps in business performance in Indonesia
    DOI: 10.1596/39912
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    The World Bank Group's Engagement in Morocco, Fiscal Years 2011-21 : Country Program Evaluation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Constraints ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Coherence ; Policy Implementation ; SOES
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's support to Morocco between fiscal year FY11 and FY21. The report evaluates the World Bank Group's contribution in solving four systemic constraints to Morocco's development: (i) lack of policy coherence with the country's development aspirations; (ii) an uneven economic playing field that favors some firms and stateowned enterprises (SOEs), creates rent-seeking behaviors, and discourages new entrants; (iii) weak policy implementation caused by the limited public sector capacity to carry out reforms; and (iv) weak citizen, labor force, and subnational participation in the country's development. This evaluation identifies lessons to guide future World Bank engagement in Morocco, including: (a) at times, it is possible for the World Bank to gain traction in Morocco's policy reforms by trading recognition for influence; (b) global benchmarking data can be effectively utilized to motivate reforms; (c) IFC can significantly impact the business environment and financial architecture reforms by effectively deploying its advisory work to influence major companies, including SOEs, in making institutional changes; (d) the experience of PforR operations in Morocco suggests that to maximize their effectiveness, the World Bank needs to proactively involve the full range of stakeholders and ensure resources are deployed for technical assistance gaps; and (e) engagement at the subnational level requires the ability and willingness to take new risks and experiment with new approaches
    DOI: 10.1596/39908
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    International Finance Corporation Platforms Approach : Addressing Development Challenges at Scale - An Independent Evaluation (Approach Paper) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Development Challenges ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; IFC Platforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; SDGs
    Abstract: Recurring development challenges and new compounding crises affecting client countries and firms constrain the ambition of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to contribute to attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. The recurring challenges, including insufficient private sector participation in development financing, continue to affect emerging markets and developing economies and the firms within them. Two related initiatives-the IFC capital increase and the IFC 3.0 strategy-underpin IFC's goal to contribute to the SDGs by 2030. IFC's capital increase package was based on the IFC 3.0 strategy, which requires creating new markets through advisory and upstream services and mobilizing private capital from new sources and through new approaches (IFC 2017, 2018, 2020a). IFC has introduced a platforms approach to scale up its interventions in accordance with IFC 3.0 and the capital increase objectives. IFC defines platforms as thematic interventions-at a regional, global, or sectoral level-designed to address a specific development challenge (IFC 2022b). The main purpose of the evaluation is to assess whether the platforms approach offers IFC a means to achieve its capital increase and IFC 3.0 objectives while meeting the Board's and clients' expectations
    DOI: 10.1596/40147
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    2022 Comoros Public Expenditure Review : Addressing Fiscal Challenges to Foster an Inclusive Growth (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Challenges ; Inclusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PER ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The Union of the Comoros is a small-island country in Eastern Africa that recorded a modest economic expansion and suffered from various fiscal challenges during the last decade that had an impact on long-term growth. Limited fiscal space to address development needs explains the country's low human capital and poor quality infrastructure, which in turn hamper efforts to increase productivity and private sector growth. In addition, due to low performing State-owned enterprise (SOEs) and weakening economic performance, Comoros faces significant fiscal risks. The analysis presented in this PER supports the efforts of the government of Comoros to enhance public expenditure efficiency, create fiscal space, and limit fiscal risks. The analysis is designed to focus on public investment management (PIM) and public financial management (PFM), identify reforms that could yield fiscal and efficiency gains, and assess the governance of SOEs
    DOI: 10.1596/40112
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    Mozambique Poverty Assessment, June 2023 : Poverty Reduction Setback in Times of Compounding Shocks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Environmental Shocks ; Fiscal System ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty and Equity ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Areas
    Abstract: This report relies on several data sources. The main source providing the poverty, inequality and labor figures herein is the 2019/20 Household Budget Survey (Inquerito sobre Orcamento Familiar, IOF2019/2020) conducted by the National Statistical Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, INE) starting in November 2019 and spanning 13 months. The survey's sample was drawn from the 2017 Census and allows for poverty figures to be representative at national and provincial as well as rural and urban levels. The fieldwork included data collection from 13,297 households interviewed across four quarters as in previous surveys, to account for seasonality effects like the impact on households' consumption of relatively more abundant post-harvest periods. The starting point for the analysis is chapter 1, which synthesizes progress in reducing poverty between 2014-15 and 2019-20. This chapter also looks at the regional distribution of poverty, the impact of the pandemic, multidimensional poverty, the profile of the poor, changes in the responsiveness of poverty to growth, discusses trends in non-monetary dimensions of wellbeing, and simulates future poverty trends. Chapter 2 examines the distribution of growth and inequality reduction over the period, the pandemic's impact, discusses the growth-poverty-inequality relationship, assesses the spatial dimensions of poverty, and estimates the Human Opportunity Index for Mozambique. Chapter 3 focuses on labor markets and provides insights into labor force participation, unemployment, underemployment, employment sectors, child labor, and labor market demand conditions. Chapter 4 presents a fiscal incidence analysis and information on transfers. Chapter 5 examines the relevance of environmental shocks, assesses the impact of weather events on agricultural production and night-time light radiance in urban areas. It also models poverty and distributional impacts of climate change shocks and presents findings on climate change literacy in Mozambique. Finally, chapter 6 discusses a variety of policy implications
    DOI: 10.1596/40106
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    Lebanon Economic Monitor - Spring 2023 : The Normalization of Crisis Is No Road for Stabilization (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Anti-Money Laundering ; Dollarization ; Financial Integrity ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money Laundering ; Tax Invasion
    Abstract: The systemic failure of Lebanon's banking system and the collapse of the currency have resulted in a large, dollarized cash-based economy, worth an estimated USD 9.86 billion or 45.7 percent of GDP in 2022 (Special Focus: Gauging the Size of the Cash Economy in Lebanon). A pervasive and growing dollarized cash economy is a major impediment to Lebanon's economic recovery. It not only threatens to compromise the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy, but also heightens the risk of money laundering, increases informality, and prompts further tax evasion. Moreover, the increasing reliance on cash transactions also threatens to completely reverse the progress that Lebanon made pre-crisis towards enhancing its financial integrity by instituting robust anti-money laundering mechanisms in its commercial banking sector
    DOI: 10.1596/40027
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    Papua New Guinea Country Economic Memorandum : Pathways to Faster and More Inclusive Growth (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Inclusive Growth ; Macroeconomic Instability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Productivity ; Volatility
    Abstract: The Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) focuses on long-term growth, outlining the challenges Papua New Guinea (PNG) faces to achieve sufficient economic growth to expand the incomes of its rapidly growing population as well as what is required for PNG to make the transition to a higher, more stable, and more inclusive growth path. PNG's modest headline economic growth has translated into limited per capita income growth in the past four decades. While the economy expanded by 3.2 percent on average during 1980-2021, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) recorded an average annual growth rate of only 0.9 percent. Moreover, the gap between PNG's per capita income level and those of its peer countries has widened. Despite being at a similar level of development in the 1970s and having enormous natural wealth, PNG's income level is diverging away from the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region. This calls for a renewed policy focus on boosting economic growth, by addressing PNG's excessive macroeconomic volatility, low productivity growth, and high reliance on natural capital as opposed to human and physical capital
    DOI: 10.1596/39995
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    Why Land and Property Rights Matter for Gender Equality (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Gender and Economics ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Housing ; Human Rights ; Land ; Law and Development ; Property Ownership ; Women's Rights
    Abstract: Securing women's rights, access to, and control over housing, land, and property (HLP) are important for livelihood generation, food security, a store of wealth, and other economic benefits. Ensuring women's HLP rights also provides social benefits, such as improved bargaining power within the household and community. Data on women's rights to HLP is limited, but available evidence from 53 countries shows that within those countries, over 70 percent of women do not own any land. Without action, women are at risk of being left farther behind. This policy note explores the barriers and impediments to women's HLP rights. It shares emerging evidence on what works to support women in attaining the full range of HLP rights, including experience from World Bank and other donor financed projects and interventions that have shown promise
    DOI: 10.1596/39990
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    Crisis and Recovery : Learning from COVID-19's Economic Impacts and Policy Responses in East Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Impacts ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies
    Abstract: More than three years after the first COVID-19 case was discovered in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, it is time to take stock of the lasting effects-and opportunities-of the pandemic and identify which policies may have helped stem the economic losses suffered by households and firms. To do so, this regional report examines the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households and firms in six countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. This volume examines: (a) the links between impacts on firms and households, in particular through the employment channel, and (b) governments' fiscal responses to the COVID crisis, through transfers, subsidies, and taxes. It identifies and explains changes in household well-being by examining the economic effects of the pandemic on labor markets. As the source of employment and wage income, businesses have a direct role in determining jobs and earnings, and, indirectly, welfare, poverty, and inequality. When faced with a shock, firms responded by adjusting employment, reducing wages, increasing prices, and reducing services provided. All of these channels directly affected households' wellbeing. For this reason, the report focuses on firms in addition to households. Governments responded through various instruments, providing transfers and subsidies and lowering the tax burden to both households and firms
    DOI: 10.1596/39977
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    Equatorial Guinea Economic Update, 1st Edition : Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: CEMAC ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Fossil Fuel Subsidies ; Fuels ; Hydrocarbon Sector ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Safety Net ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This is the first edition of the Economic Update for Equatorial Guinea. This report presents recent economic developments in Equatorial Guinea as well as the medium-term economic outlook and risks (Chapter 1), followed by a detailed exploration of a specific topic (Chapter 2). This edition focuses on fuel subsidies and advises on fuel subsidy reform options and mitigation measures by drawing on lessons from international experience. The objectives of the Equatorial Guinea Economic Update are to: (i) strengthen the analytical underpinnings of the policy dialogue; and (ii) contribute to an informed debate on policy options to enhance macroeconomic management and development outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/40105
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    Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana Job Training and Job Search Assistance Policies in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Active Labor Market Policy ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Search Assistance ; Job Training Effectiveness ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker Skills Training
    Abstract: Governments around the developing world face pressure to intervene actively to help jobseekers find employment. Two of the most common policies used are job training, based on the idea that many of those seeking jobs lack the skills employers want, and job search assistance, based on the possibility that even if workers have the skills demanded, search and matching frictions make it difficult for workers to be hired in the jobs that need these skills. However, reviews of the first generation of evaluations of these programs found typical impacts to be small, casting doubt on the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of these programs. This paper reexamines the arguments for whether, when, and how developing country governments should undertake job training and job search assistance policies. The authors use their experience with policy implementation, and evidence from recent impact evaluations, to argue that there is still a role for governments in using these programs. However, success depends critically on program design and delivery elements that can be difficult to scale effectively, and in many cases the binding constraint may be a lack of firms with job openings, rather than a lack of workers with the skills to fill these openings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10576
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    Republic of Congo Economic Update, 10th Edition, June 2023 : Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fossil Fuels Subsidies ; Hydrocarbon Prices ; Inflation ; Macroeconomic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Performing Loans ; Social Safety Nets ; Transport Sector
    Abstract: This is the tenth edition of the Republic of Congo Economic Update. Each edition of this annual report presents an overview of the Republic of Congo's (ROC) evolving macroeconomic position, followed by a detailed exploration of a specific topic. The first chapter of this year's update presents recent economic developments and macroeconomic outlook and risks. It also includes policy actions that could help strengthen fiscal and debt sustainability, contain food inflation, and sustain economic recovery. The second chapter discusses fossil fuel subsidies, which represent a significant fiscal burden in the Republic of Congo
    DOI: 10.1596/39923
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    Social Protection for Brazil of the Future : Preparing for Change with Inclusion and Resilience (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Equity ; Opportunity ; Resilience ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sustainability
    Abstract: This policy note assesses how Brazil's social protection and labor systems can be reformed most effectively to meet the challenges that the country will face in the next two decades while also fostering social inclusion and shared prosperity. This discussion is timely as Brazil is slowly recovering from the global COVID-19 crisis, which brought new challenges as well as accelerating existing socioeconomic transformations. Despite the fact that labor markets are slow to recover after economic crises in Brazil, implementing the right set of policies could enable the country to take advantage of changes in the world of work, new opportunities for human capital formation, and recent developments in technology and delivery systems to build back better than in the past. Serving as a companion piece on social protection and labor policies for the Flagship Report "Alternative Futures for Brazil: Inclusion, Productivity, Sustainability" (World Bank, Forthcoming), this note draws from a large body of recent analytical work by the World Bank team in Brazil. The vision of the flagship report is for Brazil to reach 2040, two decades from now, with a more productive and resilient and less unequal society
    DOI: 10.1596/39910
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  • 138
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    Fiscal Policy Effects on Poverty and Inequality in Cambodia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karamba, Wendy Fiscal Policy Effects on Poverty and Inequality in Cambodia
    Keywords: Commitment To Equity ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Incidence ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Spending ; Taxation
    Abstract: This study assesses the short-term impact of fiscal policy, and its individual elements, on poverty and inequality in Cambodia as of 2019. It applies the Commitment to Equity methodology to data from the Cambodia Socio-economic Survey of 2019/20 and fiscal administrative data from various government ministries, departments, and agencies for the assessment. The study presents among the first empirical evidence on the impact of taxes and social spending on households in Cambodia. The study finds that: (i) Cambodia's 2019 fiscal system reduces inequality by 0.95 Gini index points, with the largest reduction in inequality created by in-kind transfers from spending on primary education; (ii) while Cambodia's fiscal system reduces inequality, the degree of inequality reduction is small in international comparison; and (iii) low-income households pay more in indirect taxes than they receive in cash benefits in the short term to offset the burden. As a result, the number of poor and vulnerable individuals who, in the short term, experience net cash subtractions from their incomes is greater than the number of poor and vulnerable individuals who experience net additions. Fiscal policy can deliver more net benefits to poor and vulnerable households through expanding social assistance spending. Cambodia has embarked on this expansion during the coronavirus pandemic, bringing it closer in line with comparators
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10570
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  • 139
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    The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of North Macedonia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Assistance ; Gender ; Gender Identity ; Human Rights ; International Law ; Law ; Law and Development ; LGBTI Exclusion ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sogiesc-Based Exclusion ; Vulnerable Groups ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of North Macedonia and to provide the country's policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs)
    DOI: 10.1596/40380
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  • 140
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    Machine Learning Imputation of High Frequency Price Surveys in Papua New Guinea (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andree, Bo Pieter Johannes Machine Learning Imputation of High Frequency Price Surveys in Papua New Guinea
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Food Security ; Economic Shocks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Prices ; Inflation ; Machine Learning Advances ; Macroeconomic Monitoring ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Capabilities to track fast-moving economic developments re-main limited in many regions of the developing world. This complicates prioritizing policies aimed at supporting vulnerable populations. To gain insight into the evolution of fluid events in a data scarce context, this paper explores the ability of recent machine-learning advances to produce continuous data in near-real-time by imputing multiple entries in ongoing surveys. The paper attempts to track inflation in fresh produce prices at the local market level in Papua New Guinea, relying only on incomplete and intermittent survey data. This application is made challenging by high intra-month price volatility, low cross-market price correlations, and weak price trends. The modeling approach uses chained equations to produce an ensemble prediction for multiple price quotes simultaneously. The paper runs cross-validation of the prediction strategy under different designs in terms of markets, foods, and time periods covered. The results show that when the survey is well-designed, imputations can achieve accuracy that is attractive when compared to costly-and logistically often infeasible-direct measurement. The methods have wider applicability and could help to fill crucial data gaps in data scarce regions such as the Pacific Islands, especially in conjunction with specifically designed continuous surveys
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10559
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  • 141
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    Assessing the Success of National Human Rights Action Plans through a Political Economy Lens : The Case of Chile (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fajardo-Heyward, Paola Assessing the Success of National Human Rights Action Plans through a Political Economy Lens: The Case of Chile
    Keywords: Human Rights ; Human Rights Action Plan ; Human Rights Policy ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Human Rights Consensus ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: National human rights action plans turn state commitments on human rights into policy. After three decades of numerous countries implementing these plans, the few existing assessments of their success are inconclusive. This paper develops a political economy framework to complement previous studies. The approach hypothesizes that such action plans will be successful only if they are built on political consensus; their perceived political benefits exceed their costs; and governments have adequate resources to design and implement them. The paper tests this hypothesis in Chile, a country with a recent history of human rights violations and sustained inequalities that is legally bound to produce human rights action plans. The findings show that these plans have not been successful in Chile, as none of the three conditions is satisfied. The paper contends that the proposed political economy framework can be replicated across multiple national action plans, countries, and contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10578
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  • 142
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    The Impact of Health Taxes in Armenia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Health Taxes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Quality Health Care ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Tobacco ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: This report has been prepared by the World Bank, at the request of the MoH, to support ongoing efforts to improve population health and revenue mobilization in the sector. The study estimates the health impacts of increasing taxation on SSBs, alcohol, and tobacco across gender and income-quintiles. The revenue potential of these taxes is also explored. The target audience for these findings includes senior policymakers and technical advisers in the MoH, Ministry of Economy, and Ministry of Finance (MoF). The remainder of this report is organized as follows. In Chapter 2, the authors reviewthe current state of health and consumption taxes in Armenia. Chapter 3 outlines themethods used to estimate the change in tax revenue and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and SSBs. Chapter 4 reports the analysis results, including the potentialadditional fiscal space and health gains. Finally, chapter 5 presents the conclusionsbased on the findings
    DOI: 10.1596/40345
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  • 143
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    CPIA Africa, September 2023 : Policies for Economic Resilience in a Turbulent World (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2181
    Keywords: Economic Management ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Governance ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Development ; Score Analysis ; Sector Management and Institutions ; Social Inclusion and Equity ; Structural Policies ; Trends
    Abstract: The Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) for Africa is an annual diagnostic tool for Sub-Saharan African countries that are eligible for financing from the International Development Association (IDA), the part of the World Bank that helps the world's poorest countries. The CPIA Africa 2023 report provides an assessment of the quality of policies and institutions in all 39 IDA-eligible countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for calendar year 2022. The average overall CPIA score for Sub-Saharan Africa remained unchanged at 3.1 in 2022. Economic and social resilience continues to be tested in all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa amid tight global credit markets, as institutional capacity for restoring stability and delivering sustained growth remains a challenge. Such resilience is also fundamental to responding to global climate change and the expected market shifts as the world economy transitions to green energy. The recovery of economic activity in the region following the slowdown caused by COVID-19 has been multispeed, with wide variation across countries. Global events that diverted attention away from longer-term development priorities marked 2022. Inflation was the predominant form in which international pressures translated to domestic economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in stress on social policies and government budgets, on account of divergent responses by governments and private sector competition. In some countries, this has led to significant stress on debt sustainability, highlighting the importance of debt management, budgetary oversight, and financial soundness. An opportunity for regrouping on policy reforms arose in the second half of 2022, as gas prices declined after a mild European winter and China lifted health-related restrictions. Despite global economic challenges, more countries in Sub-Saharan Africa saw improvements in their overall CPIA scores compared to the previous year. In Western and Central Africa (AFW), the overall score increased for eight countries-Benin, Cabo Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, the Republic of Congo, and Togo. The overall score increased for four countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (AFE)-Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, and Zambia. In contrast, the overall score decreased for eight countries-Chad, the Comoros, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Sao Tome and Principe, and Sudan. The countries with improved scores made notable advancements in the economic management, policies for social inclusion, and governance clusters. Conversely, the countries with declining scores faced economic management and governance challenges. For the most part, the countries that received downgrades were positioned toward the lower end of the scale, while the upgraded countries generally had overall scores above 3, indicating a growing divergence in scores across the region in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/40331
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  • 144
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    A Spatial Perspective on Booms and Busts : Evidence from Turkiye (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baez, Javier E A Spatial Perspective on Booms and Busts: Evidence from Turkiye
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Growth ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Data on National Income ; Economic Development Analysis ; Economic Geography ; Economic Growth Cycles ; Inequality ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomic Analyses ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Measurement of National Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Regional Economic Activity ; Spatial Inequality
    Abstract: This paper combines official subnational and remote-sensed data to uncover the relationships between business cycles in Turkiye and the corresponding changes in economic activity at lower levels of spatial aggregation. The objective is to document changes in the nature of growth within and across business cycles, with a focus on understanding how sectoral changes interact with within-country remoteness during each phase. The paper shows that: (i) the significant growth between 2010 and 2017 was bookended by recessions in which gross domestic product per capita fell more sharply the closer a province was to one of the two largest cities; (ii) the two recessions differed in terms of their sectoral impacts, with manufacturing declines inversely related to remoteness during the first recession and positively related during the second; (iii) there were large increases in the construction sector's gross value added during the post-2009 rebound-consistent with unprecedented increases in nighttime light luminosity-with growth positively related to remoteness; and (iv) changes in nighttime light luminosity are correlated with changes in physical activity: a 10 percent increase in nighttime lights is associated with a 3.5 percent increase in construction output and a 1.5 percent increase in manufacturing output. Together, the results suggest that recessions and recoveries that may appear to be similar at a macroeconomic scale may be driven by very different changes at more disaggregated spatial scales and have varied impacts on regional convergence
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10553
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  • 145
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    The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in the Republic of Serbia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Assistance ; Gender ; Gender Identity ; Human Rights ; International Law ; Law ; Law and Development ; LGBTI Exclusion ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sogiesc-Based Exclusion ; Vulnerable Groups ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of Serbia and to provide the country's policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs)
    DOI: 10.1596/40379
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  • 146
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    Colombia Country Climate and Development Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Resilient Economy ; Environment ; Green Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Net Zero GHG ; Transition
    Abstract: As Colombia navigates a complex path toward a richer and more equitable future, the country faces three critical climate transitions. First, it will need to transit from a climate-vulnerable to a more climate-resilient economy. Second, guided by its Long-Term Climate Strategy (LTS) and strong legal framework, which place it among the climate-goal leaders of the Latin America region, the country will need to navigate a transition to a net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions economy in the context of its stated goal for 2050. Third, in a world that will demand increasingly less of Colombia's primary exports-oil and coal-and more green products, it will need to engineer a transition in its economic model. This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) explores the opportunities for, and challenges to, achieving Colombia's development goals and its ambitious climate commitments, as well as the complementarities between the two. It explores how climate change and climate action would affect the country's growth and development and, in turn, how growth and development challenges would affect the achievement of its climate ambitions. The CCDR also investigates complementarities-specifically, how climate action could help Colombia achieve its development objectives, capture opportunities, support a just and inclusive transition, and protect its economy against longer-term risks from climate change and from the world's transition toward net zero GHG emissions
    DOI: 10.1596/40056
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  • 147
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    Household Surveys during Multiple Crises : Modifying Questionnaires to Assess the Impact of Shocks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: COVID-19 Impact ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equity and Development ; Household Survey Data ; Household Survey Design ; Impact of Shocks on Households ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Questionnaire Design ; Shocks and Household Welfare
    Abstract: Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has experienced multiple global crises in the last few years. As countries adapt to a new normal, multi-topic household surveys should also be adapted to account for the impacts of shocks on household welfare. By reviewing the standard household survey questionnaires included in the guidebook, capturing what matters: essential guidelines for designing household surveys, the authors provide technical guidance on issues to consider when reviewing, designing, or updating questionnaires for household surveys during or after a major shock - relying on lessons learned from the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study program
    DOI: 10.1596/40391
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  • 148
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    Energizing Europe - Inclusive Growth : Inflation Chipping Away Income Gains (Part 1) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; European Union ; Inclusive Growth ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Challenges
    Abstract: Following a strong recovery after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, growth in the European Union (EU) is expected to sharply decelerate in 2023 as high inflation and increasingly tight monetary policy dampen economic activity. Despite considerable resilience, the EU economy is in a weakened spot following the string of overlapping crises since 2020, which have eroded macroeconomic buffers and left the economy vulnerable to additional negative shocks. Fiscal policy support, going forward, will need to be timely, targeted, time bound, and transparent to eventually support gradual fiscal consolidation. Part 1 of the EU regular economic report (RER) focuses on recent developments and the short-term outlook and risks. This part looks at inclusive growth trends in the EU as a whole and the four regions: Northern Europe (NE), Southern Europe (SE), Western Europe (WE) and Central and Southeast Europe (CEE). Depending on data availability, it also zooms in on a set of selected countries - Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania
    DOI: 10.1596/40026
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  • 149
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    Thailand Public Revenue and Spending Assessment, June 2023 : Promoting an Inclusive and Sustainable Future (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Health Care ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Revenue Mobilization ; Social Protection ; Spending Trends ; Taxes, Transfers and Equity
    Abstract: Having implemented a substantial fiscal response to COVID-19, Thailand's government now faces the medium-term challenge of reducing elevated deficit and debt levels, and the structural challenge of meeting rising spending needs, including those associated with an aging population, while maintaining fiscal sustainability. In this context, this Public Revenue and Spending Assessment sets out revenue and expenditure choices that will help to ensure a more inclusive and sustainable economy. This will require raising revenue, improving the efficiency of public spending, and ensuring that revenue and spending policy measures support the most vulnerable and are responsive to climate-related challenges. Within this overall framework, the report provides several recommendations to improve the quality of spending in the health, education, and social protection sectors, as well as a detailed assessment of fiscal policies that will contribute to the achievement of climate mitigation and adaptation goals
    DOI: 10.1596/39999
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  • 150
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    Preferences for Wage Discrimination against Women (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William Preferences for Wage Discrimination against Women
    Keywords: Age Bias ; Discrimination ; Equal Pay ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Gender Wage Gap ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Systematic Gender Bias ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This study demonstrates systematic bias against women in public perceptions of the fairness of wages. In nationally representative survey experiments across more than 70,000 individual vignettes posed to 4,500 respondents in three Central Asian countries, respondents were 13 percent more likely to say wages were "too high" when the randomly assigned person described in the vignette (subject) was a woman, and 34 percent more likely to say they were "too low" when the subject was a man. The pattern of bias favoring higher wages for men is statistically significant at conventional levels in all three countries, among both male and female respondents, and in each of the eight occupations studied. The results also demonstrate the presence of significant bias in favor or older workers, specifically for white-collar occupations, and the absence of this relationship for the blue-collar occupations included in the experiment. The findings reinforce the importance of bias as a contributing factor to the gender pay gap, and the value of equal pay regulations to prevent gender discrimination in wage setting
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10548
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  • 151
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    Missing SDG Gender Indicators (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beegle, Kathleen Missing SDG Gender Indicators
    Keywords: Corporate Data and Reporting ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Goals ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; National Statistical System ; Private Sector Development ; Statistical Indicators ; Tracking Gender SDG Goals
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goal agenda lays out an ambitious set of 231 indicators to track progress. Countries continue to fall short in terms of reporting on the indicators in general, and this is particularly the case for the subset of 50 gender-related indicators, where countries reported on average on 31 percent of these indicators in at least one year from 2016 to 2020. A closer look at this low coverage reveals four salient fundings. First, this is not just a problem of missing data; lack of reporting on existing data is detected to be a problem. For example, of the 32 gender-related indicators that are sex disaggregated, if countries that had a population estimate also had a sex-disaggregated estimate (which is almost always feasible), the Sustainable Development Goal gender coverage rate would be 43 percent instead of 31 percent. Second, better statistical systems are a major part of the solution, as statistical system strength is correlated with higher coverage. Third, poorer countries are doing no worse in reporting on gender-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators than high-income countries, despite weaker statistical systems. Lastly, sizable over (and under) performance in reporting, conditional on statistical strength, suggests that country-level advocacy and focus can yield wins in Sustainable Development Goal gender indicator coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10544
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  • 152
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    Rule-Based Civil Service : Evidence from a Nationwide Teacher Reform in Mexico (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedoya, Juan Rule-Based Civil Service: Evidence from a Nationwide Teacher Reform in Mexico
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Civil Service Employment ; Civil Service Reform ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Rule-Based Teacher Hiring ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teacher Hiring Methods ; Teacher Quality
    Abstract: This paper studies the effect of a civil service reform on the skills profile of new teachers in Mexico. The reform mandated the use of rule-based recruitment over discretionary hiring. The results show that the reform led to hiring teachers with higher cognitive skills. The paper also shows that an improvement in the bottom of the skills distribution of new hires drove this change. Two channels explain these effects. First, the reform decreased the prevalence of discretionary hires, who tended to be drawn from the bottom of the skills distribution. Second, the reform improved the screening efficiency of rule-based hiring, making cognitive skills more important determinants of hiring outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10540
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  • 153
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    Could Sustainability-Linked Bonds Incentivize Lower Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wang, Dieter Could Sustainability-Linked Bonds Incentivize Lower Deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon?
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Amazon Deforestation ; Ambitiousness ; Benchmarking ; Economic Investment and Savings ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Feasibiity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Performance Based Financing ; Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new relative evaluation and benchmarking framework for performance linked financing instruments. It argues that the carrots and sticks of sustainability-linked bonds should not use key performance indicators which are solely tied to outcomes. Instead, they should be based on its issuer's level of performance with respect to a target. The paper defines performance as the part of the outcome that the issuer can influence. Otherwise, the issuer may be rewarded or penalized for factors outside their control. In such a case, principal-agent theory would predict a dilution of the performance-based instrument's incentives. This framework is then applied to deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon and estimate performance by accounting for the real effective exchange rate, global commodity prices, and prevalent deforestation trends. The results show that policy efforts helped lower deforestation in the 2000s, even after accounting for external factors. The trend reversal and acceleration in deforestation since 2012 are partly due to weaker policy and macroeconomic factors. Based on these results, the paper proposes an Amazon sustainability-linked bond, which could allow for a more effective mechanism to incentivize policy efforts. The paper also introduces the feasibility and ambitiousness matrix to set sustainability performance targets. The matrix is used to define the terms low-hanging fruits and long shots and to discuss why such targets are subject to the risk of greenwashing
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10558
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  • 154
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    Creating an Enabling Environment for Private Sector Climate Action : An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support, Fiscal Years 2013-22 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: r02
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Action Engagement ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Finance ; Climate Resilient Investment ; Country Climate Analytical Work ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Climate Action ; Renewable Energy ; World Bank Group Effectiveness
    Abstract: The private sector has a critical role to play in addressing climate change by investing in low-carbon technologies, developing new technologies, and building climate resilience into its investments and operations. Private sector financing will also be critical for meeting the needs for global finance flows, but climate finance from the private sector has been very low. One reason for this is that most countries lack a conducive enabling environment for the private sector to engage in climate action. This evaluation assesses the World Bank Group's efforts to improve the enabling environment for private sector climate action (EEPSCA). The evaluation defines the private sector enabling environment for climate action as the set of policies (laws and regulations), incentives, standards, information, and institutions that encourage or facilitate the private sector to invest or behave in ways that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or adapt to the current or anticipated impacts of climate change. The private sector includes large, medium, and small firms; domestic and international financiers; and smallholder farmers or other producers. The evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of Bank Group support to EEPSCA and aims to identify lessons applicable to the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation to inform implementation of the Bank Group Climate Change Action Plan 2021 and subsequent Bank Group climate activities. The evaluation also aims to inform discussions on the evolution road map, which considers further increasing the prominence of the role the Bank Group plays on global public goods, such as climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/40396
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  • 155
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    An Assessment of Gender Gaps in Liberia through a Women's Empowerment Lens (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education ; Empowerment Factors ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Health ; Gender Equality ; Gender Gap ; Health ; Labor ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Advancing gender equality by strengthening women's empowerment is essential for improving development outcomes in Liberia. This report draws on existing literature and data review, as well as new qualitative evidence collected in Liberia. It shows that despite some progress, significant gender gaps still hold back the individual well-being of half of the population. Although abject poverty is part of the story, formal and informal institutions that shift the balance of decision-making power and access to resources away from women also disempower. Eliminating institutional and resource constraints and strengthening women's ability to make choices to improve their lives can leverage women's skills and talents and enhance their contributions to a more prosperous and sustainable Liberia. This report is grounded in the concepts underlying women's and girls' empowerment - namely, a process whereby women and girls who have been denied the ability to make choices and realize them acquire such an ability. The analysis is focused on identifying the constraints Liberian women face in achieving better outcomes in education, health, and productive employment, through the lens of the three pillars of empowerment: context, resources, and agency
    DOI: 10.1596/40333
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  • 156
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    Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes : A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tillan, Pablo Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes: A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Export Competitiveness ; Export Impacts ; Firm Dynamics ; Gender and Labor Markets ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Limited Export Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the overall impact of exports while accounting for supply chain linkages on local labor market outcomes in the Arab Republic of Egypt between 2007 and 2018. The paper assesses the effects not only on directly exporting industries, but also on industries indirectly affected by rising export demand. Furthermore, it examines potential impacts on specific groups of workers, such as high-skilled individuals and female workers. The results show that trade does not lead to the same connection with domestic labor markets in Egypt as observed in other countries, as highlighted in the existing literature explaining the adverse effects of imports on developing countries. Despite being more open to trade, trade-intensive industries in Egypt have not experienced a significant increase in their share of employment within the overall workforce. To harness the benefits of trade, Egypt must undertake deeper reforms aimed at significantly expanding the export sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10614
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  • 157
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    Improving Consumption-Based Tax Compliance : Evidence from Point of Sale Usage in Subnational Governments in Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chattha, Muhammad Khudadad Improving Consumption-Based Tax Compliance: Evidence from Point of Sale Usage in Subnational Governments in Indonesia
    Keywords: Consumption Paper Trail ; Government Tax Enforcement ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Law Enforcement Systems ; Point of Sale Technology ; Restaurant and Hotel Tax Compliance ; Sales Tax ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Evation ; Tax Law
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of point of sale technology adoption on local tax compliance by firms. The paper exploits administrative data on monthly restaurant and hotel tax payments in the Indonesian districts of West Manggarai and Gorontalo and combines this with information on the point of sales distribution timeline from 2018 to 2022. The findings show that certain point of sales treatments led to a substantial increase in restaurant tax payments, ranging from 55 to 180 percent, while others did not increase tax revenues. The paper discusses the underlying drivers of the results and argues that the effectiveness of point of sales technology is conditional on (i) the devices' ease of use, (ii) the recipients' technological aptitude, and (iii) the presence of information accessible by third parties
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10610
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  • 158
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    Fiscal Policy and Equity : Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy and Equity: Vietnam 2018 Fiscal Incidence Analysis
    Keywords: Equity and Development ; Fiscal Incidende ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Spending ; Taxation ; Transfers
    Abstract: This paper examines the distributive and poverty reducing effects of Vietnam's fiscal system in 2018. The paper looks at the incidence across the distribution and the effect of (direct and indirect) taxes, subsidies, and social spending (in cash and in-kind) on inequality and poverty in Vietnam using the Commitment to Equity methodology. The overall pattern of taxes and transfers in Vietnam is moderately progressive, but most households pay more in taxes and co-payments than what they receive in cash benefits, and the fiscal system results in a small increase in poverty. The progressivity of the fiscal system and its inequality-reduction impact mostly comes from in-kind health and education spending. This reduction in inequality is about average for lower-middle-income countries, but Vietnam could do more to increase the progressivity of its fiscal system
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10538
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  • 159
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    Moving from Traditional to Transformational Approaches to Women's Economic Empowerment - A Review of the KDRDIP Program (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: CDD Livelihood Projects ; Economic Growth ; Ecosystem Approach ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Kdrdip ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women ; Women's Economic Empowerment
    Abstract: This paper aims to answer two important questions: how traditional CDD livelihood projects can adjust or adopt practices to strengthen women's economic empowerment outcomes, and how government and other development actors can employ an ecosystem approach to develop coordinated and sustainable local economic development on a larger scale. To answer these questions, the paper draws on a mixed-methods study of the Kenya Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (KDRDIP), a traditional CDD livelihood program, along with an analysis of other WEE programs in the region and worldwide. The paper offers useful recommendations and insights for practitioners and policymakers
    DOI: 10.1596/40312
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  • 160
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    Using Large Language Models for Qualitative Analysis can Introduce Serious Bias (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ashwin, Julian Using Large Language Models for Qualitative Analysis can Introduce Serious Bias
    Keywords: Annotation ; Chatgpt ; Economic Theory and Research ; ICT Applications ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Large Language Models (LLMS) ; LLAMA 2 ; Machine Bias ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Qualitative Analysis ; Rohingya People ; Social Science Research ; Text as Data
    Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are quickly becoming ubiquitous, but the implications for social science research are not yet well understood. This paper asks whether LLMs can help us analyse large-N qualitative data from open-ended interviews, with an application to transcripts of interviews with displaced Rohingya people in Cox's Bazaar, Bangladesh. The analysis finds that a great deal of caution is needed in using LLMs to annotate text as there is a risk of introducing biases that can lead to misleading inferences. Here this refers to bias in the technical sense, that the errors that LLMs make in annotating interview transcripts are not random with respect to the characteristics of the interview subjects. Training simpler supervised models on high-quality human annotations with flexible coding leads to less measurement error and bias than LLM annotations. Therefore, given that some high quality annotations are necessary in order to asses whether an LLM introduces bias, this paper argues that it is probably preferable to train a bespoke model on these annotations than it is to use an LLM for annotation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10597
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  • 161
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    The Brazil of the Future : Towards Productivity, Inclusion, and Sustainability (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Demographic Change ; Diversity ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Inclusivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Megatrends ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Sustainable Growth ; Technological Change
    Abstract: In 2022, Brazil celebrated its 200th anniversary. What will Brazil celebrate at its 220th anniversary, in 2042? Following the recent elections there is a window of opportunity for reforms that will shape Brazil's development over the next decades. "The Brazil of the Future: Towards Productivity, Inclusion, and Sustainability" takes a long-term perspective on Brazil's development, exploring how prudent actions today can generate opportunities for a more prosperous, inclusive, and sustainable society over the next 20 years. The report aims to stimulate public debate about a virtuous cycle for 2042, illustrated by four alternative future scenarios. With the right reforms Brazil can become an economic powerhouse that offers opportunities for all. A more inclusive social contract can facilitate critical reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/40602
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  • 162
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    International Law Aspects of Sea Level Rise (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Cliamte Change Effects ; Coastal States ; Environment ; Law and Development ; Legal Framework ; Sea Level Rise
    Abstract: This legal study is based on Legal Dimensions of Sea Level Rise: Pacific Perspectives which was published on June 29, 2021. The original version provided an assessment of key legal frameworks and policy questions that are relevant in the context of sea level rise in the Pacific region. This work, on the other hand, while largely based on the analysis of the original version, provides an updated assessment of the impacts of climate change, especially sea level rise, on the maritime rights of all island and coastal States.1 It is designed for a global audience. The study is divided into three parts. Part I looks briefly at the pioneering work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and its most recent predictions for sea level rise during the current century, and then sets it in the context of other scientific work on threats from sea level rise and warming. Part II sets out an overview of relevant legal frameworks, key terminology, and principles based on international law, as well as judicial decisions and scholarly work that define the rights, resources, and obligations of all coastal States, particularly island and low-lying States. Part III then presents a series of responses to key legal and policy questions faced by these States in relation to sea level rise
    DOI: 10.1596/40584
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  • 163
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    Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Piza, Caio Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades
    Keywords: Behavioral Modification ; Education ; Elementary Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Education ; Financial Law ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Proficiency Promotion ; Law and Development ; Middle School Financial Literacy
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether providing financial education in elementary and middle school grades improves students' financial proficiency and actual behavior. It uses a cluster randomized control trial to evaluate a pilot program implemented in 101 Brazilian municipal schools in 2015. The findings show positive impacts on financial proficiency, mainly among middle school students, and suggestive evidence of improvements in short-term behavioral outcomes. However, the analysis indicates that the program did not impact students' school achievements in both the short and longer terms, which suggests that the program's effects were not strong enough to shift students' behavior decisions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10511
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  • 164
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    The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina, Juan J The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Equity Financing ; Equity Issuance Activity ; Equity Market Liberalization ; Firm Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; International Economics and Trade ; International Investors ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Stock Connect
    Abstract: The internationalization of China's equity markets started in the early 2000s but accelerated after 2012, when Chinese firms' shares listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen gradually became available to international investors. This paper documents the effects of the post-2012 internationalization events by comparing the evolution of equity financing and investment activities for (i) domestic listed firms relative to firms that already had access to international investors and (ii) domestic listed firms that were directly connected to international markets relative to those that were not. The paper shows significant increases in financial and investment activities for domestic listed firms and connected firms, with sizable aggregate effects. The evidence also suggests that the rise in firms' equity issuances was primarily and initially financed by domestic investors. Foreign ownership of Chinese firms increased once the locally issued shares became part of the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Emerging Markets Index in 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10513
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  • 165
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    Corporate Responses to Size-Based Tax Rates in Lithuania (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Garriga, Pablo Corporate Responses to Size-Based Tax Rates in Lithuania
    Keywords: Corporate Taxation ; Firms Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Compliance
    Abstract: This paper studies how firms respond to differential, size-based tax rates using administrative tax data in Lithuania. Exploiting a notch in the tax schedule faced by corporations, it documents strong behavioral responses to tax incentives-revenue elasticity is estimated at 0.35 and cost elasticity at -1.3, implying a large total profit elasticity of 7.4. It then leverages the panel structure of the data to provide insights on the dynamic effects of these tax incentives. Firms located close to but below the notch report systematically lower revenue growth in the short term, but the effects dissipate over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10500
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  • 166
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    Togo Economic Update : Unlocking Togo's Potential (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; ICT Applications ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Regional Trade ; Sequential Shocks
    Abstract: Since the onset of COVID-19 in 2020, Togo's economy has shown signs of resilience in the face of shocks but efforts to reduce poverty were frustrated and fiscal space depleted. Togo was able to avoid a recession in 2020, with real GDP growth recorded at 2 percent, before rebounding rapidly to 6.0 percent in 2021, thanks in part to a strong counter-cyclical fiscal policy response. Challenges intensified again in 2022 as Russia's invasion of Ukraine contributed to a sharp uptick in energy, fertilizer, and food prices, while global demand decelerated, and financing conditions tightened. However, growth remained robust at 5.8 percent in 2022 as a significant increase in public spending helped counterbalance the adverse impact of weakening export revenues, rising inflation, and decelerating consumer spending. Low-income households were affected by high food price inflation in 2021-22, but the effect on poverty was offset by sustained economic growth and the benefits accruing to poor households dependent on agricultural income. Global headwinds, high domestic inflation, and growing insecurity in the northern Savanes region have prompted the Government to significantly ramp up emergency spending, leading the budget deficit to a three-decade high of 8.3 percent of GDP, from 4.7 percent in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/40544
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  • 167
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    Climate Change and Disability Inclusion in Uzbekistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Access To Labor Market ; Accessibility ; Climate Change ; Disability Inclusion ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Stabilization ; Environment ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inclusive Disaster Management ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The impacts of climate change will be unevenly felt within and across countries partly due to social and economic inequalities. Persons with disabilities represent 16 percent of the global population and face widespread forms of social and economic marginalization yet have received little attention in prior studies of climate change and social inequality. The mortality rate of persons with disabilities in natural disasters is "up to four times higher than people without disabilities" (Stein and Stein 2021). How do the fast-moving shocks, flooding, drought, heatwaves and slower-moving social and economic effects of climate change impact persons with disabilities How can climate change adaptation efforts be disability inclusive This study examines these questions through original fieldwork and qualitative interviews conducted in Uzbekistan. In November 2022, the authors interviewed persons with disabilities in three regions of the country. The resulting qualitative data afford key insights into how climate change and disability status interact to generate distinct vulnerabilities. Within the nascent field of climate change and disability studies, this report represents one of the first fieldwork-based accounts of how climate change presents heightened risks to persons with disabilities in a developing country context
    DOI: 10.1596/40538
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  • 168
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    Trade in Services for Development : Fostering Sustainable Growth and Economic Diversification (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Economic Diversification ; Global Value Chains ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; MSMES ; Regional Urban Development ; Supply of Services ; Sustainable Growth ; Trade ; Urban Health
    Abstract: The services sector has been the main source of economic growth in recent decades, with logistics, finance and information technologies playing an essential role in the functioning of modern economies while business services, healthcare and entertainment feature among the world's fastest growing sectors. This publication - co-published by the WTO and the World Bank - underlines the contribution that trade and investment in services can make to economic growth and development and highlights, in particular, the importance of re-energizing international cooperation on services trade
    DOI: 10.1596/40521
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  • 169
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    South Asia Macro Poverty Outlook : Country-by-country Analysis and Projections for the Developing World, Annual Meetings 2023 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2119
    Keywords: Debt Indicators ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Indicators ; GDP ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Indicators
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the South Asia region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita, and where available, other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/40490
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  • 170
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    Unlocking the Potential of Women and Adolescent Girls in Madagascar - Challenges and Opportunities in Enhancing Girls' and Women's Agency : Cahier 4 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Child Marriage ; Fertility Decision Making ; Forced Marriage ; GBV Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Gender-Based Violence (GBV) ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Limitations On Decision-Making ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth analysis of the limitations that Malagasy women and girls encounter in respect to their agency and proposes several strategic lines of action to improve women's and girls' voice and decision-making and to eliminate all forms of GBV. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, health, and economic opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/40431
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  • 171
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    Maldives Development Update, October 2023 : Batten Down the Hatches (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Deficit ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Debt ; Resilient Infrastructure ; Sustainability ; Welfare Disparities
    Abstract: The economy has maintained its strong growth momentum, with the expansion in tourism, and poverty is expected to fall further in 2023. The number of tourist arrivals grew by 14 percent (y-o-y) to 1.25 million by early September 2023, reaching a historic high compared to similar periods in other years (Figure ES.1). Despite the Russian invasion of Ukraine, arrivals from Russia remained strong. An earlier-than-expected reopening of the Chinese market, on January 18, has compensated for lower arrivals from India and Gulf countries, while arrivals from Europe continued to increase. As a result, the Maldivian economy grew by 5.5 percent (y-o-y) in the first quarter of 2023. Poverty levels also fell with the strong economic rebound, to an estimated level of 1.5 percent of the population. High inequality in the country, especially in the outer atolls, remains a real concern
    DOI: 10.1596/40414
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  • 172
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    The Trade-Growth Nexus : Evidence of Causality from Innovative Instruments for Trade (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nana, Ibrahim The Trade-Growth Nexus: Evidence of Causality from Innovative Instruments for Trade
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; GDP Growth and Trade ; Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ; Instrumental Variable ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Trade Investment
    Abstract: During the past decades, extensive literature has emphasized the role of both international trade and openness in fostering economic growth. Endogeneity bias is a nagging challenge for any empirical attempt to study the causal relationship between trade and economic growth. This study contributes to the existing stock of knowledge and helps to address these challenges by introducing new instrumental variables for trade. The study samples 197 countries over 1970-2020. The findings suggest that international trade has a positive and significant effect on gross domestic product per capita, which tends to be higher for emerging markets and development economies. Thus, the study provides an enhanced empirical foundation for the expectation that investments made to support trade are also good for economic growth, especially in emerging markets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10645
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  • 173
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    Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bruhn, Miriam Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Government ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper assesses the medium-run effects of government support to firms during the COVID-19 crisis and whether the effectiveness of this support varied with its timing. Using data from three rounds of the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys carried out between May 2020 and April 2022, it relates government support in Round 1 (received in the first half of 2020) and Round 2 (received during the second half of 2020 or early 2021) with firm performance in Round 3 (generally mid-2021). Controlling for a host of background characteristics, firms that received support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales, but only if they did not have continued support. Firms that also received support in Round 2 had similar Round 3 sales as those that received no support and were more likely to decrease employment. Firms that received government support only in Round 2 experienced no boost in Round 3 performance. The findings suggest that government support should be provided promptly, but it should also be phased out quickly
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10641
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    Quantifying Economic Impacts of Trade Agreements with Heterogeneous Trade Elasticities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kee, Hiau Looi Quantifying Economic Impacts of Trade Agreements with Heterogeneous Trade Elasticities
    Keywords: Brexit ; Economic Impact of Trade Agreements ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Trade Elasticities ; Trade Elasticity and Tariffs ; Trade Policy ; Treaties ; Welfare Gains From Trade
    Abstract: Bilateral trade relationships between countries vary across products. Such heterogeneity poses challenges when assessing the economic impacts of trade agreements. This paper estimates bilateral trade elasticities at the product level and explores these impacts using a hypothetical no-deal Brexit as an example. The findings indicate that the European Union's demand for the United Kingdom's products is often less elastic compared to products from other trading partners. The findings also show substantial heterogeneity in the elasticities across products and a negative correlation between these elasticities and tariffs. These factors mitigate the extent of trade welfare losses compared to a scenario using homogeneous elasticities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10634
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  • 175
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    Data Gaps in Microdata in the Context of Forced Displacement (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Masaki, Takaaki Data Gaps in Microdata in the Context of Forced Displacement
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Forced Displacement ; Forced Migration ; Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Unhcr Refugee Microdata Library
    Abstract: This paper aims to understand the existing gaps in micro-level data on forcibly displaced people--refugees and internally displaced persons. The paper undertakes a comprehensive review of all existing micro-level data sets in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Microdata Library and the World Bank Microdata Library. It first identifies a corpus of micro-level data sets that are designed to have a representative sample of refugees and/or internally displaced persons and assesses gaps in geographical and thematic coverage. The paper then evaluates whether the data sets contain a core set of questions that are essential for the proper identification of refugees and internally displaced persons. The findings show that microdata on forcibly displaced people are comparatively rich in Sub-Saharan Africa in contrast to other regions. However, data scarcity is notably pronounced in countries facing fragility and conflict. Scarcity is also evident among internally displaced persons and on topics such as labor and employment, finance (for instance, credit, debt, and banking), agriculture/livestock/fishery, and education. The paper also highlights that many of the existing micro-level data sets on forcibly displaced people do not contain the core set of questions needed for proper identification of refugees or internally displaced persons according to international statistical standards
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10631
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  • 176
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    The Valuation of Flexible Work Arrangements : Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghorpade, Yashodhan The Valuation of Flexible Work Arrangements: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia
    Keywords: Employment Policy ; Flexibility ; Flexible Work Arrangements ; Flexwork Experiment ; GIG Work ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Quality of Life and Leisure ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: The changing nature of work, accelerated by the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in several fundamental shifts in the terms and conditions of work. Along with the clear trend of increased nonstandard employment, including through the gig economy and platform work, this poses critical questions for policies and practices of the organization of work arrangements, and about who may bear the costs of emerging arrangements. This paper explores whether workers in freelancing and standard work arrangements in Malaysia view a trade-off between flexibility and income and are willing to forgo a share of earnings for greater flexibility. The paper deploys a novel discrete choice experiment in which respondents are asked to choose their preferred job from two hypothetical job descriptions with randomly assigned attributes, namely, flexibility and associated earnings. The findings show substantial but not overwhelming preference for greater flexibility, especially among freelancers, and a clear trade-off between measures of flexibility and income. The findings also show considerable variation in the preference for flexibility, much of which is not explained by worker demographics and other observable characteristics but is consistent with other measures of the importance attached to flexibility and earning income. The analysis outlines pathways through which offering even a modicum of flexibility can enhance workers' utility without necessarily increasing costs for employers, provides evidence of considerable preference heterogeneity, and warns against imposing uniform approaches to (in)flexible work arrangements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10630
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  • 177
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    Migration, Families, and Counterfactual Families (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bertoli, Simone Migration, Families, and Counterfactual Families
    Keywords: Counterfactual Reasoning ; Family Formation ; Human Rights ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant Policy ; Migrants Families ; Migration ; Remittances ; Status Quo Bias
    Abstract: Migration changes how families form and dissolve, and how one should conceptualize the family. This has implications for thinking about how the migration decision is modelled when individuals are unable to picture the counterfactual families they may have. Differences in marital status can induce two otherwise identical individuals to make different migration decisions. It also has implications for attempts to causally estimate impacts of migration, when the family composition changes with the migration decision itself. This paper shows empirically that changing marital status after migration is widespread, and that the traditional model of a fixed family sending off a migrant who remains part of that same family only describes a minority of migrants moving from developing countries to the U.S. The authors draw out lessons from thinking about counterfactual families for empirical research and for migration policy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10626
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  • 178
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    Measuring Jobs Impacts : A Decision Framework and Available Methods (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Evaluation Techniques ; Jobs-Focused ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory of Change
    Abstract: Economists and policy analysts have devised a wide variety of techniques to determine the impacts of various interventions on labor market outcomes. However, determining which evaluation technique should be implemented for a particular intervention requires a thorough understanding of the context and nature of the intervention, labor market structure and dynamics, and the universe of available impact measurement techniques. This report develops a standardized and transparent decision-making procedure for selecting feasible and appropriate techniques for evaluating the labor market impacts of an intervention. The decision-making procedure was developed by drawing on lessons from recent pilot studies undertaken by the World Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/40792
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  • 179
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    Jordan Economic Monitor, Fall 2023 - Building Success, Breaking Barriers : Unlocking the Economic Power of Women in Jordan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Debt ; Fiscal Developments ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Social Protections and Labor ; Women's Economic Power
    Abstract: Jordan's real growth registered 2.4 percent in 2022 and has accelerated to 2.7 percent in H1-2023, compared to a pre-COVID-19 (2012-2019) average of 2.4 percent. Growth was supported by the services sector, agriculture sector, in addition to a robust contribution from agriculture. Inflation decelerated significantly in 2023, supported by favorable base effect, monetary policy tightening and lower global commodity prices. External imbalances have narrowed, supported by a string recovery in tourism activity and travel receipts. Central government fiscal balance was supported by economic growth and revenue-enhancing reforms, whereas total expenditure grew at a slower pace. Despite these positive developments, entrenched structural constraints weigh on labor market outcomes, as labor force participation continues its gradual decline driven by a fall in both male and female participation. Jordanian female labor participation remains among the lowest in the world. Debt-to-GDP ratios continues to rise from already elevated levels with persisting pressures from the electricity and water sectors. The global and regional environments remain challenging. In particular, the conflict in the Middle East has the potential for material economic spillovers on the Jordanian economy, including through its impact on tourism activity. The "In Focus" section highlights the role of women and their increased economic participation as central to Jordan's development agenda. The piece takes a life cycle approach and follows the journey of girls and women from birth through education and into the labor market. It sheds light on two of the main barriers to women's increased participation in the economy: childcare and public transportation. A comprehensive institutional renovation, together with enabling policies and a clear signal regarding the role of women, are all crucial in removing barriers and facilitate the integration of women into the labor force
    DOI: 10.1596/40786
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  • 180
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    Advancing Disaster Risk Finance in Dominica (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Catastrophe Risk Financing Strategy ; Disaster Risk Insurance ; Disaster Risk Strategy ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disaster Preparedness ; Ukaid ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to make recommendations for the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica (GoCD) for the formulation of a country-specific comprehensive disaster risk financing (DRF) strategy, based on the assessment of the legislative, financial management, fiscal, and insurance market environment in Dominica. The key activities of the present review are twofold: (a) to review the existing data that would inform the quantification of Dominica's contingent liabilities to natural hazards, as well as current practices in DRF and (b) to conduct a review of the existing public financial management (PFM) and insurance market with respect to DRF by reviewing laws, regulations, practices, existing protocols and systems, and macroeconomic conditions. This report is envisioned to be used as a planning tool for the potential development of a comprehensive DRF strategy that would equip the Ministry of Finance and Investment (MoF) with information and instruments to manage contingent liabilities posed by natural hazards. This report presents recommendations for a cost-effective DRF strategy in Dominica, drawing heavily on international experience, country-specific information, and similar conditions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) with limited fiscal space. These complementary resources for a national DRF strategy are based on a preliminary fiscal risk analysis and a review of the current budget management of disasters in Dominica. The report benefits from the international experience of the World Bank and the approach outlined in its operational DRF and insurance framework, which has assisted several countries worldwide, including in the Caribbean (Belize, Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Jamaica, and so on) in the design and implementation of sovereign catastrophe risk financing strategies. This report tailors the approach to the institutional, social, and economic context of Dominica
    DOI: 10.1596/40753
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  • 181
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    Pacific Maritime Transport Systems : Hazard Exposure Technical Note (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Coastal Climate Change ; Coastal Hazard Exposure ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marine Transport Hazards ; Pacific Port Status ; PIC12 Countries ; Port Infrastructure ; Water Resources
    Abstract: This Technical Note supplements the overarching regional report 'A Blue Transformation for Pacific Maritime Transport (World Bank, 2022)'. It provides more detail on, and analysis of, natural hazards in the Pacific affecting port infrastructure and operations. While natural hazards are a major issue for all Pacific Island states and dependencies, this Technical Note looks particularly at the experiences of 12 World Bank member countries, referred to collectively as the PIC12 countries. These are the Melanesian countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Fiji; the Polynesian countries of Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu; and the Micronesian countries of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Palau, Kiribati, and Nauru. This Note aims to assist technical specialists, client country teams, and donors, to identify needs and priorities for more detailed, site-specific risk studies. These risk studies will form the basis of port master planning, project design, asset management, and capital upgrade projects, as appropriate, to increase resilience in ports to the impacts of natural hazards. This Technical Note has six sections, as follows: overview: a summary of why Pacific ports is particularly exposed to natural hazards; mapping Pacific Islands' Current Exposure to Hazards: descriptions of the seven natural hazards facing Pacific Island countries (PICs), and maps showing where in the Pacific their main impacts are felt; identifying where the greatest hazards lie, a hazard heat map for the pacific: quantitative and qualitative measures of the hazard intensities are summarized for primary and hub ports, with general observations and conclusions; current status of infrastructure upgrades in Pacific ports: a summary of work, both completed and planned, in each of the PIC12 primary ports, between 2007 and 2022; port master planning to future-proof Pacific ports: a brief outline of port master planning, strategic asset management and risk analysis, and principles of asset management for port infrastructure; and conclusions and recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/40683
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  • 182
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    Niger Country Environmental Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Deforestation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Forest Degradation ; Land Degradation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Capital
    Abstract: Niger is a fragile country, marked by a poorly diversified economy and extreme poverty. Climate change, rapid demographic growth, and weak governance are major threats to Niger's growth. These changes have led to human losses, decreased soil productivity, and increased competition for access to resources. Moreover, many rural communities have grappled with a land tenure system with often unclear and overlapping rights, a lack of land use classification and registry, and an absence of monitoring and enforcing by local institutions. It is important to note that the rapid population growth and the recent COVID pandemic have put additional pressure on food security and natural resources. Natural capital is crucial for the Nigeriens' livelihoods and food security. Degradation of cropland and pastureland is a key problem in Niger. This Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) aims to analyze critical environmental challenges that threaten sustainable economic growth in Niger and to propose actions to address them. It focuses on three government priorities that require in-depth analysis and immediate response: land degradation, deforestation and forest degradation, and climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/39588
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  • 183
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    How Can Lower-Income Countries Collect More Taxes? : The Role of Technology, Tax Agents, and Politics (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Okunogbe, Oyebola How Can Lower-Income Countries Collect More Taxes? The Role of Technology, Tax Agents, and Politics
    Keywords: E-Government ; Governance ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy of Taxation ; TAC Administration ; Tax Law ; Tax Officials ; Tax Revenue ; Tax To GDP Ratio ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper examines recent evidence on tax administration interventions aimed at increasing tax revenues in lower-income countries. It focuses on two major themes: the use of new information technology tools--for identifying taxable entities, verifying tax liabilities, and ensuring collection of liabilities--and how the deployment and incentives of tax officials shape their performance. The paper discusses the promise and pitfalls of interventions in these two areas and the strategic interactions between them. Lastly, it emphasizes the importance of political incentives and considers the conditions under which governments choose to invest in tax capacity and expand tax collection
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10655
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  • 184
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    Malawi Country Economic Memorandum : A Narrow Path to Prosperity (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; High Poverty Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Rural Development ; Rural Economy ; Slow Growth
    Abstract: This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) argues for a significant shift in policy to enable a virtuous cycle of sustained and inclusive economic growth, outlined infive building blocks. Chapter 1 identifies policy priorities to restore the macroeconomic fundamentals for growth through fiscal reform, debt sustainability, external rebalancing, and monetary stability. The following three chapters address three core structural constraints to growth and propose key reforms to accelerate agricultural commercialization and improve rural labor markets (Chapter 2), enable the private sector to drive productivity growth (Chapter 3), and catalyze exports and foreign investment (Chapter 4). Acknowledging that implementing key growth-enhancing policies--be they macroeconomic or structural--are the result of complex political economy and governance arrangements, Chapter 5 focuses on how past Malawian successes can inform future sectoral policies, reforms, and strategies to achieve the goals outlined in the Malawi 2063
    DOI: 10.1596/40854
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  • 185
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    Racing Against Time : World Bank Economic Monitoring Report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Racing against time
    Keywords: CBRs ; Economic Development ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Palestinian Economy ; West Bank and Gaza
    Abstract: Operating in environments marked by fragility, conflict, and violence poses complex and distinct challenges, and the Palestinian case is no different. A significant body of literature has emphasized the specific bottlenecks that exist, ranging from - in the first place - the movement, access, trade, and investment restrictions imposed by the Government of Israel (GoI) on the West Bank, and the near-blockade of Gaza, the noncontiguous geography of the territories, to the program advanced by the Palestinian Authority on structural reforms lacking momentum, and increasing penury of foreign aid. Numerous analytical and policy papers - spanning at least three decades, since the establishment of the AHLC forum - have emphasized the severity of the challenges at hand and the imperative of fostering cooperation among all parties. Despite relative clarity on the objectives, progress on the implementation of priorities has been modest, resulting in increased complexity and urgency at the present day. At the behest of the AHLC, this report aims to guide the renewed efforts of the PA and the GoI, the global community, and - more broadly - all relevant policymakers and stakeholders, as they lay the groundwork for sustainable growth and shared prosperity in the Palestinian territories and the wider region. In line with the above, the findings of this report are unsurprising. Unlocking the economic potential of the West Bank and Gaza requires urgent action, in order to spur per capita growth beyond near-stagnation levels, as well as to put the fiscal situation on a sounder footing. The removal, or at least a significant reduction, of restrictions by Israel is a vital prerequisite. Simultaneously, steadfast commitment by the PA to the implementation of a comprehensive reform agenda will be paramount to bolster both recovery and resilience, along with reinforcing institutional governance. In addition, as this report indicates, addressing shortfalls in the health sector will be pivotal to improve the efficiency of public spending, safeguarding human capital, improving service delivery, and revitalizing economic opportunities in a context marked by decades of fragility. While underscoring the burning pressure of these challenges, the World Bank remains fully committed to continuing its close technical collaboration with the PA, the GoI, and all relevant development partners, to help forging a path towards stability, security, economic progress and prosperity, and to contribute to the collective aspiration for a brighter future
    DOI: 10.1596/40403
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    Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? : Evidence from Female Legislators in India (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anukriti, S Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? Evidence from Female Legislators in India
    Keywords: DPEP ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Election Gender Bias ; Female Leaders ; Female Legislator Selection ; Gender ; Gender and Governance ; Governance ; Leader Competence ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Selection
    Abstract: Can effective policy implementation change political selection by inducing voters to prioritize leader competence over other traits, such as gender This paper answers this question by examining the impact of a successful school-expansion program on the likelihood of women being elected to state legislatures in India. The paper shows that the program increased voter prioritization of leader competence over gender, boosting the share of women among candidates and state parliamentarians and the overall capability of elected officials. These findings are consistent with the predictions of a model of candidate self-selection where voters trade off candidate competence with their bias against female leaders
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10654
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    The Distributional Impact of Inflation in South Asia : An Empirical Approach (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dovonou, Vanessa Olakemi The Distributional Impact of Inflation in South Asia: An Empirical Approach
    Keywords: Distributional Effect ; Distributional Impact ; Food Inflation ; Food Inflation and Inequality ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper provides an empirical estimation of the distributional impact of inflation on households in South Asia. Two main channels are explored-the consumption basket channel and the income channel-for households in different income deciles in selected countries in South Asia. Using recent household expenditure surveys, the paper constructs detailed consumption expenditure shares and the effective "cost-of-living" inflation for households of different income levels. The analysis finds that due to a substantially larger share of food expenditure, households in lower income deciles experience higher effective inflation when food prices are high, despite a diversification in consumption expenditure over time. The analysis also suggests heterogeneous effects of inflation through the household income channel
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10527
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    Not All that it Seems : Narrowing of Gender Gaps in Employment during the Onset of COVID-19 in Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Halim, Daniel Not All that it Seems: Narrowing of Gender Gaps in Employment during the Onset of COVID-19 in Indonesia
    Keywords: COVID Labor Market Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Employment and Gender ; Employment and Unemployment ; Female Employment ; Formal Job Loss ; Informal Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper studies the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesia's labor market by exploiting the exogeneous timing of the pandemic in a seasonal difference-in-differences framework. The analysis uses multiple rounds of Indonesia's National Labor Force Survey from 2016 to 2020 to establish a pre-pandemic employment trend and then attribute any excess difference in employment outcomes from this trend as the estimated effect of the pandemic on individual employment outcomes. The results suggest that the pandemic has had mixed effects on the Indonesian labor market. While the pandemic has narrowed the gender gaps in employment participation through the "added worker effect" among women, it has also lowered the overall employment quality among both gender groups. The findings show that the increase in female employment is primarily driven by women in rural areas without high school education, entering informal work, agricultural employment, or unpaid family work. For men, the pandemic has had adverse impacts on their employment across the board in all sub-populations. Consistent with findings from other studies, steeper employment declines are observed in urban areas, particularly among males. Among those employed, both women and men work fewer hours and earn lower wages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10337
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    Natural Disasters and Fiscal Drought (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Milivojevic, Lazar Natural Disasters and Fiscal Drought
    Keywords: Agricultural Impact ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate-Fiscal Nexus ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Structural Resilience
    Abstract: This paper examines to what extent slowdowns in economic growth after natural disasters are accompanied by widening fiscal deficits and corresponding pressures on public debt. Empirical analysis based on exogenous measures of physical disaster intensity shows that natural disasters lead not only to output losses but also to further deterioration of countries' fiscal positions. The effects are persistent and driven by developments in emerging markets and developing economies. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is used to show the propagation mechanism of an extreme event that affects agricultural productivity. The model features farmers endowed with land with time-varying productivity subject to economic and weather conditions. Simulation results illustrate the climate-fiscal nexus existence and highlight the role of structural resilience in limiting the impact of natural disasters
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10298
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    Rwanda Economic Update, February 2023 : Making the most of Nature Based Tourism in Rwanda (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmentally Protected Areas ; Food Prices ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nature-Based Tourism ; Poaching ; Private Sector ; Protected Areas
    Abstract: The Rwandan economy continued to achieve strong growth in 2022 in the face of weakening external demand and restrictive monetary policies required to control inflation. Rising food prices particularly affected the poor, who devote a large share of their spending to food and appear to have faced higher food inflation than richer households did. Growth is expected to decline somewhat in 2023 and then to recover closer to historical rates over the medium term. Tourism is a major source of Rwanda's foreign exchange earnings and tends to generate a higher proportion of formal sector jobs than other sectors and could make a substantial contribution to growth. Within tourism, strengthening the provision of nature-based tourism, which accounts for eight percent of leisure and conference visitors in Rwanda would also help protect biodiversity and advance Rwanda's efforts to adapt to climate change. Nature-based tourism faces significant challenges, including potential limits on expansion of revenues from one of the primary international attractions - gorilla trekking, degradation of the natural assets that underpin the sector, risks presented by infectious diseases, habitat change and overexploitation, and the impact of climate change on tourism demand. Key measures to promote nature-based tourism will need to include expanding the network of protected areas and improving management of the natural assets within and outside protected areas and diversifying the nature-based tourism's offering while complementing efforts to diversify tourism activities. Efforts are required to enhance revenue sharing mechanisms to increase incentives for local communities to conserve natural assets and unlock new opportunities and community-led enterprises that generate revenue from tourism and sustainable management of natural resources, including forests. This is essential to address poverty, to mitigate poaching threats, other illegal activities, and reduce unsustainable exploitation of resources. It is also imperative to secure private sector participation in financing and operation of facilities by introducing innovative financing methods to secure the necessary investment, strengthening capacity and management of tourism facilities and services, and removing subsidies that contribute to environmental degradation
    DOI: 10.1596/39470
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    Opening Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass during the Launch of the January 2023 Global Economic Prospects Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Concessional Resources ; Debt Distress ; Debt Markets ; Debt Sustainability ; Debt Transparency ; Economic Forecasting ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Growth Outlook ; Governance Standards ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass during the Launch of the January 2023 Global Economic Prospects Report on January 10, 2023. He addressed the following topics: global growth outlook; rising levels of debt distress and possible directions to achieve debt transparency and sustainability; the need for greatly expanded resources for developing countries, including deeply concessional resources; and attractive investment climate and governance standards
    DOI: 10.1596/38512
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    Strengthening Financial Stability, Resilience and Safety Nets in the Pacific Islands : Compilation of In-Depth Papers (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Banking Supervision ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Stabilization ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroprudential ; Microprudential
    Abstract: Over the past two years, the World Bank has been working with Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to assess the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on their financial systems and provide guidance to the PIC prudential authorities on policy issues relating to strengthening the resilience of financial systems in the region. As part of this work program, the World Bank produced a series of seven deep dive papers on a range of issues relating to financial stability in the PICs. Each paper was presented during an online workshop with the prudential authorities of the PICs and followed by a Questions and Answers session. The papers in the series are: COVID-19 and financial stability: guidance on financial system surveillance in the pandemic, COVID-19 and stress testing, micro prudential and macro prudential policy: seeking the right balance, early intervention in banking supervision, recovery planning for banks, bank resolution, and financial safety nets This volume pulls together these deep dive papers while being mindful that each paper stands on its own. Yet, an integrated approach is needed in all these policy areas, and it is vital to tailor reforms to country specific circumstances This recognizes that, even in a stable financial system there will inevitably be periods of financial stress and that there is a need to ensure that frameworks are in place to address these events cost-effectively and in ways that preserve market discipline, avoid moral hazard and minimize fiscal risks. Private
    DOI: 10.1596/39456
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  • 193
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    Policy Lessons on Reducing Gender-based Violence (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Keywords: Economic Empowerment ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender-Based Violence ; Law and Development ; Protective Infrastructures ; Social Protection ; Women
    Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) affects more than one in three women over the course of their lifetimes, regardless of social or economic boundaries. Violence against women and girls takes a significant toll on survivors and their families and exacts heavy social and economic costs. In some countries, violence against women is estimated to cost up to 3.7 percent of GDP- more than double of what most governments spend on education. Lockdowns and reduced mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic led to sharp increases in violence against women and girls. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence across the world to understand what works, and what does not, in reducing GBV. This note presents evidence on four key findings based on impact evaluations from three regions
    DOI: 10.1596/39425
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  • 194
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    Public Expenditure and Revenue Review for Burkina Faso : Fiscal Reforms for Resilience (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Domestic Revenue Mobilization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PERR ; Public Expenditure and Revenue Review ; Revenue
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Revenue Review (PERR) identifies Burkina Faso's key public spending and revenue challenges and proposes solutions to develop more effective and transparent fiscal policies. The review, carried out by a World Bank team with inputs from the Government of Burkina Faso, is the first such core diagnostic for the country in more than 10 years. It fills an important information gap and serves as a starting point for deeper analyses in three areas: (a) domestic revenue mobilization, (b) the sectoral allocation of public expenditure, and (c) public financial management
    DOI: 10.1596/38468
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  • 195
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    Product Market Monopolies and Labor Market Monopsonies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cali, Massimiliano Product Market Monopolies and Labor Market Monopsonies
    Keywords: Firm Entry ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Power ; Law and Development ; Minimum Wage Markdown ; Minimum Wage Reduction ; Monopoly ; Monopsony ; Product Market Regulations
    Abstract: This paper unveils a novel externality of product market regulation in the labor market. It shows theoretically and empirically that higher barriers to entry in product markets translate into higher labor market power, measured by the wage markdown-the ratio between the marginal product of labor and the wage. The literature suggests that this wedge can distort factor allocation, resulting in lower aggregate output and employment, but also in higher inequality through a reduction in the labor share of national output. Using variation in investment restrictions across 346 manufacturing product markets in Indonesia, the analysis finds that wage markdowns increase by 25 percent in product markets that become subject to investment restrictions. The result is rationalized using a simple oligopsony model in which higher entry costs reduce the equilibrium number of firms, thereby limiting employment options for workers and, hence, their labor market power. Instrumental variable estimates support the model's prediction that lower entry is the main driver of the positive relationship between investment restrictions and wage markdowns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10388
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  • 196
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    Pacific Economic Update, February 2023 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Post-Pandemic ; Public Debt ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Travel-Dependent
    Abstract: This publication is the inaugural edition of the future publication series on Pacific Economic Update (PEU). It consists of two parts. Part A analyzes the recent economic developments in Pacific Islands. Based on these developments, the PI EU summarizes the outlook for the region's economies and risks to this outlook. Second, the PEU provides an in-depth examination of a public debt issues in the Pacific and proposes policy recommendations to address public debt related challenges. The PEU is intended for a broad set of audience, including regional forums, policy makers, business leaders, international donors and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in the economies of Pacific Island countries. In dealing with the challenges of rising inflation, tepid recovery from the pandemic and global slowdown, the PICs should strike a balance between supporting livelihoods and reducing future public debt risks. The need for fiscal support during the current environment of high inflation and tepid economic recovery is understandable as it provides the much needed relief for vulnerable households and businesses to navigate the crisis. Nonetheless, these support measures create significant fiscal burdens, and are unsustainable, particularly if the high energy and food prices persist longer than envisaged. Most PICs already face low capacity to finance unexpected shocks which would be further tested by a natural disaster event. Therefore, PICs should tread a delicate balance between fiscal support measures and achieving fiscal sustainability. Any forthcoming fiscal support should be well-targeted, time-bound, and deficit-neutral. Over the medium-term, fiscal efficiency gains and ongoing donor support is critical to finance key development challenges and climate adaptation. Revenue-based fiscal consolidation measures could include improving the efficiency of tax collections and eliminating tax exemptions. On the expenditure side, PICs have limited room to sharply cut spending given the expected modest growth and ongoing development needs. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the efficiency of public spending, to maximize social dividends for every dollar spent. Resulting savings from fiscal consolidation measures could help build sovereign wealth funds to provide added fiscal buffers during shocks and economic downturns. Due to high vulnerability to disasters and climate change, PICs will need to seek ongoing concessional financing for critical climate adaptation and development needs
    DOI: 10.1596/39523
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  • 197
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    Testing the Resilience of the Turkish Cypriot Economy : A Macroeconomic Monitoring Note - Special Issue: Enhancing Competitiveness and Promoting Economic Integration (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Halloumi ; Hellim ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Turkish-Cypriot ; Women and Youth
    Abstract: The Turkish Cypriot economy (TCe) has struggled to recover since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. With a contraction of 16.2 percent in GDP in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic first took hold, the TCe experienced the most severe recession in its history, and the most severe recession among the economies of Europe. Moreover, just as other economies were beginning to recover, in 2021 the TCe underwent a phase of exceptional political uncertainty and numerous exogenous shocks, testing its resilience. With the emergence of new variants of the virus, the COVID-19 pandemic continued to adversely impact the TCe throughout 2021, with cases reaching a new peak at the end of 2021 despite the Turkish Cypriot (TC) administration's efforts to prevent the spread of the virus, together with its support for the health system, households, and companies. Furthermore, a new record low in average precipitation in 2021, a series of earthquakes at the beginning of 2022, and weak energy security, with a recent series of power outages experienced across the island, have all revealed the intrinsic vulnerabilities of the island to climate change and natural disasters. Building a competitive private sector would require reforming business regulations and procedures that are under the mandate of the TC administration, and that should be aligned with international best practices and the EU Acquis, irrespective of the broader context of the political economy. Special attention should be devoted to the regulation concerning imports and GL trade. Pre-permits and licenses imposed by the TC administration on imports, on top of regulatory uncertainty and other cumbersome procedures, contribute to increasing prices, penalizing consumers, and eroding domestic competitiveness. A dialogue framework between GC and TC private sectors could be established to support solutions to the long-standing constraints that have been impeding business cooperation across the GL, for the benefit of all Cypriots
    DOI: 10.1596/39503
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  • 198
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    Algeria Economic Update, Fall 2022 : Staying the Course for Transition (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Insecurity ; Hydrocarbon Revenues ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Hydrocarbon ; Private Sector ; Resilience
    Abstract: The recovery continued in the first semester of 2022, supported by nonhydrocarbon activity and crude oil production. The continuing high level of global hydrocarbon prices prolonged the upturn of external balances. The budget deficit is expected to narrow moderately in 2022, as the strong increase in public expenditure compensates for most of the increase in revenues. The economic recovery should continue in 2023, supported by the nonhydrocarbon sector and public expenditure growth. The main risks to the macroeconomic outlook arise from fluctuations in global hydrocarbon prices, underscoring the importance of the Government's current reform program
    DOI: 10.1596/38472
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  • 199
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    Simulating the Effect of Business Tax Abolition through a New Regional CGE Model : Evidence from Italy (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baldassarre, Alessio Simulating the Effect of Business Tax Abolition through a New Regional CGE Model: Evidence from Italy
    Keywords: Applied Equalibrium Model ; Business Tax ; CGE Model ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional General Equilibrium Model ; Regional Social Accounting Matrix
    Abstract: The main goal of regional computable general equilibrium models is to analyze how different regions within a specific area react to certain shocks. Therefore, countries with high heterogeneity among regions, like Italy, constitute an interesting case study for regional computable general equilibrium model analysis. This paper presents the regional part of the new (recursive) dynamic single-country computable general equilibrium model called the Italian Regional and Environmental Computable General Equilibrium of the Department of Finance, based on the Mitigation, Adaptation and New Technologies Applied General Equilibrium model of the World Bank. A new regional social accounting matrix for Italy (20 regions at the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics level) has been constructed. The social accounting matrix is used as input data to simulate the abolition of the regional tax on productive activities (regional business tax) through three different scenarios, focusing on the effects on gross domestic product, regional value added, and welfare. The results show that under the modeling assumptions, the complete abolition of the regional tax on productive activities would positively impact Italian economic growth and regional welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10387
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  • 200
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    Coping with Compounding Challenges in Conflict Crises : Evidence from North-East Nigeria (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stojetz, Wolfgang Coping with Compounding Challenges in Conflict Crises: Evidence from North-East Nigeria
    Keywords: Conflict Crisis ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Displacement ; Internallydisplaced Persons ; Law and Development ; Most Vulnerable Refugee Groups ; Social Development ; Violent Conflict
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the intersectionality of gender, forced displacement, and collective violence shapes coping behaviors in conflict crises, paying particular attention to household composition by gender and age. Drawing on survey data from 17,951 individuals in North-east Nigeria, the analysis finds that coping behaviors at the household, adult, and child levels are interlinked and strongly shaped by compounding challenges stemming from individual gender, household forced displacement status, and local violence shocks. These challenges have significant welfare implications and create severe vulnerabilities and special needs for specific groups of households and individuals, such as rural communities affected by violence, large households with many children, female breadwinners, and displaced girls. The findings emphasize the need for and potential of concerted policy approaches that account for the intersectionality of gender, displacement, and violence in conflict settings and pay particular attention to specific types of communities, households, and individuals
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10379
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