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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kee, Hiau Looi Local Intermediate Inputs and the Shared Supplier Spillovers of Foreign Direct Investment
    Abstract: Trade liberalizations have been shown to improve domestic firms' performance through the new varieties of imported intermediate inputs. This paper uses a unique, representative sample of Bangladeshi garment firms to highlight that local intermediate inputs may also enhance domestic firms' performance, through the shared supplier spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) firms. An exogenous EU trade policy shock is shown to cause some FDI firms in Bangladesh to expand, which led to better performance of the domestic firms that shared their suppliers. Overall, the shared supplier spillovers of FDI explain 1/4 of the product scope expansion and 1/3 of the productivity gains within domestic firms
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kee, Hiau Looi Domestic Value Added in Exports: Theory and Firm Evidence from China
    Abstract: China has defied the declining trend in domestic content in exports in many countries. This paper studies China's rising domestic content in exports using firm- and customs transaction-level data. The approach embraces firm heterogeneity and hence reduces aggregation bias. The study finds that the substitution of domestic for imported materials by individual processing exporters caused China's domestic content in exports to increase from 65 to 70 percent in 2000-2007. Such substitution was induced by the country's trade and investment liberalization, which deepened its engagement in global value chains and led to a greater variety of domestic materials becoming available at lower prices
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kee, Hiau Looi Short-Term Impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom's Export of Goods
    Abstract: The short-term impact of Brexit on goods exports is assessed using the Overall Trade Restrictiveness Index of the United Kingdom's major trading partners. The analysis shows that in the short run, leaving the European Union may cause the United Kingdom's exports to the European Union to decrease by 2 percent, and the prospect of a major trade collapse post-Brexit is unlikely. This is because the European Union's Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are higher on products that are less responsive to tariffs, and lower on products that are more responsive to tariffs. The study assumes that there are no further compliance costs associated with the existing nontariff measures facing firms in the United Kingdom, should the United Kingdom leave the European Union
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kee, Hiau Looi Trade Fraud and Non-Tariff Measures
    Keywords: Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Discrepancies ; Homogeneous Products ; Law and Development ; Law Enforcement Systems ; Non-Tariff Measures ; Official Trade Statistics ; Tariff Evasion ; Trade ; Trade Fraud ; Trade Law
    Abstract: Similar to tariffs, non-tariff measures may induce trade fraud when they are restrictive. This paper examines whether discrepancies observed in the official trade statistics of importing and exporting countries are partly due to trade fraud from evading border non-tariff measures. To capture the restrictiveness of non-tariff measures, the paper estimates the ad valorem equivalent with importer-exporter-product variations. It presents a theoretical model and empirical evidence showing that discrepancies increase with ad valorem equivalents, consistent with the trade fraud due to traders intentionally mis-declaring countries of origin or misclassifying products in order to evade border non-tariff measures. The results are driven by homogeneous products and the trade between developed and developing countries
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Mani, Muthukumara The Effects of Domestic Climate Change Measures On International Competitiveness
    Abstract: Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrialized countries (called Annex I countries) have to reduce their combined emissions to 5 percent below 1990 levels in the first commitment period of 2008-12. Efforts to reduce emissions to meet Kyoto targets and beyond have raised issues of competitiveness in countries that are implementing these policies, as well as fear of leakage of carbon-intensive industries to non-implementing countries. This has also led to proposals for tariff or border tax adjustments to offset any adverse impact of capping carbon dioxide emissions. This paper examines the implications of climate change policies such as carbon tax and energy efficiency standards on competitiveness across industries, as well as issues related to leakage, if any, of carbon-intensive industries to developing countries. Although competitiveness issues have been much debated in the context of carbon taxation policies, the study finds no evidence that the energy intensive industries’ competitiveness is affected by carbon taxes. In fact, the analysis suggests that exports of most energy-intensive industries increase when a carbon tax is imposed by the exporting countries, or by both importing and exporting countries. This finding gives credence to the initial assumption that recycling the taxes back to the energy-intensive industries by means of subsidies and exemptions may be overcompensating for the disadvantage to those industries. There is, however, no conclusive evidence that supports relocation (leakage) of carbon-intensive industries to developing countries due to stringent climate change policies
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Nicita, Alessandro Is Protectionism on the Rise ?
    Abstract: To understand the role of trade policies in the crisis of 2008, this paper constructs the overall trade restrictiveness indices for a wide range of countries using their tariff schedules in 2008 and 2009. The index summarizes the trade policy stance of a country, taking into account the share of each good in trade as well as its corresponding import demand elasticity. Results show that there is no widespread increase in protectionism via tariff policies since the global financial crisis has unfolded. While many countries have adjusted tariffs upward on selected products, only a handful of countries, such as Malawi, Russia, Argentina, Turkey and China focus on products that have significant impacts on trade flows. The United States and the European Union, by contrast, rely mainly on anti-dumping duties to shield domestic industries. Overall, while the rise in tariffs and anti-dumping duties in these countries may have jointly caused global trade to drop by as much as US
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9133
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Erhan Artuc Toward Successful Development Policies: Insights from Research in Development Economics
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What major insights have emerged from development economics in the past decade, and how do they matter for the World Bank? This challenging question was recently posed by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the staff of the Development Research Group. This paper assembles a set of 13 short, nontechnical briefing notes prepared in response to this request, summarizing a selection of major insights in development economics in the past decade. The notes synthesize evidence from recent research on how policies should be designed, implemented, and evaluated, and provide illustrations of what works and what does not in selected policy areas
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9197
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cherkashin, Ivan Firm Heterogeneity and Costly Trade: A New Estimation Strategy and Policy Experiments
    Abstract: This paper builds a tractable partial equilibrium model to help explain the role of trade preferences given to developing countries, as well as the efficacy of various subsidy policies. The model allows for firm level heterogeneity in demand and
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The issue of measuring product variety has received relatively little attention due to its inherent difficulty. In the language of index numbers, an expansion in the range of inputs or outputs is a 'new goods' problem: a good that is newly available will have an observed price and quantity, but no corresponding price or quantity the year before. The availability of this new good will yield a welfare gain to consumers, as well as a productivity gain to firms buying the new input. In this paper we show how product variety can be measured in the case of a CES aggregator function. This paper is organized as: after reviewing the literature on the 'new goods' problem in section two, then discuss how to measure export variety in section three. In sections four and five discuss the empirical applications to export variety growth in Mexico and China. Regression results relating trade liberalization to industry export variety are presented in section six, and conclusions are given in section seven
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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