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  • 2005-2009  (3,979)
  • 2000-2004  (2,804)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (6,783)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cities, Climate Change and Multilevel Governance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 125 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.14
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cities represent a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. As the hubs of economic activity, cities generate the bulk of GHG emissions and are thus important to mitigation strategies. Urban planning will shape future trends and the concentration of population, socio-economic activity, poverty and infrastructure in urban areas translates into particular vulnerability to increased climate hazards. City governments and urban stakeholders will therefore be essential in the design and delivery of cost-effective adaptation policies. Further, by empowering local governments, national policies could leverage existing local experiments, accelerate policy responses, foster resource mobilization and engage local stakeholders. This paper presents a framework for multilevel governance, showing that advancing governance of climate change across all levels of government and relevant stakeholders is crucial to avoid policy gaps between local action plans and national policy frameworks (vertical integration) and to encourage cross-scale learning between relevant departments or institutions in local and regional governments (horizontal dimension). Vertical and horizontal integration allows two-way benefits: locally-led or bottom-up where local initiatives influence national action and nationally-led or top-down where enabling frameworks empower local players. The most promising frameworks combine the two into hybrid models of policy dialogue where the lessons learnt are used to modify and fine-tune enabling frameworks and disseminated horizontally, achieving more efficient local implementation of climate strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/220062444715
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.708
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds as a measure of (in) equality of opportunity in OECD countries and looks at the role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15- year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Policies allowing increasing social mix are found to reduce school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance. Countries that emphasise childcare and pre-school institutions exhibit lower levels of inequality of opportunity, suggesting the effectiveness of early intervention policies in reducing persistence of education outcomes across generations. There is also a positive association between inequality of opportunities and income inequality. As a consequence, cross-country regressions suggest that redistributive policies can help to reduce inequalities of educational opportunities associated with socioeconomic background and, hence, persistence of education outcomes across generations.
    DOI: 10.1787/223056645650
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230; 21-day Fish Assay; A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay: A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo de certaines substances actives sur le système endocrinien sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). Cet essai couvre le dépistage de l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique, et l’inhibition de l’aromatase. L’essai a été validé sur le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), le médaka japonnais (Oryzias latipes) et le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio); cependant le poisson-zèbre ne permet pas de détecter l’activité androgénique. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, en fonction de l’espèce testée, un ou deux biomarqueur(s) sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique ou sur l’inhibition de l’aromatase. Ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. La vitellogénine est dosée chez le tête-de-boule, le medaka japonais et le poisson-zèbre tandis que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont mesurés chez le tête-de-boule et le medaka japonais uniquement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076235-fr
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Economic Impacts of the Phase-Out in 2005 of Quantitative Restrictions under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.90
    DOI: 10.1787/220185234525
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions : Review of Models (Russian version) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062238
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Keywords: Governance
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062238-ru
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infrastructure Investment : Links to Growth and the Role of Public Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.686
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure – the energy, water, transport and telecommunication networks – which performs a vital role for the functioning of the economy, can contribute to raising growth and social welfare. But more is not always better. While the paper shows that investment in the network industries has had a positive effect over and above the addition to the capital stock, there is evidence that investment in the past has sometimes been misallocated. This paper identifies the policy framework that promotes investment that is conducive to growth and ensures the appropriate use of infrastructure. Central aspects of this framework are identified as a robust decision making process, improving the selection of investment projects, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and vertical separation when this is appropriate. In addition, efficient investment can be promoted by the combination of regulator independence and the application of incentive regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/225678178357
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071186
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 ; Études de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 451 : Études de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a long-term carcinogenicity study is to observe test animals for a major portion of their life span for the development of neoplastic lesions during or after exposure to various doses of a test substance by an appropriate route of administration. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rats and mice, and for oral administration. Both sexes should be used. Each dose group and concurrent control group should contain at least 50 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels and a concurrent control should be used. Animals are dosed with the test substance daily (oral, dermal or inhalation administration) and the mode of exposure should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the study will normally be 24 months for rodents. For specific strains of mice, duration of 18 months may be more appropriate. Termination of the study should be considered when the number of survivors in the lower dose groups or the control group falls below 25 per cent. The results of these studies include: measurements (weighing, food consumption), and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071186-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Technology Roadmap: Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088177
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap focuses on electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles (EV/PHEV), presenting for the first time a detailed scenario for their evolution from annual production of a few thousand to over 100 million vehicles by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for EVs and PHEVs: governments, the automobile industry, electric utilities and other stakeholders must work together to roll out vehicles and infrastructure in a coordinated fashion, and ensure that the rapidly growing consumer market is ready to purchase them. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088177-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Green Growth : Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance verte ; La crise et au-delà
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance verte : La crise et au-delà
    Keywords: OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Alternative ; Investition ; Umweltschutzmarkt ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Beschäftigung ; Konjunkturpolitik ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltpolitik ; Innovation ; OECD-Länder Wirtschaftskrise ; Alternative ; Investition ; Umweltindustrie ; Wirkung/Auswirkung ; Beschäftigung ; Konjunkturprogramm ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Direktinvestition ; Umweltpolitik ; Innovation ; Environment
    Abstract: Within the context of sustainable development, natural resources and ecosystem services provided by the environment are essential to support economic growth social wellbeing, and human health. Inaction on key environmental challenges, such as climate change, could lead to severe economic consequences in the future. It is important that the measures governments are taking now to address the economic crisis are designed so that they support – and at least do not compromise – sustainable long-term, environmentally friendly growth in the future. This discussion paper highlights some of the measures governments are already taking to 'green' their approches to economic recovery, and some of the key issues they may wish to further consider going forward regarding the impact of these approaches on the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083639-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076358
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 441; Hershberger Bioassay in Rats; A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats: A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le bio-essai de Hershberger est un essai de dépistage in vivo à court terme. Il permet d’évaluer la capacité d’un produit chimique à induire des activités biologiques analogues à celles induites par des agonistes et des antagonistes d’androgène ou des inhibiteurs de 5α-réductase. L’essai actuel est fondé sur les variations de poids de cinq tissus dépendant des androgènes chez le rat mâle péri-pubertaire castré: la prostate ventrale, la vésicule séminale (plus les fluides et les glandes coagulantes), le muscle élévateur de l’anus et bulbo-caverneux, la paire de glandes de Cowper et le gland. Pour tester les androgènes ou les anti-androgènes, deux - respectivement trois - groupes de doses de la substance d’essai, plus un témoin positif et un témoin de véhicule (négatif) sont normalement suffisants. La substance d’essai est administrée par gavage ou injection sous-cutanée, chaque jour, pendant 10 jours consécutifs. Pour tester les anti-androgènes, la substance d’essai est administrée avec un agoniste d’androgène de référence. Chaque groupe traité ou témoin comprend au moins six animaux. Les animaux sont autopsiés environ 24 heures après la dernière administration de la substance d’essai. Les tissus sont excisés et les poids frais sont déterminés. Une augmentation (pour les androgènes) ou une diminution (pour les anti-androgènes) du poids de deux des cinq tissues, statistiquement significative, indique une réponse positive dans cet essai.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076358-fr
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  • 11
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    Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076242
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 ; Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an amphibian metamorphosis assay intended to screen substances which may interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. The assay was validated with the species Xenopus laevis, which is recommended for use in the Guideline. The assay uses three test chemical concentrations and the necessary controls, including a carrier control if necessary. The assay starts with tadpoles at the development stage 51 on the Nieuwkoop and Faber scale and is extended for a duration of 21 days. Four replicate test vessels are used for each treatment level and control(s). After 7 days of exposure, a sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is sampled for the measurement of the length of the hind-limb. At termination of 21-day exposure period, developmental stage, snout-to-vent length and hind limb length are measured on all remaining tadpoles. A sub-set of tadpoles from each treatment level is fixed (whole-body or dissected) for histopathology of the thyroid gland.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076242-en
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  • 12
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    Essai n 231 : Essai de métamorphose des amphibiens (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076266
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231; Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de métamorphose des amphibiens dans le but de dépister certaines substances pouvant intérférer avec le fonctionnement normal de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-thyroidien. L’essai a été validé sur le xénope (Xenopus laevis) qui est donc l’espèce recommandée dans la présente Ligne directrice. L’essai fait usage de trois niveaux de concentrations du produit chimique testé, ainsi que des témoins nécessaires, y compris un témoin-solvant au besoin. L’essai commence avec des têtards au stade de développement 51 sur l’échelle de Nieuwkoop et Faber, et s’étend sur une durée de 21 jours. Quatre cuves répliquats sont utilisés à chaque niveaux de traitement et pour le(s) témoin(s). Après 7 jours d’exposition, un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement et du(des) témoin(s) est échantillonné pour mesurer la longueur du membre antérieur. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, le stade de développement, la longueur museau-cloaque et la longueur du membre antérieur sont mesurés chez tous les têtards restants. Un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement, y compris du témoin, est fixé (in toto ou disséqué) pour l’évaluation histopathologique de la glande thyroide.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076266-fr
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Essai n 229 : Essai à court terme de reproduction des poissons (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076204
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 229; Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 229: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). L’essai à court terme de reproduction a été validé chez le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), qui est donc l’espèce de prédilection. L’essai est mené avec trois niveaux de concentration chimique et les contrôles appropriés, y compris un contrôle contenant le solvent si nécessaire. Pour le tête-de-boule, quatre réplicats sont utilisés pour chaque niveau de concentration et contrôle(s). Pendant toute la durée de l’essai, la fécondité est en outre évaluée quotidiennement sur le plan quantitatif. A l’issue de cette période d’exposition de 21 jours, deux biomarqueurs sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur le système endocrinien ; ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. Les gonades sont préservées et l’histopathologie gonadique peut être utilisée pour évaluer l’adaptation du système reproducteur des animaux testés et pour confirmer les éléments de preuve apportés par les autres biomarqueurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076204-fr
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  • 14
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    L' impact de la culture sur le tourisme (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060340
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Impact of Culture on Tourism
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: L'Impact de la culture sur le tourisme examine la corrélation croissante entre le tourisme et la culture, et comment ils sont devenus ensemble de puissants vecteurs de l'attractivité et de la compétitivité des destinations. Sur la base d'études de cas illustrant différents aspects des relations entre le tourisme, la culture et l’attractivité régionale ainsi que les initiatives publiques qui peuvent être prises pour renforcer ces relations, cette publication démontre comment le lien entre tourisme et culture peut être renforcé afin d'accroître l’attractivité des destinations pour les touristes, mais aussi leur compétitivité comme lieux de visite, de résidence, de travail et d’investissement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060340-fr
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  • 15
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    Essai n 438 : Méthode d'essai sur œil de poulet isolé pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076327
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438; Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai sur œil de poulet isolé (OPI) est une méthode d’essai in vitro pouvant être utilisée pour classer des substances parmi les substances « corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux ». La méthode OPI utilise des yeux prélevés sur des poulets provenant d’abattoirs, où ils sont tués à des fins de consommation humaine, évitant ainsi le recours à ders animaux de laboratoire. L’œil est énucléé et placé sur un support d’œil, la cornée étant en position horizontale. La substance d’essai et les contrôles négatifs/positifs sont appliqués sur la cornée. Les effets toxiques pour la cornée sont estimés à partir d’une évaluation qualitative de son opacité, une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement de l’épithélium sur la base de la rétention de fluorescéine, une mesure quantitative de l’augmentation de son épaisseur (gonflement), et une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement morphologique macroscopique de la surface. Chacune de ces évaluations se traduit par un classement OPI, et la combinaison des classements correspondants fournit un classement d’irritation pour chaque substance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076327-fr
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  • 16
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    Construire un cadre institutionnel pour l'analyse d'impact de la réglementation (AIR) : Orientations destinées aux décideurs (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050105
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (81 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Building an Institutional Framework for Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA); Guidance for Policy Makers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Building an Institutional Framework for Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA): Guidance for Policy Makers
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’analyse d’impact de la réglementation (AIR) est un instrument fondamental qui aide les autorités à évaluer les bienfaits, le coût et les effets probables de la réglementation en projet ou en vigueur. La réglementation étant ainsi mieux conçue, l’AIR contribue à l’efficience recherchée par les responsables de l’action publique. Cet apport est d’autant plus précieux que les autorités doivent faire face à des contraintes budgétaires et répondre par leur action à des impératifs concurrents. Ce guide, destiné aux décideurs qui souhaiteraient mieux connaître l’AIR, a pour but de traiter les principales étapes de l’AIR en insistant sur les conditions institutionnelles qu’il est indispensable de réunir pour que la réalisation aboutisse. Il s’appuie sur les très nombreux travaux que l’OCDE a consacrés à la pratique de l’AIR dans les pays membres. Le cadre de l’OCDE souligne l’intérêt de l’AIR, qui permet aux praticiens de mieux comprendre les conditions requises pour mettre en application un mécanisme d’AIR et pérenniser son fonctionnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050105-fr
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  • 17
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    Fédéralisme budgétaire en Belgique : Défis principaux et réformes envisageables (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.743
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fiscal Federalism in Belgium: Main Challenges and Considerations for Reform
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Ce document de travail porte sur l’état actuel des relations budgétaires entre les différents niveaux d’administration en Belgique ainsi que sur la manière dont celles-ci ont évolué au fil du temps. Partant du constat que le système qui donne corps au fédéralisme budgétaire est source de déséquilibres entre l’administration fédérale et les échelons infra-fédéraux (déséquilibre vertical) de même qu’entre les différentes entités fédérées (déséquilibre horizontal), les auteurs esquissent des orientations pour l’améliorer. Faute de réformes, le déséquilibre vertical ne fera que s’accentuer dans la mesure où la charge budgétaire imposée par le vieillissement de la population grèvera principalement le budget fédéral. Aussi la réforme devra-telle viser à renforcer la capacité budgétaire de l’administration fédérale en améliorant ses sources de recettes et en faisant basculer la charge représentée par certaines dépenses obligatoires sur les entités fédérées. Le déséquilibre entre régions résulte du manque de cohérence entre fiscalité et dépenses. Les recettes partagées provenant de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques sont attribuées à la région de résidence tandis que la région du lieu de travail n’en bénéficie pas, ce qui pénalise particulièrement la région de Bruxelles-Capitale en termes de recettes. Cette anomalie pourrait être corrigée en attribuant à la région du lieu de travail une proportion plus élevée des recettes partagées de l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques. Par ailleurs, il conviendrait de réorganiser le système des subventions de péréquation afin d’inciter les régions bénéficiaires à développer leurs propres sources de recettes fiscales. La performance du système budgétaire pourrait être encore améliorée si l’on réussissait à accroître l’efficience des dépenses dans les domaines d’intérêt national qui sont du ressort des entités fédérées ou dans lesquels on observe un chevauchement de compétences, qu’il s’agisse des politiques de l’emploi, de la R-D, de la formation, de l’éducation, de l’énergie et de l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/218553473765
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  • 18
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    Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076273
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 ; Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 232 : Essai de reproduction de collemboles dans le sol
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed for assessing the effects of chemicals on the reproduction of collembolans in soil. The parthenogenetic Folsomia candida is the recommended species for use, but an alternative species such as sexually reproducing Folsomia fimetaria could also be used if they meet the validity criteria. This Guideline can be used for testing both water soluble and insoluble substances but it is not applicable to volatile ones. The Guideline aims to determine toxic effects of the test substance on adult mortality and reproductive output expressed as LCx and ECx respectively, or NOEC/LOEC value. The number of treatment concentrations varies depending on endpoints to be determined. For a combined approach to examine both the NOEC/LOEC and ECx, eight concentrations in a geometric series with four replicates for each concentration as well as eight control replicates should be used. In each test vessel, 10 juveniles F. candida (or 10 males and 10 females adults F. fimetaria) should be placed on 30 g of modified OECD artificial soil using a 5 % organic matter content. The duration of a definitive reproduction test is 4 weeks for F. candida or 3 weeks for F. fimetaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076273-en
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  • 19
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    Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088184
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Windenergie ; Energietechnik ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Kalkulation ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Einstellung ; Akteur ; Energiewirtschaft ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Global Windkraft ; Energietechnik ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Investition ; Kosten-Nutzen-Relation ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Haltung von Akteuren zu Einzelfragen ; Energiewirtschaft ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: Wind energy is perhaps the most advanced of the “new” renewable energy technologies, but there is still much work to be done. This energy technology roadmap identifies the key tasks that must be undertaken in order to achieve a vision of over 2 000 GW of wind energy capacity by 2050. Governments, industry, research institutions and the wider energy sector will need to work together to achieve this goal.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088184-en
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  • 20
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    Gérer les migrations de travailleurs hautement qualifiés : Une analyse comparative des politiques migratoires et des enjeux des migrations dans les pays de l'OCDE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.79
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Highly-Skilled Labour Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Migration Policies and Challenges in OECD Countries
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: La plupart des pays de l’OCDE s’attendent à des pénuries croissantes de travailleurs qualifiés dans les prochaines deux décennies, et l’immigration pourrait bien être une des réponses à ce phénomène. Ces dernières années, ils ont mis en place des politiques pour faciliter le recrutement de ces travailleurs et l’on peut s’attendre à ce qu’ils poursuivent leurs efforts dans ce sens. Ce document donne un aperçu des questions portant sur la gestion des travailleurs immigrés hautement qualifiés. Généralement, un migrant hautement qualifié est sensé avoir au moins une éducation de niveau supérieur, mais d’autres définitions sont possibles, notamment sur la base de la profession exercée. Le niveau de salaire est aussi une référence pratique utilisée par certains pays pour considérer que les migrants hautement qualifiés sont les personnes qui reçoivent une rémunération au-dessus d’un certain seuil. Il y a deux principaux moyens pour recruter des travailleurs hautement qualifiés résidant à l’étranger. Le premier est à l’initiative de la demande des employeurs. L’autre est fondé sur l’offre et consiste à inviter les candidats à postuler, et leur admission dépend de certains critères sélectifs comme l’âge, le niveau d’instruction, la maîtrise de la langue et la profession exercée. Il s’agit d’un système à points au-delà d’un certain niveau de points obtenus, les candidats ont le droit de s’installer dans le pays d’accueil. Les systèmes fondés sur l’offre ont montré leurs limites au cours des décennies récentes, les pays d’accueil éprouvant des difficultés de recruter de manière à garantir une insertion réussie sur le marché du travail. Les employeurs semblent attribuer moins de valeur aux qualifications et à l’expérience professionnelle acquises dans un pays hors de la zone OCDE. Ainsi, les immigrés arrivant sans emploi préalable, éprouvent de sérieuses difficultés à trouver l’emploi correspondant à leur qualification et leur expérience. En conséquence, on note une tendance générale à transférer à l’employeur tout ou partie de la responsabilité du processus de sélection des candidats à l’immigration. De cette façon, toutes les questions de qualification et d’expérience sont abordées dans le cadre des négociations d’embauche entre les employeurs et les personnes à recruter avant l’immigration. Une deuxième option est de favoriser les candidats à la migration ayant obtenu leurs qualifications dans un pays de l’OCDE et encore plus s’il s’agit du pays d’accueil lui-même. La plupart des pays de l’OCDE ont en fait adopté des mesures pour permettre aux étudiants étrangers ayant achevé leurs études, de rester dans le pays pour rechercher un emploi en relation avec leur niveau et leur domaine d’étude. Dans certains pays, dont la langue nationale est peu parlée au-delà de leurs frontières, le recrutement direct reste problématique, sauf si la langue de travail est internationale, comme l’anglais. Pour de tels pays, le recrutement direct peut encore être possible, si une langue internationale est largement parlée dans les lieux de travail. Autrement, la migration impulsée par devrait être envisagée avec des investissements linguistiques importants demandés aux nouveaux arrivés. Une politique active de recrutement signifie bien davantage que la simple possibilité d’accorder des permis à des employeurs ou à des candidats à l’immigration, sur la base de la reconnaissance de leur niveau de connaissance. Si les migrants hautement qualifiés peuvent être attirés, quels que soient les obstacles à surmonter, par des pays où les salaires sont élevés et dont les langues nationales sont largement parlées, les pays ayant une langue peu parlée en dehors du territoire national et offrant des salaires moins élevés ne pourront se contenter uniquement de la levée des barrières administratives. Dans la plupart des pays, les effets de l’évolution démographique commencent tout juste à se faire sentir. Mais, à l’horizon 2010, plus de la moitié des pays de l’OCDE auront des cohortes entrantes de main d’œuvre moins nombreuses que les cohortes sortantes. L’objectif à moyen terme pour les pays de l’OCDE est d’avoir des mouvements dont l’ampleur et la nature permettront de répondre aux besoins du marché du travail. Il serait prématuré de prétendre que toutes les politiques requises sont d’ores et déjà en place.
    DOI: 10.1787/225488071868
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  • 21
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    Turning African Agriculture into a Business : A Reader (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075887
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine ; Quelques jalons
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine : Quelques jalons
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development
    Abstract: African agriculture is a sleeping giant. Agribusiness remains in its infancy in most sub-Saharan African countries. Many of them now pay higher prices for imported food products and struggle to keep inflationary pressures under control. Given the strong long-term prospect for world food prices, increasing the productivity of food crops becomes a top priority. It requires sizeable investments in irrigation, storage, transport infrastructure and logistics, as well as better access to markets for inputs (fertilizers, seeds, planting materials and credit). While successful contract-farming schemes exist for export crops, they remain rare for food crops. Greater involvement of the private sector in designing and implementing such food-crop commercialisation programmes could develop viable local food industries. Existing international financing facilities such as the Enhanced Private Sector Assistance (EPSA) for Africa should get full use. Whether Africa can unleash the potential of commercial agriculture in the coming decades also depends in no small part on the continuous and effective support of the international development community. The findings summarised in this volume can serve as building blocks for further international discussions on fostering agro-based private-sector development and lifting smallholders out of poverty.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075887-en
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  • 22
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    Intégration, non-intégration des transports maritimes, des activités portuaires et logistiques : quelques évidences empiriques ; Contribution à la Table Ronde des 5-6 février 2009 sur "Intégration verticale du transport et de la logistique" (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Document de référence / Centre Conjoint de Recherche sur les Transports 2009-1
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/01
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: En cinquante années, la conteneurisation est devenue l’épine dorsale de la mondialisation. Ce processus peut s’expliquer par une interaction vertueuse entre trois grands types de facteurs : des facteurs techniques, économiques et organisationnels. En effet, la conteneurisation n’est à l’origine qu’une simple innovation technique. Mais le conteneur, outil intermodal, ouvre la voie à de nouveaux schémas organisationnels de transport qui s’inscrivent dans la durée. Ces facteurs organisationnels mettent en cause les acteurs du transport qui ont dû redéfinir les frontières de leur métier respectif, afin de mettre en oeuvre des chaînes de transport porte à porte fiables et globales par leur étendue géographique. Ces possibilités ouvertes par la conteneurisation seraient restées lettre morte, si elles n’avaient pas correspondu à de profonds bouleversements des facteurs économiques depuis les années 1970. La très forte croissance du commerce international des produits manufacturés, systématiquement supérieures à celle de l’ensemble du commerce international, elle-même supérieure à celle du PIB, caractérise une accentuation de la division internationale du travail qui n’était possible que sous-tendue par un puissant système de transport.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Frémont, Antoine: Empirical Evidence for Integration and Disintegration of Maritime Shipping, Port and Logistics Activities , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/227542743751
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  • 23
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    The Making of Global Finance 1880-1913 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015364
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les origines de la mondialisation financière 1880-1913
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: This study traces the roots of global financial integration in the first “modern” era of globalisation from 1880 to 1913 and can serve as a valuable tool to current-day policy dilemmas by using historical data to see which policies in the past led to enhanced international financing for development. A major conclusion is that the successful management of international financial integration depends primarily on broad institutional and political factors and financial policies, rather than simply opening or closing individual economies to the international winds. "A careful and vigorously argued monograph… an important book that future research in this area will have to take into account." – eh.net book review by Hugh Rockoff of Rutgers University.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015364-en
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  • 24
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    Mejorar el liderazgo escolar, Volumen 1 : política y práctica (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264074026
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1; Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la direction des établissements scolaires, Volume 1 ; Politiques et pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1 (Estonian version); Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1; Policy and Practice (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la direction des établissements scolaires, Volume 1 : Politiques et pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1 (Estonian version): Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice (Lithuanian version)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: A medida que los países se esfuerzan por reformar sus sistemas educativos y mejorar los resultados de los estudiantes, el liderazgo escolar se ha convertido en una prioridad de política educativa. Pero en muchos países, los hombres y mujeres que dirigen las escuelas están sobrecargados de trabajo, reciben salarios bajos y se acercan a su retiro. Y hay pocas personas que aspiran a ser los futuros directores escolares. ¿Cuáles son las funciones de dirección más eficaces para mejorar el aprendizaje de los alumnos? ¿Cómo asignar y distribuir mejor las distintas tareas de liderazgo? ¿Cómo desarrollar las habilidades apropiadas para un liderazgo eficaz? ¿Cómo hacer la profesión atractiva para candidatos de alta calidad? Este libro está basado en un estudio de la OCDE sobre políticas y prácticas de liderazgo escolar en el mundo. Ofrece una valiosa perspectiva internacional, identifica cuatro áreas específicas de acción y una gama de opciones de política educativa para ayudar a los gobiernos a mejorar el liderazgo escolar ahora y desarrollar un liderazgo escolar sostenible para el futuro. Volúmenes complementarios Improving School Leadership Volume 2: Case Studies on System Leadership examina métodos innovadores para compartir el liderazgo entre las escuelas de Bélgica (Flandes), Finlandia y el Reino Unido (Inglaterra), así como los programas de desarrollo de liderazgo para la mejora del sistema en Australia y Austria. Mejorar el liderazgo escolar: herramientas de trabajo está diseñado para apoyar a los encargados de política educativa y a los practicantes en la planificación de procesos de reforma para escuelas y sistemas educativos en su contexto nacional. El liderazgo escolar eficaz es considerado como clave para la reforma educativa en el mundo. Estos libros serán de interés para encargados de política educativa, consejos escolares, administradores escolares, directores, maestros y padres de familia.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264074026-es
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  • 25
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    Promouvoir les avantages connexes liés à la biodiversité dans le cadre de la REDD (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Promoting Biodiversity Co-Benefits in REDD
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La réduction des émissions liées à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts (REDD) dans les pays en développement est un nouveau mécanisme financier proposé pour le régime climatique post-2012 sous l'égide de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). L’obtention d’un accord sur un futur mécanisme de REDD constituerait un progrès majeur et sans précédent vers la création d’un dispositif international visant à internaliser les services écosystémiques forestiers liés au carbone, et pourrait sensiblement contribuer à relever le défi du changement climatique global. Les forêts jouent également un rôle essentiel pour assurer la biodiversité, et pour fournir d’autres services écosystémiques non liés au carbone. Le plan d’action de Bali reconnaît que l’action en faveur de la REDD « peut avoir des retombées positives et servir les buts et objectifs d’autres conventions et accords internationaux pertinents ». Un exemple notable est celui de la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Le présent rapport examine les moyens de renforcer les avantages connexes pouvant être tirés de la REDD sur le plan de la biodiversité, tant au niveau de la conception qu’à celui de la mise en oeuvre. Il analyse les répercussions potentielles sur la biodiversité des différents dispositifs de REDD envisageables qui ont été avancés dans les négociations internationales sur le changement climatique et poursuit en examinant comment compléter la REDD en créant des incitations supplémentaires spécifiquement axées sur la biodiversité, de manière à cibler directement les avantages liés à celle-ci. Les principaux aspects de la conception d’un mécanisme de REDD sur lesquels il reste à trouver un accord, et qui sont susceptibles d’avoir des répercussions sur la biodiversité, sont notamment la portée du mécanisme, son financement, les niveaux de base ou de référence, la permanence, etc. Par exemple, une approche du financement de la REDD s’appuyant sur le marché (plutôt que sur un système de fonds) permettra vraisemblablement d’obtenir des ressources financières beaucoup plus importantes (en mobilisant directement le secteur privé), d’où un plus grand volume d’activités de REDD, une superficie accrue des zones forestières conservées, et par conséquent des avantages connexes plus importants en termes de biodiversité. Dans l’ensemble, un mécanisme de REDD bien conçu sera susceptible de procurer des avantages connexes substantiels sur le plan de la biodiversité, dans la mesure où le ralentissement de la déforestation et de la dégradation contribue nécessairement à freiner la destruction des habitats et par conséquent la perte de biodiversité. Toutefois, certains des aspects de la conception d’un mécanisme international de REDD peuvent présenter des risques potentiels pour la biodiversité, par exemple les activités de boisement et de reboisement qui aboutissent à des mono-plantations, aussi peut-il être nécessaire de prévoir des mesures de sauvegarde appropriées.
    DOI: 10.1787/218787172420
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  • 26
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    Money Laundering Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264081093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: The purpose of this handbook is to raise the awareness level of tax examiners and auditors on money laundering. It provides guidance in identifying money laundering during the conduct of normal tax audits. It also describes the resources and tools that are available for effective detection and deterrence. While the handbook does not detail criminal investigation methods, it does describe the nature and context of money laundering activities so that tax examiners and auditors can better understand how their contribution can assist criminal investigators in countering money laundering. Tax administrations can adapt the handbook to suit their particular circumstances and to take into account the varying roles that tax administrations have in relation to reporting unusual or suspicious transactions, receiving suspicious transaction reports and investigating money laundering offences. To aid this adaptation key areas of the handbook have been highlighted for “Country Specific Insertions”. While the aim of this handbook is to raise the awareness of tax examiners and tax auditors about the possible implications of transactions or activities related to money laundering and tax crimes, the handbook is not meant to replace domestic policies and procedures.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264081093-en
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  • 27
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    Cadre d'analyse coût-avantages pour l'évaluation des mesures non tarifaires s'appliquant aux échanges agroalimentaires (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Cost-Benefit Framework for the Assessment of Non-Tariff Measures in Agro-Food Trade
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente un cadre conceptuel pour l’évaluation des coûts et bénéfices associés aux mesures non tarifaires. Il permet une évaluation comparative basée sur les faits des diverses approches réglementaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/218778445444
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  • 28
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    Le secteur financier peut-il rester le principal moteur de la croissance au Luxembourg? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.660
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Can the Financial Sector continue to be the Main Growth Engine in Luxembourg?
    Keywords: Economics ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Le secteur financier a été le principal moteur de l'économie au cours des deux dernières décennies. Les avantages comparatifs du Luxembourg en matière d'activités financières résident essentiellement dans le caractère évolutif de son cadre législatif et réglementaire ainsi que dans le faible niveau de sa fiscalité. En conséquence, le Luxembourg est aujourd'hui un des principaux centres internationaux pour les fonds d'investissement. Au-delà des effets directs et indirects de ce secteur d'activité sur l'emploi, sa retombée la plus importante est l'ampleur des recettes fiscales qu'il permet aux pouvoirs publics d'engranger, puisqu'il représente directement plus de 20 % de l'ensemble des rentrées d'impôts. Cela dit, ces recettes fiscales sont très fluctuantes, dans la mesure où ce secteur est extrêmement sensible à l'évolution des marchés de capitaux internationaux. De fait, les contractions intervenues par le passé sur ces marchés ont eu tendance à entraîner un net ralentissement de la croissance de l'économie luxembourgeoise ainsi que des revenus du secteur financier, ce qui laisse à penser que les risques associés aux turbulences financières internationales actuelles sont très substantiels. Au-delà de ces considérations à court terme, le taux de croissance tendanciel du secteur va probablement diminuer à moyen terme. Les principales activités du secteur sont les prestations d'administration financière correspondant aux services de suivi de marché et de postmarché, que les nouvelles technologies de l'information permettront de délocaliser de plus en plus. Par ailleurs, le secteur a des difficultés à attirer des spécialistes hautement qualifiés pour prendre pied dans le domaine plus rémunérateur des activités de service de clientèle. À plus long terme, la concurrence internationale continuera à exercer des pressions qui pourraient finir par remettre en cause la position du Luxembourg. L'ampleur du déclin de la croissance tendancielle du secteur financier dépendra de la capacité du Luxembourg à préserver et renforcer l'attrait qu'il exerce sur les investisseurs et les travailleurs. Pour ce faire, les autorités devront parvenir à adapter leurs politiques dans les domaines de la fiscalité, des infrastructures et du logement pour attirer des étrangers très compétents, tout en révisant la réglementation du secteur financier et en renforçant sa transparence.
    DOI: 10.1787/227614230400
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  • 29
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    OECD Biotechnology Statistics 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073937
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD Biotechnology Statistics – 2009 edition brings together the latest available economic and activity data on biotechnology and innovation, collected by OECD member and non-member countries. The report builds on the extensive work of the OECD and national experts to improve the comparability of biotechnology statistics. The results should provide a valuable source of information on biotechnology for policy makers, academics and business managers. The 2009 edition contains government survey data for 22 OECD countries and additional data for four non-member countries. The survey data provide results on the number of biotechnology firms, business expenditures on R&D, biotechnology employment, and sales of biotechnology goods and services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073937-en
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    Le point sur les coûts des échanges : Le transport maritime et son effet sur les échanges (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Clarifying Trade Costs: Maritime Transport and its Effect on Agricultural Trade
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Les coûts du transport maritime ont un effet significatif sur les échanges de biens agricoles. Ces coûts représentent une proportion élevée de la valeur des produits agricoles importés, 10% en moyenne, ce qui est un niveau similaire à celui des barrières douanières agricoles. Cette étude montre que le doublement du coût d’expédition est associé à une diminution de 42% en moyenne des échanges pour l’ensemble des biens agricoles. La tentation de se procurer les biens importés dans les pays à faibles coûts de transport est donc forte. Les échanges de certains produits sont particulièrement affectés par les évolutions des coûts de transport maritime, en particulier les céréales et les oléagineux qui sont expédiés en vrac. Le temps de transit a également un effet marqué sur le commerce : un jour supplémentaire passé en mer par rapport à un voyage d’une durée moyenne de 20 jours implique une diminution des échanges de 4,5% entre deux pays partenaires. Les coûts de transport et l’efficience pour amener les produits agricoles vers le marché de destination sont ainsi des facteurs explicatifs importants des flux commerciaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/218843212846
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  • 31
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    Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay : A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 ; Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons ; un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo screening assay for certain endocrine active substances where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days). This assay covers the screening of oestrogenic and androgenic activity, and aromatase inhibition. The assay was validated on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio); however zebrafish does not allow the detection of androgenic activity. At termination of the 21-day exposure period, depending on the species used, one or two biomarker endpoint(s) are measured in males and females as indicators of oestrogenic, aromatase inhibition or androgenic activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics. Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka only.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076228-en
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  • 32
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    Test No. 441: Hershberger Bioassay in Rats : A Short-term Screening Assay for (Anti)Androgenic Properties (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076334-en
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  • 33
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    Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity production is responsible for 32% of total global fossil fuel use, accounting for 132 EJ, and 41%, or 10.9 Gt of energy-related CO2 emissions. Improving the efficiency of electricity production therefore offers economic benefits and a significant opportunity for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which helps to combat climate change and improve energy security.A set of indicators has been developed to analyse the energy efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels on a global level and for a number of key countries and regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061996-en
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  • 34
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    Revue économique de l'OCDE : Volume 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-fr
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  • 35
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    Les Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060333
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les Principes directeurs de l’OCDE à l’intention des entreprises multinationales constituent le plus complet des instruments qui existent aujourd’hui concernant la responsabilité des entreprises et bénéficiant de l’appui des pouvoirs publics. Les gouvernements adhérents – représentant toutes les régions du monde et 85 pourcent de l’investissement direct étranger – se sont engagés à encourager les entreprises opérant sur leur territoire à respecter, partout où elles exercent leurs activités, un ensemble de principes et de normes largement reconnus qui visent à assurer de leur part un comportement responsable. Ce livret comprend le texte, les procédures de mise en œuvre et les commentaires adoptés en juin 2000, à l’occasion de la révision la plus récente des Principes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060333-fr
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  • 36
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    Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Les éléments constitutifs du système fiscal belge influe sur le processus de croissance par des canaux différents et à des degrés divers. Les impôts sur la consommation sont parmi ceux qui faussent le moins la croissance et il est tout à fait possible, en Belgique, d’exploiter davantage cette source de recettes fiscales. La taxation différenciée des instruments d’épargne fausse les décisions d’investissement, entravant le redéploiement des capitaux vers leur emploi le plus productif. Cependant, les impôts qui occasionnent le plus de distorsions sont ceux qui frappent le revenu du travail, en raison de leur impact sur les décisions des travailleurs en matière d'emploi. Conscientes de cela, les autorités belges ont cherché à alléger la fiscalité du travail. Cette dernière demeure cependant lourde en comparaison des autres pays, en raison de nombreuses exonérations, qui réduisent les bases d’imposition et nécessitent donc, pour compenser, des taux d’impôt plus élevés. Afin d’améliorer les perspectives des différents groupes sur le marché du travail, on a eu recours largement à des subventions salariales et des réductions de cotisations de sécurité sociale, créant ainsi un système complexe, souvent mal ciblé et visant parfois des objectifs contradictoires. En fin de compte, l’interaction entre l’impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques, les cotisations de sécurité sociale et le généreux système de prestations a créé une multitude de pièges du marché du travail qui brident l’emploi. Les nouvelles réformes fiscales sont limitées par les problèmes importants et grandissants de viabilité des finances publiques, ce qui signifie que, à moins de procéder à de fortes compressions de dépenses, ces réformes devront s’autofinancer. Pour ce faire, il faut déplacer la charge fiscale vers les sources qui créent le moins de distorsions et élargir les bases d’imposition afin de pouvoir appliquer des taux plus bas. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la Belgique, 2009 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/belgique).
    DOI: 10.1787/218613767672
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  • 37
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    Empowering Variable Renewables Options for Flexible Electricity Systems (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077201
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: A number of renewable electricity technologies, such as wind, wave, tidal, solar, and run-of-river hydro share a characteristic that distinguishes them from conventional power plants: their output varies according to the availability of the resource. This is commonly perceived to be challenging at high shares, but there is no intrinsic, technical ceiling to variable renewables’ potential. Variability has to be looked at in the context of power system flexibility: if a power system is sufficiently flexible, in terms of power production, load management, interconnection and storage, the importance of the variability aspect is reduced.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077201-en
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  • 38
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    The Control and Management of Government Expenditure (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076822
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public expenditure control has become a central element of economic policy in many countries. This report analyses budget practices and some recent innovations from the point of view of senior public servants in the central budget offices of nineteen OECD Member countries. It also summarises the institutional framework and procedures governing budgeting in each of these countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076822-en
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  • 39
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    La mano visible de China en América Latina (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065017
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (211 p.)
    Series Statement: Estudios del Centro de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: América Latina está volviendo los ojos hacia China y Asia, y éstas le corresponden. Se trata de un cambio signi­cativo: por primera vez en su historia, América Latina puede bene­ciarse no de uno, sino de tres importantes motores del desarrollo mundial. Hasta la década de los ochenta, Estados Unidos era el mayor socio comercial de la región. En los noventa, un segundo motor de desarrollo surgió con el boom de la inversión europea en América Latina. Ahora, en los albores del nuevo siglo, la creciente in‑uencia económica global de Asia, y en particular la de China, supone un potencial tercer motor de desarrollo. Este libro plantea las oportunidades y los retos que las economías latinoamericanas enfrentarán a medida que aumente la preponderancia de China en la economía mundial y en los mercados tradicionales de América Latina.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065017-es
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  • 40
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    Assessing Measures of Energy Efficiency Performance and their Application in Industry (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039544
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This paper explores different measures of energy efficiency performance (“MEEP”) and considers the importance of so-called boundary definitions when measuring energy performance, and how these affect the appropriateness of country comparisons to guide policy decisions. The paper also addresses the limitations of both energy intensity and technology diffusion indicators as measures of energy efficiency performance. A case study on Japan’s iron and steel industry illustrates the critical role of proper boundary definitions for a meaningful assessment of energy efficiency in industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039544-en
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  • 41
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    Test No. 509: Crop Field Trial (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076457
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 ; Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 509 : Essais au champ de plantes cultivées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Crop field trials are conducted to determine the magnitude of the pesticide residue in or on raw agricultural commodities, including feed items, and should be designed to reflect pesticide use patterns that lead to the highest possible residues. Objectives of crop field trials are to: (1) quantify the expected range of residue(s) in crop commodities following treatment according to the proposed or established good agricultural practice; (2) determine, when appropriate, the rate of decline of the residue(s) of plant protection product(s) on commodities of interest; (3) determine residue values such as the “Supervised Trial Median Residue” and “Highest Residue” for conducting dietary risk assessment; and (4) derive maximum residue limits (MRLs). This Test Guideline requires one sample from treated plots at each sampling interval for crops that have eight or more crop field trials. The test substance(s) should be stored under appropriate conditions for the study duration and applied soon after preparation or mixing. Test substance applications should not be made in strong wind, during rain or when rainfall is expected shortly after application. For all applications, the application rate should be expressed in terms of amount of product and/or active ingredient per unit area. At the end of each crop field trial, the (stored) samples are analysed for residue level (expressed for example in mg/kg).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076457-en
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  • 42
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    La croissance verte : La crise et au-delà (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264083646
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth; Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth: Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Dans le contexte du développement durable, les ressources naturelles et les services écosystémiques fournis par l’environnement sont essentiels à la croissance économique, au bien-être social et à la santé humaine. L’inaction face aux grands problèmes d’environnement comme le changement climatique pourrait être à terme lourde de conséquences économiques. Il importe que les mesures prises aujourd’hui par les gouvernements pour parer à la crise économique soient conçues de manière à favoriser à l’avenir – ou du moins à ne pas compromettre – une croissance durable et respectueuse de l’environnement sur le long terme.Le présent document de réflexion met en évidence des exemples de mesures qu’adoptent d’ores et déjà les gouvernements pour inscrire leurs stratégies de redressement économique dans une perspective plus « verte », et certains des grands enjeux qu’ils pourraient juger utile d’étudier plus avant concernant l’impact de ces stratégies sur l’environnement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264083646-fr
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    Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide capture and storage ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Gesetz ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale Kooperation ; Umweltpolitik ; Global Kohlendioxid-Abscheidung und -Lagerung ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Rechtliche Regelung ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale umweltpolitische Zusammenarbeit ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap on carbon capture and storage (CCS) identifies, for the first time, a detailed scenario for the technology’s growth from a handful of large-scale projects today to over three thousand projects by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for CCS; governments, industry and public stakeholders must act rapidly to demonstrate CCS at scale around the world in a variety of settings. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088122-en
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  • 44
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    Cement Technology Roadmap: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264088061
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The cement energy technology roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the industry to make continued contributions towards a halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050. As part of this contribution, this roadmap estimates that the cement industry could reduce its direct emissions 18% from current levels by 2050. This roadmap is a first step. It is only attainable with a supportive policy framework, and appropriate financial resources invested over the long term.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264088061-en
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  • 45
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    Nouvelles approches de l'agriculture africaine : Quelques jalons (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075894
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business; A Reader
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business: A Reader
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development
    Abstract: L’agriculture africaine est un géant endormi. Dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, l’agro-industrie en est encore à ses balbutiements. Nombre d’entre eux paient désormais le prix fort pour leurs importations de denrées alimentaires et tentent de juguler les pressions inflationnistes. En raison de la vigueur attendue des prix alimentaires mondiaux à long terme, l’augmentation de la productivité des cultures vivrières devient une priorité absolue pour l’Afrique. Cela suppose d’investir massivement dans les infrastructures d’irrigation, d’entreposage et de transports, mais aussi de faciliter l’accès aux marchés des facteurs de production (engrais, semences, matériel agricole et crédit). Si un cadre contractuel donne de bons résultats dans le cas des cultures d’exportation, ce genre de dispositif est encore rare pour les cultures vivrières. Une implication accrue du secteur privé dans la conception et la mise en oeuvre de ce type de programmes de commercialisation pour les cultures vivrières devrait permettre d’assurer un développement durable des industries alimentaires locales. Les facilités actuelles de financement internationales – à l’instar de l’EPSA (Initiative pour le soutien renforcé au secteur privé en Afrique) – devraient être pleinement exploitées. L’aptitude de l’Afrique à libérer le potentiel de son agriculture commerciale dans les décennies à venir dépend aussi largement d’un soutien efficace et durable de la part de la communauté internationale du développement. Les conclusions résumées ici posent les jalons de futures discussions à l’échelle internationale sur le développement du secteur privé agricole en Afrique et la manière de sortir les petits paysans de la pauvreté.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075894-fr
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  • 46
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    Test No. 302C: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (II) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070400-en
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  • 47
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    Le défi de redressement de la compétitivité française (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.720
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Challenge of Restoring French Competitiveness
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Depuis le début des années 2000, la France a connu une détérioration marquée de sa performance à l’exportation, conduisant à des préoccupations accrues de la part des autorités et de la société civile sur la capacité d’adaptation de l’économie à une mondialisation croissante des échanges et de l’investissement en biens et services. Les mauvaises performances enregistrées du commerce extérieur sont liées à une série de facteurs plutôt qu’à une seule cause unique. Elles ne peuvent être expliquées par les seuls déterminants externes tels que le taux de change, l’avènement dans le commerce mondial de pays émergents à fort potentiel d’exportation ou la forte hausse des prix du pétrole en 2007-08. En effet, ce n’est pas tant la perte de parts de marchés en soi qui est inquiétante – elle s’est produite dans de nombreux pays – mais plutôt son ampleur dû à la difficulté à répondre à l’accélération de la demande mondiale dans les années 2000, datant d’avant l’apparition de la crise économique actuelle. En effet, l’analyse de la dégradation de la compétitivité renvoie davantage à des facteurs d’offre liés à la moindre aptitude des entreprises françaises à servir les marchés étrangers, mais aussi au développement de stratégies industrielles d’établissement à l’étranger de la totalité du processus de production. Le redressement de la compétitivité passera par un renforcement de la croissance potentielle et une action sur ses principaux déterminants à long terme, tels que l’accroissement de la recherche et développement, la promotion de l’innovation, la baisse du poids de la fiscalité, une amélioration de la concurrence et la création de conditions propices à une croissance rapide des entreprises. Le manque de compétitivité est le plus souvent un symptôme, et non la cause d’une ou plusieurs faiblesses économiques sous-jacentes. C’est pourquoi, il est préférable que l’intervention publique soit globale et porte sur les sources du problème de compétitivité et non qu’elle prenne la forme d’aides ciblées visant à remédier directement au déficit croissant de la balance commerciale. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France, 2009 (www.oecd.org/eco/études/France).
    DOI: 10.1787/222047285620
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    Les migrants et l'emploi (Vol. 2) : L'intégration sur le marché du travail en Belgique, en France, aux Pays-Bas et au Portugal (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055711
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (370 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2); Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2): Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; France ; Netherlands ; Portugal
    Abstract: Lorsque des immigrants arrivent dans un pays, ils sont confrontés à un marché du travail peu connu qui a ses propres exigences. Avoir une bonne maîtrise de la langue du pays hôte et une bonne connaissance des procédures de recherche d’emploi et du fonctionnement du marché du travail sont autant d’atouts qu’ils n’ont pas forcément. Les nouveaux immigrants ne sont pas les seuls à rencontrer ces difficultés, il en va de même pour leurs enfants même s’ils sont nés et ont été scolarisés dans le pays d’accueil. Cet ouvrage examine l’intégration sur le marché du travail des immigrés et de leurs enfants dans quatre pays de l’OCDE (Belgique, France, Pays-Bas et Portugal), et formule des recommandations propres à chacun de ces pays. Les pouvoirs publics se doivent de promouvoir l’enseignement des langues et la formation professionnelle, et d’encourager la diversité au travail. Pour leur part, les immigrés doivent accepter les exigences des employeurs des pays d’accueil. La viabilité des futures politiques migratoires et le recours accru à l’immigration dépendent en grande partie de l’aptitude des pays de l’OCDE et des immigrés à réaliser ces objectifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055711-fr
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  • 49
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    Guidance Document on Overview of Residue Chemistry Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264614574
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.32
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Overview Guidance Document summarises the major guidance aspects provided in the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5. This document also develops an approach for a Global Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) process to achieve use of a single globally acceptable feeding study for MRL setting and risk assessment for livestock food commodities that involves four key components: 1) Harmonised Guidance for the Definition of Residue; 2) Reasonable Worst Case Animal Diets/Maximum Reasonably Balanced Diet; 3) Harmonised Table of Livestock Feed Commodities; and 4) Definition of Reasonable Worst Case Livestock Feeding Levels. Each of these components is described and supported by the following resources: (i) a table of raw agricultural commodities; (ii) national and regional tables of livestock feedstuffs; (iii) a glossary of Terms; (iv) comprehensive submission criteria for supervised field trials in support of registration in all OECD countries; and (v) instructions for calculating the 1x (lowest dose) pesticide oral administration level for livestock feeding studies, taking into account the various livestock diets around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/226617da-en
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  • 50
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    Economic Growth and the Role of Taxation - Disaggregate Data (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.715
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economic growth is the basis of increased prosperity. This makes the attainment of growth a key objective for governments across the world. The rate of growth can be affected by policy choices through the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions and through productive public expenditures. This paper surveys the empirical analysis of disaggregate data on growth. The aim is to identify how economic policy can affect the choices that have been identified as influences upon the rate of growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/222775817802
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  • 51
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    Taking Stock of Existing Structural Policy and Outcome Indicators (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.676
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews and assesses in terms of availability, reliability and transparency existing policy and outcome indicators that have been found to be linked both directly and indirectly to economic growth and living standards. Indicators aiming at capturing the political and social situation of countries, as well as governance-related issues, are examined (e.g. political system, political stability, corruption, crime and violence). Topics also include product and labour markets, infrastructure, trade, financial indicators and composite indices of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/226415705182
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    How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Individual elements in Belgian tax system affect the growth process through different channels and to a varying degree. Consumption taxes are among the least distortive for growth, and there is considerable scope to increase the reliance on this tax source in Belgium. The Belgian differential taxation of saving vehicles distorts investment decisions, hampering the reallocation of capital towards its most productive use. However, the most distortive Belgian taxes are on labour through their effects on workers’ labour market decisions. Recognising the latter, the authorities have aimed at reducing taxation on labour. However, its level remains internationally high, reflecting numerous exemptions, which reduce tax bases and thus require higher tax rates than otherwise. To promote labour market prospects for individual groups on the labour market, wage subsidies and social security contribution reductions have been used extensively, leading to a complex system, often poorly targeted and at times subject to conflicting objectives. The end result is that the interaction between the personal income tax, the social security contributions, and the generous benefit systems has created a multitude of labour market traps which hold back employment. New tax reforms are constrained by the large and growing fiscal sustainability problem, implying that, unless substantial expenditure cuts are implemented, new tax reforms must be self-financed. This can be achieved by shifting the reliance of the tax system towards the least distortive sources and by broadening tax bases to allow lower tax rates. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/belgium).
    DOI: 10.1787/218662261017
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    Measuring the Relationship between ICT and the Environment (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.162
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: While the links between ICT and environmental outcomes are becoming clearer, there is no separate statistical field that links the two. Nevertheless, some data are available from official statistical sources, from analytical work and from product life cycle studies. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for the new statistical field “ICT and the environment” based on an existing OECD framework for information society statistics. Sources of official data to populate the framework are investigated and some relevant work has been identified.
    DOI: 10.1787/221687775423
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  • 54
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    ICT in Initial Teacher Training: Research Review (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This research review reports on articles presenting empirical research in the area of how teacher-training institutions work on preparing future teachers for the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in their future classrooms. It was conducted mainly in English and French and covers research in 11 OECD-countries during the years 2002–2009. The research is unanimous, even if it is not comprehensive, and it shows that ICT is not used regularly or systematically in the countries reviewed. There are good examples, carried out by enthusiastic teacher trainers, but only a minority of the student teachers benefit from this. Very few articles report innovative use of recent technology. Most of the research reports on the use of computers and traditional computer software. Overall, student teachers do not integrate technology into their teaching. A number of reasons for this are identified. The overall picture is that implementation is necessary at all levels (macro, meso, micro) for a successful outcome, but research also gives examples of how problems can be overcome at a micro-level, which is the level of the actors' pedagogical practice. Enthusiasts do seem to have room for maneuver, but the lack of incentives makes it difficult to involve everyone.
    DOI: 10.1787/220502872611
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  • 55
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    Évolutions du statut du Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 83-93
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 11 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changes in the Legal Status of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA)
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 83-93
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: L’article précité issu de l’ordonnance du 18 octobre 19451 se présente comme l’acte de naissance du Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA), établissement public dont la nature juridique a longtemps été singulière et objet de débat, et qui fêtera pourtant, le 18 octobre 2009, ses soixante-quatre années d’existence.
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-v2009-art4-fr
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    Infrastructure and Growth : Empirical Evidence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.685
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure can boost long-term economic growth in OECD countries. Moreover, infrastructure investment can have a positive effect on growth that goes beyond the effect of the capital stock because of economies of scale, the existence of network externalities and competition enhancing effects. This paper, which is part of a project examining the links between infrastructure and growth and the role of public policies, reports the results on the links with growth from a variety of econometric approaches. Time-series results reveal a positive impact of infrastructure investment on growth. They also show that this effect varies across countries and sectors and over time. In some cases, these results reveal evidence of possible over-investment, which may be related to inefficient use of infrastructure. Bayesian model averaging of cross-section growth regressions confirm that infrastructure investment in telecommunications and the electricity sectors has a robust positive effect on long-term growth (but not in railways and road networks). Furthermore, this effect is highly nonlinear as the impact is stronger if the physical stock is lower.
    DOI: 10.1787/225682848268
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  • 57
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    Compendium des exemples pays et enseignements tirés de l'application de la Méthodologie d'évaluation des régimes nationaux de passation des marchés : Mise en commun des expériences (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 65-160
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 96 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compendium of Country Examples and Lessons Learned from Applying the Methodology for Assessment of National Procurement Systems: Sharing Experiences
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 4, p. 65-160
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Ce document présente l’expérience de 22 pays d’Afrique, d’Amérique latine et d’Asie et les enseignements qu’ils ont tirés de l’application de la Méthodologie d’évaluation des régimes nationaux de passation des marchés proposée par l’Activité conjointe du CAD-OCDE sur la passation des marchés. La Méthodologie a été mise au point et jugée apte à être testée sur le terrain en 2006 comme un outil visant à faciliter la réalisation des objectifs de la Déclaration de Paris et à promouvoir le renforcement des systèmes de passation des marchés. Elle est le résultat des efforts conjoints de partenaires du développement multilatéraux et bilatéraux et de pays partenaires à travers le monde. Ces expériences et enseignements constituent les premiers résultats obtenus par un panel de gouvernements partenaires qui se sont portés volontaires travaillant en coopération avec les parties prenantes nationales de la société civile, du secteur privé, des médias, des membres élus des assemblées représentatives et leurs partenaires du développement international. Le présent document se limite à la mise en commun des expériences relatives à l’utilisation de la Méthodologie. Les exemples pays tirés des exercices pilotes et d’autres applications sont utilisés au titre d’études de cas. On trouvera en Annexe A une cartographie des expériences de divers pays ayant appliqué la Méthodologie. Ce document a pour ambition de réunir des informations contextuelles utiles tirées de diverses sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art22-fr
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    Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/07
    DOI: 10.1787/223853273815
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    Rankings and the battle for world-class excellence : Institutional strategies and policy choices (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 21, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 21, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Global rankings are creating a furore wherever or whenever they are published or mentioned. They have become a barometer of global competition measuring the knowledge-producing and talent-catching capacity of higher education institutions. These developments are injecting a new competitive dynamic into higher education, nationally and globally, and encouraging a debate about its role and purpose. As such, politicians regularly refer to them as a measure of their nation’s economic strength and aspirations, universities use them to help set or define targets mapping their performance against the various metrics, while academics use rankings to bolster their own professional reputation and status. Based on an international survey (2006) and extensive interviews in Germany, Australia and Japan, (2008), this paper provides a comparative analysis of the impact and influence of rankings on higher education and stakeholders, and describes institutional experiences and responses. It then explores how rankings are influencing national policy and shaping institutional decision making and behaviour.Some changes form part of the broader modernisation agenda, improving performance and public accountability, while others are viewed as perverse. Their experiences illustrate that policy does matter. Les classements mondiaux suscitent l’enthousiasme chaque fois qu’ils sont publiés ou mentionnés. Ils sont devenus le baromètre de la concurrence mondiale, mesurant la capacité des institutions d’enseignement supérieur en termes de production de savoir et de captation des talents. Ces développements injectent une nouvelle dynamique de compétition dans l’enseignement supérieur, au niveau national et mondial, et suscitent un débat sur son rôle et ses objectifs. À ce titre, les hommes/femmes politiques y font régulièrement référence en tant qu’instrument de mesure de la puissance économique et des aspirations de leur nation, les universités s’en servent pour établir ou définir leurs objectifs en termes de performance par rapport à diverses métriques, tandis que les universitaires utilisent les classements pour appuyer leurs propres réputation et statut professionnels. Cet article se fonde sur une enquête internationale (2006) et des entretiens approfondis menés en Allemagne, en Australie et au Japon (2008) pour réaliser une analyse comparative de l’impact et de l’influence des classements sur l’enseignement supérieur et ses parties prenantes et pour décrire les expériences et réponses institutionnelles. Cet article étudie également la manière dont les classements influencent la politique nationale et façonnent la prise de décision et les comportements institutionnels. Certains changements s’inscrivent dans le cadre plus large du programme de modernisation qui tend vers une amélioration des performances et une plus grande responsabilité publique, tandis que d’autres sont considérés comme pervers. Leurs expériences démontrent l’importance des choix politiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v21-art4-en
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    OECD Rural Policy Reviews, Italy 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Italy
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Italien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy ; Italien ; Ländliche Entwicklung
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of rural policy in Italy. On average, rural regions in Italy have some of the highest GDP per capita among the OECD countries, yet unexploited potential remains. This analysis of rural Italy reveals heterogeneous economic conditions, an increasing elderly population and a diminished focus on environmental concerns. This suggests the need for a broader rural policy approach that reflects the changing demands upon rural resources and that considers other aspects of rurality including health, education and quality of life.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056237-en
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    Strategic and Policy Issues Raised by the Transition from Thermal to Fast Nuclear Systems (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (86 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Questions stratégiques et politiques liées à la transition des systèmes nucléaires thermiques aux systèmes rapides
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The renewed interest in nuclear energy triggered by concerns about global climate change and security of supply could lead to substantial growth in nuclear electricity generation and expanded interest in fast neutron reactors with closed fuel cycles. Moving from the current fleet of thermal neutron reactors to fast neutron systems will require many decades and extensive RD&D efforts. This book identifies and analyses key strategic and policy issues raised by such a transition, and provides guidance to decision makers on the best approaches for implementing transition scenarios.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060654-en
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    Regulatory Impact Analysis : A Tool for Policy Coherence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'analyse d'impact de la réglementation ; Un outil au service de la cohérence des politiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bounds, Gregory Regulatory impact analysis
    RVK:
    QR 300
    Keywords: Governance ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Regulierung ; Wirkungsanalyse
    Abstract: Regulatory impact analysis (RIA) is a systemic approach to critically assessing the positive and negative effects of proposed and existing regulations and non-regulatory alternatives. This publication brings together recent OECD research and analysis concerning methodological issues and country experiences with RIA. The collected papers cover a number of challenges to the effectiveness of RIA including: systemic factors which influence the quality of RIA; methodological frameworks that can assist RIA to improve regulation; guidance on using RIA to avoid unnecessary regulation of competitive markets; and a review of the use of RIA in the regulation of corporate governance across a number of OECD countries. Taken together, this publication provides valuable, practical guidance on how to improve the performance of RIA systems to promote economic welfare through better quality regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067110-en
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    Taxation of SMEs : Key Issues and Policy Considerations (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264024748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.18
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation of SMEs
    RVK:
    QL 641
    RVK:
    PP 8080
    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Steuerrecht ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; OECD
    Abstract: This report covers a broad range of SME taxation issues, including possible effects of taxation on the creation and growth of SMEs, and considerations arising from a relatively high compliance burden. Differing income tax and social security contribution burdens of unincorporated and incorporated SMEs are considered in detail, with analysis of average statutory tax rates carried out to investigate possible tax distortions to business creation and business structure decisions of a single worker/owner of an SME. Various arguments are presented for and against the targeting of tax incentives at SMEs. Country examples of SME tax incentives and compliance cost reduction measures are provided in the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264024748-en
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    Internet Access for Development (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056312
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Internet access for development
    RVK:
    QR 760
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Internet ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Governance ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Entwicklungsländer ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Internet ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ; Kohärenz ; OECD ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: The Internet has been remarkably successful in developing greater opportunities for communication access - and economic growth and social development - for the first billion users. The majority of the next several billion users will be mainly from developing countries and will connect to the Internet principally via wireless networks. But there are substantial discrepancies in access to ICTs between developed and developing countries and also within countries, depending on factors such as gender, rural coverage, skills and educational levels. This book examines how the market for internet traffic exchange has evolved and explores the coherence of policies pursued by developed and developing countries. It notes the increasing innovation occurring in a number of developing countries with competitive markets and discusses how liberalisation has helped to expand of access networks and make ICT services increasingly affordable and available to the poor. The report also highlights the employment, micro-entrepreneurial and social development opportunities which have emerged as access levels have risen among low-income users. The study notes that gateway service monopolies - still in 70 countries - raise the prices for accessing international capacity and reduce the affordability of Internet access to business and end users.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056312-en
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Copenhagen, Denmark 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Copenhagen, Denmark
    Keywords: Stadtwachstum ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; Ballungsraum ; Kopenhagen ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Denmark ; Kopenhagen ; Ballungsraum ; Stadtentwicklung
    Abstract: The Copenhagen metropolitan region accounts for nearly half of Denmark's national output and plays a key role for the country as a whole. Nevertheless, it has witnessed only modest economic growth over the last decade. This review of metropolitan area policy for Copenhagen examines key challenges including modest economic growth, scarcity of skilled workers and barriers to research and development. The report also examines how public institutions affect regional economic growth. Issues considered include: inter-municipal co-operation, local finance, public management, political leadership, and coordination mechanisms between the central government and the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060036-en
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    Port Competition and Hinterland Connections (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102251-en
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    Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse : The Future of Conflict Early Warning and Response (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir la violence, la guerre et l'effondrement des États ; L'avenir des systèmes d'alerte précoce et de réponse rapide
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The international community today is hardly in a position to avoid another genocide, as witnessed in Rwanda in 1994, despite the significant evolution of early warning systems in recent years. Based on a review of the literature on early warning and response, as well as inputs from surveyed agencies, Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse assesses the value and role of early warning for the prevention of violent conflict and identifies the most effective early warning and response systems. It concludes with a set of recommendations for policy makers in donor and partner countries in influencing future developments in this field.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059818-en
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    Innovation and Growth : Chasing a Moving Frontier (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073975
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation and growth
    RVK:
    QR 000
    Keywords: Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Forschung ; Entwicklung ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Entwicklungsländer ; Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: Innovation is crucial to long-term economic growth, even more so in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis. In this volume, the OECD and the World Bank jointly take stock of how globalisation is posing new challenges for innovation and growth in both developed and developing countries, and how countries are coping with them. The authors discuss options for policy initiatives that can foster technological innovation in the pursuit of faster and sustainable growth. The various chapters highlight how the emergence of an integrated global market affects the impact of national innovation policy. What seemed like effective innovation strategies (e.g. policies designed to strengthen the R&D capacity of domestic firms) are no longer sufficient for effective catch-up. The more open and global nature of innovation makes innovation policies more difficult to design and implement at the national scale alone. These challenges are further complicated by new phenomena, such as global value chains and the fragmentation of production, the growing role of global corporations, and the ICT revolution. Where and why a global corporation chooses to anchor its production affects the playing field for OECD and developing economies alike. Selected as a 2009 Notable Document by the American Library Association Government Documents Round Table.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073975-en
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    Computer Viruses and Other Malicious Software : A Threat to the Internet Economy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056510
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (246 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Computer viruses and other malicious software
    DDC: 005.8
    RVK:
    ST 276
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Computervirus
    Abstract: Malware attacks are increasing both in frequency and sophistication, thus posing a serious threat to the Internet economy and to national security. This book is a first step toward addressing the threat of malware in a comprehensive, global manner. It informs readers about malware -- its growth, evolution and countermeasures to combat it; presents new research into the economic incentives driving cyber-security decisions; and makes specific suggestions on how the international community can better work together to address the problem.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056510-en
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  • 70
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    Natural Tracer Profiles Across Argillaceous Formations : The CLAYTRAC Project (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060487
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (362 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This technical report describes the results of the Nuclear Energy Agency's CLAYTRAC project, in which natural tracer data from nine sites was evaluated to assess potential impacts of disposal of radiological waste in geological repositories. It shows scientific information from numerous sites and applies robust analytical methods to improve the understanding of radionuclide migration and evolution of sites for deep geological disposal. These results improve the understanding of sites, and thus the confidence in safety, for geological disposal of radioactive waste.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060487-en
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  • 71
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    Building Transparent Tax Compliance by Banks (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067851
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Building transparent tax compliance by banks
    RVK:
    QL 410
    Keywords: Steuermoral ; Bank ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Steuerplanung ; Kreditwesen ; Governance ; Steuervermeidung ; Bank ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: This book analyses the role banks play in the provision of aggressive tax planning arrangements. It examines the nature of banking, the complex structured financing transactions developed by banks and how they are then used by both banks and their clients. It also explores the internal governance processes that banks use to manage tax risk and the prevention, detection and response strategies applied by different revenue bodies in responding to the challenges that banks pose. The book makes a number of recommendations for revenue bodies and identifies best practices for consideration by banks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067851-en
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  • 72
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    IEA Scoreboard 2009 : 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Measuring and assessing how much has been done by member countries over the years to follow their underlying principles is not an easy task. Each country is unique in terms of economy, geography, climate, energy resources, etc. Taking into account some of these specificities, the IEA Scoreboard 2009 compares what has been achieved by member countries in diversifying their energy mix, in promoting non-fossil fuels and energy efficiency, in encouraging research and development, and, more generally, in creating a policy framework consistent with their shared policy goals. Since the IEA Scoreboard 2009 is published in conjunction with the 35th anniversary of the IEA, 35 themes, ranging from diversification to prices, show how IEA countries have performed in their efforts to attain energy security, environmental protection and economic growth. This book, which combines statistical rigour with easy access and readability, is an ideal resource for anyone who would like to have a quick overview of energy development in IEA member countries over the last 35 years. The publication also includes selected energy-related statistics for over 140 countries, economies and regions in the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063785-en
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  • 73
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    OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies: Slovenia 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068995
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Henrard, Valentine Slovenia
    DDC: 331.12094973
    RVK:
    QG 490
    RVK:
    QV 200
    RVK:
    QX 400
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Flexicurity ; Sozialpolitik ; Slowenien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Slovenia ; Slowenien ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Rentenversicherung ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: This report analyses the main challenges for labour market and social policies in Slovenia and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries' experience. It finds that Slovenia has one of the most equal income distributions in the world and a tradition of social dialogue. However, its unemployment insurance and employment service system are not sufficient to deal effectively with the present economic crisis and the country is also faced with rapid population ageing and a low employment rate among 55-to-64 year olds. This report makes recommendations to deal with these issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068995-en
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    Clusters, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pôles de compétitivité, innovation et entrepreneuriat
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clusters, innovation and entrepreneurship
    RVK:
    QG 000
    Keywords: Regionales Cluster ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Cluster ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: This publication explores the success of major innovation and entrepreneurship clusters in OECD countries, the challenges they now face in sustaining their positions and the lessons for other places seeking to build successful clusters. What are the key factors for cluster success? What problems are emerging on the horizon? Which is the appropriate role of the public sector in supporting the expansion of clusters and overcoming the obstacles? The book addresses these and other issues, analysing seven internationally reputed clusters in depth: Grenoble in France, Vienna in Austria, Waterloo in Canada, Dunedin in New Zealand, Medicon Valley in Scandinavia, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom, and Madison, Wisconsin, in the United States. For each cluster, it looks at the factors that have contributed to its growth, the impact of the cluster on local entrepreneurship performance, and the challenges faced for further expansion. It also puts forward a set of policy recommendations geared to the broader context of cluster development. This publication is essential reading for policy makers, practitioners and academics wishing to obtain good practices in cluster development and guidance on how to enhance the economic impact of clusters.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044326-en
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  • 75
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    Engaging with High Net Worth Individuals on Tax Compliance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Engaging with high net worth individuals on tax compliance
    RVK:
    QL 410
    Keywords: Finanzverwaltung ; Steuermoral ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Reichtum ; Individuum ; Steuermoral ; Steuerpolitik
    Abstract: High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) pose significant challenges to tax administrations due to the complexity of their affairs, their revenue contribution, the opportunity for aggressive tax planning, and the impact of their compliance behaviour on the integrity of the tax system. This publication examines in detail this taxpayer segment, describes their usage of aggressive tax planning schemes and proposes prevention, detection and response strategies that tax administrations can use to respond to these challenges. It also addresses aspects of voluntary disclosure initiatives for past non-compliance that may be particularly pertinent in the current environment. The publication outlines a number of innovative approaches to enable governments to better manage the risks involved with marketed tax schemes and tailor-made arrangements. To improve compliance, tax administrations could consider changing the structure of their operations to focus resources effectively, for example, through the creation of a dedicated HNWI unit. Other recommendations include creating the appropriate legal framework, exploring forms of co-operative compliance and engaging more in international co-operation, at both the strategic and operational level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068872-en
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  • 76
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Chile 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060791
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (222 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Chile 2009 ; (Spanish version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chile
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalpolitik ; Chile ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Chile ; Chile ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik
    Abstract: Chile has achieved strong economic growth during the last 20 years. Nevertheless, its economy depends on a few resource-based sectors located in a small number of regions. The performance of Chilean regions varies significantly and regional disparities in GDP per capita are very high compared to those in OECD countries. Chilean regions have thus far so not fully utilised their assets and reached their potential for growth. This report recommends moving towards a territorial approach to development in Chile in order to better adapt public management to the different opportunities and needs of the diverse territories of the country. Chilean regions would particularly benefit from context-specific policies to boost productivity, such as those targeting innovation and entrepreneurship, and to improve education and training.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060791-en
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  • 77
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    The Financing of Nuclear Power Plants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079229
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le financement des centrales nucléaires
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The financing of nuclear power plants
    Keywords: Kernkraftwerk ; Finanzierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy ; OECD ; Kernkraftwerk ; Finanzierung
    Abstract: Many countries have recognised that greater use of nuclear power could play a valuable role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, given the high capital cost and complexity of nuclear power plants, financing their construction often remains a challenge. This is especially true where such financing is left to the private sector in the context of competitive electricity markets. This study examines the financial risks involved in investing in a new nuclear power plant, how these can be mitigated, and how projects can be structured so that residual risks are taken by those best able to manage them. Given that expansion of nuclear power programmes will require strong and sustained government support, the study highlights the role of governments in facilitating and encouraging investment in new nuclear generating capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079229-en
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    Transport Energy and CO2 : Moving towards Sustainability (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073173
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Transport, energy and CO 2
    DDC: 628.5/32
    RVK:
    AR 27700
    Keywords: Verkehr ; Kraftstoff ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Energy ; OECD ; Verkehrspolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Car ownership is set to triple by 2050, trucking activity will double and air travel could increase fourfold. This book examines how to enable mobility without accelerating climate change. It finds that if we change the way we travel, adopt technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and shift to low-CO2 fuels, we can move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. The report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073173-en
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  • 79
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    Strengthening Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcement des organisations régionales de la pêche
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cox, Anthony Strengthening regional fisheries management organisations
    Keywords: Fischschutz ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Seefischerei ; Fischwirtschaft ; Regionalwirtschaft ; Organisation
    Abstract: With the development and entry into force of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement in 1995, the international community made a commitment to strengthen Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), established to deal with the management of shared high seas resources. This study takes stock of the changes made in RFMOs, highlighting a gradual process of improvement that has translated into significant success stories. While there is no single recipe for this process, ensuring that the fundamental building blocks are in place to help create and maintain the economic and political momentum for change is important. Altering the underlying economic incentives may help to better align the interests of member countries, allowing coalitions for change to develop within the membership. The study and its analysis is built on evidence from a range of case studies of RFMOs, most notably the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CSBT), the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073326-en
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  • 80
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    International Trade : Free, Fair and Open? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060265 , 9789264107137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick International trade
    DDC: 382.1
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Außenhandel ; Handelsvertrag ; Freihandel ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde ; Welthandel
    Abstract: International trade affects the price and availability of practically everything we buy. It also plays a role in many other domains, including jobs, the environment and the fight against poverty. OECD Insights: International Trade argues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough. Policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy. "The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers." -Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060265-en
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    Achieving Better Value for Money in Health Care (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264074231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Obtenir un meilleur rapport qualité-prix dans les soins de santé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Achieving better value for money in health care
    RVK:
    QX 705
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Gesundheitsreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Gesundheitspolitik
    Abstract: Rising public health care spending remains a problem in virtually all OECD and EU member countries. As a consequence, there is growing interest in policies that will ease this pressure through improved health system performance. This report examines selected policies that may help countries better achieve the goal of improved health system efficiency and thus better value for money. Drawing on multinational data sets and case studies, it examines a range policy instruments. These include: the role of competition in health markets; the scope for improving care coordination; better pharmaceutical pricing policies; greater quality control supported by stronger information and communication technology in health care; and increased cost sharing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264074231-en
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    Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102466-en
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Poland 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077263
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Poland
    RVK:
    QG 475
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Polen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland ; Polen ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer
    Abstract: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Poland contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077263-en
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: United States 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075290
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als United States
    DDC: 331.34
    RVK:
    QG 620
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; USA ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Abstract: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on the United States contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075290-en
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    Piracy of Digital Content (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065437
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stryszowski, Piotr Piracy of digital content
    RVK:
    QR 360
    Keywords: Urheberrechtsverletzung ; Science and Technology ; Internet ; Kulturgut ; Produktpiraterie
    Abstract: This book studies digital piracy - the infringement of copyrighted content (such as music, films, software, broadcasting, books, etc.) - where the end product does not involve the use of hard media, such as CDs and DVDs. It presents the unique economic properties of markets for pirated digital products, where the existence of a large number of suppliers willing to provide pirated content at virtually no cost poses new and difficult challenges to copyright owners and policy makers in combating that piracy. These economic features, together with rapid technological developments, create special and unique problems to policy makers and the large number of actors involved in different jurisdictions. This book also provides an illustrative, in-depth case study of the sports rights owners sector, highlighting how it is affected by digital piracy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065437-en
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  • 86
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    Strategies for Business, Government and Civil Society to Fight Corruption in Asia and the Pacific (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (218 p.)
    Series Statement: ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strategies for business, government and civil society to fight corruption in Asia and the Pacific
    RVK:
    MD 7200
    RVK:
    QL 415
    Keywords: Korruption ; Wirtschaftskriminalität ; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum ; Governance ; Konferenzschrift 2008 ; Asiatisch-Pazifischer Raum ; Korruption ; Bekämpfung
    Abstract: Bribery is bad for business, so why do businesses continue to bribe? What roles do business, government, and civil society have in the fight against corruption - and notably in the fight against bribery in business? The 6th Regional Anti-Corruption Conference for Asia and the Pacific gathered experts from countries and jurisdictions of Asia and the Pacific, OECD member countries, leading enterprises and businesses associations, civil society, and development partners to respond to these questions and to share their experiences in fighting bribery in business. The conference, organized by the ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific in late November 2008, explored (i) possible drivers and incentives for anti-corruption reform; (ii) the role of criminal law standards and corporate compliance mechanisms; (iii) the risks and countermeasures against private-to-private corruption; (iv) preventing and managing conflicts of interest; (v) international initiatives to counter bribery; (vi) how development partners can become involved in the fight against bribery and corruption. This book presents the proceedings of the conference.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077010-en
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  • 87
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    Armed Violence Reduction : Enabling Development (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060173
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.)
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reducir la violencia armada ; Hacer posible el desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Armed violence reduction
    DDC: 363.32
    Keywords: Development ; Waffe ; Gewalt ; Reduktion
    Abstract: Each year, 740 000 people die as a result of armed violence. It increasingly exploits a link between conflict and crime and undermines our chances of reaching the Millennium Development Goals. This book will help aid donors - both policy advisors and programme staff - to transform good words into good programmes that can ultimately help reduce armed violence globally.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Réduire la violence armée, permettre le développement
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060173-en
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  • 88
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    Online Identity Theft (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056596
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Online identity theft
    DDC: 364.16/33
    RVK:
    ST 276
    Keywords: Phishing ; Identity theft ; Internet fraud ; Identity theft Prevention ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Identitätsdiebstahl ; Phishing
    Abstract: Using widely available Internet tools, internet thieves trick unsuspecting computer users into providing personal data, which they then use for illicit purposes, causing mistrust of online payment and banking services. This book defines identity theft and studies how it is perpetrated, outlines what is being done to combat the major types of ID theft, and recommends specific ways that ID theft can be addressed in an effective, global manner.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056596-en
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  • 89
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    An Appraisal of the Chilean Fisheries Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073951
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Políticas de pesca y acuicultura de Chile ; Informe de base
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. An appraisal of the Chilean fisheries sector
    Keywords: Fisheries Chile ; Agriculture and Food ; Chile ; Chile ; Fischerei ; Aquakultur
    Abstract: Chile is one of the major players in the world fishing scene. But during the past fifty years, Chile has had to face issues of over-investment, sharp declines in catch levels, disputes among stakeholders, fleet downsizing, and aquaculture diseases, among others. This report describes the challenging and complex learning process that the Chilean fisheries and aquaculture sector has undergone and the evolution of its policies and management systems. Governance of the industrial, artisanal and aquaculture industries has followed different paths of policy development and current management reflects the particular pressures confronting each segment of the sector. And policy evolution continues, with a range of initiatives underway to meet the current challenges. The Chilean state has been one of the main forces behind these developments, laying the foundation for a strong and robust fisheries and aquaculture sector.
    Note: Span. Ausg. u.d.T.: Políticas de pesca y acuicultura de Chile
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073951-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 90
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    Innovation in Firms : A Microeconomic Perspective (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD innovation strategy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Innovation in firms
    RVK:
    QP 210
    Keywords: Innovationsmanagement ; Innovation ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Creative ability in business ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Science and Technology ; Unternehmen ; Innovation ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Datenanalyse
    Abstract: Innovation has become a key factor for economic growth, but how does the process take place at the level of individual firms? This book presents the main results of the OECD Innovation Microdata Project -- the first large-scale effort to exploit firm-level data from innovation surveys across 20 countries in an internationally harmonised way, with a view to addressing common analytical questions. Through the use of common indicators and econometric modeling, this analytical report presents a broad overview of how firms innovate in different countries, highlights some of the limitations of current innovation surveys, and identifies directions for future research.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056213-en
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  • 91
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    Managing Risk in Agriculture : A Holistic Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion des risques dans l'agriculture ; Une approche holistique
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Managing risk in agriculture
    RVK:
    ZB 91200
    Keywords: Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and Food ; OECD ; Landwirtschaft ; Risikomanagement ; Strategisches Management ; Agrarpolitik ; Konzeption
    Abstract: The sources of risk in agriculture are numerous and diverse, ranging from events related to climate and weather conditions to animal diseases; from changes in agriculture commodities prices to changes in fertilizer and other input prices; and from financial uncertainties to policy and regulatory risks. Agricultural risks are not independent, but rather are linked both to each other and as part of a system that includes all available instruments, strategies and policies designed to manage risk. A holistic approach is thus necessary. This book examines the current magnitude and characteristics of risk-related policies in agriculture and what is known about the quantitative size of agricultural risks. It looks at the on-farm, off-farm, and market instruments available to manage risk, and it explains how the holistic approach helps clarify the role of governments.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u. d. T.: Gestion des risques dans l'agriculture : une approache holistique
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075313-en
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  • 92
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    Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076037-en
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  • 93
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    Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076372
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 ; Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro assay, which provides mechanistical information, and can be used for screening and prioritization purposes. The test system utilises the hERalpha-HeLa-9903 cell line derived from a human cervical tumor and stably transfected. This cell line can measure the ability of a test chemical to induce hERalpha-mediated transactivation of luciferase gene expression. The cells are exposed to 7 non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test chemical for 20-24 hours to induce the reporter gene products. Four reference chemicals should be included in each experiment: a strong estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a weak estrogen (17alpha-estradiol), a very weak estrogen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and a negative control (corticosterone). The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076372-en
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  • 94
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    Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076303-en
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  • 95
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    Cogeneration and District Energy : Sustainable energy technologies for today... and tomorrow (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Combined heat and power and district heating and cooling (DHC) represent a series of proven, reliable and cost-effective technologies that are already making an important contribution to meeting global heat and electricity demand.This report follows the March 2008 report that hightlighted the energy, economic and environmental benefits of CHP and DHC (IEA, 2008). That report also provides a technical introduction to CHP/DHC and describes its global status and potential.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077171-en
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  • 96
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    Money Laundering through the Football Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073579
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report is based on four main sources: an extensive literature review, the analysis of theanswers to a questionnaire sent to FATF and FSRB members; the results of a typology workshop andsubsequent consultation with the football sector. Results to the questionnaire were obtained in October 2008 from 25 countries, mostly European,seven South-American countries, two from Asia and Australia. The responding countries differ widely insize, role and organisation of football in society (ranging from large countries with big football leagues tosmaller nations or nations with only non-professional football). Differences in information, position andinterest in the person or organisation that provided the answers (national football association, governmentrepresentatives, national FIUs, the police or judicial authorities) needed to be taken into consideration aswell.Following the analysis of questionnaires, a workshop on money laundering and the footballsector was held in Monaco in November 2008 as part of the 2008 FATF/MONEYVAL Typologiesmeeting. This workshop was very well supported by members of the FATF, MONEYVAL andrepresentatives of other countries. The following participants were involved in the 2-day breakout sessionwhich considered issues in depth: Belgium, Brazil, Cyprus, Egmont Group, France, International OlympicCommittee (IOC), Ireland, Italy, Monaco, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, theNetherlands and the United Kingdom.The study has also relied on the experience and cooperation of the private sector. Arepresentative of the IOC attended the Monaco workshop in November 2008. Consultation withrepresentatives of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and of the Union ofEuropean Football Associations (UEFA) also took place in January and April 2009. Those representativesreceived a copy of the report and were given the opportunity to comment. All the comments of the private sector were taken into account when considered relevant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073579-en
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  • 97
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    OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: China 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039346
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, tertiary education systems have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. Within governance frameworks that encourage institutions, individually and collectively, to fulfil multiple missions, tertiary education systems must aim for the broad objectives of growth, full employment and social cohesion. In this context, the OECD launched a major review of tertiary education with the participation of 24 nations. The principal objective of the review is to assist countries in understanding how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help them achieve their economic and social goals. China is one of 14 countries which opted to host a Country Review, in which a team of external reviewers carried out an in-depth analysis of tertiary education policies. This report includes: an overview of China's tertiary education system; an account of trends and developments in tertiary education in China; an analysis of the strengths and challenges in tertiary education in China; and recommendations for future policy development. This review of tertiary education in China forms part of the OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education, a project conducted between 2004 and 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039346-en
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  • 98
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    The Changing Boundaries of Social Enterprises (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055513
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The changing boundaries of social enterprises
    RVK:
    QR 400
    Keywords: Nonprofit-Organisation ; Sozialwirtschaft ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Entrepreneurship ; Nonprofit-Organisation
    Abstract: Social enterprises are entering a new phase of consolidation after overcoming various challenges over the last 10 years in their efforts to foster sustainable local development, help create local wealth and jobs, and fight social exclusion. This book contains recommendations for national and local policy makers and presents a set of international best practices based on new legislation that has been enacted, novel frontiers that have opened up, and support and financial tools that have been developed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055513-en
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  • 99
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    OECD Rural Policy Reviews: China 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (258 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; China ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: With more than 700 million residents living in rural areas, China is still a predominantly rural country. But despite substantial improvements in standards of living, the Chinese countryside is largely lagging behind. This report analyses the key socio-economic forces at work in China's rural areas and discusses the current government strategy for rural development. It argues that in order to bridge rural-urban divides the current policy approach needs to go further in recognising rural-urban complementarities beyond agriculture and that food-security targets need to be balanced with wider rural development objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059573-en
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  • 100
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    Gadgets and Gigawatts : Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059542
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: By 2010 there will be over 3.5 billion mobile phones subscribers, 2 billion TVs in use around the world and 1 billion personal computers.This book examines how "smart" this equipment is from an energy efficiency perspective and what the potential is for energy savings. It includes a global assessment of the changing pattern in residential electricity consumption over the past decade and an in-depth analysis of the role played by electronic equipment. It reviews the influence that government policies have had on creating markets for more energy efficient appliances and identifies new opportunities for creating smarter, more energy efficient homes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059542-en
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