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  • World Bank  (134)
  • World Bank Group  (41)
  • Poverty  (175)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education For All ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; UMI Countries
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review aims to provide analytical foundations in the support of policies that improve human capital outcomes for the following four UMI countries in Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. The objective of this report is to identify the key constraints to human capital growth and understand how education and labor market policies can foster a resilient recovery, promote inclusive growth, and contribute to poverty reduction in these countries. The review also estimates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human capital outcomes using a multi-sectoral approach. The analysis compares human capital outcomes in the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic (2010-2019) against trends during the pandemic (2020-2021). Lastly, the report focuses on these four countries, which are the only UMI in Central America to take advantage of new data collected during the pandemic, which allowed to quantify some of the impacts of COVID-19 and understand some of their long-term implications for human development outcomes
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Labor Market ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Funds ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A period of economic growth over the past decade led to a reduction in poverty and improvements in labor market outcomes in Montenegro. Substantial challenges remain, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing attention to the role that social protection plays in reducing poverty and promoting human capital. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system in Montenegro. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system in Montenegro fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short, medium, and long term. To this end, this note seeks to assess each category of social protection, namely: social assistance, social services, social insurance (specifically pensions) and labor market programs, in terms of program coverage, equity, sustainability and effectiveness
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education and Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Gender Norms ; Human Rights ; Informal Trading ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teenage Pregnancies ; Women and Girls
    Abstract: Gender equality is a key foundation of inclusive and sustainable economic development that can translate into long-term and effective poverty reduction. While gender equality matters on its own as a human right, it also offers instrumental value for individuals, households, and societies at large. Global evidence consistently shows that empowering women and girls reduces poverty incidence and food insecurity, boosts economic growth and productivity, and enhances investments in children's human capital. Angola, a country where a third of the population lives in poverty and economic output is heavily dependent on its oil sector, stands out in Sub-Saharan Africa for its particularly large gender disparities, especially when compared to countries of same income levels. Family formation, education, and labor market decisions are intrinsically interwoven and connected, which in the case of Angola leads to extreme demographic pressure on an already weak public service system. To begin tackling these significant gender disparities, well-designed and targeted policies are needed. But there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to understanding the key barriers facing Angolan girls and young women in accessing education and transitioning to the labor market. This report presents insights gained from the voices of young women and girls, their parents, and key informants through a series of interviews carried out in Luanda, home to a quarter of the country's population, in 2022. Based on these in-depth interviews with low-income young women in Luanda, this report points to the multiple challenges they face across their life cycle - challenges relating to the dimensions of education, family formation, and work. It also shows how those dimensions in a woman's life are deeply interconnected - and how they are determined by structural constraints including poverty and vulnerability, gender norms, corruption and lack of transparency in access to services and opportunities, and violence in public and private spheres
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Deficit ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Public and Municipal Finance ; SOE ; Unemployment
    Abstract: Eswatini's economy has been characterized by persistent low growth, high fiscal deficits, and unprofitable state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Without significant reform, the country is unlikely to achieve its socioeconomic aspirations, and poverty and unemployment are likely to remain high. These problems are exacerbated by the difficult external environment, with subdued global demand and volatile international prices. In this context, the government of Eswatini recognizes that the country needs a series of policy reforms to unleash the potential of the private sector. It also needs to improve the efficiency of SOEs in strategic sectors, which deliver services to many businesses and households. This report is divided into two parts. Part 1 discusses recent economic developments in the global and domestic economy and assesses Eswatini's short and medium-term prospects. Part 2 reviews the role that SOEs can play in the government's efforts to enhance economic performance. It assesses both their contribution to the economy and their limitations to suggest directions for reform
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Agriculture ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Fiscal Consolidation ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender Gaps ; Greening Agriculture ; Inflation ; Labor Markets ; Low Labor Force ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Western Balkans
    Abstract: In the context of weakening global demand, growth in the Western Balkans decelerated over the course of 2022 and into 2023. Against the background of the lasting effects of shocks from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, sticky inflation, and tighter financial conditions, global demand has been weakening, and this has a divergent impact across the Western Balkans (WB6). On the one hand, the slowdown in global demand contributed to weaker-than expected performance of industrial production in the whole European Union (EU) region and in the WB6. On the other hand, global demand has proved more resilient in services and, for travel, with twice as many people traveling globally during Q1 2023 as in the same period in 2022 (UNWTO). This has particularly benefited Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro, where services exports have reached new record highs. In contrast, weakening global demand for goods has weighed on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), North Macedonia and Serbia. On the demand side, private consumption remained in general an important growth driver, despite rising price pressures. Reforms are needed to consolidate the recovery toward sustainable growth, while negotiations with the EU hold the potential to bolster prospects in the Western Balkans. As the WB6 agriculture sector is undergoing a major structural transformation, efforts to green agriculture are also important to ensure access to the EU market and for the competitiveness of agriculture, rural development, and food and nutrition security. Most WB6 countries have recently included agriculture greening in their development strategies. Historically, the environmental footprint of the WB6 agriculture sector has been relatively low. But this has been more an unintended outcome of still high rurality and low farming intensity rather than a result of public policy and expenditure choices. Agricultural public expenditures, while substantial in terms of amounts and adequate to influence agricultural production, have not yet prioritized financing of greening and climate-smart agriculture. It is important for the WB6 countries to accelerate greening of their agriculture by learning from the EU's green transition and better utilization of the existing public funds available for agricultural development
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Resilience ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment
    Abstract: Cote d'Ivoire is at a crossroads. Despite good progress over the last decade, recent global economic and health shocks have aggravated existing problems including lack of fiscal space, limited access to concessional and cheap financing, and a fragile political neighborhood. But Cote d'Ivoire now has an opportunity to put its growth on a more sustainable path, both realizing the aspirations of a growing population and better adapting to the growing impacts of climate change. Climate change impacts are already affecting Cote d'Ivoire, as temperatures increase, rainfall and other weather events become more extreme and less predictable, and sea levels rise. This World Bank Group Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) shows negative impacts from climate change will reduce economic performance and over proportionally impact the poor. The report examines specific opportunities in energy, agriculture, and land use as well as urban development and interconnectivity that could render the country's development more sustainable and inclusive, raising standards of living while increasing resilience in face of climate change. Dealing with a changing climate is a national imperative, where choices need to be made for the structural transformation of the economy, transitioning from outdoor low-earning sectors such as agriculture to more value-added industrial and service activities
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atlas Region ; Earthquake ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Female Labor Force ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Women's Economic Empowerment
    Abstract: The Moroccan economy is recovering. Following a sharp deceleration in 2022 caused by various overlapping commodity and climatic shocks, economic growth increased to 2.9 percent in the first semester of 2023, driven primarily by services and net exports. Inflation has halved between February and August 2023, but food inflation remains high. Lower commodity prices havealso contributed to a temporary narrowing of the current account deficit. The response to recent crises and the unfolding reform of the health and social protection systems are exerting pressures on public spending. However, the government is managing to gradually reduce the budget deficit
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; GDP ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita - and where available - other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Financial Sector ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty
    Abstract: Driven by a rebound in tourism, Maldives' economy recovered sharply in 2021, and poverty is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. In 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 hit international travel and tourism severely and, thus, caused a 33.5 percent contraction in Maldives' GDP. However,following a successful nationwide government vaccination campaign, tourism has begun to recover strongly in the second half of 2021, with arrivalsreaching 1.3 million in 2021 or about 78 percent of prepandemic levels. As a result, GDP growth is estimated to have bounced back by 31 percent in 2021. All sectors, except for construction which remains sluggish, showed a significant rebound, particularly in the second quarter of 2021 due to the low base effect. The poverty rate, which rose sharply to 11 percent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, is estimated to have fallen to 4 percent in 2021. External imbalances improved along with the economic recovery and rebound in tourism. While vulnerabilities remain, the fiscal and debtposition has likely improved in 2021 due to strong revenue growth. Although the economy is expected to grow strongly in the medium-term, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war could impact Maldives' tourism recovery and growth in the near term. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war will depend on the period of interruption and whether tourists from other countries can compensate for the loss
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The purpose of this poverty assessment is to shine a new light on poverty, inequality, and its drivers in Costa Rica. The report provides a descriptive overview of poverty trends in the country and examines why the poorest do not reap the benefits of economic growth. It provides high-level policy directions, id est, areas that merit a high level of attention according to the results of the analysis and broad implications of the findings for policy makers. The report should be interpreted as a contribution to the debate within Costa Rica on how to improve the country's model of growth for the benefit of all. It is important to mention at the outset that the analysis presented in this report was completed at the time the conflict in Ukraine started. The conflict is expected to have substantial repercussions in Costa Rica and the rest of the Latin America region. The conflict is expected to hit the poorest hardest, as food and fuel - the prices of which are expected to increase due to the conflict - make up a large part of their consumption. However, these possible implications of the conflict are not reflected in the report
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Household Income ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The district of Cox's Bazar, in southeastern Bangladesh, is an instructive context to understand how long-standing and newer growth opportunities and constraints manifest at the local level, remote from Bangladesh's major growth poles of Dhaka and Chittagong. Potentially exacerbating Cox's Bazar's pre-existing development challenges, the district is hosting a large influx of displaced Myanmar nationals (Rohingya). More than 884,000 people have crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar, the vast majority since August 2017, more than doubling the population living in the Cox's Bazar upazilas of Teknaf and Ukhia, which had higher poverty rates than the rest of the district prior to the arrival of Rohingya
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In contrast with the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil's poverty rate is estimated to have decreased between 2019 and 2020 to 13.1 percent. Auxilio Emergencial (AE), a large emergency cash transfer program launched in April 2020, is believed to be the main driver of that decrease, because it more than offset economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, food insecurity (FI) estimates showed an opposite trend: Severe and moderate FI went up in 2020. This apparent paradox can be mostly explained by the way in which poverty and FI are measured: Measurements of poverty are based on annualized income estimates, while those of FI are based on the occurrence of an event, whereby the sudden, uncompensated loss of a job or reduction of benefits (such as AE) can turn into the loss of a household's ability to feed itself in the short term. In 2021, both poverty and FI may have increased. Simulations suggest that poverty increased in 2021 to 18.7 percent. Meanwhile, about 18 percent of households reported running out of food in the past 30 days owing to a lack of resources, twice the pre-pandemic rate. Overall and food inflation, a sluggish labor market recovery with falling real wages, and the significant scaling down of the AE program are all factors in this trend. The war in Ukraine has pushed inflationary expectations upward. Given the projected 0.7 percent gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2022, labor incomes are not expected to boost households' consumption levels significantly. Coupled with the complete elimination of AE, poverty and FI may further deteriorate in 2022
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Labor Market ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: North Macedonia has strengthened its social protection system through comprehensive reforms in social assistance, social services, and pensions. This note considers, based on existing evidence, the extent to which the social protection system in North Macedonia satisfies four basic principles: adequacy; balance and effectiveness; equity; and sustainability. The situational analysis note is structured as follows: section two reviews the main poverty and labor market outcomes in North Macedonia, comparing it with peers and relevant country groups. Section 3 introduces a framework to consider the performance of the social protection system and then outlines the broad characteristics of social protection in North Macedonia, by program type and expenditure. Section 4 looks at non-contributory cash transfers to support the poor, the vulnerable and persons with disabilities and assesses the recent social assistance reform. Section 5 discusses social services and assesses the changes in social services as a result of the social protection reform as well as the introduction of case management, which aims to help ensure the provision of integrated services to the poor and vulnerable. Section 6 discusses pensions. Section 7 explores employment and active labor market programs (ALMPs). Section 8 considers the recent social protection response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and section 9 concludes by offering an assessment of the main areas for reform
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic Forecasts ; Economic Impact ; Food Insecurity ; Inequality ; Poverty ; War ; War Conflict
    Abstract: In February 2022, the world was shocked by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine. The war is having a devastating impact on human life and causing economic destruction in both countries, and will lead to significant economic losses in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and the rest of the world. It comes at a particularly vulnerable time for ECA as its economic recovery was expected to be held back by scarring from the pandemic and lingering structural weaknesses. The economic impact of the conflict has reverberated through multiple channels, including commodity and financial markets, trade and migration links, and the damaging impact on confidence. Moreover, the war has added to mounting concerns about a sharp global slowdown, surging inflation and debt, and a spike in poverty levels. Neighboring ECA countries are likely to suffer considerable economic damage because of their strong trade, financial, and migration links with Russia and Ukraine. The war is also causing a destabilizing wave of refugees, financial stresses in vulnerable countries, runaway inflation expectations, and food insecurity. A protracted conflict could further heighten policy uncertainty and fragment critical trade and investment networks
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Equity ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Market Economy ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Vietnam is a country on the move and in transition. Indicators are pointing in the right direction, with many positive economic and social developments. The amount of progress that Vietnam has achieved in less than half a century since emerging from a war has been nearly without parallel. At the same time, Vietnam is a lower-middle-income country facing a challenging and uncharted road ahead to reaching upper-middle and high-income country levels in a shifting global economic and climatic landscape. In less than half a century since the end of the Vietnam War and thirty-five years since the Doi Moi reforms, Vietnam has become a vibrant economy and a sought-after market to the outside world. At the same time, despite remarkable progress, poverty remains a key concern among the population. Concerns over poverty amid high economic growth are not inconsistent; together they illustrate an absolute and inclusive rise in living standards, but also a population that seeks economic security and aspires for more. This Vietnam poverty and equity assessment is organized into two parts motivated by addressing both Last Mile and Next Mile issues: Part I reviews poverty and inequality trends over the last decade, 2010-2020; and Part II assesses opportunities for and challenges to Vietnam's path to achieving its Next Mile aspirations and creating greater prosperity for households and workers
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In the past three decades, the Philippines has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty. Driven by high growth rates and structural transformation, the poverty rate fell by two-thirds, from 49.2 percent in 1985 to 16.7 percent in 2018. By 2018, the middle class had expanded to nearly 12 million people and the economically secure population had risen to 44 million. This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on inequality in the Philippines. It synthesizes core findings from background analyses of the patterns of inequality and poverty and provides policy pointers. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A). In what follows, section two discusses the poverty and inequality impacts of COVID-19. Section three analyzes what has been driving poverty and inequality over the past three decades. Section four discusses the structural causes of current inequality; and section five examines how they affect recovery patterns. The last section discusses how policy can promote equality and inclusive recovery
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The Poverty and Gender Assessment examines the structural challenges to securing a robust and inclusive recovery from the pandemic and sustained progress in poverty reduction and gender equality in The Gambia. It leverages a diverse set of data sources to understand the nature of poverty and household welfare, and highlights constraints to and opportunities for poverty reduction. The report discusses the recent increase in poverty in The Gambia due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the important progress registered prior to the pandemic in improving key non-monetary indicators of welfare such as school attendance, maternal and child health, and access to water and electricity. Finally, it presents evidence on the link between education and jobs for men and women, gender disparities in labor market outcomes, and the challenges faced by the agricultural sector during a period of increased climate volatility
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Governance ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Governmental Organizations ; National Governance ; Partnerships ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform
    Abstract: Iraq is at a crossroads. The Iraqi government struggles to navigate internal as well as regional security challenges. Despite the current uncertain circumstances, the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) provides a suitable country engagement instrument to support Iraq's progress and builds off of longstanding World Bank Group (WBG) engagement and partnership with Iraq, including in the period since the last CPF and Performance Learning Review (PLR). This CPF is organized under two pillars and supported by foundational elements - (i) improved governance, public service delivery, and private sector participation, and (ii) strengthened human capital
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Identifying opportunities to increase agricultural productivity and incomes is an important priority for rural development. Progress toward poverty reduction continued in recent years, but the contribution of the agriculture sector was weak, mainly because productivity improvements were relatively limited. Using detailed individual-level data on agricultural activities, this paper analyzes agricultural production patterns and associated productivity of farm households. Particular attention is paid to (i) diversification toward higher-value, export-oriented crops as a means to increase productivity and earnings; and (ii) gender differences in farming activities and outcomes. The role of structural factors such as access to land is also considered. There are three key findings in this paper. First, diversified farmers, especially those with a crop mix that is focused on export crops or other high-value crops have higher productivity and earnings. The productivity of paddy cultivation is significantly lower than that of other crops, leading to low earnings. Second, production patterns and productivity levels differ distinctively between men and women farmers. Female farmers have higher productivity, as measured by output value per acre, which is mainly explained by their smaller plot size and a crop mix that consists of higher-value crops. However, despite higher productivity, overall farm incomes are lower among female farmers, mainly due to lower access to land. Third, once land size and crop mix are accounted for, unequal access to resources eventually leads to a male productivity advantage, referred to as conditional advantage, after differential access to resources is controlled for via multivariate analysis. Policies to increase the crop mix toward higher-value, export-oriented crops and to equalize access to resources, including land and agricultural inputs, could help improve productivity and income, and reduce gender disparities
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Since the 2015 SCD, some economic progress had been shared and progress in poverty reduction was achieved, but the COVID-19 crisis has in part reversed these developments. Uganda's broad development narrative has not changed significantly since the 2015 SCD, with the COVID-19 crisis further aggravating the existing challenges. Improvements in economic developments have slowed over the past five years compared to peers, with a particularly sharp deceleration in real per capita GDP growth. Addressing the inequality of opportunities, which is pervasive in Uganda, is key for the postCOVID recovery. The SCD Update revisits the priority areas and actions for Uganda today, based on the latest developments and analysis of constraints
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Grants ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Despite being an upper middle income country, South Africa's high inequality and the long-lasting legacies of apartheid mean that the country is faced with numerous development challenges, many of which are characteristic of countries with much lower incomes. This paper focuses on social assistance and, specifically, the system of social grants in South Africa. This report aims to review the social assistance system in South Africa to first understand how it functions and what kinds of benefits it provides through which programs, and what tools and systems it uses to do so. Second, it reviews the performance of the system in terms of coverage, targeting, benefit incidence, adequacy, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes. Third, it assesses the extent to which the system is aligned and equipped to address the so called "triple challenge" of poverty, inequality, and unemployment as shown by data. It also reviews the limitations in the design, delivery systems, and institutional coordination at different administrative levels. Based on the analysis, this paper provides some recommendation for what adjustments and improvement the South African social assistance system could undertake in the next fi ve years in order to better align the system address the structural causes of poverty and inequality in addition to providing relief and income support. The report concludes and provides some policy and programme recommendations for the future
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Abstract: The pandemic severely disrupted economic activity in Tanzania, and the World Bank's latest firm-level data suggest that the situation had only modestly improved by the end of 2020. New data sources show that COVID-19 continues to weigh heavily on employment and income. Data for the first quarter of 2021 suggest that recovery remains fragile and uneven across sectors, but economic activity could accelerate in the second half of 2021. The tourism-dependent economy of Zanzibar has been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. Tanzania's macroeconomic framework remains sound, with low inflation and moderate external and fiscal vulnerabilities
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In the last five years, since the last Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) was written in 2016, Mozambique experienced several severe shocks affecting economic growth, poverty reduction, and stability. These events have changed the context for policy making in Mozambique, calling for a greater focus on governance and accountability, productivity, social safety nets, and a stronger social contract. Despite these new challenges, most of the development trials that were already relevant when the last SCD was written in 2016, remain relevant today
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Decentralization ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Nepal's recent transition to a federal state structure provides a historic juncture to realize the role that social protection can play in achieving the constitutional goals of equity, inclusion, and prosperity. The transition to a federal structure of governance and the promulgation of a new Constitution founded on the principles of equity, inclusion, and prosperity for all have brought about tremendous expectations for the previously marginalized and discriminated poor and vulnerable segments of the population. Social protection (SP) programs, which have been proven to contribute to poverty reduction and inclusive growth, have the potential to play a significant role in meeting these expectations and realizing the objectives of federalism. The report is structured as follows, with each chapter concluding with a set of recommendations based on the analysis. Chapter 2 Provides an overall analysis of social protection expenditure trends, an assessment of ability of social assistance programs; Chapter 3 Assesses the policy and institutional framework for design and delivery of social protection programs in the decentralized federal context; and Chapter 4 Provides an overview of planning, budgeting, fund flow, and reporting processes for social protection programs at federal, province, and local levels
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Fiscal Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note will examine the distributional and efficiency issues associated with the fiscal response to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) crisis in Da Nang city and nationally in Vietnam. More specifically, we look at the social assistance (cash transfer) programs. Did these programs efficiently reach people who were the most in need Was the amount of support and the duration of programs sufficient Based on the World Bank COVID-19 monitoring surveys, national-level results indicate that cash transfer programs may have ended prematurely and were not received by the poorest groups or by those who lost their jobs due to pandemic-related factors. Official data also show that the scope of the implementation was smaller than planned, both in the number of new beneficiaries who received access and in terms of the amount spent
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ukraine has made impressive progress on key reforms and restored macro-financial stability, but weak growth and poverty remain a concern. Despite these economic challenges, Ukraine recognizes climate change as the most consequential factor this century, affecting the economy and future generations. This study is the first detailed assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Ukraine, with a focus on agriculture, a key driver of the economy and jobs. The analysis provides an insight into the spatial dimension of climate change, how these changes would be experienced in different oblasts in the country. This report is supported by four background technical reports on climate projections, impact on agriculture, impact on forests and distributional analysis. In addition, climate datasets of over two terabytes generated for this assessment are housed at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Kyiv. The results of this study are expected to inform Ukraine's national adaptation strategy, which is now being finalized. This study also paves the way for the development of sub-national and sectoral adaptation strategies with the spatially disaggregated information that has been generated for all oblasts
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: After the economic slowdown in 2020, Tajikistan's GDP grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent in the first half of 2021. According to the Listening-to-Tajikistan (L2T) survey, the social and economic wellbeing of the population severely deteriorated following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), and the country remained far from full recovery at the end of 2020. The strong economic rebound was mainly supported by a continued sharp increase in the export of precious metals, and a pickup in private investment and consumption. The cautious and incremental resumption of air traffic with regional countries allowed migrants to resume traveling abroad and restore the inflow of remittances. Domestic economic activity strengthened as the government gradually relaxed lockdown measures. In the beginning of 2021, Tajikistan adopted a National Deployment and Vaccination Plan (NDVP) and launched it on March 23, 2021, after receiving the first 192,000 doses of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine from COVAX
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Diversification ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to provide an update to the Government of Cabo Verde, think-tanks and researchers, and the public on the state of the Cabo Verde economy and its outlook, together with the structural reforms required to strengthen the foundations for private sector-led recovery from the COVID-19 crises. The report begins with a chapter on recent economic developments, the medium-term outlook, and risks. It includes sections on growth, fiscal policy, public debt, the external sector, monetary developments, and inflation. The second chapter stresses the importance of improving the investment climate to leverage the role of the private sector for an inclusive economic recovery. It provides an overview of key challenges and actionable policy priorities around foreign direct investment, the business environment, and competition
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Living Standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Nepal made significant progress on poverty and shared prosperity over the period 1996-2010, despite low domestic growth. With consistently high rates of vulnerability and exposure to a range of shocks, the risk of falling back into poverty has remained an enduring feature of the welfare narrative in Nepal. The past decade, from 2010 to 2020, has been characterized by a series of economic shocks that took place against a background of a prolonged political transition towards federalism in Nepal. These shocks were also correlated with declines in economic growth. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, which started in March 2020, is the latest in the series of economic shocks over the last decade which has adversely affected Nepal's economy and labor market; and it is likely to have had adverse welfare effects. However, the lack of data on welfare dynamics during this period has made it difficult to track the impacts of these shocks on households, workers and firms. This light poverty assessment is organized as follows: Section 1 describes the data challenges, and highlights the evolution of measures of non-monetary welfare, pre-COVID; section 2 provides an overview of the impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Nepal; and section 3 highlights the role of pre-existing vulnerabilities and structural issues in making the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis more costly to welfare in the short run, and in potentially deepening inequalities in the longer run
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment
    Abstract: South Africa's social assistance system represents a major intervention by government in addressing the deprivation amongst the country's population. The system is extensive in terms of both the number of people it covers, directly and indirectly, as well as in terms of the amount of scarce resources it consumes. This brife summarizes findings and recommendations from a study that assesses the performance of South Africa's social assistance programs and systems, based on recent national household survey data and program administrative information, in three broad thrusts. Firstly, the study provides a sense of the operation of the social assistance system, the types of benefits it provides through its key programmes, and the tools and administrative systems that support its functioning. Secondly, it reviews the performance of the social assistance system in terms of coverage, targeting, benefit incidence, adequacy, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes. Thirdly, it assesses the extent to which the system is aligned with and equipped to address the so-called "triple challenge" of poverty, inequality, and unemployment as shown by data, and reviews some limitations in the design, delivery systems, and institutional coordination at different administrative levels
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a relatively modest toll on human lives in the Republic of Congo according to official data but has exacerbated an already fragile Congolese economy. As of September 28, 2021, the Republic of Congo has had 14,244 confirmed cases and 193 deaths, corresponding to a mortality rate of 3.4 per 100,000 population against the global rate of about 60.5. The relative low number of COVID-19 tests performed thus far in the country and findings from seroprevalence studies suggest that the true number of infections may be far higher than the number of confirmed cases. The Congolese economy is estimated to have contracted by 7.9 percent in 2020 compared to a pre-pandemicforecast of a positive growth rate of 4.6 percent, the sixth consecutive year of recession. The Congolese Government took early measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Mobility across the country was restricted to essential goods and services
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Cash Transfers ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Educational Attainment ; Empowerment ; Fertility ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Social Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Marriage ; Poverty ; Reproductive Health ; Social Norms
    Abstract: Adolescent girls are viewed as a key demographic group to target for successfully breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty in developing countries. Unfortunately, for many teenage girls in developing countries, adolescence entails a fleeting transition from childhood to adulthood, when they are expected to behave as adults even though they are not biologically, cognitively, or emotionally ready to assume adult responsibilities. This report summarizes the state of the evidence and provides policy guidance on interventions that have sought to: (1) increase educational attainment; (2) delay childbearing; and/or (3) delay marriage for adolescent girls in developing countries. The focus is on these three outcomes because it is believed that altering these outcomes can have lasting effects on an individual's well-being as well as the well-being of others, for example an individual's (future) children. Despite these outcomes having long-lasting effects on lifetime well-being, they can be readily measured in the short-medium term, making it easier for researchers to analyze the impacts of different interventions on them
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The economic rebound gained momentum in the third quarter of 2021 despite another COVID-19 wave. The Philippines has, so far, faced its worst infection wave in September when the 7-day daily average reached about 21,000 cases due to the Delta variant. In response, the authorities reimposed stringent mobility restrictions in Metro Manila and other key metropolitan areas. Nonetheless, compared with previous waves, domestic activity has been less sensitive to infections. Public containment measures constrained overall mobility less, while households and firms have learned to cope with infections and diminished mobility. As a result, the growth momentum was not severely hampered, and the third quarter growth surprised on the upside, exceeding market expectations. The economy expanded by 4.9 percent in the first three quarters of 2021, rebounding from a 10.1 percent contraction over the same period in 2020. Although partially driven by base effects, the growth expansion also reflected an increase in economic activity despite the implementation of several lockdowns. Growth was supported by the industry sector, driven by double-digit growth in manufacturing and robust public construction activity. The services sector posted a more moderate expansion as some key services were subdued by mobility restriction measures. The agriculture sector contracted as farm and livestock outputs were impacted by typhoons and ongoing outbreak of African Swine Fever. Meanwhile, domestic demand improved, supported by a resurgence in public construction spending. Private consumption picked up but still tempered by elevated inflation and unemployment, mobility restrictions, and low consumer confidence. Public consumption growth eased, in part due to the base effects from the swift disbursement of fiscal support a year ago. The global economic recovery strengthened exports, although services trade remained weak. The fiscal stance remains supportive of economic recovery, but the policy space is narrowing. Public spending accelerated from 23.6 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2020 to 24.6 percent of GDP in the same period in 2021, in line with the recovery in public investment and ongoing fiscal support. Infrastructure outlays increased from 3.5 percent of GDP to 4.7 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2021, a result of the government's push on investment spending as part of its recovery program. Meanwhile, public revenues fell from 16.8 percent of GDP in the first three quarters of 2020 to 16.3 percent of GDP over the same period in 2021. Tax revenues rebounded due to strong tax and customs collections, but non-tax revenue contracted following the significant dividend remittances to the Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) in the beginning of the pandemic. The fiscal deficit widened from 6.9 percent of GDP in Q1-Q3 2020 to 8.3 percent of GDP in Q1-Q3 2021. The wider fiscal deficit has resulted in higher financing needs, which have been met by increased public borrowing. Public debt increased from 54.6 percent of GDP at end-2020 to 63.1 percent of GDP at end-September 2021
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access of Poor to Social Services ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Finance
    Abstract: The twin shocks of the pa ...
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Human Capital ; International Governmental Organizations ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) of the World Bank Group (WBG) for the Republic of Djibouti covers the period from FY22 to FY26. It was prepared in a global and national context marked by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It will support the government's overarching Vision 2035 and the priorities of the new national strategy, Djibouti Institutions-Connectivity-Inclusion (ICI) for 2020-2024. The WBG program will remain flexible and adaptable to events in a region experiencing volatility, including in Ethiopia, Djibouti's largest trading partner, and Yemen, located across the Gulf of Aden. The CPF's overarching objective is to support Djibouti's goal of reducing poverty through broad-based and inclusive private sector-led growth. The CPF has two focus areas: (1) promoting inclusive private sector-led growth job creation and human capital; and (2) strengthening the role and capacity of the state. In preparing this CPF, the WBG held consultations with key stakeholders in Djibouti, including the government, parliament, private sector, and civil society. Stakeholders encouraged the WBG to play a leading role in supporting the structural reform agenda and helping the country mitigate the challenges posed by the protracted presence of refugees. They underlined the importance of enhancing service delivery and reducing the cost of services, particularly in the telecom/ICT and energy sectors, but also in health and education, public administration, justice, land administration, and the business environment
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Labor Law ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policy ; Labor Regulation ; Labor Standards ; Minimum Wage ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Across the world, governments use minimum wages, employment protection legislation, and other labor regulations that define the legal boundaries of employment to manage potential labor market imperfections. These imperfections include information asymmetry, uneven market power between employers and employees, discrimination by employers, and incomplete markets for unemployment insurance and insurance for other work-related risks. Labor regulations are also widely used to further other objectives, most notably the distribution of wealth among the population. Labor regulations can have a wide range of impacts on the employment and earnings of workers and the productivity and profits of firms. While these regulations have become common currency in most countries, many economists believe that over-regulation of labor markets can have detrimental consequences. In fact, until relatively recently, most economists were skeptical that labor regulations could have any positive impacts on either workers or firms. In recent years, a more nuanced view has emerged that argues that both over-regulation and under-regulation can constrain job creation and have other negative impacts, including exacerbating inequalities in the labor market. The proponents of this view assert that over-regulation can reduce labor market flexibility, while under-regulation can leave workers unprotected by not correcting for labor market imperfections. In practice, striking the right balance between workers' protection and market flexibility is not easy. From a political economy point of view, different groups with special interests lobby vigorously either for further protection or further flexibility. As a result, minimum wages and employment protection legislation are often highly politicized issues. However, even from a technical point of view, it is not easy to draw unequivocal conclusions about the impact of labor regulations on employment levels, earnings, job turnover, productivity, and other outcomes because of the ambiguity of theoretical models and the scarcity of empirical evidence on the causal impacts of labor regulations. Empirical evidence is even scarcer for developing and emerging economies than for developed countries
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor
    Abstract: Following the surge in COVID-19 infections in Q3 2021, Malaysia is gradually emerging from the worst wave of the pandemic. As a result, the Malaysian economy is expected to be on a recovery path next year. In the near-term, it is key to ensure that targeted support measures remain in place. The Malaysia Economic Monitor (MEM) consists of two parts. Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a selected special topic that is key to Malaysia's medium-term development prospects and to the achievement of shared prosperity
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Inequality ; Informal Sector ; Labor Markets ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Public Sector Development ; Public Spending ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) has an ambitious long-term vision for the nation and its people, operationalized through the national development plans. A rapid increase in public spending financed through borrowing, due to lack of a concomitant increase in public revenue, meant a ballooning of nondiscretionary spending in lieu of discretionary spending. Overall poverty is estimated to have consistently increased since 2015 and, in fact, has rapidly increased in 2020 driven by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Natural disasters and market fluctuations have been a common feature of the Zambian context even before COVID-19, with natural disasters becoming more prominent in rural areas and disproportionately affecting poorer households. Human capital has shown significant improvements in terms of health outcomes and education access, but without similar gains in quality of education, Zambia lags behind regional peers, and the poor are worst off. COVID-19's negative effects will not only affect those that are directly impacted, but will be felt across the population and, in many cases, across generations, eroding decades of progress in human capital. Jobs and economic inclusion (JEI) programs are being implemented across seven ministries, with little coordination and minimal coverage
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Uganda's economy was recovering well, up until the second wave of COVID-19 infections and subsequent lockdown in mid-2021. Since then, activity has rebounded - much like after the first lockdown - but the country is likely to still face a stop-start recovery until there is wider coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine. Notwithstanding this recovery, there has been a rise in poverty and - with the shift back to agriculture for some workers - an increase in household vulnerabilities. We have also seen a widening of inequalities, which have been most severe in the education sector, where schools have now been fully or partially closed for longer than any other country in the world. As a result, Uganda has a long way to go in its quest to build-back-better. Eighteenth Uganda Economic Update includes the special topic of Putting Women at the Center of Uganda's Economic Revival. In line with the structure of earlier editions of the Uganda Economic Update series, this report reviews recent economic developments - with particular attention paid to the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic - provides an outlook for the macro-economy, and then delves into the special topic
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9781464806858
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Poverty and Labor Brief
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Commodity Boom ; Equity ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty ; Shared Prosperity ; Unskilled Labor ; Wages
    Abstract: While LAC continues its progress towards becoming a middle-class region, in 2013 poverty reduction was slower than in previous years. The bottom 40 percent of the population has also seen decelerating income growth since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. Driving the lower gains in shared prosperity and poverty reduction is the region's slowing economic growth. Similarly, after more than a decade of steady decline, inequality has been stagnant since 2010 and remains high. Given the crucial role of labor earnings in poverty and inequality reduction, this report analyzes more deeply LAC's labor markets and its implications for the region's social gains going forward. It shows that the region's push to increase its human capital has yielded dividends; increases in the educational attainment of the labor force are evident across the region. Nonetheless, the substantial growth in wages observed during the last decade was not accompanied by significant changes in the labor market: agriculture and low-productivity, informal service employment continued to be key sources of income for the poor in LAC. Instead, most of the gains were seen in countries that benefitted from the commodity boom of the last decade. As the commodity boom fades and growth wanes, there is a risk that the social gains achieved in the century's first decade will erode
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9781464802911
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Commitment to equity ; Equity ; Fiscal policy ; Human opportunity index ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Shared prosperity
    Abstract: In 2012, the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region continued its successful drive to reduce poverty and build the middle class. Poverty reduction was accompanied by strong income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population, the World Bank's indicator of shared prosperity. However, the recent economic slowdown and stagnation in inequality decline suggest that future social gains may be more difficult to achieve. Given the modest prospects ahead, the region's poverty reduction strategy needs to focus on restoring growth and preserving macroeconomic stability, while reinforcing the ability of less advantaged groups to participate in and contribute to growth. This report assesses two relevant policy areas: equity of fiscal policy and equal access to basic goods and services for children that open the opportunity for them to lead lives of their choosing. Drawing on results from the Commitment to Equity project, the report shows that fiscal policy remains an underused instrument in terms of level and incidence of taxation and spending. The Human Opportunity Index underscores that opportunities are expanding for children in the region, but large gaps remain in access and quality
    Note: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464804410
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (164 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Education ; GDP ; Gender ; GNI ; Growth ; Income classification ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Malnutrition ; MDGs ; Population ; Poverty ; Trade
    Abstract: World Development Indicators 2015 provides a compilation of relevant, highquality, and internationally comparable statistics about global development and the fight against poverty. It is intended to help policymakers, students, analysts, professors, program managers, and citizens find and use data related to all aspects of development, including those that help monitor progress toward the World Bank Group's two goals of ending poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Six themes are used to organize indicators-world view, people, environment, economy, states and markets, and global links. As in past editions, World Development Indicators reviews global progress toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and provides key indicators related to poverty. WDI 2015 includes: * A selection of the most popular indicators across 214 economies and 14 country groups organized into six WDI themes * Thematic and regional highlights, providing an overview of global development trends * An in-depth review of the progress made toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals * A user guide describing resources available online and on mobile apps A complementary online data analysis tool is available this year to allow readers to further investigate global, regional, and country progress on the MDGs: data.worldbank.org/mdgs. Each of the remaining sections includes an introduction; six stories highlighting specific global, regional or country trends; and a table of the most relevant and popular indicators for that theme, together with a discussion of indicator compilation methodology. WDI DataFinder Mobile App Download the WDI DataFinder Mobile App and other Data Apps at data.worldbank.org/apps. WDI DataFinder is a mobile app for browsing the current WDI database on smartphones and tablets, using iOS, Android, and Blackberry, available in four languages: English, French, Spanish, and Chinese. Use the app to: * browse data using the structure of the WDI * visually compare countries and indicators * create, edit, and save customized tables, charts, and maps * share what you create on Twitter, Facebook, and via email
    Note: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group
    ISBN: 1464800065 , 9781464800061
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxix, 238 pages) , color illustrations, color maps , 23 cm
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Equity and development series
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Equality ; Poverty Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Equality ; Poverty Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Equality ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Vietnam ; Vietnam ; Vietnam Economic conditions 1975- ; Vietnam Social policy ; Vietnam Economic conditions 1975- ; Vietnam Social policy
    Note: "This book presents the key findings from a new Poverty Assessment for Vietnam, led by the World Bank and the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), working in collaboration with the General Statistics Office (GSO)"--Pages xv-xvi , Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9781464802416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 339.4/6098090511
    Keywords: Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Caribbean Area ; Latin America ; Caribbean Area Economic conditions 21st century ; Latin America Economic conditions 21st century ; Caribbean Area Economic conditions 21st century ; Latin America Economic conditions 21st century
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464800221
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Matters
    DDC: 339.4/60954
    Keywords: Equality ; Poverty ; Equality ; Poverty ; Equality ; Poverty ; South Asia ; South Asia ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Social conditions ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9781464801990
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank studies
    DDC: 305.50962
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9780821399064
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 185 pages) , illustrations , 23 cm
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Human development perspectives
    DDC: 362.1
    Keywords: Developing Countries ; Health Behavior ; Health Status Indicators ; Poverty ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Social Problems ; Developing Countries ; Health Behavior ; Health Status Indicators ; Poverty ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Social Problems
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview of prevalence and trends of risky behaviors by region in the developing worldDeterminants of risky behavior -- The consequences of risky behavior -- Targeting risky behaviors using non-price interventions/legislation, information and education -- Using economic mechanisms to reduce risky behaviors : tax policy and other incentives.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821389683 , 9780821394618
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 361.6
    Keywords: Economic development projects ; Poverty Government policy ; Public works ; Economic development projects ; Poverty Government policy ; Public works ; Economic development projects ; Poverty ; Public works ; Government policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9780821395646 , 9780821395653
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    DDC: 305.2310951
    Keywords: Child development ; Child welfare ; Children Social conditions ; Children ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821385623 , 9780821385630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 88 p) , ill. (some col.) , 26 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.4/609567
    Keywords: Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Iraq ; Iraq Economic conditions ; Iraq Economic conditions
    Note: "Poverty Reduction Strategy High Committee Government of Iraq , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821369539 , 0821369547 , 9780821369531 , 9780821369548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxii, 498 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 339.4/6
    Keywords: Development economics ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Development economics ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Development economics ; Economic development
    Description / Table of Contents: Ch. 12HealthMacroeconomics and HealthHealth and Economic GrowthMacroeconomic Policy and HealthBeyond GDPInvesting in HealthGlobal Health InitiativesConclusionNotesBibliographych. 13Labor MarketsLabor-Friendly Economic GrowthLabor Markets in Developing CountriesConclusionNotesBibliographych. 14Land and AgricultureLand Distribution in Poor CountriesLand Inequality and Rural PovertyLand Inequality and Economic DevelopmentThe Role of Government in Land MarketsThe Role of Agriculture in Reducing Rural PovertyConclusionNotesBibliographych. 15Technology, Entrepreneurship, and ProductivityTotal Factor ProductivitySpending on Research and DevelopmentTechnology Diffusion and AdoptionInformation and Communication TechnologyAre Entrepreneurship and Growth Linked?Entrepreneurial Activity arid GrowthPolicy ImplicationsConclusionNotesBibliography
    Description / Table of Contents: Ch. 16Urbanization and GrowthTrends in UrbanizationUrbanization and GrowthUrbanization and PovertyKey Issues in UrbanizationConclusionNotesBibliographych. 17Corruption and PovertyDetection and Measurement of CorruptionAnalytical Framework for the Study of CorruptionCauses of CorruptionCosts and Benefits of CorruptionImpact of Corruption on Economic PerformancePersistence of CorruptionConclusionNoteBibliographych. 18Regulation and Economic GrowthProduct-Market RegulationLabor RegulationRegulation and the Private SectorFinancial RegulationPolicy Lessons from the Recent CrisisRegulation and Reform of the Infrastructure SectorImpact of Regulation on Growth and InformalityConclusionNotesBibliographych. 19Shocks, Volatility, and GrowthAvoiding Economic DownturnsInterdependence of North and SouthThe Synchronized Movement of Developed and Developing Countries
    Description / Table of Contents: Ch. 4Government and the EconomyFocus on Fiscal Policy -- The Role of Government in the EconomyFiscal Policy: Taxing and SpendingThe Uses of Fiscal PolicyConclusionNoteBibliographych. 5Monetary Policy, Inflation, and Exchange RatesDefinitions and ConceptsInflationInflation and Economic GrowthInflation and the PoorExchange-Rate PolicyConclusionNotesBibliographych. 6Financial DevelopmentFinancial Development and Economic GrowthFour Decades of Financial Sector Reform in Developing CountriesFinancial Development and Poverty ReductionWidening Access to Financial ServicesMicrofinance and the PoorEmigrant RemittancesConclusionNotesBibliographych. 7Development AssistanceAid Sources and TrendsAid in the Context of Overall Capital FlowsDoes Aid Spur Economic Growth?Ensuring That More Aid Means More Growth
    Description / Table of Contents: International Initiatives to Improve the Effectiveness of AidConclusionAnnex The Five Principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid EffectivenessNotesBibliographych. 8External DebtMeasures of External IndebtednessExternal Indebtedness, Growth, and PovertyDebt Relief and Low-Income CountriesDebt Relief versus Development AssistanceConclusionNotesBibliographych. 9Trade PolicyThe Rationale for TradeTrade BarriersTrade and Economic GrowthTrade, Inequality, and the PoorConclusionBibliographypt. IIIFactor Accumulation and Structural Policych. 10Institutions and GrowthMeasures of Institutional QualityInstitutions and Economic GrowthSocial Capital and CultureConclusionNotesBibliographych. 11EducationEducation, Growth, and Poverty ReductionGlobal Education InitiativesDevelopment Assistance for EducationWhat Do We Know about Educational Policy?ConclusionNotesBibliography
    Description / Table of Contents: Machine generated contents note:pt. IPoverty, National Income, and Economic Growthch. 1Poverty and How We Measure ItPoverty and Well-BeingMeasuring PovertyCollecting DataHousehold Surveys and National AccountsConclusionNoteBibliographych. 2National Income and How We Measure ItMacroeconomic SectorsMacroeconomic ConceptsDetermining Gross Domestic ProductThe Business CycleThe Balance of PaymentsSome Basic Accounting RelationshipsConclusionNotesBibliographych. 3Growth, Poverty, and Inequality: An OverviewGrowth Theory, Then and NowInstitutions and Modern Growth TheoryEconomic Growth and Poverty ReductionVariations in Poverty Responses to GrowthPro-Poor GrowthConclusionNoteBibliographypt. IIGovernment Policy, Growth, and the Poor
    Description / Table of Contents: The Complexity of North-South LinksMonetary Policies and Capital FlowsNorth-South Capital FlowsGlobalization, Volatility, and GrowthThe Financial Crisis of 2008 and Global GrowthGrowth BoomsThe Microeconomic Foundations of GrowthConclusionNotesBibliographych. 20The Politics of Growth and PovertyPolitical Power and Economic InstitutionsEconomic Origins of Political RegimesDo Democratic Countries Grow Faster than Dictatorships?The Interplay of Politics and EconomicsConclusionNotesBibliographych. 21Climate Change and the Wealth of NationsNational Wealth and Genuine SavingConsumption Saving, and a Counterfactual to the Hartwick RuleHow Does Natural Capital Affect Well-Being?High Carbon, High GrowthMitigation of and Adaptation to Climate ChangeConclusionAnnex Empirical Evidence of the Causes of GrowthNotesBibliography.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821386891 , 0821387286 , 9780821386897 , 9780821387283
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xx, 270 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.4/60954
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; India ; India ; India Economic conditions ; India Social conditions ; India Economic conditions ; India Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821383051 , 9780821383056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxx, 122 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: IEG study series
    DDC: 362.5/7
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Poverty ; World Bank ; Economic assistance ; Economic assistance ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-122) , This report was conducted under the overall direction of Vinod Thomas ... [et al.]--Acknowledgements
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  • 54
    ISBN: 0821384368 , 0821384376 , 9780821384367 , 9780821384374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 154 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 325.086/942
    Keywords: Poverty Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Case studies Emigration and immigration ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries Emigration and immigration ; Government policy ; Developing countries Case studies Emigration and immigration ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries Emigration and immigration ; Government policy
    Description / Table of Contents: OverviewPatterns of migration in Tanzania / Kathleen Beegle, Joachim De Weerdt, Stefan Dercon -- Work-related migration and poverty reduction in Nepal / Michael Lokshin, Mikhail Bontch-Osmolovski, Elena Glinskaya -- The evolution of Albanian migration and its role in poverty reduction / Carlo Azzarri ... [et al.] -- Migration choices, inequality of opportunities and poverty reduction in Nicaragua / Edmundo Murrugarra, Catalina Herrera -- How can developing country governments facilitate international migration for poverty reduction? / John Gibson, David McKenzie.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821376489 , 0821376543 , 9780821376485 , 9780821376546
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 236 pages) , illustrations , 28 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 332.1/532091724
    Keywords: World Bank ; Economic assistance Social aspects ; Poverty ; Unemployment
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4858
    Parallel Title: Lanjouw, Peter Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and non-farm employment in rural India
    Keywords: Agricultural laborers ; Manpower policy, Rural ; Poverty ; Rural poor ; Agricultural laborers ; Manpower policy, Rural ; Poverty ; Rural poor
    Abstract: "The authors analyze five rounds of National Sample Survey data covering 1983, 1987/8, 1993/4, 1999/0, and 2004/5 to explore the relationship between rural diversification and poverty. Poverty in rural India declined at a modest rate during this period. The authors provide region-level estimates that illustrate considerable geographic heterogeneity in this progress. Poverty estimates correlate well with region-level data on changes in agricultural wage rates. Agricultural labor remains the preserve of the uneducated and also to a large extent of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Although agricultural labor grew as a share of total economic activity over the first four rounds, it had fallen back to the levels observed at the beginning of the survey period by 2004. This all-India trajectory masks widely varying trends across states. During this period, the rural non-farm sector grew modestly, mainly between the last two survey rounds. Regular non-farm employment remains largely associated with education levels and social status that are rare among the poor. However, casual labor and self-employment in the non-farm sector reveal greater involvement by disadvantaged groups in 2004 than in the preceding rounds. The implication for poverty is not immediately clear - the poor may be pushed into low-return casual non-farm activities due to lack of opportunities in the agricultural sector rather than being pulled by high returns offered by the non-farm sector. Econometric estimates reveal that expansion of the non-farm sector is associated with falling poverty via two routes: a direct impact on poverty that is likely due to a pro-poor marginal incidence of non-farm employment expansion; and an indirect impact attributable to the positive effect of non-farm employment growth on agricultural wages. The analysis also confirms the important contribution to rural poverty reduction from agricultural productivity, availability of land, and consumption levels in proximate urban areas. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4923
    Parallel Title: Khandker, Shahidur R Poverty and income seasonality in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Income ; Poverty ; Income ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Seasonal poverty in Bangladesh, locally known as monga, refers to seasonal deprivation of food during the pre-harvest season of Aman rice. An analysis of household income and expenditure survey data shows that average household income and consumption are much lower during monga season than in other seasons, and that seasonal income greatly influences seasonal consumption. However, lack of income and consumption smoothing is more acute in greater Rangpur, the North West region, than in other regions, causing widespread seasonal deprivation. The analysis shows that agricultural income diversification accompanied by better access to micro-credit, irrigation, education, electrification, social safety net programs, and dynamic labor markets has helped reduce seasonality in income and poverty in regions other than Rangpur in the recent past. Hence, government policies should promote income diversification through infrastructure investments and provide income transfers to the targeted poor to contain income seasonality and poverty in this impoverished part of Bangladesh. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4887
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Poverty effects of higher food prices
    Keywords: Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The spike in food prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 has highlighted the vulnerabilities of poor consumers to higher prices of agricultural goods and generated calls for massive policy action. This paper provides a formal assessment of the direct and indirect impacts of higher prices on global poverty using a representative sample of 63 to 93 percent of the population of the developing world. To assess the direct effects, the paper uses domestic food consumer price data between January 2005 and December 2007--when the relative price of food rose by an average of 5.6 percent --to find that the implied increase in the extreme poverty headcount at the global level is 1.7 percentage points, with significant regional variation. To take the second-order effects into account, the paper links household survey data with a global general equilibrium model, finding that a 5.5 percent increase in agricultural prices (due to rising demand for first-generation biofuels) could raise global poverty in 2010 by 0.6 percentage points at the extreme poverty line and 0.9 percentage points at the moderate poverty line. Poverty increases at the regional level vary substantially, with nearly all of the increase in extreme poverty occurring in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4844
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Weakly relative poverty
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Prevailing measures of relative poverty put an implausibly high weight on relative deprivation, such that measured poverty does not fall when all incomes grow at the same rate. This stems from the (implicit) assumption in past measures that very poor people incur a negligible cost of social inclusion. That assumption is inconsistent with evidence on the social roles of certain private expenditures in poor settings and with data on national poverty lines. The authors propose a new schedule of "weakly relative" lines that relax this assumption and estimate the implied poverty measures for 116 developing countries. The authors find that there is more relative poverty than past estimates have suggested. In 2005, one half of the population of the developing world lived in relative poverty, half of whom were absolutely poor. The total number of relatively poor rose over 1981-2005, despite falling numbers of absolutely poor. With sustained economic growth, the incidence of relative poverty becomes less responsive to further growth. Slower progress against relative poverty can thus be seen as the "other side of the coin" to success against absolute poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 082137205X , 0821372068 , 9780821372050 , 9780821372067
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 182 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.5/561091724
    Keywords: Budget ; Economic assistance Management ; Poverty Government policy ; Budget ; Economic assistance Management ; Poverty Government policy ; Budget ; Economic assistance ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-176) and index
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4743
    Parallel Title: Coulombe, Harold Assessing the geographic impact of higher food prices in Guinea
    Keywords: Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Telling a policy maker that poverty will increase due to the recent increase in food prices is not very useful; telling the policy makers where the impact is likely to be larger is better, so that measures to cope with the impact of the crisis can be targeted to areas that need them the most. This paper shows how to use poverty mapping techniques to assess where higher food prices are likely to hurt the most using Guinea census and survey data as a case study. The results suggest that in the case of a rice price increase, the poorest areas of the country will not be the hardest hit, especially if the potential positive impact of higher food prices on rice producers is taken into account, in which case poverty may decline in some of these areas even if for the country as a whole poverty will increase significantly due to the large share of rice in the household consumption budget. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4742
    Parallel Title: Tsimpo, Clarence Rice prices and poverty in Liberia
    Keywords: Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices
    Abstract: "When assessing the impact of changes in food prices on poverty, it is important to consider food producers (who may benefit from an increase in prices) as well as consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor consumers and producers. In the case of rice in Liberia however, the impact of a change in price is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, while the rice locally produced is used mostly for auto-consumption. An increase in the price of rice will result in higher poverty in the country as a whole (even if some local producers will gain from this increase), while a reduction in price will reduce poverty. Furthermore, because rice represents a large share of food consumption, any change in its price is likely to have a large impact on poverty. Using data from the 2007 CWIQ survey, the paper finds that an increase or decrease of 20 percent in the price of rice could lead to an increase or decrease of three to four percentage points in the share of the population in poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4736
    Parallel Title: Ahmed, Sadiq Making regional cooperation work for South Asia's poor
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Economic integration ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Economic integration
    Abstract: "South Asia has attracted global attention because it has experienced rapid GDP growth over the last two decades. What is not so well known is that South Asia is the least integrated region in the world. South Asia has opened its door to the rest of the world but it remains closed to its neighbors. Poor market integration, weak connectivity, and a history of friction and conflict have resulted in two South Asias. The first South Asia is dynamic, growing rapidly, highly urbanized, and is benefiting from global integration. The second South Asia is rural, land locked, full of poverty, and lagging. The divergence between the two South Asias is on the rise. Policy makers in South Asia have realized that countries and regions can not grow in isolation. The unique geography of South Asia-distance and density--has the potential to raise growth through increased flow of labor, capital, ideas, technology, goods and services within the region and with the rest of the world. Most lagging regions, in terms of both per capita income and poverty incidence, in South Asia are either land-locked or located in the border areas. Regional cooperation and market integration will unlock the development of these lagging regions in South Asia. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4740
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Keywords: Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Ghana, the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. For maize by contrast, the impact is ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Ghana using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, maize, and other cereals would together lead to an increase in poverty, but that by contrast to a number of other countries, this increase, while not negligible, may not be as large as feared. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4744
    Parallel Title: Joseph, George Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Keywords: Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Mali the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because about half of the rice consumed in the country is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. By contrast, for millet and sorghum, as well as corn, the impact is more ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Mali using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, millet and sorghum, corn, as well as wheat and bread could together lead to a substantial increase in poverty, with the increase in the price of rice having by far the largest negative impact. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821372238 , 0821372246 , 9780821372234 , 9780821372241
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 78 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Environment and development
    DDC: 339.4/9091724
    Keywords: Environmental health ; Households Economic aspects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty Environmental aspects ; Environmental health ; Households Economic aspects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty Environmental aspects ; Environmental health ; Households ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty
    Description / Table of Contents: Understanding poverty-environment linkages at the household level -- Poverty and environmental change at the macro scale -- Environmental management and pathways to household welfare -- Scope of the report -- Some key conclusions -- Local natural resources, poverty, and degradation: examining empirical regularities -- The importance of environmental income to the poor -- Commons as a source of insurance -- The effect of growth on local resource use -- Welfare impacts of degradation -- The role of poverty in environmental change -- Conclusions -- Health outcomes and environmental pathogens -- Theoretical linkages between health outcomes and environmental conditions -- Empirical evidence of linkages between health outcomes and environmental conditions -- How robust are the empirical findings? -- Conclusions and tentative policy implications -- Household welfare and policy reforms -- Selected policy reforms: evidence from case studies -- Challenges and data limitations -- Conclusions -- Directions for change -- Use of local natural resources -- Design principles for improving environmental health -- Better data for monitoring change -- Policy reforms for managing the environment and reducing poverty -- Moving forward.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-74) and index
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  • 67
    ISBN: 082137530X , 0821375318 , 9780821375303 , 9780821375310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 139 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 331.109691
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-134) and index
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821375652 , 0821375660 , 9780821375655 , 9780821375662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 285 p) , ill., map , 23 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 339.4/609679
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Mozambique ; Mozambique ; Mozambique Economic conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Social conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Economic conditions 1975- ; Mozambique Social conditions 1975-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-275) and index
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4703
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua The developing world is poorer than we thought, but no less successful in the fight against poverty
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The paper presents a major overhaul to the World Bank's past estimates of global poverty, incorporating new and better data. Extreme poverty-as judged by what "poverty" means in the world's poorest countries-is found to be more pervasive than we thought. Yet the data also provide robust evidence of continually declining poverty incidence and depth since the early 1980s. For 2005 we estimate that 1.4 billion people, or one quarter of the population of the developing world, lived below our international line of
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4739
    Parallel Title: Nouve, Kofi Impact of rising rice prices and policy responses in Mali
    Keywords: Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Mali Economic conditions ; Mali Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The increase in the international price of rice is likely to have substantial negative impacts on the poor in countries such as Mali which are net importers of rice. This paper relies on a dynamic CGE model to estimate the likely impact of the recent increase in rice prices on poverty with and without policy responses. Two sets of policy responses are considered: import tax cuts on rice and measures to increase productivity of domestic rice production. The results suggest that an increase in productivity would have a much larger positive impact than a reduction in taxes. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4745
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Potential impact of higher food prices on poverty
    Keywords: Food prices ; Food supply ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Food supply ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers who are poor or near-poor and could benefit from an increase in prices and food consumers who are poor or near-poor and would loose out when the price increases. In most West and Central African countries, the sign (positive or negative) of the impact is not ambiguous because a substantial share of food consumption is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is larger than the positive impact for net sellers of locally produced foods. Yet even if the sign of the impact is clear, its magnitude is not. Using a set of recent and comprehensive household surveys, this paper summarizes findings from an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in a dozen countries. Rising food prices for rice, wheat, maize, and other cereals as well as for milk, sugar and vegetable oils could lead to a substantial increase in poverty in many of the countries. At the same time, the data suggest that the magnitude of the increase in poverty between different countries is likely to be different. Finally, the data suggest that a large share of the increase in poverty will consist of deeper levels of poverty among households who are already poor, even if there will also be a larger number of poor households in the various countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4789
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Can maquila booms reduce poverty?
    Keywords: Offshore assembly industry ; Poverty ; Women Employment ; Offshore assembly industry ; Poverty ; Women Employment
    Abstract: "This paper identifies and estimates the strength of the reduction in poverty linked to improved opportunities for women in the expanding maquila sector. A simulation exercise shows that, at a given point in time, poverty in Honduras would have been 1.5 percentage points higher had the maquila sector not existed. Of this increase in poverty, 0.35 percentage points is attributable to the wage premium paid to maquila workers, 0.1 percentage points to the wage premium received by women in the maquila sector, and 1 percentage point to employment creation. Given that female maquila workers represent only 1.1 percent of the active population in Honduras, this contribution to poverty reduction is significant. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Uniform Title: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil.
    Parallel Title: Reproduktion von Social exclusion and mobility in Brazil
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte 1977-2001 ; Soziale Mobilität ; Ausgrenzung ; Brasilien ; Brazil Social conditions ; Brasilien ; Marginality, Social ; Brazil ; Poverty ; Brazil ; Social mobility ; Brazil ; Brasilien ; Soziale Mobilität ; Ausgrenzung ; Sozialgeschichte 1977-2001
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c2008
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  • 74
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 Seiten) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Uniform Title: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil. 〈engl.〉
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Marginality, Social ; Poverty ; Social mobility ; Brazil / Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821371614 , 0821371622 , 9780821371619 , 9780821371626
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 62 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 118
    DDC: 339.4/60947
    Keywords: Pauvreté ; Pauvreté ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Pauvreté ; Pauvreté ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Asia, Central Economic policy 1991- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy 1989- ; Asia, Central Economic policy 1991- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy 1989-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
    ISBN: 0821370367 , 0821370375 , 9780821370360 , 9780821370377
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 34 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa Region human development series
    DDC: 368.1/210091724
    Keywords: Insurance ; Poverty ; Risk (Insurance) ; Insurance ; Poverty ; Risk (Insurance) ; Insurance ; Poverty ; Risk (Insurance) ; Africa ; Africa Economic conditions 1960- ; Africa Economic conditions 1960-
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Index-based insurance in low income contexts: potential and limitations -- Recent global innovations -- Forays into insurance in Africa -- Future directions and conclusions.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34)
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 0821369296 , 082136930X , 0821370308 , 9780821369296 , 9780821369302 , 9780821370308
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 308 p) , ill , 25 cm
    Edition: Rev. ed
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization ; Globalization ; International economic relations ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects ; International trade ; Developing countries ; Poverty
    Description / Table of Contents: Background and context -- Globalization and poverty -- Trade -- Finance -- Aid -- Migration/with Andrew L. Beath -- Ideas -- Toward a policy agenda.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
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  • 78
    ISBN: 0821368907 , 0821368915 , 9780821368909 , 9780821368916
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 267 p) , ill , 24 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.5/561091724
    Keywords: Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic policy Evaluation ; Poverty Government policy ; Evaluation ; Economic assistance Evaluation ; Economic policy Evaluation ; Poverty Government policy ; Evaluation ; Economic assistance ; Economic policy ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Statement of responsibility from acknowledgments
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
    ISBN: 0821368885 , 0821368893 , 9780821368886 , 9780821368893
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (liv, 504 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Environment and sustainable development
    DDC: 363.7009861
    Keywords: Environmental health ; Fuel Health aspects ; Indoor air pollution ; Industries Environmental aspects ; Pollution ; Poverty ; Environmental health ; Fuel Health aspects ; Indoor air pollution ; Industries Environmental aspects ; Pollution ; Poverty ; Environmental health ; Fuel ; Indoor air pollution ; Industries ; Pollution ; Poverty ; Colombia ; Colombia Environmental conditions ; Colombia Environmental conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
    ISBN: 0821371738 , 0821371746 , 9780821371732 , 9780821371749
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 329 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 201/.76
    Keywords: Economic development Religious aspects ; Poverty ; Religion and social problems ; Economic development Religious aspects ; Poverty ; Religion and social problems ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Religious aspects ; Religion and social problems
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-317) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 0821362747 , 9780821362747
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 308 p) , ill , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization ; Globalization ; International economic relations ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects ; International trade ; Developing countries ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 82
    ISBN: 0821364863 , 9780821364864
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxvi, 520 p) , ill., maps , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6091724
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3973
    Parallel Title: Skoufias, Emmanuel Conditional cash transfers, adult work incentives, and poverty
    Keywords: Incentives in industry ; Poverty ; Transfer payments ; Incentives in industry ; Poverty ; Transfer payments
    Abstract: "Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs aim to alleviate poverty through monetary and in-kind benefits, as well as reduce future levels of poverty by encouraging investments in education, health, and nutrition. The success of CCT programs at reducing poverty depends on whether, and the extent to which, cash transfers affect adult work incentives. The authors examine whether the PROGRESA program of Mexico affects adult participation in the labor market and overall adult leisure time, and they link these effects to the impact of the program on poverty. Using the experimental design of PROGRESA's evaluation sample, the authors find that the program does not have any significant effect on adult labor force participation and leisure time. Their findings on adult work incentives are reinforced further by the result that PROGRESA leads to a substantial reduction in poverty. The poverty reduction effects are stronger for the poverty gap and severity of poverty measures. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 0821365274 , 9780821365274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv,106 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Orientations in development series
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Africa, North ; Middle East ; Africa, North Social conditions ; Middle East Social conditions ; Africa, North Social conditions ; Middle East Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-101) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3838
    Parallel Title: Adams, Richard H. Jr Remittances and poverty in Ghana
    Keywords: Emigrant remittances ; Poverty ; Emigrant remittances ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The author uses a large, nationally representative household survey to analyze the impact of internal remittances (from Ghana) and international remittances (from African and other countries) on poverty in Ghana. With only one exception, he finds that both types of remittances reduce the level, depth, and severity of poverty in Ghana. But the size of the poverty reduction depends on how poverty is being measured. The author finds that poverty is reduced more when international, as opposed to internal, remittances are included in household income, and when poverty is measured by the more sensitive poverty measures-poverty gap and squared poverty gap. For example, the squared poverty gap measure shows that including international remittances in household expenditure (income) reduces the severity of poverty by 34.8 percent, while including internal remittances in such income reduces the severity of poverty by only 4.1 percent. International remittances reduce the severity of poverty more than internal remittances because of the differential impact of these two types of remittances on poor households. Households in the poorest decile group receive 22.7 percent of their total household expenditure (income) from international remittances, as opposed to only 13.8 percent of such income from internal remittances. When these "poorest of the poor" households receive international remittances, their income status changes dramatically and this in turn has a large effect on any poverty measure-like the squared poverty gap-that considers both the number and distance of poor households beneath the poverty line. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/7/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3850
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Do regional trade pacts benefit the poor?
    Keywords: Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The main objective of this paper is to provide an ex-ante assessment of the poverty and income distribution impacts of the Central American Free Trade Area agreement on Nicaragua. The authors use a general equilibrium macro model to simulate trade reform scenarios and estimate their price effects, while a micro-module maps these price changes into real income changes at the individual household level. A useful insight from this analysis is that even if the final total impact on poverty is not too large, its dispersion across households-due to their heterogeneity of factor endowments, inputs use, commodity production, and consumption preferences-is significant and should be taken into account when designing compensatory policies. Additionally, growth and redistribution decomposition show that, at least in the short to medium run, redistribution can be as important as growth. The main policy message that emerges from the paper is that Nicaragua should consider enlarging its own liberalization to countries other than the United States to boost trade-induced poverty reductions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3867
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H. G The rise and fall of Brazilian inequality, 1981-2004
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Inflation (Finance) ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Inflation (Finance) ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3831
    Parallel Title: Silva, Patricia Exploring the linkages between poverty, marine protected area management, and the use of destructive fishing gear in Tanzania
    Keywords: Coastal zone management ; Environmental degradation ; Fishing industry ; Poverty ; Coastal zone management ; Environmental degradation ; Fishing industry ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Coastal resources in Tanzania have come under increasing pressure over the past three decades, which has led to a significant decline in the biodiversity and productivity of coastal ecosystems. The livelihoods of coastal communities that directly depend on these resources are consequently under increasing threat and vulnerability. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one tool for managing coastal and marine resources that have been increasingly used in Tanzania. Promotion of alternative income generating activities (AIGAs) is often a component of MPA management strategies to reduce fishing pressure and address poverty concerns. However, empirical evidence on whether these AIGAs are successful in reducing pressure on fisheries, or their impact on poverty, is scarce and inconclusive. This paper seeks to contribute to this debate by investigating the linkages between household characteristics, MPA activities, and household choice of fishing gear. The empirical analysis is based on household survey data from a sample of villages located along the coast of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. The author finds that some aspects of poverty increase the likelihood of using destructive fishing gear. MPAs do not directly affect household choice of fishing gear. However, households participating in AIGAs are less likely to use destructive fishing gear, suggesting that MPA support to these activities in Tanzania has a positive influence on household choice of fishing gear. The author also finds the use of destructive fishing gear is associated with higher consumption levels, whereas participation in AIGAs does not significantly affect household consumption levels. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/26/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3980
    Parallel Title: Klytchnikova, Irina Trade reforms, farm productivity, and poverty in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Agricultural productivity ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Agricultural productivity ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Bangladesh Rural conditions ; Bangladesh Rural conditions
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes the distributional impacts of trade reforms in rural areas of Bangladesh. The liberalization of trade in irrigation equipment and fertilizer markets during the early 1990s has led to structural changes in the agricultural sector and a significant increase in rice productivity. A resulting increase in output has been associated with a decline in producer and consumer rice prices of approximately 25 percent. Using a combination of ex-post and ex-ante approaches, the authors investigate the implications of the changes in rice productivity and prices for the welfare of households. They find that the net effects of increased rice productivity and lower rice prices have benefited the poor. Regardless of the particular category analyzed, the poorest households emerged as being particularly positively affected by reforms in the 1990s. This mainly reflects the fact that they are predominantly net rice buyers in both urban and rural markets. In contrast, large net sellers of rice, among the better-off households in the rural areas, were the main losers. Since net buyers in rural areas tend to be poorer than net sellers, trade liberalization has benefited the poor. Although the authors are not able to test empirically what has happened to the welfare level of agricultural wage earners, secondary evidence suggests that they have gained from trade liberalization. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 0821363999 , 9780821363997
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 246 p) , ill., col. maps , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 363.8/56
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Government policy ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-237) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821365118 , 9780821365113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xv, 221 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    DDC: 339.4/6098
    Keywords: Poverty Government policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Government policy ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Latin America ; Latin America ; Latin America Economic conditions 1945- ; Latin America Economic policy ; Latin America Economic conditions 1945- ; Latin America Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-215) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821363220 , 9780821363225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 389 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/096
    Keywords: Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3833
    Parallel Title: Mauricio Structural change and poverty reduction in Brazil
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Structural adjustment (Economic policy) ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty ; Structural adjustment (Economic policy)
    Abstract: "Over the medium time horizon, skill upgrading, differentials in sectoral technological progress, and migration of labor out of farming activities are some of the major structural adjustment factors shaping the evolution of an economy and its connected poverty trends. The main focus of the authors is understanding, for the case of Brazil, how a trade shock interacts with these structural forces and ascertaining whether it enhances or hinders medium-term poverty reduction. In particular, they consider the interactions between the migration of labor out of agriculture, a potentially important poverty reduction factor, and trade liberalization, which increases the price incentives to stay in agriculture. A recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model simulates Doha scenarios and compares them against a business as usual scenario. The authors estimate the poverty effects using a microsimulation model that primarily takes into account individuals' labor supply decisions. Their analysis shows that trade liberalization does contribute to structural poverty reduction. But unless increased productivity and stronger growth rates are attributed to trade reform, its contribution to medium-term poverty reduction is rather small. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/6/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3976
    Parallel Title: Annabi, Nabil Implications of WTO agreements and unilateral trade policy reforms for poverty in Bangladesh
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The authors examine the effects of WTO agreements and domestic trade policy reforms on production, welfare, and poverty in Bangladesh. They use a sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which takes into account accumulation effects, allowing for long-run analysis. The study is based on the 2000 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Bangladesh including 15 production sectors, four factors of production (skilled and unskilled labor, agricultural and nonagricultural capital), and nine household groups (five in rural areas and four in urban areas). To examine the link between the macroeconomic effects and microeconomic effects in terms of poverty, the authors use the representative household approach with actual intra-group income distributions. The study presents five simulations for which the major findings are: (1) The Doha scenario has negative implications for the overall macroeconomy, household welfare, and poverty in Bangladesh. Terms of trade deteriorate and consumer prices, particularly food prices, increase more than nominal incomes, especially among poor households. (2) Free world trade has similar, but larger, impacts. (3) Domestic trade liberalization induces an expansion of agricultural and light manufacturing sectors, favorable changes in the domestic terms of trade. Although the short-run welfare and poverty impacts are negative, these turn positive in the long run when capital has adjusted through new investments. Rising unskilled wage rates make the poorest households the biggest winners in terms of welfare and poverty reduction. (4) Domestic liberalization effects far outweigh those of free world trade when these scenarios are combined. (5) Remittances constitute a powerful poverty-reducing tool given their greater importance in the income of the poor. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/25/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 082136362X , 9780821363621
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 267 p) , 23 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 339.4/6/091724
    Keywords: Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance Case studies ; Economic development projects Case studies ; Poverty Case studies ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3475
    Parallel Title: Siegel, Paul Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America
    Keywords: Assets (Accounting) ; Poverty ; Assets (Accounting) ; Poverty ; Central America Rural conditions ; Central America Rural conditions
    Abstract: "The asset-based approach considers links between households' productive, social, and locational assets; the policy, institutional, and risk context; household behavior as expressed in livelihood strategies; and well-being outcomes. For sustainable poverty reducing growth, it is critical to examine household asset portfolios and understand how assets interact with the context to influence the selection of livelihood strategies, which in turn determine well-being. Policy reforms can change the context and income-generating potential of assets. Investments can add new assets or increase the efficiency of existing household assets, and also improve households' risk management capacity to protect assets. After all is said and done, a household's asset portfolio will determine whether growth and poverty reduction can be achieved and sustained over time. The asset-based framework is amendable to different analytical techniques. Siegel suggests combining quantitative and qualitative spatial and household level analyses (and linked spatial and household level analyses) to deepen understanding of the complex relationships between assets, context, livelihood strategies, and well-being outcomes. This paper--a joint product of the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Vice Presidency and the Rural Development Family, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to strengthen analyses and strategies for rural development, and address policy issues and investment priorities"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3631
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart Poverty traps, aid, and growth
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The authors examine the empirical evidence in support of the poverty trap view of underdevelopment. They calibrate simple aggregate growth models in which poverty traps can arise due to either low saving or low technology at low levels of development. They then use these models to assess the empirical relevance of poverty traps and their consequences for policy. The authors find little evidence of the existence of poverty traps based on these two broad mechanisms. When put to the task of explaining the persistence of low income in African countries, the models require either unreasonable values for key parameters, or else generate counterfactual predictions regarding the relations between key variables. These results call into question the view that a large scaling-up of aid to the poorest countries is a necessary condition for sharp and sustained increases in growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3677
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Inequality is bad for the poor
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty
    Abstract: "It has been argued that inequality should be of little concern in poor countries on the grounds that (1) absolute poverty in terms of consumption (or income) is the overriding issue in poor countries, and (2) the only thing that really matters to reducing absolute income poverty is the rate of economic growth. The author takes (1) as given but questions (2). He argues that there are a number of ways in which the extent of inequality in a society, and how it evolves over time, influences the extent of poverty today and the prospects for rapid poverty reduction in the future. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3746
    Parallel Title: Emini, Christian Arnault The poverty impacts of the Doha Round in Cameroon
    Keywords: Free trade ; Poverty ; Taxation ; Free trade ; Poverty ; Taxation
    Abstract: "The authors aim to assess the possible impacts of the Doha Round of negotiations on poverty in Cameroon. During the recent period of economic recovery, Cameroon enjoyed a sharp decline in poverty, with the headcount index falling from 53.3 percent of inhabitants in 1996 to 40.2 percent in 2001, mostly due to economic growth rather than redistribution. Will the current trade negotiations under the Doha Round reinforce or curb this trend? They apply a computable general equilibrium (CGE) microsimulation model that involves 10,992 households in order to address this question. The authors find the Doha Round to be poverty-reducing for Cameroon. For the whole country, the estimate of the net number of people who are lifted out of poverty is 22,000 following this scenario. Further investigations indicate that more ambitious world trade liberalization leads to greater poverty alleviation at the national level, while Cameroon's domestic trade liberalization has adverse poverty and inequality impacts-despite giving rise to higher aggregate welfare. Under the Doha scenario, the cuts in Cameroon's tariffs are very small (the average tariff rate moves from 11.79 percent in the base run to merely 11.66 percent) so that world trade liberalization effects on prices more than offset the adverse own liberalization effects in this scenario. If the rest of the world and Cameroon full trade liberalizations are combined, the adverse impacts of own liberalization outweigh the favorable outcomes of the world trade liberalization. The results suggest furthermore that the choice of tax replacement instrument can have an important bias in poverty impacts: poverty gets worse in the country case study when using an imperfect value-added tax instead of a neutral replacement tax to compensate lost tariff revenue, and gets even worse when using a consumption tax. Key reasons here are the supplementary distortions which are nil in case of a neutral tax and greatest in the case of a consumption tax. In addition, accompanying measures should be considered to avoid poverty increases in the framework of Economic Partnership Agreements currently in negotiation between African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries and the European Union, which propose a drastic dismantlement of ACP tariffs over the next few years. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3799
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "This paper selectively synthesizes much of the research on Latin American and Caribbean labor markets in recent years. Several themes emerge that are particularly relevant to ongoing policy dialogues. First, labor legislation matters, but markets may be less segmented than previously thought. The impetus to voluntary informality, which appears to be a substantial fraction of the sector, implies that the design of social safety nets and labor legislation needs to take a more integrated view of the labor market, taking into account the cost-benefit analysis workers and firms make about whether to interact with formal institutions. Second, the impact of labor market institutions on productivity growth has probably been underemphasized. Draconian firing restrictions increase litigation and uncertainty surrounding worker separations, reduce turnover and job creation, and poorly protect workers. But theory and anecdotal evidence also suggest that they, and other related state or union induced rigidities, may have an even greater disincentive effect on technological adoption, which accounts for half of economic growth. Finally, institutions can affect poverty and equity, although the effects seem generally small and channels are not always clear. Overall, the present constellation of labor regulations serves workers and firms poorly and both could benefit from substantial reform. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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