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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (11,164)
  • Boston, MA : Safari  (10,521)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (643)
  • Electronic books ; local  (10,521)
  • Private Sector Development  (643)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (11,164)
  • BSZ  (7)
  • GBV  (6)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kontenery (2025)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328372283
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (184 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Autorka Liz Rice, wiceprezydent działu Open Source Engineering w firmie Aqua Security, pokazała, jak w systemie Linux zostały skonstruowane komponenty, na podstawie których są najczęściej tworzone kontenery. Dzięki tej książce zrozumiesz, co się dzieje podczas wdrażania kontenerów i poznasz potencjalne niebezpieczeństwa zagrażające Twoim wdrożeniom. Jeżeli za pomocą poleceń kubectrl lub docker uruchamiasz aplikacje w kontenerach i używasz poleceń powłoki systemu Linux, takich jak ps i grep, masz wiedzę wystarczającą do rozpoczęcia lektury.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed February 10, 2025) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2024 : Unleashing the Power of the Private Sector (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464821080
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Dynamism ; Economic Growth ; Firms ; Human Capital ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; State-Owned Enterprises ; Structural Reforms ; War in Ukraine ; Access To Finance ; Business Dynamism ; Economic Growth ; Europe And Central Asia ; Firms ; Human Capital ; No Poverty ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Sdg 1 ; State-owned Enterprises ; Structural Reforms
    Abstract: Economic activity in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region is expected to remain resilient but slow this year as a weaker global economy, slowdown in China, and lower commodity prices weigh on the region's growth outlook. Regional growth is likely to drop to 2.8 percent in 2024, following substantial strengthening to 3.3 percent last year because of a shift from contraction to expansion in the Russian Federation and war-hit Ukraine, and a more robust recovery in Central Asia. Regional output growth is projected to moderate further to 2.6 percent in 2025. The outlook faces multiple headwinds. A slower-than-expected recovery in key trading partners, restrictive monetary policies, and exacerbation of geopolitical developments could further dampen growth across the region. Weak productivity growth in ECA in the recent decade has resulted in a sharp slowdown in income convergence with advanced economies. Fundamental drivers of productivity growth, including progress in advancing institutional and market reforms, technology adoption, and innovation, are key for enabling private sector-led growth. Boosting business dynamism in ECA will require addressing several challenges, including upgrading the competitive environment, reducing state involvement in the economy, dramatically boosting the quality of education, and strengthening the availability of finance. While meeting these challenges will look different across countries, addressing them is an essential condition to achieve stronger economic growth and overcome the middle-income trap
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ubfal, Diego What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Literature Review ; Private Sector Development ; Women-Led Business ; Entrepreneurship ; Gender ; Gender Equality ; Literature Review ; Sdg 5 ; Women-led Business
    Abstract: Innovative women entrepreneurs can be agents of change and offer novel solutions to global challenges. However, they face multiple barriers to growing their businesses. This paper reviews the literature on strategies to support women entrepreneurs in improving their business outcomes. It focuses on interventions designed to address four areas of constraints that influence their decisions and can impact their business performance: gaps in human capital, access to finance, access to technology and markets, and contextual factors such as legal and regulatory constraints, social norms, access to care, and gender-based violence. The review concludes that evidence of modest average treatment effects and heterogeneity in treatment effects across various interventions suggest the need for more precise targeting. The multiple constraints faced by women entrepreneurs necessitates testing different packages of interventions. Moreover, the successful implementation and adoption of proposed solutions require consideration of the contextual constraints that differentially affect women-led businesses. While the review highlights several interventions that show promise in supporting women entrepreneurs, significant gaps remain in the evidence concerning the most effective strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10744
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Increasing Gender Equality in Fragile, Conflict, and Violence Settings (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Development ; Fragility, Conflict and Violence ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Development ; Gender and Employment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Private Sector Development ; Social Development ; Fragility, Conflict And Violence ; Gender And Economic Development ; Gender And Employment ; Gender Equality ; Private Sector Development ; Sdg 5
    Abstract: Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) significantly impact women and girls, exacerbating gender-based violence and limiting access to rights and services due to weakened institutions. Positive changes can emerge from crises, providing opportunities to reshape social norms and empower women. Achieving gender equality in these settings requires tailored approaches that consider local dynamics and involve influential non-state actors. The World Bank Group's experience suggests that partnerships, strengthened laws, and inclusive policies can enhance outcomes. Sustainable progress demands increased investment, innovation in data collection, and collaboration among governments, NGOs, and the private sector to address these complex challenges effectively
    DOI: 10.1596/41421
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dysfunctional Family Management : Family-Managed Businesses and the Quality of Management Practices (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gatti, Roberta Dysfunctional Family Management: Family-Managed Businesses and the Quality of Management Practices
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Family Owned Businesses ; Management Practices ; Managerial Talent ; Private Equity ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Family Owned Businesses ; Management Practices ; Managerial Talent ; Private Equity ; Private Sector
    Abstract: Better managed firms perform better. Existing evidence has shown that family-managed firms have poorer management practices. Several reasons have been proposed. Limiting to family members reduces the talent pool of potential managers. Family management creates disincentives for other talented workers given that the environment is not meritocratic. Family managers themselves may be less motivated given that they may not have to compete for the position. This study scales up the evidence by exploring the relationship between family managers and management practices for about 9,000 medium and large firms across 41 developing and advanced economies. The study contributes to the literature by investigating several internal and external operating factors that attenuate or accentuate the relationship between family management and the quality of management practices. The engagement of governments in terms of corruption and political connections is found to be influential
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10684
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Yemen : Connecting the Yemeni Private Sector to the World (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragile States ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Conflict ; Economic Growth ; Fragile States ; Private Sector
    Abstract: This Private Sector Assessment Report on the Republic of Yemen is delivered as part of the Private Sector Technical Assistance project. The goal of the project is to understand the dynamics of the country's private sector during conflict; identify constraints to trade, investment, and finance; and propose recommendations for inclusive private sector entry, survival, and growth. The report also includes an overview of the financial sector's impact on the private sector, especially on the latter's resilience during conflict. Finally, the report provides structural and policy recommendations that, once implemented by the authorities on both national and subnational levels, would prepare the Yemeni private sector to participate in the country's post-conflict recovery and reconstruction
    DOI: 10.1596/41273
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Closing the Gender Gap in ID Ownership in Ethiopia : Findings and Recommendations (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Civil Registration and Identification ; Gender ; Governance ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Public Sector Development ; Civil Registration And Identification ; Ethiopia ; Gender Equality ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Sdg 5
    Abstract: In Ethiopia, women are 15 percentage points less likely than men to possess a kebele ID, the primary proof of identity document used in the country. This report unveils findings from a study that aims to grasp the reasons behind this gender gap in ID ownership and offers recommendations for overcoming these barriers in Fayda, the new digital ID system launched by the Government of Ethiopia in 2021. Executed by the World Bank in partnership with Ethiopia's National ID Program (NIDP), the study first uses statistical analysis of ID4D-Findex data to illustrate the nature of the ID ownership gap and its ramifications for women. Subsequently, through desk research and original qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the report delves into four categories of potential reasons for the gap: legal and policy barriers, social and community barriers, economic and procedural barriers, and information and knowledge barriers. In the concluding section, the report offers three key recommendations for integrating gender inclusivity into the Fayda program, drawingfrom the research findings and inputs gathered from qualitative research participants
    DOI: 10.1596/41264
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambodia : Recommendations to the National Roadmap for Electric Mobility Transition (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development ; Affordable And Clean Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Environment And Natural Resource Management ; Human Development And Gender ; Private Sector Development ; Sdg 7
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
    DOI: 10.1596/41263
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blueprints for Private Investment in Ecosystem Restoration : Lessons from Case Studies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
    DOI: 10.1596/41251
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uczenie maszynowe w Pythonie (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328365582
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (256 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Z tego zwięzłego przewodnika po technikach uczenia maszynowego opartego na strukturalnych danych skorzystają programiści, badacze, osoby zajmujące się nauką o danych oraz twórcy systemów sztucznej inteligencji. Znalazł się tu wyczerpujący opis procesu uczenia maszynowego i klasyfikacji danych strukturalnych. Przedstawiono też metody klastrowania danych, analizy regresji, redukcji wymiarowości oraz inne ważne zagadnienia. Prezentowane treści zostały zilustrowane uwagami, tabelami i przykładami kodu. Nie zabrakło opisu przydatnych bibliotek, niezwykle użytecznych w pracy analityka danych. W efekcie książka pozwala na szybkie rozwiązywanie różnego rodzaju problemów związanych z przetwarzaniem danych strukturalnych.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed June 17, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Flask (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328363830
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (264 pages)
    Edition: 2nd edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Frameworki bardzo ułatwiają życie programistom. Pozwalają na szybkie tworzenie nawet rozbudowanych aplikacji, ale praca z frameworkiem najczęściej oznacza duże ograniczenia w doborze technologii. Wszystko jest w porządku, dopóki deweloper stosuje dokładnie te rozwiązania, które zaplanowali twórcy frameworka. Jeśli jednak zechce użyć innej bazy danych albo wykorzystać własną, autorską metodę uwierzytelniania użytkowników, może napotkać różne nieprzewidziane problemy. Szczęśliwie nie wszystkie mikrośrodowiska zachowują się w ten sposób. Framework napisany w Pythonie Flask, w odróżnieniu od typowych frameworków, umożliwia swobodne dobieranie technologii i komponentów aplikacji, a nawet tworzenie własnych rozwiązań. Oznacza to, że Flask pozwoli Ci zachować pełną kontrolę nad budowanym oprogramowaniem!
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed March 11, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    C# 8.0. Programowanie (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328367395
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (760 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Ta książka została napisana z myślą o doświadczonych programistach. Podstawowe zagadnienia, takie jak klasy, polimorfizm i kolekcje, znalazły się w kilku pierwszych rozdziałach, jednak zrozumienie treści całej publikacji wymaga umiejętności technicznych. Została poświęcona ważnym koncepcjom C# i tajnikom tego języka, które rzadko kiedy są opisywane w literaturze. Dokładnie omówiono tu typy ogólne, LINQ oraz techniki programowania asynchronicznego. Przedstawiono najnowsze możliwości platformy .NET Core i języka C# 8.0, takie jak strumienie asynchroniczne, referencje akceptujące wartości puste, dopasowywanie wzorców, domyślne implementacje interfejsów, zakresy, a także nową składnię indeksowania oraz zmiany w narzędziach platformy .NET. Liczne rozbudowane przykłady stanowią świetne uzupełnienie prezentowanych treści.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed November 3, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wszechstronny JavaScript (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328371149
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (320 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Ta książka jest przeznaczona dla średnio zaawansowanych i początkujących programistów, którzy chcą poznać narzędzia ułatwiające tworzenie różnych aplikacji w JavaScripcie. Przedstawiono tu kompletne instrumentarium, dzięki któremu można tworzyć kod aplikacji w stylu CRUD działającej na każdej platformie. Opisano, w jaki sposób należy przygotować sobie środowisko programistyczne do pracy, omówiono sposób tworzenia API za pomocą Node i Express, bazy danych MongoDB oraz serwera Apollo. Sporo miejsca poświęcono tworzeniu interfejsów użytkownika niezależnych od platformy za pomocą różnych narzędzi. Poszczególne zagadnienia zilustrowano praktycznymi przykładami działającego kodu. Dzięki tej publikacji nawet początkujący programista zacznie szybko podejmować świadome decyzje technologiczne.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed November 4, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Python dla DevOps (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
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    ISBN: 9788328368309
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (464 pages)
    Edition: 5th edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Dzięki tej książce dowiesz się, jak sobie z tym poradzić. Znalazło się w niej krótkie wprowadzenie do Pythona oraz do automatyzacji przetwarzania tekstu i obsługi systemu plików, a także do pisania własnych narzędzi wiersza poleceń. Zaprezentowano również przydatne narzędzia linuksowe, systemy zarządzania pakietami oraz systemy budowania, monitorowania i automatycznego testowania kodu. Zagadnienia te szczególnie zainteresują specjalistów DevOps. Ponadto zawarto tu podstawowe informacje o chmurze obliczeniowej, usługach IaC i systemach Kubernetes. Omówiono zasady uczenia maszynowego i inżynierii danych z perspektywy DevOps. Przedstawiono także kompletny przewodnik po procesach budowania, wdrażania oraz operacyjnego wykorzystywania modelu uczenia maszynowego z użyciem systemów Flask, sklearn, Docker i Kubernetes.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed November 25, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kubernetes (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
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    ISBN: 9788328364035
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (240 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Kubernetes jest platformą do orkiestracji kontenerów. Projekt ten należy dziś do najpopularniejszych i najbogatszych narzędzi w swojej klasie, stanowi także podstawę dla wielu innych platform, znanych jako systemy typu PaaS. Dzięki nim Kubernetes zyskał możliwość tworzenia aplikacji, jednak tego rodzaju narzędzia wymagają od programistów i architektów zastosowania odpowiednich wzorców projektowych. Opisują one schematy rozwiązywania problemów na różnych poziomach dokładności, a tym samym umożliwiają efektywne projektowanie i implementację nowoczesnych, elastycznych natywnych aplikacji chmurowych w Kubernetesie.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed May 12, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Python (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
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    ISBN: 9788328361508
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (1496 pages)
    Edition: 5th edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: To kompleksowy podręcznik do nauki programowania w Pythonie. Jego piąte wydanie zostało gruntownie zaktualizowane i rozbudowane o dodatkowe treści. Omówiono tu najnowsze wersje Pythona w liniach 3.X i 2.X, czyli 3.3 i 2.7, i dodano opisy nowych lub rozszerzonych mechanizmów, takich jak obsługa formatu JSON, moduł timeit, pakiet PyPy, metoda os.popen, generatory, rekurencje, słabe referencje, atrybuty i metody __mro__, __iter__, super, __slots__, metaklasy, deskryptory, funkcja random, pakiet Sphinx i wiele innych. W książce znalazło się mnóstwo ćwiczeń, quizów, pomocnych ilustracji oraz przykładów kodu. Jest to kompendium dla każdego, kto chce szybko zacząć programować w Pythonie i tworzyć wydajny kod o wysokiej jakości.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed August 5, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    AI dla ludzi i firmy (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
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    ISBN: 9788328364813
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (336 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Przedsiębiorstwa z branży technologicznej ciągle mierzą się z silną konkurencją. Nietrudno zrozumieć, co stanowi o przewadze firmy niezależnie od branży czy wielkości. Wygrywanie wymaga utrzymywania przewagi konkurencyjnej, jaką jest zdolność określania, wdrażania i osiągania poziomów wydajności nieosiągalnych dla konkurencji. Najczęściej przewaga konkurencyjna ma dwa źródła. Pierwszym jest dostarczanie funkcjonalnych rozwiązań, które dają radość użytkownikom. Drugim — wykorzystywanie właściwych danych do wdrażania odpowiedniej strategii, która wciąż podlega optymalizacji. Zastosowanie w tych działaniach rozwiązań z dziedziny sztucznej inteligencji znacznie przyczynia się do sukcesu firmy.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed July 22, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Focused Assessment of the International Development Association's Private Sector Window : An Update to the Independent Evaluation Group's 2021 Early-Stage Assessment (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window (PSW) ; Ida ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Window (psw)
    Abstract: The private sector is essential for creating jobs and prosperity in poor countries, but developing it is challenging, especially in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS). The IDA Private Sector Window (PSW) is a blended finance facility that enables the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and third-party private sector investors to conduct high-risk transactions in International Development Association (IDA) countries and FCS countries. This evaluation aims to assess the usage, market development potential, and enabling factors of the PSW. The evaluation assesses how the usage of the PSW has changed from its inception in 2017 to 2023 and explores its potential market development effects and its enabling factors, namely concessionality (for IFC and MIGA) and additionality (for IFC). Concessionality is the level of subsidy needed for IFC and MIGA to offer transactions in PSW-eligible countries at market prices. Additionality is the unique support IFC brings to private investments (on a project basis) that is not offered by commercial sources of finance. It comprises financial and nonfinancial additionality. This evaluation assesses the PSW across three IDA cycles: IDA18, which covers FY18-20; IDA19, which covers FY21-22; and IDA20, which covers FY23-25. It updates the 2021 IEG early-stage assessment of the PSW (FY18-20) and complements the IDA20 PSW Mid-Term Review, which was prepared jointly by IDA, IFC, and MIGA
    DOI: 10.1596/40884
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  • 19
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    Digitalization of Government Services for a Better Business Environment in China : A Case Study on the Reform Experience of Zhejiang Province (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Business Environment ; E-Government ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Governance ; Innovation and Technology Privacy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Economic Growth And Planning ; Environment And Natural Resource Management ; Innovation And Technology Privacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The Chinese government has a long-standing commitment to business environment and digital government reforms. China's online government-to-business (G2B) services have enhanced public service efficiency, accessibility, and transparency, creating a more favorable business environment. This note features a case study of the all-in-one online government service platform developed in Zhejiang Province, a subnational leader in promoting e-government and business environment reforms. Following general national guidelines, Zhejiang has been a leader in exploring innovations to promote digital government development and business environment reforms. Its reforms both demonstrate the effectiveness of a proactive approach to leveraging digital technologies for administrative efficiency and an improved user experience and highlight the positive impacts on the business environment
    DOI: 10.1596/41326
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  • 20
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    Managing Flood Risks : Leveraging Finance for Business Resilience in Malaysia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Adaptation ; Environment ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Resilience ; Climate Adaptation ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Resilience
    Abstract: Building resilience to natural disasters is imperative for sustainable private sector development and growth in Malaysia. Floods have been Malaysia's most frequent natural disaster, accounting for 85 percent of all natural disasters since 2000. This report looks holistically at the challenges of adaptation to climate change for businesses, exploring the complementarity among the public sector, the financial sector, and the private sector efforts in managing flood risks. It does so by using a range of complementary analyses that bring together the private sector perspective drawn from a firm-level survey, the financial sector perspective based on a survey of financial institutions (both banks and insurers and takaful operators), along with macro-modelling estimates of the aggregate impacts of future floods. The report concludes with a roadmap for policy action to strengthen private sector resilience and enhance the management of flood risks for businesses, zooming in on policies for the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/41223
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  • 21
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    Climate Adaptation in Uzbekistan : Landscape Restoration Opportunities (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Action ; Climate Change Adaptation Impacts ; Climate Change Impacts ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Environment ; Land Administration ; Land and Housing Regulation ; Land Reform ; Land Registries ; Land Tenure ; Life on Land ; Natural Resources Management ; Private Sector Development ; SDG 13 ; SDG 15 ; Climate Action ; Climate Change Adaptation Impacts ; Land And Housing Regulation ; Land Reform ; Land Registries ; Land Tenure ; Life On Land ; Sdg 13 ; Sdg 15
    Abstract: Land use plays a pivotal role in Uzbekistan's development, and embracing sustainable agriculture offers a promising pathway to achieving middle-income status. This report aims to identify hotspots of land degradation and declining productivity along with areas of adaptation opportunity where landscape restoration can offset these trends under changing climate conditions. It also analyzes the costs of land degradation (cost of inaction) compared to investing in adaptation technologies (cost of action). The report recommends technological, institutional, and policy options to reduce natural capital degradation in the agriculture, forest, and water sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/41524
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  • 22
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    A Carbon Market Guidebook for Kenyan Enterprises (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Carbon Market ; Climate Change ; Digital Divide ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; ICT Applications ; Information Technology ; Private Sector Development ; Public Expenditure Management ; Public Sector Development ; Carbon Market ; Climate Change ; Environment And Natural Resource Management ; Public Expenditure Management
    Abstract: Enterprises in Kenya encompass a diverse and dynamic landscape, representing a crucial driver of economic growth and employment opportunities in the country. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role, contributing significantly to the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) and accounting for 90 percent of the labor force. Enterprises must scale their climate action to meet Kenya's climate mitigation and adaptation goals. However, the lack of funding has limited their contribution to the climate agenda. Debt constitutes most of enterprises' funding, but the price of debt remains very high and loan tenors are short. The availability of patient capital, including private equity, is also low. Carbon markets can be an important vehicle to support an enterprise's climate action. Crucially, carbon markets function as a source of non-debt, results-based financing that does not require prior assets or collateral, potentially enabling enterprises in Kenya that struggle to access other sources of climate finance to grow. Despite this potential and the government of Kenya's commitment to scale carbon markets, Kenya's participation in international carbon markets remains concentrated, with most credits issued by a handful of developers. Many enterprises also have limited understanding on how they should develop and monetize carbon credits. The purpose of this guidebook is therefore to provide practical step-by-step guidance to help enterprises navigate the complex and fast-evolving landscape of carbon markets
    DOI: 10.1596/41384
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  • 23
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    Jak projektować usługi (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328362055
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (528 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Ta książka jest podręcznikiem dla praktyków. Zawiera zbiór narzędzi, katalog metod, przewodnik ułatwiający pracę, mnóstwo przykładów i studiów przypadku. Znalazły się tutaj również jasne wskazówki dotyczące przeprowadzania procesu projektowania usług. Opisano, jak łatwo doprowadzić środowiska biznesowe i specjalistów od projektowania do współpracy. Po ogólniejszym omówieniu procesu ustanawiania i realizowania inicjatyw w zakresie projektowania usług zaprezentowano także szczegóły facylitacji przedsięwzięcia i kształtowania jego otoczenia. Wiele spośród uwzględnionych w tekście metod i narzędzi zostało już dobrze opisanych. Tutaj natomiast, poza ich prezentacją, dodano szereg wskazówek i porad najlepszych ekspertów w dziedzinie projektowania usług. W ten sposób umożliwiono powiązanie doświadczenia z działalnością operacyjną i sukcesem biznesowym oraz budowaniem kultury klientocentryzmu.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed November 25, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 24
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    Uczenie maszynowe z użyciem Scikit-Learn i TensorFlow (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328360020
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (768 pages)
    Edition: 2nd edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: To drugie wydanie bestsellerowego przewodnika po technikach uczenia maszynowego. Wystarczą minimalne umiejętności programistyczne, aby dzięki tej książce nauczyć się budowania i trenowania głębokiej sieci neuronowej. Zawarto tu minimum teorii, a proces nauki jest ułatwiony przez liczne przykłady i ćwiczenia. Wykorzystano gotowe rozwiązania i przedstawiono zasady pracy ze specjalistycznymi narzędziami, w tym z TensorFlow 2, najnowszą odsłoną modułu. W efekcie niepostrzeżenie przyswoisz niezbędny zasób pojęć i narzędzi służących do tworzenia systemów inteligentnych. Poznasz różnorodne techniki i zaczniesz samodzielnie ich używać. Po lekturze będziesz biegle posługiwać się najnowszymi technologiami sztucznej inteligencji!
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed August 5, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 25
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    Szeregi czasowe (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328367210
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (432 pages)
    Edition: 3rd edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Ta książka jest szerokim, aktualnym i praktycznym przeglądem metod analizy szeregów czasowych, w którym ujęto pełny potok przetwarzania danych czasowych i modelowania. Zaprezentowano w niej rzeczywiste przypadki użycia tych metod i zilustrowano je obszernymi fragmentami znakomicie zaprojektowanego kodu w językach R i Python. Znalazły się tutaj praktyczne wskazówki ułatwiające rozwiązywanie najczęstszych problemów występujących w inżynierii danych czasowych i ich analizie. Ujęto tu zarówno konwencjonalne metody statystyczne, jak i nowoczesne techniki uczenia maszynowego. To bardzo przydatny przewodnik, dzięki któremu analitycy danych, inżynierowie oprogramowania i naukowcy będą mogli płynnie przejść od podstaw pracy z szeregami czasowymi do rozwiązywania konkretnych zagadnień na profesjonalnym poziomie.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed September 23, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 26
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    Kubernetes (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Helion | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788328364059
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (256 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: To książka przeznaczona dla programistów, którzy chcą maksymalnie wykorzystać możliwości Kubernetesa, również poprzez pisanie własnych zasobów. W praktyczny sposób pokazuje, jak rozwijać natywne, działające w chmurze aplikacje dla Kubernetesa. Wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób działa biblioteka API client-go i jak należy budować zasoby niestandardowe. Znalazło się tu obszerne i szczegółowe omówienie interfejsu programowania i działania platformy Kubernetes, a także pisania stabilnego oprogramowania w języku Go. Nie zabrakło szeregu wskazówek dotyczących samego pisania kodu oraz przeprowadzania testów. Dużo uwagi poświęcono niestandardowym zasobom, kontrolerom, webhookom i niestandardowym serwerom API oraz wzorcom rozszerzania Kubernetesa.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed May 27, 2024) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 27
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    The Union of Comoros Country Economic Memorandum : Boosting Growth for Greater Opportunities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Accommodation and ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Economic Growth ; Fisheries and ; Fisheries Sector ; Growth Potential ; Human Capital ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Regionalization ; Tourism Industry ; Tourism Sector ; Collective Land Ownership ; Individual Farm Ownership ; Land Reform Impact ; Land Tenure Transition ; Land Titling ; Rural Women's Decision Making Authority
    Abstract: Comoros is at the crossroads to redefine its future and become an upper-middle income country by 2050, but this would require implementing an ambitious reform agenda that focuses on increasing productivity and private investment. The current business-as-usual policy framework has delivered low private investment and human capital, sectoral growth below potential, and no poverty eradication. Pursuing this policy framework, which would not allow Comoros to reach the GDP growth target of 7.5 percent by 2030 laid out in the national development plan, could result in GDP per capita of USD 1,890 and a poverty rate of 22.9 percent by 2050. By contrast, under a policy framework of ambitious reforms that include measures to increase inclusiveness, Comoros could reach a GDP per capita of USD 3,934 and reduce the poverty rate to below 5 percent by 2050. Supported by the continuous implementation of ambitious reforms, such a level of GDP per capita could have Comoros reach upper-middle-income status by 2050. Under this ambitious reform agenda, private investment would average 11.9 percent of GDP in 2023-2050, and total factor productivity growth would average 1.45 percentage points per year during the same period
    DOI: 10.1596/40534
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 28
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    Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Freund, Caroline Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains?
    Keywords: 10-Digit Us Import Data ; Bilateral Trade Decoupling ; China Supply Chains ; Diversification ; Global Value Chains ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Reshoring ; Tariffs ; Trade Policy ; 10-digit Us Import Data ; Bilateral Trade Decoupling ; China Supply Chains ; Diversification ; Global Value Chains ; Reshoring ; Tariffs
    Abstract: This paper examines the reshaping of supply chains using detailed US 10-digit import data (tariff-line level) between 2017 and 2022. The results show that while US-China decoupling in bilateral trade is real, supply chains remain intertwined with China. Over the period, China's share of US imports fell from 22 to 16 percent. The paper shows that the decline is due to US tariffs. US imports from China are being replaced with imports from large developing countries with revealed comparative advantage in a product. Countries replacing China tend to be deeply integrated into China's supply chains and are experiencing faster import growth from China, especially in strategic industries. Put differently, to displace China on the export side, countries must embrace China's supply chains. Within products, the reorientation of trade is consistent with a "China + 1" strategy, as opposed to diversified sourcing across multiple countries. There is some evidence of nearshoring, but it is exclusive to border nations, and there is no consistent evidence of reshoring. Despite the significant reshaping, China remained the top supplier of imported goods to the US in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10593
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  • 29
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    Business Size, Development, and Inequality in Latin America : A Tale of one Tail (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eslava, Marcela Business Size, Development, and Inequality in Latin America: A Tale of one Tail
    Keywords: Business Size ; Developing Economies Business Data ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level Datasets ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-Enterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Self-Employment ; Business Size ; Developing Economies Business Data ; Firm-level Datasets ; Income Inequality ; Micro-enterprises ; Self-employment
    Abstract: Using official employment surveys for 45 advanced economies and Latin American countries, this paper shows that the positive cross-country correlation between business size and GDP per capita is tighter than previously found using firm-level datasets and finds a close negative business size-Gini relationship. The paper also finds a closer connection between individual income and business size for workers in less developed countries compared with those in advanced economies. Because employment data address the bias against the smallest productive units that characterize firm-level datasets, our approach uniquely assesses and highlights the dominance of the left tail of the business size distribution in less developed countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10584
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  • 30
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    Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? : F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Covid-19 Pandemic Firm-Level Impact ; Crisis Recovery In Informal Economies ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firm's Investment Decision ; Informality ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Bank Business Pulse Survey ; Access To Finance ; Covid-19 Pandemic Firm-level Impact ; Crisis Recovery In Informal Economies ; Firm's Investment Decision ; Informality ; World Bank Business Pulse Survey
    Abstract: Using three rounds of the World Bank's Business Pulse Surveys in South Asia, this paper quantifies the relationship between informality and firms' investment and employment decisions. Accounting for multidimensionality in definition and the margins of informality, the analysis suggests that first, informal firms remain credit and liquidity constrained before and during the crisis, especially the necessity firms. In the pre-crisis period, access to finance is correlated with the extensive margin of informality, while during the crisis, both margins of informality matter. Second, informal firms perceive uncertainty to be higher because of pessimistic expectations on recovery and lower ability to predict future sales, especially the necessity firms. Third, credit constraints and accentuated uncertainty among informal firms discourage investments. Finally, while employment growth is slow and gradual for formal firms as they begin to recover sales, job growth in informal firms does not correspond to the recovery. The results suggest that countries with a large informal sector may face unusually depressed investments and jobs recovery and may have to deploy additional policy levers to accelerate recovery in the post-crisis period
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10580
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  • 31
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    Firms in Global Value Chains during Covid-19 : Evidence from Indonesia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Firms in Global Value Chains during Covid-19: Evidence from Indonesia
    Keywords: Global Value Chain ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Industrial and Market Data and Reporting ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; Non-Tariff Measures ; Port Congestion ; Port of Entry Restriction Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Resilience ; Trade Policy ; Value Chain Participation
    Abstract: Using detailed monthly firm-level trade data from Indonesia from February 2019 to June 2021, this paper shows that firm-level exports were overall more resilient than imports during Covid-19. Firms that participated in global value chains were more resilient to the Covid-19 shock beyond the immediate short-run compared to firms that did not. However, among global value chain firms, those that faced certain types of non-tariff measures on their import products, notably port of entry restrictions, on average faced larger reductions in export quantities and number of transactions compared to firms that did not face such restrictions, consistent with the evidence of major port congestion during Covid-19. Therefore, although international connectedness could be a source of vulnerability to global shocks in the immediate short run, policies that enable firms to be more globally engaged through global value chains could enhance resilience. Relatedly, tackling measures such as port of entry restrictions can ensure fast and efficient port and customs procedures, especially during periods of high port congestion, as global value chain trade requires goods to cross borders many times
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10514
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 32
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    The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina, Juan J The Internationalization of China's Equity Markets
    Keywords: Emerging Markets ; Equity Financing ; Equity Issuance Activity ; Equity Market Liberalization ; Firm Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investors ; International Economics and Trade ; International Investors ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Stock Connect ; Equity Financing ; Equity Issuance Activity ; Equity Market Liberalization ; Firm Investment ; Foreign Investors ; International Investors ; Stock Connect
    Abstract: The internationalization of China's equity markets started in the early 2000s but accelerated after 2012, when Chinese firms' shares listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen gradually became available to international investors. This paper documents the effects of the post-2012 internationalization events by comparing the evolution of equity financing and investment activities for (i) domestic listed firms relative to firms that already had access to international investors and (ii) domestic listed firms that were directly connected to international markets relative to those that were not. The paper shows significant increases in financial and investment activities for domestic listed firms and connected firms, with sizable aggregate effects. The evidence also suggests that the rise in firms' equity issuances was primarily and initially financed by domestic investors. Foreign ownership of Chinese firms increased once the locally issued shares became part of the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Emerging Markets Index in 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10513
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  • 33
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    Towards a National Jobs Strategy for Kuwait : Behavioral Jobs Diagnostic Study (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2153
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Jobs ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Starting A Business ; Transition ; Jobs ; Private Sector ; Starting A Business ; Transition
    Abstract: This report presents a diagnostic study of barriers to private sector participation focusing on young Kuwaitis. The General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development (GSSCPD), Kuwait Public Policy Centre (KPPC) and the World Bank's behavioral science team, the Mind, Behavior, and Development Unit (eMBeD), partnered to conduct a series of data collection activities seeking to identify key structural and behavioral barriers that prevent higher youth participation in the private sector. The right of every Kuwaiti to work is mentioned in Articles 26 and 41 of the Constitution and in various Emiri decrees. The Constitution also commits to state provision of allowances for housing, health care, education, as well as social security, pensions, and disability benefits. Overall, Kuwaiti citizens tend to consider public sector employment to be superior to private sector employment. Reasons for this include greater job security, less burdensome responsibilities, generous pay and benefits, and shorter working hours in the public sector compared to private sector (Towards a National Jobs Strategy in Kuwait, 2021). Given this, there is limited incentive for Kuwaitis to work in the private sector. Indeed, Kuwaiti nationals account for only 4.3 percent of the private sector workforce (Labor Market Information System, 2019), the majority of which is made up of expatriates. The public sector, on the other hand, employs 76 percent of Kuwaiti citizens (Labor Market Information System, 2019). However, the sustainability and efficiency of this system is more than ever under question. High population growth and expected entry of many Kuwaiti nationals into the jobs market by 2022 is putting pressure on public sector employment, and the rising wage bill presents further fiscal challenges (International Monetary Fund, 2019). Public sector entities, which are under pressure to absorb these entrants, are already overstaffed
    DOI: 10.1596/40543
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  • 34
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    Innovative Korea (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464819612 , 9781464819841
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (316 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Asian Financial Crisis ; Economic Development ; Global Value Chain ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Lesson For Development ; Middle Income Trap ; Private Sector Development ; Smes ; Sustainable Development ; Technology
    Abstract: The Republic of Korea today is a highly industrialized, global innovation and technology leader. It is the twelfth largest economy in the world with a per capita income at the average of OECD countries. However, in the 1950s it was one of the poorest countries in the world with decidedly bleak prospects, making Korea a well-known case study of successful development. Innovative Korea summarizes the sources of Korea's remarkable growth performance and the policies and institutional reforms that made this possible. In particular, the report focuses on Korea's successful transition from a middle-income to a high-income economy and how it escaped the "middle income trap" by fundamentally transforming its growth model in response to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-98, moving toward a more private-sector-led model with greater emphasis on market competition, innovation, and technology. Instead of targeting large firms and industries, industrial policies prioritized small and medium enterprises and technology entrepreneurs. Exports expanded significantly through greater integration in global value chains. Already high levels of human capital development were complemented by an expanded social safety net and a more integrated approach to education and training--
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  • 35
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    The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Decomposition Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad The Resilience of Smes and Large Firms in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Decomposition Analysis
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; COVID-19 Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic Supply Chain Disruption ; Decomposition ; Firm Size ; Firm Size and Resilience ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Small And Medium Size Enterprise (SME) ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Supply Chain Disruption Impact ; Covid-19 Impact ; Covid-19 Pandemic Supply Chain Disruption ; Decomposition ; Firm Size ; Firm Size And Resilience ; Small And Medium Size Enterprise (sme) ; Supply Chain Disruption Impact
    Abstract: This study analyzes the difference in the decline in sales between small and medium-size enterprises and large firms (the "gap") following the outbreak of COVID-19 in 19 developing countries. The decline in sales as a percentage of the pre-pandemic level was bigger for small and medium-size enterprises by 12.2 percentage points. The paper uses the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder and quantile decomposition methods to estimate individual factors' contributions to the gap at the mean and across the sales decline distribution. Several important results emerge. First, relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises faced greater incidence of input supply disruptions during the pandemic, had lower initial labor productivity levels, and were concentrated in country-industry cells with a bigger sales declines. These differences in the level of factors widened the gap. Small and medium-size enterprises also suffered more than large firms from a given level of financial constraints, input supply disruptions, and country-industry-specific factors, and benefitted less from a given level of initial labor productivity. These differences in the returns to factors also widened the gap. Second, the gap was much larger at the relatively high quantiles of sales decline distribution, indicating that relative to large firms, small and medium-size enterprises were much less resilient to large shocks than small shocks. Third, individual factors' contribution to the gap varied across the sales decline distribution. Thus, the optimal policy mix depends on the size of the shock. Fourth, there were some important differences between geographical regions in what drove the gap. Thus, an eclectic policy approach is needed that duly accounts for the prevailing local conditions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10562
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    The Business of the State (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (204 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Climate ; Competition ; Firm Dynamics ; Private Sector Development ; SOE ; State Owned Enterprises
    Abstract: The state, as an owner of businesses, competes and collaborates with the private sector, and this involvement has profound implications for investment and growth. Governments actively participate in commercial markets in different forms, from controlling the production of goods and services to investing in firms as a minority shareholder. The impact of state participation on an economy's growth depends on the type of public-private ownership, the types of markets, and the importance of those markets in the economy. The impact also depends on how policies and institutions regulate both the businesses with state ownership and the markets in which they are active. The Business of the State uses new evidence covering 91 countries from the World Bank's Global Businesses of the State database to highlight the distinction between businesses of the state and traditionally understood state-owned enterprises. The report analyzes how different ownership forms across sectors and institutional settings affect private investment, productivity, technology adoption, and job creation. It also analyzes how government participation in markets influences the ability of economies to respond to shocks, from pandemics to climate change. The report proposes a clear analytical framework for understanding the consequences of relying on businesses of the state to attain specific development goals
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 37
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    Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? : Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Do Shocks Perpetuate Disparities within and across Informal Firms? Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia
    Keywords: COVID Shock To Informal Firms ; COVID-19 Economic Recovery ; COVID-19 Impact ; Equity and Development ; Firms in Crisis ; Informality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Support ; Covid Shock To Informal Firms ; Covid-19 Economic Recovery ; Covid-19 Impact ; Firms In Crisis ; Informality ; Private Sector Support
    Abstract: Using three rounds of data from the Business Pulse Survey in South Asia, this paper studies the differential effects of the COVID-19 shock on informal firms. It also captures heterogeneity within informal firms based on the degree and motivation of informality. The findings suggest that the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 shock and the recovery speed are strongly associated with the degree of informality. Firms' external attributes, such as size, sector, age, and gender of the owner, do not explain the depth of the impact. Internal characteristics such as poor management capabilities and education of the manager and owners are strong predictors of vulnerability among informal firms. In particular, necessity firms experience a larger drop in sales relative to the parasitic type of informal firms. To add to this, the adjustment response (for example, the use of digital platforms) of informal firms is smaller, which perpetuates the gap between formal and informal firms. Within informal firms, the parasitic type typically have a smaller adjustment response. These findings have implications for policies to support the private sector in the presence of informality, including considerations pertaining to targeting, modality of support, and the instruments required for designing more impactful programs during shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10579
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  • 38
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    Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Davies, Elwyn Training Microentrepreneurs over Zoom: Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Adult Remote Learning ; Business Training ; Digital Delivery ; Educational Sciences ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Remote Skill Training Effectiveness ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Remote Learning ; Business Training ; Digital Delivery ; Microenterprises ; Remote Skill Training Effectiveness
    Abstract: Standard in-person business training programs are costly and difficult to scale to the millions of microenterprises in the developing world. The authors conducted an experiment to test the feasibility, cost-savings, and impact of delivering live training sessions over Zoom to microentrepreneurs in Mexico and Guatemala. This paper demonstrates that it is now feasible to recruit and train self-employed women online, covering a wide geographic area, with few technology issues. However, the cost savings over in-person classes are less than expected. Training improved business practices and performance over two months, but the impacts had dissipated within six months
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10574
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  • 39
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    Missing SDG Gender Indicators (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beegle, Kathleen Missing SDG Gender Indicators
    Keywords: Corporate Data and Reporting ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Goals ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; National Statistical System ; Private Sector Development ; Statistical Indicators ; Tracking Gender SDG Goals ; Gender ; Gender Equality Goals ; National Statistical System ; Statistical Indicators ; Tracking Gender Sdg Goals
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goal agenda lays out an ambitious set of 231 indicators to track progress. Countries continue to fall short in terms of reporting on the indicators in general, and this is particularly the case for the subset of 50 gender-related indicators, where countries reported on average on 31 percent of these indicators in at least one year from 2016 to 2020. A closer look at this low coverage reveals four salient fundings. First, this is not just a problem of missing data; lack of reporting on existing data is detected to be a problem. For example, of the 32 gender-related indicators that are sex disaggregated, if countries that had a population estimate also had a sex-disaggregated estimate (which is almost always feasible), the Sustainable Development Goal gender coverage rate would be 43 percent instead of 31 percent. Second, better statistical systems are a major part of the solution, as statistical system strength is correlated with higher coverage. Third, poorer countries are doing no worse in reporting on gender-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators than high-income countries, despite weaker statistical systems. Lastly, sizable over (and under) performance in reporting, conditional on statistical strength, suggests that country-level advocacy and focus can yield wins in Sustainable Development Goal gender indicator coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10544
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  • 40
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    The Value of Information in a Congested Fishery (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Englander, Gabriel The Value of Information in a Congested Fishery
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Fishery Congestion ; Fishery Profits ; Fishing Data ; Fishing Efficiency ; Fishing Industry ; Industry ; Peruvian Anchoveta ; Private Sector Development ; Value of Information ; Fishery Congestion ; Fishery Profits ; Fishing Data ; Fishing Efficiency ; Peruvian Anchoveta ; Value Of Information
    Abstract: Congestion can reduce the value of a fishery, resulting in a lower total catch for the same amount of labor, fuel, and equipment expended in fishing activities. Absent the congestion externality, better information about the location and size of fish stocks enables fishers to make more efficient decisions. However, more precise information can cause fishers to converge on the same location or increase fishing at the same time. The cost of the resulting increased congestion can outweigh the direct benefit of better information. This paper identifies the circumstances where an increase in the precision of public and/or private information (about stock size or location) lowers industry profits. Using high-resolution data from Peru's anchoveta fishery, the world's largest by catch volume, the research reveals that despite considerable congestion, more precise private information would increase expected profits. On the other hand, the profit impact of more precise public information is positive but significantly smaller. This difference reflects the fact that public information increases congestion to a much greater extent, compared to private information. The policy implications are that improving private information about fish stocks-for example through firms investing in forecasting and decision-making technology-could increase industry profits. But anchoveta fishers would not necessarily benefit from more precise public information. As fishery managers control the accessibility and disclosure of information, decisions to make private information public, such as publishing near real-time catch data, could potentially lower fisher profits
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10543
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  • 41
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    Masters of Disasters : The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brucal, Arlan Masters of Disasters: The Heterogeneous Effects of a Crisis on Micro-Sized Firms
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Pulse Survey Data ; COVID-19 Impact ; Crisis and Micro and Small Firms ; Crisis Effects ; Informality ; International Finance Corporation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Private Sector Development ; Resilience ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Business Pulse Survey Data ; Covid-19 Impact ; Crisis And Micro And Small Firms ; Crisis Effects ; Informality ; International Finance Corporation ; Resilience
    Abstract: Most crises have a disproportionately larger negative effect on micro-sized firms. Yet, the heterogeneity of impact within micro-sized firms is lesser known. Using five waves of the World Bank's Business Pulse Survey data, this paper finds that firms with zero to four employees have a much larger drop in sales and slower recovery rate compared to micro-sized firms with five to nine employees. The overall differences in the resilience between the two groups of micro-sized firms could potentially be due to a uniformly lower productivity level of firms with zero to four employees. Within the two groups of micro-sized firms, resilience is correlated with their liquidity position, managerial attitudes as well as their abilities. Using discriminant analysis, this paper confirms that a significant proportion of micro-sized firms mimic the behavior of larger firms in terms of their resilience to shocks and could potentially be "misclassified" as micro-sized. These findings have important implications for targeting and tailoring support for enhancing businesses' resilience to shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10556
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  • 42
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    Alteryx Designer : The Definitive Guide (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9781098107499 , 1098107497
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (66 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 005.75/65
    Keywords: Database management Software ; Data mining Software ; Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Analytics projects are frequently long-drawn-out affairs, requiring multiple teams and skills to clean, join, and eventually turn data into analysis for timely decision-making. Alteryx Designer changes all of that. With this low-code, self-service, drag-and-drop workflow platform, new and experienced data and business analysts can deliver results in hours instead of weeks. This practical book shows you how to master all areas of Alteryx Designer quickly. Author and Alteryx ACE Joshua Burkhow starts with the basics of building a workflow, then introduces more than 200 tools for working with intermediate and advanced analytics functionality. With Alteryx Designer's all-in-one toolkit, you'll migrate from legacy analytics software or Excel with ease. Ready to work with data quickly and efficiently? This guide gets you started. Learn the fundamentals of cleaning, prepping, and analyzing data with Alteryx Designer Install, navigate, and quickly become competent with the Alteryx Designer layout and functionality Construct accurate, performant, reliable, and well-documented workflows that automate business processes Learn intermediate techniques using spatial analytics, reporting, and in-database tools Dive into advanced Alteryx capabilities, including predictive and machine learning tools Get introduced to the entire Alteryx Analytic Process Automation (APA) Platform
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed March 25, 2023) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 43
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    Focused Assessment of the International Development Association's Private Sector Window : An Update to the 2021 Early-Stage Assessment by the Independent Evaluation Group (Approach Paper) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: IDA ; International Development Association ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Window ; PSW ; Ida ; International Development Association ; Private Sector Window ; Psw
    Abstract: Attracting private capital and developing the private sector in low-income countries are challenging. The challenges involved in mobilizing private capital and developing the private sector in many IDA countries, especially those that are fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS), are substantial (World Bank 2016). In many of these countries, the domestic private sector is small, informal, and constrained by a weak macroeconomic and regulatory environment, infrastructure bottlenecks, and a limited skilled labor force. High country risks and capital flight concerns make domestic and international investors reluctant to engage, particularly in FCS, which also experience security risks. As a result, IDA countries' ability to attract private investment and grow the local private sector remains limited. The assessment will update a previous IEG evaluation of the Private Sector Window (PSW) and complement a concurrent paper by the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). This focused assessment (the PSW evaluation update) responds to a request by the Committee on Development Effectiveness and World Bank Group management for IEG to prepare an update to The World Bank Group's Experience with the IDA Private Sector Window: An Early-Stage Assessment (World Bank 2021), which was completed by IEG in July 2021 and covered the PSW implementation experience under the 18th Replenishment of IDA (IDA18) for fiscal years 2018-20. The PSW evaluation update will add IDA19 and early IDA20 PSW projects. Concurrently, IDA, IFC, and MIGA are jointly preparing a paper on the PSW as an input to the IDA20 Mid-Term Review, focused on implementation progress and early results of the PSW (the IDA PSW paper). The IEG and IDA-IFC-MIGA teams working on the two assessments have agreed to conduct complementary analyses to inform the Mid-Term Review
    DOI: 10.1596/40092
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  • 44
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    Philippine Jobs Report : Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Attracting Business Investment ; Business Environment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation and Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Regulations ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Attracting Business Investment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation And Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor Market Regulations ; Remittances ; Skills Development
    Abstract: Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce aims to inform jobs policy by examining key determinants and outcomes of jobs. Jobs are created when the macroeconomic environment is conducive and policies are predictable to businesses with sustained growth, trades, and investments. At the same time, a large body of literature also shows that economic growth alone is not sufficient for generating jobs. Jobs are created when firms pursue expansion through innovation and competitiveness and demand for more labor input, while workers' skills and human capital are able to meet the needs of firms. Intrahousehold resource allocation and decisions for labor supply also affect the jobs outcomes. It is not uncommon that workers as self-employed create jobs by initiating their own business. The market clearing process of labor is then affected by labor market institutions, most notably labor market regulations and labor policies and programs. These are key determinants of how easy it is to start a business or to hire a worker, how high labor costs are, and how efficiently firms and workers are matched. Part I looks into the country's labor market in chronological order, while Part II discusses three major areas of Philippine jobs - labor regulation, international migration, and emerging demands for green and digital jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/39600
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  • 45
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    Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors : An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method ; Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Export Competitiveness ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10274
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  • 46
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    Trade Credit : Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cull, Robert Trade Credit: Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Institutions ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development and Growth ; International Trade ; Medium-Sized Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Credit ; Access To Finance ; Banking Institutions ; Financial Development And Growth ; International Trade ; Medium-sized Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Credit
    Abstract: Trade credit remains an important source of finance for firms in developing countries and many firms in developed countries, especially those that are young, small, or informationally opaque for other reasons. This paper summarizes the literature and explains the pervasiveness of trade credit, detailing its potential advantages over formal credit in terms of the information that buyers and sellers have about each other and their ability to monitor one another. Because it requires less formal contract enforcement, trade credit can be especially relevant where the rule of law and the legal system are weak. At the same time, reliance on information from social networks and informal institutional arrangements limits the scale of trade credit, and thus moderate improvements to formal enforcement can expand trade credit beyond social networks and enable customers to switch suppliers, which improves their credit terms. The patterns suggest a sweet spot or "Goldilocks" region where mid-size firms and those in countries at middling levels of development tend to rely relatively more heavily on trade credit than others. Going forward, detailed data on the relationship between suppliers and customers are crucial to enable more direct tests of theoretical predictions regarding trade credit
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10468
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  • 47
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    Examining Business Reform Committees : Findings from a New Global Dataset (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Georgieva, Dorina Examining Business Reform Committees: Findings from a New Global Dataset
    Keywords: Business Enviornment ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Globl Competitiveness ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector ; Reform Committee ; Regulatory Coherence ; Regulatory Quality ; Business Enviornment ; Globl Competitiveness ; Public Sector ; Reform Committee ; Regulatory Coherence ; Regulatory Quality
    Abstract: Reform committees (also known as reform councils) are institutional mechanisms or structures tasked with holding policy discussions pertaining to (and making specific recommendations on) regulatory issues, to monitor improvement efforts and ensure regulatory coherence between agencies while enhancing regulatory quality. This paper presents novel granular data on business reform committees for 160 economies collected over 2020-22. The paper presents 35 questions and 238 variables grouped into three pillars: (i) mandate and scope, (ii) organizational structure and operational framework, and (iii) stakeholder engagement and communication. The dataset is unique in that it covers a large number of developing economies and presents detailed insights into the goals, structures, and components of reform committees while contributing to debates on strategies for promoting better regulations. Reform committees are heterogeneous structures, prevalent in lower-middle-income economies, followed by upper-middle-income economies. Most economies with a functioning reform committee state that their mandate is to improve competitiveness globally by improving the business regulatory/legislative framework, going beyond improvements of the business environment for domestic companies. In more than 50 percent of the economies the priorities are set at the ministry level, most commonly the Ministry of Finance or equivalent, followed by the Prime Minister's office. However, reporting lines can be very different-across a quarter of the economies, the chair of the reform committee reports to the President or the head of state, while in close to one-fifth the chair reports to the Prime Minister. In most economies, public sector representatives are members of both the steering board and the working groups. These findings provide new insights into the scope, mandate, and functioning of business reform committees at different income levels and across different regions; they also provide a robust foundation on which subsequent research efforts can build
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10467
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  • 48
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    Tajikistan Economic Update : Focusing On Boosting Private Sector Dynamism In Tajikistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Growth and Prices ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payments ; Poverty Projections ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Finances ; Growth And Prices ; Payments ; Poverty Projections ; Private Sector ; Public Finances
    Abstract: Private sector participation in the Tajik economy is relatively large, but dynamism is very low. Analysis with micro-level data points to multiple weaknesses: low entry rate, low productivity, limited integration to trade, low incidence of innovation, and limited capabilities. Also revealing is that private firms struggle to grow as they age. All these aspects reflect a business environment that does not reward the more efficient firms or those with the highest growth potential. The Covid-19 effects brought additional challenges to this low-level equilibrium scenario with shocks in sales and financial distress. The silver line aspect stems from the increasing use of digital technologies. Still, the apparent digital divide regarding firm size poses questions on the real implications for future productivity performance. Against this backdrop, and to tackle the long-term weaknesses of the private sector in Tajikistan, it is crucial to remove barriers that prevent the reallocation of resources towards more productive firms so that the private sector becomes more efficient and able to generate more and better jobs. In this case, and to prioritize measures that maximize effects on aggregate demand in the short-medium-run, it is crucial to give precedence to structural policies that remove impediments to firm entry and expansion of the private sector. Three sets of barriers deserve particular attention: (i) barriers to competition, (ii) barriers to foreign direct investment, and (iii) trade barriers. These barriers must be tackled together because they all reinforce each other regarding firms' competitiveness
    DOI: 10.1596/40114
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  • 49
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    Buy Big or Buy Small? : Procurement Policies, Firms' Financing, and the Macroeconomy (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als di Giovanni, Julian Buy Big or Buy Small? Procurement Policies, Firms' Financing, and the Macroeconomy
    Keywords: Aggregate Productivity ; Business in Development ; Capital Accumulation ; Financial Friction ; Firm Dynamics ; Governance ; Government Procurement ; International Economics and Trade ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Procurement Rules ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Small Firm Growth Constraint ; Aggregate Productivity ; Capital Accumulation ; Financial Friction ; Firm Dynamics ; Government Procurement ; Procurement Rules ; Small Firm Growth Constraint
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework to study how different allocation systems of public procurement contracts affect firm dynamics and long-run macroeconomic outcomes. It builds a novel panel dataset for Spain that merges public procurement data, credit register loan data, and quasi-census firm-level data. The paper provides evidence consistent with the hypothesis that procurement contracts act as collateral for firms and help them grow out of their financial constraints. The paper then builds a model of firm dynamics with asset- and earnings-based borrowing constraints and a government that buys goods and services from private sector firms, and uses it to quantify the long-run macroeconomic consequences of alternative procurement allocation systems. The findings show that policies which promote the participation of small firms have sizeable macroeconomic effects, but the net impact on aggregate output is ambiguous. While these policies help small firms grow and overcome financial constraints, which increases output in the long run, these policies also increase the cost of government purchases and reduce saving incentives for large firms, decreasing the effective provision of public goods and output in the private sector, respectively. The relative importance of these forces depends on how the policy is implemented and the type and strength of financial frictions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10522
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  • 50
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    Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine : Synthesis Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2162
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Commercial Sectors ; Domestic Private Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Growth ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment ; Social Sectors ; Commercial Sectors ; Domestic Private Financing ; Green Growth ; Infrastructure ; Private Sector Investment ; Social Sectors
    Abstract: In March 2023, the Second Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA2) identified USD 411 billion worth of investments required for Ukraine's reconstruction. The World Bank Group's new report "Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine", developed in cooperation with Ukraine's government, assesses the potential for private financing to meet these needs under both a status quo scenario and a scenario with reforms and other sectoral interventions
    DOI: 10.1596/40562
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  • 51
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    Promoting Innovative Entrepreneurship in Viet Nam : An Ecosystem Diagnostic (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem ; Finance Risk ; Market Dynamism ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Public Research Sector ; Entrepreneurship Ecosystem ; Finance Risk ; Market Dynamism ; Private Sector ; Public Research Sector
    Abstract: This report provides a diagnostic of Viet Nam's entrepreneurship ecosystem and details a set of targeted recommendations for improving conditions for innovative entrepreneurship in the country. The diagnostic consists of four components: 1.) An overview of the Vietnamese private sector, with a focus on market dynamism; 2.) A demand side analysis focused on the flow of ideas, skills, and technology that contribute to the pipeline of innovative startups; 3.) A supply-side assessment of public support and private risk finance throughout the firm lifecycle, and 4.) An analysis of the ecosystem framework conditions. The report finds that the overall quality and the level of public support for entrepreneurship is low; founders have challenges with key aspects of running a business, such as developing product-market fit, growth strategies, and team building; and risk capital markets are heavily dependent on foreign funds and investors and have gaps in early-stage finance. The report concludes with three policy recommendations for improving Viet Nam's entrepreneurial performance: 1.) Reorient the national flagship Program 844 on "Supporting the National Innovation Initiative to 2025" toward building a pipeline of investment-ready, innovative startups; 2.) Address regulatory barriers related to risk capital investments; and 3.) Increase the contribution of the public research sector to the innovative startup agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/40694
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    Asking Better Questions : The Effect of Changing Investment Organizations' Evaluation Practices on Gender Disparities in Funding Innovation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miller, Amisha Asking Better Questions: The Effect of Changing Investment Organizations' Evaluation Practices on Gender Disparities in Funding Innovation
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Africa Gender Innovation Lab ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Governance ; Gender Gap ; Innovation ; Investment in Women Owned Enterprise ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Female innovators raise fewer resources from investors, even when their ventures are similar to those of all-male teams. Efforts to mitigate the disparities have typically focused on changing how founders seek investment. However, the causes of gender disparities are systemic: in uncertain contexts, evaluators value women's competence or leadership potential lower than men's, and investors inquire more about risks when facing female founders than males. What is the effect of investment organizations' evaluation practices on gender disparities in funding innovation This paper examines a two-stage global field experiment with investors making 1,871 investment decisions on early-stage startups, which resulted in USD 320,000 invested in 16 startups. The experiment changed an organization's evaluation framework to systematize investor inquiry across all ventures by including prompts about (1) risk and reward and (2) progress during the evaluation period. This caused treated investors to (1) assess startups more consistently and (2) assess startup competence more dynamically than control investors. It eliminated, even reversed, the gender gap in investment outcomes. These results have implications for organizations making decisions in uncertain contexts, and those aiming to reduce gender disparities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10625
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship in Romania : Background Study for the Romania Gender Assessment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Keywords: Equitable Growth ; Femail Entrepreneurship ; Female Managers ; Financial Inclusion ; Gender ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Private Sector Development ; Self-Employed Women ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Equitable Growth ; Femail Entrepreneurship ; Female Managers ; Financial Inclusion ; Self-employed Women
    Abstract: Although female entrepreneurship is crucial to generating sustainable and equitable growth patterns, international evidence shows that women tend to be underrepresented in entrepreneurship, and this gender gap has exhibited remarkable persistence. In this study, we first measure the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Romania by using various data sources. We observe significant gender gaps, with the average gender gap in self-employment rates being 4.2 percentage points when abstracting from observable characteristics. Even when controlling for observable characteristics, the gender gap is persistent (3.7 percentage points). Other measures, such as the share of firms with female owners and top managers, indicate that the gap could be even larger. Moreover, we observe that the entrepreneurial gender gap varies across income quintiles and between rural and urban areas. In the second step, we analyze the potential drivers of women's engaging less in entrepreneurship by following the model of the "5 M's" developed by Brush, De Bruin, and Welter (2009). We find that the following drivers play a role in the entrepreneurial gender gap in Romania: gender gaps in financial inclusion and access to assets, harmful gender norms, motherhood, lack of childcare, and eldercare. Our findings suggest the need for a nuanced approach toward female entrepreneurship that factors in the distinct challenges of different groups of women and consists of a menu of policy interventions. Policies should range from improving women's access to relevant assets, human capital, and networks to addressing harmful gender norms and sparking an entrepreneurial culture in Romania more generally. Lastly, our evidence indicates that women are more interested in "impact" entrepreneurship. As women entrepreneurs in Romania mainly operate in the primary sector, givingthem a leading role in the green transition has great potential for more sustainable and equitable growth patterns
    DOI: 10.1596/40668
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    Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Goicoechea, Ana Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Adaptation vs Mitigation ; Burden of Climate Change ; Climate Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Mitigation ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Firms and Climate Change ; Market Failure and Climate Change ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Adaptation Vs Mitigation ; Burden Of Climate Change ; Climate Adaptation ; Climate Mitigation ; Firms And Climate Change ; Market Failure And Climate Change
    Abstract: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a disproportionate burden from climate change, potentially threatening the operations and profitability of firms. Simultaneously, firms in LMICs may contribute to climate change through the emissions associated with production. This paper synthesizes the empirical evidence on the links between climate change and firms in LMICs. It identifies three major gaps: poor geographic coverage, little discussion of how market failures interact with climate change in ways that constrain firm decisions, and an overall greater focus on policies for mitigation than adaptation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10644
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    Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bruhn, Miriam Government Support and Firm Performance during COVID-19
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Government ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemic ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper assesses the medium-run effects of government support to firms during the COVID-19 crisis and whether the effectiveness of this support varied with its timing. Using data from three rounds of the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 Follow-up Surveys carried out between May 2020 and April 2022, it relates government support in Round 1 (received in the first half of 2020) and Round 2 (received during the second half of 2020 or early 2021) with firm performance in Round 3 (generally mid-2021). Controlling for a host of background characteristics, firms that received support in Round 1 performed better in terms of Round 3 sales, but only if they did not have continued support. Firms that also received support in Round 2 had similar Round 3 sales as those that received no support and were more likely to decrease employment. Firms that received government support only in Round 2 experienced no boost in Round 3 performance. The findings suggest that government support should be provided promptly, but it should also be phased out quickly
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10641
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    Offshoring Response to High-Skilled Immigration : A Firm-Level Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Offshoring Response to High-Skilled Immigration: A Firm-Level Analysis
    Keywords: EU Labor Law ; EU Labor Policy ; Globalization ; Globalized Labor Market ; Immigration ; International Economics and Trade ; Offshoring ; Private Sector Development ; Skilled Short-Stay Immigrants ; Eu Labor Law ; Eu Labor Policy ; Globalization ; Globalized Labor Market ; Immigration ; Offshoring ; Skilled Short-stay Immigrants
    Abstract: Using a policy change in the Netherlands in 2012 that made it easier and less costly for firms to employ high-skilled short-stay non-European Union workers and a matched employer-employee data, this paper shows that firms in high-skill industries respond by both employing a higher share of non-European Union immigrants and increasing the total amount of offshoring to non-European Union countries. With reduced costs of hiring short-stay non-European Union workers, small firms hire and fire more non-European Union workers in a given year. Many of these workers return to their home countries, establishing direct connections that boost offshoring to firms in the Netherlands. By contrast, large firms absorb some of the workers leaving the small firms. These workers also establish connections between their host and origin countries, boosting offshoring
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10371
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  • 57
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    Mauritius Public Expenditure Review - From Resilience to Performance : Modernizing Fiscal Policies to Boost Mauritius's Growth Post-pandemic (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Education Equity ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Finance Management ; Education Equity ; Fiscal Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Finance Management
    Abstract: Mauritius's economy has grown dramatically since the country's independence in 1968, and its rapid development offers a powerful example for developing economies worldwide. However, growth dynamism has waned in recent years. In addition, Mauritius was hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and headwinds from Russia's war in Ukraine. Nevertheless, Mauritius has shown strong resilience, and with an economic recovery now well underway, the government has an opportunity to implement structural reforms to boost inclusive growth and sustainably regain high-income status. Reorienting the country's fiscal policy will be critical to this effort, to better align revenues and expenditures and to strengthen macroeconomic stability, which played a major role in Mauritius's economic success. Mauritius's transition to a knowledge-based economy will also require a robust competitive environment and sustained investment in human capital and innovation. This report identifies opportunities to enhance the impact of fiscal policy on macroeconomic stability and accelerate the transition toward greener, more resilient, and knowledge-based growth. The recommended reforms are designed to prioritize investment in productive assets while continuing to meet the social needs of an aging society in a cost-effective manner and strengthening resilience against climate change and other shocks. The report also identifies opportunities to leverage Mauritius's low-carbon growth potential in line with the focus of its most recent budgets
    DOI: 10.1596/40788
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    Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes : A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tillan, Pablo Reassessing the Impacts of Exports on Local Labor Market Outcomes: A Supply Chain Perspective - Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Export Competitiveness ; Export Impacts ; Firm Dynamics ; Gender and Labor Markets ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Limited Export Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Export Impacts ; Firm Dynamics ; Gender And Labor Markets ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Limited Export Sector ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the overall impact of exports while accounting for supply chain linkages on local labor market outcomes in the Arab Republic of Egypt between 2007 and 2018. The paper assesses the effects not only on directly exporting industries, but also on industries indirectly affected by rising export demand. Furthermore, it examines potential impacts on specific groups of workers, such as high-skilled individuals and female workers. The results show that trade does not lead to the same connection with domestic labor markets in Egypt as observed in other countries, as highlighted in the existing literature explaining the adverse effects of imports on developing countries. Despite being more open to trade, trade-intensive industries in Egypt have not experienced a significant increase in their share of employment within the overall workforce. To harness the benefits of trade, Egypt must undertake deeper reforms aimed at significantly expanding the export sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10614
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  • 59
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    Containing Tariff Evasion (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clement, Anne Containing Tariff Evasion
    Keywords: Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Exporters ; Importers ; Law and Development ; Mirror Statistics ; Private Sector Development ; Sea Freight Corruption ; Tariff ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Law ; Trade ; Exporters ; Importers ; Mirror Statistics ; Sea Freight Corruption ; Tariff ; Tax Evasion ; Trade
    Abstract: To identify transactions at risk of tariff evasion, this paper matches export transaction data from France with import transaction data from Madagascar using container identifiers. Reporting discrepancies between exporters and importers are prevalent but small, with over two-fifths of importers reporting in a way that increases their tariff liability. Yet, aggregate tariff revenues are 24 percent lower due to discrepancies. These revenue losses are highly concentrated: the top five evaders account for three-quarters of all tariff revenue losses and larger shipments are more at risk of evasion. Tariff enforcement in Madagascar is ineffective and only marginally mitigates revenue losses
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10606
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  • 60
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    Republic of Congo Country Climate and Development Report - Diversifying Congo's Economy : Making the Most of Climate Change (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Governance ; Climate Resilience ; Economic Diversification ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Health Costs ; Natural Capital ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Republic Of Congo ; Sustainable Growth ; Adaptation ; Climate Governance ; Climate Resilience ; Economic Diversification ; Health Costs ; Natural Capital ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Republic Of Congo ; Sustainable Growth
    Abstract: The Republic of Congo (RoC) CCDR is a new World Bank core diagnostic report that integrate climate change and development considerations. It is intended to help the country prioritize the most impactful actions that can boost adaptation and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while delivering on broader development goals. The CCDR builds on data and rigorous research and identify main pathways to reduce climate vulnerabilities and GHG emissions, including the costs and challenges as well as benefits and opportunities from doing so. The report highlights that RoC could reduce poverty in rural areas by 40% and in urban areas by 20% by 2050 by implementing more ambitious reforms to promote economic diversification and climate resilience. It also concludes that business as usual is not an option. Economic losses could reach up to 17% of GDP by 2050 if reforms to diversify the economy and attract more climate investments are not taken. Climate impacts could also increase total health costs from USD 92 million in 2010 to USD 260 million by 2050. The report identifies four priorities to promote sustainable growth in the country: (i) stronger and greener infrastructure and services in electricity, transport, water, and sanitation can deliver transformative results; (ii) More climate-ready education, health systems and social services can save lives and bring critical resources to the poorest; (iii) More investments in natural capital including climate smart agriculture and greater forest management along will help create jobs while reducing carbon emissions; (iv) better climate governance to leverage carbon markets. The forest contributes to USD 260 million in timber exports and store over 44 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Protecting and valorizing the forest is critical to turn the country's natural capital into wealth. The report emphasizes that the private sector has a critical role to play in mobilizing financing for an ambitious set of reforms and investments in the context of tight fiscal space. This will require raising awareness on risks and opportunities from climate change, and innovative solutions and financial sector reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/40433
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    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2023 : Sluggish Growth, Rising Risks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464820458
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Business Dynamism ; ECA ; Economic Forecasts ; Economic Growth ; Europe and Central Asia ; Inflation ; International Development ; Private Sector Development ; Role of the State ; Russia's Invasion of Ukraine ; Business Dynamism ; Economic Forecast ; Economic Growth ; Inflation ; Private Sector Development ; Role Of The State ; Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine
    Abstract: Europe and Central Asia (ECA) continues to be negatively impacted by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, tighter global financial conditions, persistent inflation, and global economic fragmentation. Economic growth in the region is projected to remain weak relative to the long-term trend, delaying the convergence of living standards to those of high-income countries. Climate change is becoming a serious constraint on growth, as extreme weather events are affecting the region with increased frequency and severity. Economic growth for the emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) of the Europe and Central Asia region has been revised up to 2.4% for 2023. The pickup in growth reflects improved forecast for war-hit Ukraine and for Central Asia as well as consumer resiliency in Turkiye and better-than-expected growth in Russia because of a surge in government spending on the military and social transfers. Nevertheless, growth remains weak relative to the long-term pre-pandemic averages. Downside risks cloud the outlook for the 23 EMDEs in Europe and Central Asia. High inflation may persist amid heightened volatility in global commodity markets and a surge in energy prices. Global financial markets may become more volatile and restrictive due to tightening financing conditions. Global growth for 2020-2024 is the weakest than during any five-year period since 1990 and may weaken further
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    Africa's Pulse, No. 28, October 2023 : Delivering Growth to People through Better Jobs (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464820434
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Debt Vulnerabilities ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal Space ; Inflation ; Jobs ; Political Instability ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development ; Better Jobs ; Debt Vulnerabilities ; Economic Growth ; Firm Growth ; Fiscal Space ; Inflation ; Political Instability ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development
    Abstract: Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to slow to 2.5 percent in 2023 from 3.6 percent in 2022. It is projected to increase to 3.7 percent in 2024 and 4.1 percent in 2025. However, in per capita terms, the region is projected to slightly contract over 2015-2025. The region faces many challenges, including a "lost decade" of sluggish growth, persistently low per capita income, mounting fiscal pressures exacerbated by high debt burdens, and an urgent need for job creation. Tackling these multifaceted issues requires comprehensive reforms to promote economic prosperity, reduce poverty, and create sustainable employment opportunities in the region. This will require an ecosystem that facilitates firm entry, stability, growth, and skill development that matches business demand
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    Who should Drive Green Technology Transitions in Developing Countries : State-Owned Enterprises versus Private Firms (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dato, Prudence Who should Drive Green Technology Transitions in Developing Countries: State-Owned Enterprises versus Private Firms
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Emissions Policy ; Emissions Tax ; Environment ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Technology ; Green Technology Research ; Imperfect Competition ; Innovation ; Local Adaptation ; Private Sector Development ; Public Firms ; State-Owned Enterprises ; Emissions Policy ; Emissions Tax ; Environmental Economics ; Green Technology ; Green Technology Research ; Imperfect Competition ; Innovation ; Local Adaptation ; Public Firms ; State-owned Enterprises
    Abstract: Green technologies, such as renewable energy, often require adaptation to local conditions, such as high humidity, high altitudes or the specifics of a country's infrastructure, to achieve a maximal technical efficiency and a long lifetime of investments. This poses a problem for green technology transitions, as adaptations usually imply protected intellectual property rights and thus market imperfections that can lead to higher prices and thereby a lower uptake of the green technology. An alternative could be to use state-owned enterprises to adapt and promote green technologies, such as public utilities, which are more easily steered toward pursuing societal objectives. However, many empirical studies find state-owned enterprises to be less efficient. This theoretical contribution investigates the question whether a green technology transition that requires research and development is better driven by private firms or state-owned enterprises. The paper adapts a model to this setting, derives possible market outcomes from this model, investigates research and development and production decisions of private firms and a state-owned enterprise, and compares the welfare implications of the two options. The results show that there are cases where the cost inefficiency of the state-owned enterprise dominates (for example, if competition of directly importing firms reduces possible markups of private innovating firms), but also cases where a state-owned enterprise is the preferred choice (for example, if several private firms would adapt the technology, causing over-innovation). Most importantly, this is not solely a question of comparing costs, but rather of comparing market outcomes. For example, the use of a state-owned enterprise can avoid the often found problem of overinvestment in research and development by private firms and, in many cases, a state-owned enterprise will induce a wider diffusion of the green technology
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10506
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    The Past and Future of Regional Potential Growth : Hopes, Fears, and Realities (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kasyanenko, Sergiy The Past and Future of Regional Potential Growth: Hopes, Fears, and Realities
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Competitiveness ; Demographics ; Developing Economies ; Emerging Markets ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment ; Potential Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Total Factor Productivity ; Climate Change ; Competitiveness ; Demographics ; Developing Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Investment ; Potential Growth ; Total Factor Productivity
    Abstract: Potential growth slowed in most emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) regions in the past decade. The steepest slowdown occurred in the Middle East and North Africa (MNA), followed by East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), although potential growth in EAP remained one of the two highest among EMDE regions, the other being South Asia (SAR), where potential growth remained broadly unchanged. Projections of the fundamental drivers of growth suggest that, without reforms, potential growth in EMDEs will continue to weaken over the remainder of this decade. The slowdown will be most pronounced in EAP and Europe and Central Asia because of slowing labor force growth and weak investment, and least pronounced in Sub-Saharan Africa where the multiple adverse shocks over the past decade are assumed to dissipate going forward. Potential growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, MNA, and SAR is expected to be broadly steady as slowing population growth is offset by strengthening productivity. The projected declines in potential growth are not inevitable. Many EMDEs could lift potential growth by implementing reforms, with policy priorities varying across regions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10368
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    Closing Gender Gaps in Earnings (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Business Ethics, Leadership and Values ; Development Policy Lending ; Earning Equity ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender Equity ; Gender Policy ; Male Dominated Employment Sectors ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Gap ; Womens Skills Development ; Womens Work ; Workplace Discrimination ; Development Policy Lending ; Earning Equity ; Gender Equity ; Gender Policy ; Male Dominated Employment Sectors ; Skills Gap ; Womens Skills Development ; Womens Work ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Gender gaps in earnings persist across all regions. For every dollar men make, women make 77 cents. Closing this gap can lead to sizeable gains for economies - an estimated 160 trillion dollars in global gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. A multitude of factors contributes to this gap and this note sheds light on some of the key drivers. Effective evidence-backed policy options to close the earnings gap include providing information on work opportunities and returns to employment, training in socio-emotional skills, imparting sector-specific technical skills to address occupational segregation and adopting pay-transparency laws. The World Bank Group actively supports countries to boost women's access to better, high-quality jobs through development policy lending, advisory and analytical work, and supporting reforms to address constraining contextual factors. This note examines an array of policy options that are effective or show promise in closing gender gaps in earnings and offers some key takeaways
    DOI: 10.1596/39596
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    Planning for Success : Strategies of Investment Promotion Agencies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Promotion Agencies ; IPA Strategy ; KPI ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Investment Promotion Agencies ; Ipa Strategy ; Kpi ; Monitoring And Evaluation ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Governments establish investment promotion agencies (IPAs) as part of the larger framework fostering private sector development and contributing to achieving national development objectives. IPAs do this by attracting and supporting investments that will translate into more and better jobs; higher wages; more revenue for local businesses; and the skills, technologies, and new economic activities which will, in turn, lead again to more jobs, wages, and local revenue. In order to do this, the IPA must identify its own strategic objectives and chart a path towards the achievement of these objectives. Cascading from national strategies and plans, the IPA's strategy is a key tool that helps it succeed by guiding it to focus on the investors most likely to invest and generate the desired impacts, engage in the most suitable activities to cater to investors along the investment lifecycle, and make the best use of its resources, capabilities, and partnerships. This note serves as a guide to IPAs and policy makers in the development, adoption, and implementation of IPA strategies, drawing on World Bank Group experience and examples of good practices around the world. It presents the essential elements of an investment promotion strategy and the critical steps for its development and implementation
    DOI: 10.1596/39644
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    Essential Math for AI (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (54 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Companies are scrambling to integrate AI into their systems and operations. But to build truly successful solutions, you need a firm grasp of the underlying mathematics. This accessible guide walks you through the math necessary to thrive in the AI field such as focusing on real-world applications rather than dense academic theory. Engineers, data scientists, and students alike will examine mathematical topics critical for AI--including regression, neural networks, optimization, backpropagation, convolution, Markov chains, and more--through popular applications such as computer vision, natural language processing, and automated systems. And supplementary Jupyter notebooks shed light on examples with Python code and visualizations. Whether you're just beginning your career or have years of experience, this book gives you the foundation necessary to dive deeper in the field. Understand the underlying mathematics powering AI systems, including generative adversarial networks, random graphs, large random matrices, mathematical logic, optimal control, and more Learn how to adapt mathematical methods to different applications from completely different fields Gain the mathematical fluency to interpret and explain how AI systems arrive at their decisions
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed February 25, 2023) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Deep learning (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Tecniche Nuove | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9788848141130
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (264 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Negli ultimi dieci anni, con il ritorno delle reti neurali, la comprensione del Deep Learning è diventata essenziale e questo manuale fornisce un’introduzione approfondita per i data scientist e gli ingegneri del software con precedenti esperienze nel machine learning. Inizierete con le basi del Deep Learning e passerete rapidamente ai dettagli di importanti architetture avanzate, implementando tutto da zero. L’autore Seth Weidman vi mostra come funzionano le reti neurali usando un approccio basato su principi primi. Imparerete come applicare da zero le reti neurali multistrato, le reti neurali convoluzionali e quelle ricorrenti. Acquisendo una comprensione dettagliata di come queste reti funzionino matematicamente, computazionalmente e concettualmente, porterete a termine con successo i vostri futuri progetti di Deep Learning.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed September 21, 2023) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Practical Simulations for Machine Learning (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (500 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Simulation and synthesis are core parts of the future of AI and machine learning. Consider: programmers, data scientists, and machine learning engineers can create the brain of a self-driving car without the car. Rather than use information from the real world, you can create artificial data using simulations to train traditional machine learning models. That's just the beginning. With this practical book, you'll explore the possibilities of simulation- and synthesis-based machine learning and AI, with a focus on deep reinforcement learning and imitation learning techniques. AI and ML are increasingly data driven, and simulations are a powerful, engaging way to unlock their full potential. With this deeply practical book, you'll learn how to: Design an approach for solving ML and AI problems using simulations Use a game engine to synthesize images for use as training data Create simulation environments designed for training deep reinforcement learning and imitation learning Use and apply efficient general-purpose algorithms for simulation-based ML, such as proximal policy optimization (PPO) and soft actor-critic (SAO) Train ML models locally, concurrently, and in the cloud Use PyTorch, TensorFlow, the Unity ML-Agents and Perception Toolkits to enable ML tools to work with industry-standard game development tools
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed March 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 70
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    Online Resource
    Practical Fraud Prevention (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Over the past two decades, the booming ecommerce and fintech industries have become a breeding ground for fraud. Organizations that conduct business online are constantly engaged in a cat-and-mouse game with these invaders. In this practical book, Gilit Saporta and Shoshana Maraney draw on their experience of fraud fighting to provide best practices, methodologies, and tools to help your organization detect and prevent fraud and other malicious activities. Data scientists, data analysts, and fraud analysts will learn how to identify and quickly respond to attacks. You'll get a comprehensive view of typical incursions as well as recommended detection analytic methods. Online fraud is constantly evolving. This book helps experienced researchers safely guide and protect their organizations in the ever-changing fraud landscape. With this book, you will: Examine current fraud attacks and learn how to mitigate them Find the right balance between preventing fraud and providing a smooth customer experience Share insights across multiple business areas, including ecommerce and banking Evaluate potential risks for a new vertical, market, or product Train and mentor teams by initiating hackathons and kickstarting brainstorming sessions Get a framework of fraud methods and fraud-fighting analytics
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed April 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 71
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    Mastering API Architecture (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (121 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Most organizations with a web presence build and operate APIs; the doorway for customers to interact with the company's services. Designing, building, and managing these critical programs affect everyone in the organization, from engineers and product owners to C-suite executives. But the real challenge for developers and solution architects is creating an API platform from the ground up. With this practical book, you'll learn strategies for building and testing REST APIs that use API gateways to combine offerings at the microservice level. Authors James Gough, Daniel Bryant, and Matthew Auburn demonstrate how simple additions to this infrastructure can help engineers and organizations migrate to the cloud; and open the opportunity to connect internal services using technologies like a service mesh. Learn API fundamentals and architectural patterns for building an API platform Explore evolving trends such as asynchronous and streaming APIs Help drive your API program by performing an informed architectural role Build and configure key components of an API platform Deploy gateways and service meshes based on case studies Understand core security and vulnerabilities in API architecture Secure data and services using OAuth 2.0, TLS, and web application firewalls
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed January 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 72
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    Concurrency and Scalability for Distributed Systems (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9781098106034 , 1098106032
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (46 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 005.1
    Keywords: Computer software Development ; System design ; Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: In many systems, scalability becomes the primary driver as the user base grows. Attractive features and high utility breed success, which brings more requests to handle and more data to manage. But organizations reach a tipping point when design decisions that made sense under light loads suddenly become technical debt. This practical book covers design approaches and technologies that make it possible to scale an application quickly and cost-effectively. Author Ian Gorton takes software architects and developers through the principles of foundational distributed systems. Youâ??ll explore the essential ingredients of scalable solutions, including replication, state management, load balancing, and caching. Specific chapters focus on the implications of scalability for databases, microservices, and event-based streaming systems. You'll focus on: Foundations of scalable systems: Learn basic design principles of scalability, its costs, and architectural tradeoffs Designing scalable services: Dive into service design, caching, asynchronous messaging, serverless processing, and microservices Designing scalable data systems: Learn data system fundamentals, NoSQL databases, and eventual consistency versus strong consistency Designing scalable streaming systems: Explore stream processing systems and scalable event-driven processing
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed August 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 73
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    AWS System Administration, 2nd Edition (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (81 pages)
    Edition: 2nd edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: With Amazon Web Services and other platforms designed for rapid adaptation and failure recovery, cloud computing is more like programming than traditional system administration. For developers, this practical book provides system administration knowledge to ensure you're using AWS effectively, so you can build a robust and resilient application infrastructure. System administrators will learn how to automate their favorite tools and processes. In the second edition of this guide, authors Federico Lucifredi, Jacob Zimmerman, and Mike Ryan show developers and system administrators how to configure and manage AWS services including EC2, CloudFormation, Elastic Load Balancing, S3, and Route 53. Fully configuring infrastructure with automation, this book walks you through developing a complete application example along the way. Even small DevOps teams can manage massively scalable application infrastructures once they drop old views and master automation. Securely deploy and manage your applications with AWS tools Automate AWS configuration management with Python, Puppet, and Ansible Deploy applications with autoscaling and elastic load balancing Explore ways to deploy application and infrastructure updates Save time on development and operations with reusable strategies Embrace GitOps versioning of infrastructure and application code alike Learn strategies for managing log files in AWS environments Configure a cloud-aware DNS service with Route 53 Use AWS CloudWatch to monitor your infrastructure and applications
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed September 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 74
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    Ansible : Up and Running, 3rd Edition (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9781098109127 , 1098109120
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (58 pages)
    Edition: 3rd edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 004.068/8
    Keywords: Configuration management ; Programming languages (Electronic computers) ; Open source software ; Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Among the many configuration management tools available, Ansible has some distinct advantages: It's minimal in nature. You don't need to install anything on your nodes. And it has an easy learning curve. With this updated third edition, you'll quickly learn how to be productive with this tool, whether you're a developer deploying code to production or a system administrator looking for a better automation solution. Authors Bas Meijer, Lorin Hochstein, and Rene Moser show you how to write playbooks (Ansible's configuration management scripts), manage remote servers, and explore the tool's real power: built-in declarative modules. You'll learn how Ansible has all the functionality you need and the simplicity you desire. Explore Ansible configuration management and deployment Learn how to apply Ansible best practices Understand how to use the new collections format Create a local development environment Generate reusable Ansible content for open source middleware Build container images, images for cloud instances, and cloud computing instances Ready to use Ansible for mission-critical work? With this new edition, you'll learn how to eliminate the guesswork and assumptions when using software engineering methods to validate code quality.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed September 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 75
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    Head First Git (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (68 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: What will you learn from this book? Many people who use Git rely on "recipes"—basic copy-paste commands—without understanding how this version control system actually works. But what do you do if you find yourself in a tight spot? You can't simply wing it. With this unique hands-on guide, you'll learn valuable ways to use Git in many different situations. Raju Gandhi peels back the layers to reveal the simple yet powerful engine that powers Git, with activities that help you truly understand this crucial tool as you get it up and running. You’ll master branches, tags, stashes, and merges; learn best practices; collaborate with your team; and unlock the full potential of Git. What’s so special about this book? If you've read a Head First book, you know what to expect—a visually rich format designed for the way your brain works. If you haven't, you're in for a treat. With this book, you’ll learn Git through a multi-sensory experience that engages your mind, rather than a text-heavy approach that puts you to sleep
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed June 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 76
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    Full Stack Testing (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (50 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Testing is a critical discipline for any organization looking to deliver high-quality software. This practical book provides software developers and QA engineers with a comprehensive one-stop guide to testing skills in 10 different categories. You'll learn appropriate strategies, concepts, and practical implementation knowledge you can apply from both a development and testing perspective for web and mobile applications. Author Gayathri Mohan offers examples of more than 40 tools you can use immediately. You'll acquire the skills to conduct exploratory testing, test automation, cross-functional testing, data testing, mobile testing, and visual testing, as well as tests for performance, security, and accessibility. You'll learn to integrate them in continuous integration pipelines to gain faster feedback. Once you dive into this guide, you'll be able to tackle challenging development workflows with a focus on quality. With this book, you will: Learn how to employ various testing types to yield maximum quality in your projects Explore new testing methods by following the book's strategies and concepts Learn how to apply these tools at work by following detailed examples Improve your skills and job prospects by gaining a broad exposure to testing best practices
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed March 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 77
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    Python for Data Analysis, 3rd Edition (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (60 pages)
    Edition: 3rd edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 006.3/12
    Keywords: Python (Computer program language) ; Programming languages (Electronic computers) ; Data mining ; Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books ; Exploration de données (Informatique) ; Python (Langage de programmation) ; Programming languages (Electronic computers) ; Data mining ; Python (Computer program language)
    Abstract: Get the definitive handbook for manipulating, processing, cleaning, and crunching datasets in Python. Updated for Python 3.9 and pandas 1.2, the third edition of this hands-on guide is packed with practical case studies that show you how to solve a broad set of data analysis problems effectively. You�?�¢??ll learn the latest versions of pandas, NumPy, and Jupyter in the process. Written by Wes McKinney, the creator of the Python pandas project, this book is a practical, modern introduction to data science tools in Python. It�?�¢??s ideal for analysts new to Python and for Python programmers new to data science and scientific computing. Data files and related material are available on GitHub. Use the Jupyter notebook and IPython shell for exploratory computing Learn basic and advanced features in NumPy Get started with data analysis tools in the pandas library Use flexible tools to load, clean, transform, merge, and reshape data Create informative visualizations with matplotlib Apply the pandas groupby facility to slice, dice, and summarize datasets Analyze and manipulate regular and irregular time series data Learn how to solve real-world data analysis problems with thorough, detailed examples
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed September 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 78
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    Graph-Powered Analytics and Machine Learning with TigerGraph (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9781098106621 , 1098106628
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (93 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 005.74
    Keywords: Databases ; Graph databases ; Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: With the rapid rise of graph databases, organizations are now implementing advanced analytics and machine learning solutions to help drive business outcomes. This practical guide shows data scientists, data engineers, architects, and business analysts how to get started with a graph database using TigerGraph, one of the leading graph database models available. You'll explore a three-stage approach to deriving value from connected data: connect, analyze, and learn. Victor Lee, Xinyu Chan, and Gaurav Deshpande from TigerGraph present real use cases covering several contemporary business needs. By diving into hands-on exercises using TigerGraph Cloud, you'll quickly become proficient at designing and managing advanced analytics and machine learning solutions for your organization. Use graph thinking to connect, analyze, and learn from data for advanced analytics and machine learning Learn how graph analytics and machine learning can deliver key business insights and outcomes Use five core categories of graph algorithms to drive advanced analytics and machine learning Deliver a real-time 360-degree view of core business entities, including customer, product, service, supplier, and citizen Discover insights from connected data through machine learning and advanced analytics
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed May 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 79
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    Results from Myanmar Firm Monitoring : Round 12 Detailed Note (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Corporate Data and Reporting ; Economic Forecasting ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Business Operations ; Industrial Price Increase ; Inflation ; Kyat Depreciation ; Power Outage ; Private Sector Monitoring
    Abstract: This detailed note focuses on the results of Myanmar firm monitoring round 12 results. The average operating capacity of firms was 59 percent down from 66 percent in March 2022. About half of all firms reported that power outages remained a concern for business operations. The Kyat depreciation against US dollar remained an operational concern for about half of the firms. Fifty-six percent of firms raised prices in the past three months to June 2022, resulting in a 16 percent average price increase
    Note: East Asia and Pacific , Myanmar
    DOI: 10.1596/38046
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 80
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    Q# Pocket Guide (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    ISBN: 9781098108830 , 1098108833
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (43 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 005.26/2
    Keywords: Quantum computing ; Programming languages (Electronic computers) ; Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Q# is a domain-specific language for quantum programming that combines familiar "classical" language constructs with quantum-specific ones. Ideal for any developer familiar with--or willing to learn--the basics of quantum computing, this pocket guide quickly helps you find syntax and usage information for unfamiliar aspects of Q#. You'll explore the quantum software development lifecycle, from implementing the program to testing and debugging it to running it on quantum hardware, and you'll learn to use the tools provided by Microsoft's Quantum Development Kit for each step of the process. In this pocket guide, you'll find: Q# language details, including data types, statements, syntax, and expressions Guidelines for organizing Q# code and invoking it from different environments Information on simulators and tools in the Microsoft Quantum Development Kit Advice on testing and debugging tools and techniques for quantum programs
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed September 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Cloud Native Security Cookbook (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (133 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: With the rise of the cloud, every aspect of IT has been shaken to its core. The fundamentals for building systems are changing, and although many of the principles that underpin security still ring true, their implementation has become unrecognizable. This practical book provides recipes for AWS, Azure, and GCP to help you enhance the security of your own cloud native systems. Based on his hard-earned experience working with some of the world's biggest enterprises and rapidly iterating startups, consultant Josh Armitage covers the trade-offs that security professionals, developers, and infrastructure gurus need to make when working with different cloud providers. Each recipe discusses the inherent trade-offs, as well as where clouds have similarities and where they're fundamentally different. Learn how the cloud provides superior security to what was achievable in an on-premises world Understand the principles and mental models that enable you to make optimal trade-offs as part of your solution Learn how to implement existing solutions that are robust and secure, and devise design solutions to new and interesting problems Deal with security challenges and solutions both horizontally and vertically within your business
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed June 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Practical Python Data Wrangling and Data Quality (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (65 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: There are awesome discoveries to be made and valuable stories to be told in datasets--and this book will help you uncover them. Whether you already work with data or just want to understand its possibilities, the techniques and advice in this practical book will help you learn how to better clean, evaluate, and analyze data to generate meaningful insights and compelling visualizations. Through foundational concepts and worked examples, author Susan McGregor provides the tools you need to evaluate and analyze all kinds of data and communicate your findings effectively. This book provides a methodical, jargon-free way for practitioners of all levels to harness the power of data. Use Python 3.8+ to read, write, and transform data from a variety of sources Understand and use programming basics in Python to wrangle data at scale Organize, document, and structure your code using best practices Complete exercises either on your own machine or on the web Collect data from structured data files, web pages, and APIs Perform basic statistical analysis to make meaning from data sets Visualize and present data in clear and compelling ways
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed February 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 83
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    Modern Data Protection (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (118 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Give your organization the data protection it deserves, without the uncertainty and cost overruns experienced by your predecessors or other companies. System and network administrators today have their work cut out for them to protect physical and virtual machines in the data center and the cloud, mobile devices in laptops and tablets, SaaS services like Microsoft 365, Google Workspace, and Salesforce, and any persistent data created by Kubernetes and container workloads. To help you navigate the breadth and depth of this challenge, this book presents several solutions so you can determine which one is right for your company. You'll learn the unique requirements that each workload presents, then explore various categories of commercial backup hardware, software, and services available to protect these data sources, including the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Learn the workload types that your organization should be backing up Explore the hardware, software, and services you can use to back up your systems Understand what's wrong with your current data protection system Pair your backed-up workloads to the appropriate backup system Learn the adjustments you need to make to make your backups better, without wasting money
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed February 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    SQL Server Advanced Troubleshooting and Performance Tuning (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: This book provides a comprehensive overview on best practices for troubleshooting and performance tuning in SQL Server. It reviews how to identify performance issues, how to troubleshoot the system in a holistic fashion, and how to properly prioritize tuning efforts in order to induce the best system performance possible. The book also discusses interdependencies between database components, while spotlighting ways to avoid the bottlenecks that can be triggered by those dependencies. The troubleshooting and performance tuning techniques presented in the book are compatible with any version of SQL Server. They cover both on-premise and Cloud-based SQL Server installations, including Microsoft Azure SQL Databases and Amazon SQL Server RDS. Reflecting the approaches used by many high-end SQL Server consultants, SQL Server Advanced Troubleshooting and Performance Tuning is a valuable resource that will help readers master troubleshooting and performance tuning skills and get the best performance out of SQL Server.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed April 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Communicating with Data (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (157 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: Data is a fantastic raw resource for powering change in an organization, but all too often the people working in those organizations don't have the necessary skills to communicate with data effectively. With this practical book, subject matter experts will learn ways to develop strong, persuasive points when presenting data to different groups in their organizations. Author Carl Allchin shows anyone how to find data sources and develop data analytics, and teaches those with more data expertise how to visualize data to convey findings to key business leaders more effectively. Once your business and data experts both possess the skills to work with data and interpret its significance, you can deal with questions and challenges in departments across your organization. Learn the fundamental data skills required to work with data Use data visualization to influence change in your organization Learn how to apply data techniques to effectively work with data end to end Understand how to communicate data points clearly and persuasively Appreciate why different stakeholders often have divergent needs and views Create a playbook for using data with different departments
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed January 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Service Mesh Patterns (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local
    Abstract: As your organization adopts microservices, you also need a service mesh, the infrastructure layer that handles interservice communication in microservice architectures. This seminal book provides patterns and operational best practices to help you deploy and use service meshes in a way that meets your company's goals and needs. Developers face a wide range of choices today: which service mesh to use, which features to deploy, and the best ways to exploit and deploy those features. Whether you're investigating service meshes or already use one, authors Lee Calcote and Nic Jackson provide universal patterns applicable to any service mesh: Istio, Linkerd, Consul, App Mesh, and more. Get a vendor-neutral perspective on where each mesh shines (and perhaps, doesn't) Understand how service meshes benefit developers, operators, and service owners differently Determine whether you're running your mesh effectively Avoid service mesh lock-in through use of service mesh abstractions Learn common deployment patterns for implementing a specific service mesh function Use configuration best practices to avoid common pitfalls Explore federation of service mesh deployments and other service mesh types As microservices proliferate your environment, fear not: service meshes are here to manage your service sprawl. This book shows you how.
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed May 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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    Learning Test-Driven Development (2022)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : O'Reilly Media, Inc. | Boston, MA : Safari
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (82 pages)
    Edition: 1st edition
    Keywords: Electronic books ; local ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Your code is a testament to your skills as a developer. No matter what language you use, your code should be clean, elegant, and uncluttered? With test-driven development (TDD), you'll write better code--code that's easy to understand, retains its elegance, and works for years to come. This indispensable guide will show you how TDD works in three different languages: Go, JavaScript, and Python. With Learning Test-Driven Development at your side, you'll be able to: Tame domain complexity using a divide-and-conquer approach Understand how TDD works across languages, testing frameworks, and domain concepts See how TDD enables continuous integration and continuous delivery Support refactoring and redesign with TDD Set up a continuous integration environment with the unit tests produced during TDD Write clean, uncluttered code using TDD in Go, JavaScript, and Python
    Note: Online resource; Title from title page (viewed January 25, 2022) , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evening the Credit Score? : Impact of Psychometric Loan Appraisal for Women Entrepreneurs (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alibhai, Salman Evening the Credit Score?: Impact of Psychometric Loan Appraisal for Women Entrepreneurs
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Asset Ownership ; Entrepreneurial Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Development ; Innovative Loan Appraisal ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance Lending ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Women's Access to Business Lending ; Women's Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: Women's lower rates of ownership of collateralizable assets are a constraint to accessing larger business loans. This paper tests the impact of using psychometric credit scoring as a substitute for collateral for loans up to USD 7,500, via a randomized controlled trial with a microfinance institution in Ethiopia. The paper finds positive impacts on women's access to credit, and survival of their firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and conflict. Firms that remained operational were profitable; but there is limited evidence of impact on firm growth under these circumstances. The study showcases the potential for using innovative technologies to extend entrepreneurial finance to underserved markets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10230
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cartels in Infrastructure Procurement : Evidence from Lebanon (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mahmalat, Mounir Cartels in Infrastructure Procurement: Evidence from Lebanon
    Keywords: Cartels ; Conflict of Interest in Procurement ; Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Corrupt Brokers ; Corrupt Government Procurement ; Corruption ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Politically Connected Consultants ; Politically Connected Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Procurement ; Procurement Consultants ; Procurement Middlemen ; Cartels ; Conflict Of Interest In Procurement ; Corrupt Brokers ; Corrupt Government Procurement ; Corruption ; Politically Connected Consultants ; Politically Connected Firms ; Procurement ; Procurement Consultants ; Procurement Middlemen
    Abstract: This paper studies cartels in public infrastructure procurement and analyzes the conditions under which they succeed in generating rents. It first conceptualizes the interplay of the central actors of a procurement project, notably the contractor, the procurement agency, as well as the supervision and design consultants. By focusing on consultants, the framework includes important yet understudied actors in cartels that design tenders, evaluate bids, and supervise the implementation of projects. The paper then explores an original data set of infrastructure procurement contracts in Lebanon and analyzes the conditions under which powerful political elites can broker deals to overprice and/or over-spend contracts. To examine how cartels operate, the analysis identifies the political connections of contractors and consultants and classifies them according to their "quality" in terms of access to institutional functions of the implementing agency. The paper argues that design consultants serve as the lynchpin of the cartel by reducing transaction costs for searching, bargaining, and enforcing of corrupt deals
    Note: Lebanon
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10226
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural Loopholes in Sustainability-Linked Bonds (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ul Haq, Imtiaz Structural Loopholes in Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Keywords: Bond Grade Issuers ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Issues ; Greenwashing ; International Financial Markets ; Late Date Penalty ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Sustainability ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation ; Sustainability Performance Targets ; Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Abstract: Sustainability-Linked Bonds-an innovative debt product that incorporates incentivized sustainability targets-are becoming increasingly popular to encourage issuers to improve their sustainability performance. However, existing Sustainability-Linked Bond structures allow issuers to weaken the link between sustainability and financial outcomes, rendering Sustainability-Linked Bonds less effective. This paper examines two potential structural loopholes on this front: late target dates and call options. The results show that Sustainability-Linked Bonds with coupon step-up penalties, which constitute the majority and benefit most from such features, are more likely to have later target dates and call options embedded. Larger penalties are associated with a greater likelihood of late target dates but not call options, which instead tend to be favored primarily by speculative grade issuers. The paper also provides evidence that issuers with high carbon dioxide emissions are more likely to resort to such structural loopholes. These findings suggest that Sustainability-Linked Bonds, despite incentivized targets, may be prone to greenwashing
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10200
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the U.S. Treasury's MDB Governors Roundtable on the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) and Private Capital Mobilization (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development Law ; Financial Intermediary Fund ; Infrastructure Funding ; Private Capital De-risking ; Private Sector Investment Opportunities ; Sustainable Infrastructure Investment ; World Bank Advisory Support ; World Bank Trust Fund
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass at the U.S. Treasury's MDB Governors Roundtable on the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) and Private Capital Mobilization on October 18, 2022. He mentioned three of the World Bank activities as follows: (i) First is World Bank's trust funds and Financial Intermediary Funds, such as Global Infrastructure Facility and Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility, which the Bank established as an Umbrella program to increase their upstream advisory support; (ii) Second, the World Bank actively use guarantees to increase capital flows to infrastructure and is working on ways to catalyze more private capital through appropriate de-risking instruments; and (iii) Third, World Bank's work on Quality Infrastructure Investment (QII) is key to increasing private investment opportunities. He also shared the following three updates: (i) First, he was pleased to see that the G20 adopted the Compendium of QII Indicators; (ii) Second, the World Bank works closely with client countries and development partners at the upstream level to improve the enabling environment for the private sector; and (iii) Third, The World Bank is of course working on new ideas and he welcomed their engagement here too. He said that importantly, the World Bank introduced the SCALE trust fund at last week's Annual Meetings. He concluded by saying that he wants to be using the full suite of World Bank, IFC, and MIGA financing instruments and capabilities to unlock larger volumes of private finance for quality, sustainable infrastructure
    DOI: 10.1596/38291
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Responsible Use of Technology in Credit Reporting : White Paper (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ethics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Human Rights ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Credit Reporting Technology ; Disruptive Technologies ; Ethics ; Financial Inclusivity ; Human Rights ; Responsible Technology Use
    Abstract: Technology is at the core of credit reporting systems, which have evolved significantly over the past decade by adopting new technologies and business models. As disruptive technologies have been increasingly adopted around the globe, concerns have arisen over possible misuse or unethical use of these new technologies. These concerns inspired international institutions and national authorities to issue high-level principles and guidance documents on responsible technology use. While adopting new technologies benefits the credit reporting industry, unintended negative outcomes of these technologies from ethics and human rights perspectives must also be considered. The white paper begins with a brief introductory section, followed in section 2 with a discussion of technology use in credit reporting, with a special focus on the key disruptive technologies being increasingly adopted by the industry. Section 3 provides information on the scope, development, and high-level principles of several key technology frameworks, including the principles underlying their responsible use. Section 4 introduces ten principles to guide responsible use of technology in credit reporting activities. Section 5 discusses considerations for applying the principles. The section concludes with use cases illustrating the principles in action
    DOI: 10.1596/38312
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revisiting Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Audretsch, David Revisiting Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Cottage Industry ; Economic Development ; Economic Development Catalyst ; Economic Performance Stimulus ; Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ; Entrepreneurship ; Governance ; Industry ; Microenterprises ; Necessity-Driven Entrepreneurship ; Private Sector Development ; Business Environment ; Economic Development ; Economic Development Catalyst ; Economic Performance Stimulus ; Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ; Entrepreneurship ; Necessity-driven Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: An entrepreneurial ecosystem consists of the set of complementary factors required to start a business with the potential to scale up and innovate in a particular geographic space. This paper develops a framework using an occupational choice model with knowledge-based hierarchies to assess entrepreneurial ecosystems. The framework shows that improving human capital and managerial capabilities would increase the quality of entrepreneurship, while leading to a reduction in the entrepreneurship rate. Similarly, differences in the structure of output markets, endowments, or the business environment would lead to differences in the selection into entrepreneurship and the size distribution of firms. The paper combines these elements and proposes a method to conduct entrepreneurial ecosystem diagnostics that considers the key gaps at the country level, the potential and variation of local ecosystems, and the resources available from public programs and enabling organizations to inform policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10229
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lesotho Policy Notes (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Business in Development ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Governance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Climate Resilience Objectives ; Effective Public Sector Development ; Export Oriented Economy ; Government Capacity ; Job Growth ; Macroeconomic Sustainability ; Private Sector Driven Economy ; Sustainable And Resilient Economy
    Abstract: Lesotho witnessed poverty reduction prior to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the subsequent shocks, but the pace was slow, and poverty remained widespread. The World Bank Group (WBG)'s partnership with Lesotho is fully aligned with the country's development vision articulated in the second National Strategic Development (NSDP II) and key findings of its 2021 Mid-Term Review. The overall objective of the proposed CPF FY2023-2027 is to support Lesotho in building a sustainable and resilient economy in a post-COVID environment by promoting a private sector driven, export-oriented economy for job creation supported by an enabling, efficient and effective public sector. The CPF consists of three high-level outcomes (HLOs) -increased employment in the private sector, improved human capital outcomes and improved climate resilience with seven objectives under the HLOs. There are two foundational themes (governance and government capacity, and macroeconomic and fiscal sustainability) and three approaches (gender, digitalization, and lagging-region approach) that cut across the CPF. The CPF is scheduled to be finalized with the new government by early 2023
    Note: Lesotho
    DOI: 10.1596/38359
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  • 95
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    Online Resource
    Creating Markets in Eswatini : Strengthening the Private Sector to Grow Export Markets and Create Jobs - Country Private Sector Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Beef ; Business Environment ; Forestry ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Rural Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Sugar ; Trade Facilitation ; Beef ; Business And Trade Environment ; Forestry ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Sme ; Sugar ; Textile And Apparel
    Abstract: Eswatini is facing multiple challenges. It was already experiencing weak economic growth before the COVID-19 pandemic, a reflection of longstanding, deeply rooted issues such as fiscal unsustainability, declining private investment, weakening productivity and competitiveness, and falling export diversification and complexity, compounded by the impact of climate shocks. It shifted from a private investment-led higher-growth model to a government spending-led lower-growth model after the end of apartheid in South Africa. With weak investment in productive sectors, Eswatini's job market failed to keep pace with an expanding, younger labor force, leading to a large informal sector. Eswatini's public sector-driven growth model is unsustainable under current fiscally constrained conditions, and there is a need to reduce and reprioritize public spending. An assessment of existing sectoral data and consultations with Eswatini's private sector and policy makers suggest that four sectors can help drive the export-led private sector growth model. To return to an export-led growth model, Eswatini needs to increase export competitiveness by advancing regulatory reforms and improvements in trade logistics that include regional collaboration to address trade facilitation constraints. Finally, given the country's vulnerability to climate risks, policies to foster economic resilience amid extreme weather events (mainly droughts that affect agriculture) and improve disaster preparedness need to be pursued. The private sector must adapt to this challenge and work with the government to improve climate resilience
    Note: Africa , Africa Eastern and Southern (AFE) , Eswatini , Southern Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/38335
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Customer Discrimination in the Workplace : Evidence from Online Sales (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kelley, Erin Customer Discrimination in the Workplace: Evidence from Online Sales
    Keywords: Bias ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Customer Preference for Men ; Customer Service Workers ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Biased Hiringpractices ; Gender Discrimination ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Identity-Based Discrimination ; Labor ; Labor Market Discrimination ; Online Sales Agents ; Private Sector Development ; Worker Productivity Measurement ; Workplace Discrimination ; Bias ; Customer Preference For Men ; Customer Service Workers ; Gender Biased Hiring Practices ; Gender Discrimination ; Identity-based Discrimination ; Labor ; Labor Market Discrimination ; Online Sales Agents ; Worker Productivity Measurement ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Many workers are evaluated on their ability to engage with customers. This paper measures the impact of gender-based customer discrimination on the productivity of online sales agents working across Sub-Saharan Africa. Using a novel framework that randomly varies the gender of names presented to customers without changing worker behavior, we find that the assignment of a female-sounding name leads to 50 percent fewer purchases by customers. The results appear to be driven by relatively lower interest in engaging with female workers. Since worker productivity informs firm hiring, pay, and promotion decisions, these results are important for understanding the persistence of identity-based discrimination in the labor market
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10228
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Creating Markets In Namibia : Creating Resilient and Inclusive Markets - Country Private Sector Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing Finance ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Renewable Energy ; Digital Transformation ; Green Growth ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Renewable Energy ; Water Sector
    Abstract: Since achieving independence in 1990, Namibia's remarkable growth has been fueled by foreign direct investment and enabled by prudent economic management. Since 2016, however, growth has declined steadily and the economy fell into recession, exposing the vulnerability of Namibia's economic growth model to external and climate shocks. These challenges were exacerbated by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, an economic slowdown in neighboring South Africa, worsening terms of trade on the back of declining global demand and commodity prices, a decline in Southern African Customs Union (SACU) revenues, and the effects of crippling droughts on agricultural and industrial production. Namibia has very high levels of poverty and inequality, which are largely driven by high levels of unemployment. The primary objective of this Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) is to identify near and medium-term reform opportunities to revitalize the private sector and help reposition Namibia's growth on a green, resilient, and inclusive trajectory. This CPSD explores priority reform opportunities to address five cross-cutting bottlenecks: (1) enhancing the role and performance of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector through a more effective competition policy environment; (2) strengthening implementation of the public-private partnership (PPP) framework to expand private investments, especially in infrastructure; (3) leveraging the potential for digital transformation of the economy; (4) addressing inefficiencies in logistics and trade facilitation; and (5) tapping opportunities in the water sector for green and resilient growth. The diagnostic then looks in depth at three sectors prioritized by the Namibian government - renewable energy, climate-smart agribusiness, and housing, and provides recommendations for reducing sector-specific bottlenecks to stimulate growth potential
    Note: Africa , Africa Eastern and Southern (AFE) , Namibia , Southern Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/38334
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are All State-Owned Enterprises Equal? : A Taxonomy of Economic Activities to Assess SOE Presence in the Economy (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dall-Olio, Andrea Are All State-Owned Enterprises Equal? A Taxonomy of Economic Activities to Assess SOE Presence in the Economy
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Activity Classification ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Market Failures ; Market Structure ; Private Sector Development ; Public Enterprise ; State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) ; State-Owned Enterprise Reform ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Economic Activity Classification ; Market Failures ; Market Structure ; Public Enterprise ; State-owned Enterprise (soe) ; State-owned Enterprise Reform
    Abstract: This paper proposes a sector taxonomy of the rationale for the presence of state-owned enterprises in specific industries. The taxonomy is conceptualized only on an efficiency-based rationale for state participation in different economic activities, abstracting it from social or political justification of state-owned enterprises, which can be subjective or conditioned to the country context. The taxonomy is leveraged on a standard industry classification, the Nomenclature of Economic Activities Revision 2 four-digit level sector classification, which is sufficiently disaggregated to resemble specific markets, and thus more appropriate for analyzing the presence of state-owned enterprises through the lens of industrial organization. The proposed taxonomy deploys a decision tree, based on efficiency-based criteria, to classify 563 disaggregated sectors into one of three groups: a "competitive" category, for which the presence of state-owned enterprises does not appear to be justified on grounds of economic efficiency/market failure; a "natural monopoly" category, which includes economic sectors whose market structure is characterized by economies of scale and subadditivity costs that could be corrected via the participation of state-owned enterprises; and a "partially contestable" category, which includes economic sectors characterized by some form of market power, externalities, or other market failures that could be addressed through state ownership. The application of the decision tree classifies 11 disaggregated sectors as natural monopolies, 45 as partially contestable, and the remaining 505 as competitive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10262
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deconstructing the Missing Middle : Informality and Growth of Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abreha, Kaleb Girma Deconstructing the Missing Middle: Informality and Growth of Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Endodgenous Informality ; Establishment Concensus ; Firm Size Distribution ; Inclusion of Informal Firms ; Informality ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Manufacturing ; Market Distortion ; Microenterprises ; Missing Middle ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Endodgenous Informality ; Establishment Concensus ; Firm Size Distribution ; Inclusion Of Informal Firms ; Informality ; Manufacturing ; Market Distortion ; Missing Middle
    Abstract: This paper characterizes the firm size distribution by exploiting establishment-level censuses covering both formal and informal firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper finds a "missing middle" in the employment-based size distribution of firms in four Sub-Saharan African countries. This "missing middle" hinges on the inclusion of informal firms, and it is not explained by state- or foreign-owned firms at the top of the size distribution, nor does it emerge from the size distribution of entrants. The paper reconciles these empirical results with a model of firm dynamics with endogenous informality and shows that calibrated values of entry barriers and productivity-dependent idiosyncratic distortions generate a "missing middle" that is consistent with its underlying drivers in the data
    Note: Sub-Saharan Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10233
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using ORBIS to Build a Global Database of Firms with State Participation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dall-Olio, Andrea Using ORBIS to Build a Global Database of Firms with State Participation
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Businesses of The State Database ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Governance of State-Owned Enterprises ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Enterprises ; State Participation ; State-Owned Enterprise Database ; Businesses Of The State Database ; Firms ; Governance Of State-owned Enterprises ; Public Enterprises ; State Participation ; State-owned Enterprise Database
    Abstract: This paper develops a novel methodology to construct a harmonized cross-country database of the state's footprint in markets: the Businesses of the State database. The methodology of the database is built on three criteria (i) a harmonized definition of state-owned enterprises, (ii) identification of direct and indirect state ownership linkages at the national and subnational levels across the corporate sector, and (iii) classification of economic activities depending on their efficiency rationale which conceptualize a framework to trace state presence in the corporate sector across economic activities. The database is constructed leveraging different firm-level data sources including the ORBIS Global Database, as the primary data source, which is then complemented with supplementary data sources (EMIS Intelligence, Factiva, Worldscope, Pitchbook, among others) to mitigate ORBIS's data limitations across countries and regions. The Businesses of the State database identifies an unprecedented number of firms with state participation across countries and economic activities, as well as providing novel insights on financial performance, economic performance, and governance of state-owned enterprises. A deep-dive analysis of 36 countries within the Businesses of the State database shows that 69 percent of state-owned enterprises operate in competitive activities (low efficiency-rationale for state participation), 16% are in partially contestable industries (moderate efficiency rationale), and 15 percent are natural monopolies (strong efficiency rationale). Furthermore, this analysis suggests that performance-based productivity of state-owned enterprises (revenue per worker) is negatively correlated with government control variables, such as government shareholding percentage and direct versus indirect government ownership
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10261
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