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  • 2005-2009  (394)
  • 1950-1954
  • 2007  (394)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (394)
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  • 2005-2009  (394)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Buch
    Buch
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 082136751X , 0821367528 , 9780821367513 , 9780821367520
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: XXIV, 286 S. , graph. Darst. , 23 cm
    Serie: Directions in development
    Serie: Human development
    DDC: 378.103
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungskooperation ; Welt ; Academic-industrial collaboration Economic aspects ; Business and education ; Universities and colleges Economic aspects ; Education, Higher Economic aspects ; Academic-industrial collaboration Economic aspects ; Business and education ; Universities and colleges Economic aspects ; Education, Higher Economic aspects ; Graue Literatur ; Sammelwerk ; Buch ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Graue Literatur ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Universität ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Kurzfassung: University-industry links : policy dimensions Shahid Yusuf -- Pt.1. UIL-related policies of national governments -- Notes on UIL-related policies of national governments Luc Soete -- University-industry knowledge transfer in Switzerland Dominique Foray -- University-industry links and U.K. science and innovation policy Alan Hughes -- Universities and public research institutions as drivers of economic development in Asia John A. Mathews and Mei-Chih Hu -- UIL-related policies of national governments : a synthetic view Rémi Barré -- Pt.2. UIL-related policies of subnational governments -- The role of higher education and new forms of governance in economic development : the Ontario case David A. Wolfe -- University-industry links in the Japanese context : between policies and practice Juan Jiang, Yuko Harayama, and Shiro Abe -- University-industry links : regional policies and initiatives in the United Kingdom Mike Wright -- University-industry research collaboration and technology transfer in the United States since 1980 David C. Mowery -- Pt.3. UIL-related policies of universities -- Building research universities for knowledge transfer : the case of China Weiping Wu -- Approaches to university-industry links : the case of the National University of Singapore Poh-Kam Wong -- University-industry links and enterprise creation in India : some strategic and policy issues Rakesh Basant and Pankaj Chandra -- The entrepreneurial university : the idea and its critics Elizabeth Garnsey -- Pt.4. Corporate strategies of multinational corporations and small and medium enterprises -- Beyond absorptive capacity : the management of technology for a proactive corporate strategy toward university-industry links Fumio Kodama, Shingo Kano, and Jun Suzuki -- Corporate strategies in university-industry links in France Jean-Jacques Duby -- Specific approaches to university-industry links of selected companies in Thailand and their relative effectiveness Peter Brimble
    Kurzfassung: With the competitiveness of firms in an open and integrated world environment increasingly reliant on technological capability, universities are being asked to take on a growing role in stimulating economic growth. Beyond imparting education, they are now viewed as sources of industrially valuable technical skills, innovations, and entrepreneurship. Developed and developing countries alike have made it a priority to realize this potential of universities to spur growth, a strategy that calls for coordinated policy actions
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: University-industry links : policy dimensions /Shahid Yusuf --Pt.1. UIL-related policies of national governments --Notes on UIL-related policies of national governments /Luc Soete --University-industry knowledge transfer in Switzerland /Dominique Foray --University-industry links and U.K. science and innovation policy /Alan Hughes --Universities and public research institutions as drivers of economic development in Asia /John A. Mathews and Mei-Chih Hu --UIL-related policies of national governments : a synthetic view /Rémi Barré --Pt.2. UIL-related policies of subnational governments --The role of higher education and new forms of governance in economic development : the Ontario case /David A. Wolfe --University-industry links in the Japanese context : between policies and practice /Juan Jiang, Yuko Harayama, and Shiro Abe --University-industry links : regional policies and initiatives in the United Kingdom /Mike Wright --University-industry research collaboration and technology transfer in the United States since 1980 /David C. Mowery --Pt.3. UIL-related policies of universities --Building research universities for knowledge transfer : the case of China /Weiping Wu --Approaches to university-industry links : the case of the National University of Singapore /Poh-Kam Wong --University-industry links and enterprise creation in India : some strategic and policy issues /Rakesh Basant and Pankaj Chandra --The entrepreneurial university : the idea and its critics /Elizabeth Garnsey --Pt.4. Corporate strategies of multinational corporations and small and medium enterprises --Beyond absorptive capacity : the management of technology for a proactive corporate strategy toward university-industry links /Fumio Kodama, Shingo Kano, and Jun Suzuki --Corporate strategies in university-industry links in France /Jean-Jacques Duby --Specific approaches to university-industry links of selected companies in Thailand and their relative effectiveness /Peter Brimble.
    Anmerkung: Enth. 17 Beitr. - Enth. Literaturangaben. - Enth. Index , University-industry links : policy dimensions , Pt.1. UIL-related policies of national governments ; Notes on UIL-related policies of national governments , University-industry knowledge transfer in Switzerland , University-industry links and U.K. science and innovation policy , Universities and public research institutions as drivers of economic development in Asia , UIL-related policies of national governments : a synthetic view , Pt.2. UIL-related policies of subnational governments ; The role of higher education and new forms of governance in economic development : the Ontario case , University-industry links in the Japanese context : between policies and practice , University-industry links : regional policies and initiatives in the United Kingdom , University-industry research collaboration and technology transfer in the United States since 1980 , Pt.3. UIL-related policies of universities ; Building research universities for knowledge transfer : the case of China , Approaches to university-industry links : the case of the National University of Singapore , University-industry links and enterprise creation in India : some strategic and policy issues , The entrepreneurial university : the idea and its critics , Pt.4. Corporate strategies of multinational corporations and small and medium enterprises ; Beyond absorptive capacity : the management of technology for a proactive corporate strategy toward university-industry links , Corporate strategies in university-industry links in France , Specific approaches to university-industry links of selected companies in Thailand and their relative effectiveness
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Wagstaff, Adam Health Insurance For The Poor
    Schlagwort(e): Child Development ; Clinics ; Evaluation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Care Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Implementation ; Inpatient Care ; Measuremen ; Child Development ; Clinics ; Evaluation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Care Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Implementation ; Inpatient Care ; Measuremen ; Child Development ; Clinics ; Evaluation ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Care Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Implementation ; Inpatient Care ; Measuremen
    Kurzfassung: Vietnam's Health Care Fund for the Poor (HCFP) uses government revenues to finance health care for the poor, ethnic minorities living in selected mountainous provinces designated as difficult, and all households living in communes officially designated as highly disadvantaged. The program, which started in 2003, did not as of 2004 include all these groups, but those who were included (about 15 percent of the population) were disproportionately poor. Estimates of the program's impact-obtained using single differences and propensity score matching on a trimmed sample-suggest that HCFP has substantially increased service utilization, especially in-patient care, and has reduced the risk of catastrophic spending. It has not, however, reduced average out-of-pocket spending, and appears to have had negligible impacts on utilization among the poorest decile
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  • 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Dasgupta, Susmita The Impact of Sea Level Rise On Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Analysis ; Biodiversity ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Data Sources ; Environment ; Floods ; Geographic Information ; Geographic Information System ; Indicators ; Islands ; Land ; Water Resources ; Wetlands
    Kurzfassung: Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat. The scientific evidence is now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming could well promote SLR of 1m-3m in this century, and unexpectedly rapid breakup of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets might produce a 5m SLR. In this paper, the authors have assessed the consequences of continued SLR for 84 developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to overlay the best available, spatially-disaggregated global data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, and GDP) with the inundation zones projected for 1-5m SLR. The results reveal that hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are likely to be displaced by SLR within this century, and accompanying economic and ecological damage will be severe for many. At the country level, results are extremely skewed, with severe impacts limited to a relatively small number of countries. For these countries (such as Vietnam, A. R. of Egypt, and The Bahamas), however, the consequences of SLR are potentially catastrophic. For many others, including some of the largest (such as China), the absolute magnitudes of potential impacts are very large. At the other extreme, many developing countries experience limited impacts. Among regions, East Asia and the Middle East and North Africa exhibit the greatest relative impacts. To date, there is little evidence that the international community has seriously considered the implications of SLR for population location and infrastructure planning in developing countries. The authors hope that the information provided in this paper will encourage immediate planning for adaptation
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Jensen, Jesper The Impact of Kazak Accession To The World Trade Organization
    Schlagwort(e): Air ; Costs ; Currencies and Exchange ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Freight ; Gas Sector ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Injury ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Passenger Services ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railroad ; Route ; Subsidies ; Subsidy ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Costs ; Currencies and Exchange ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Freight ; Gas Sector ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Injury ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Passenger Services ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railroad ; Route ; Subsidies ; Subsidy ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Costs ; Currencies and Exchange ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Freight ; Gas Sector ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Injury ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Passenger Services ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railroad ; Route ; Subsidies ; Subsidy ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: In this paper the authors use a computable general equilibrium model of the Kazakhstan economy to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which encompasses (1) improved market access; (2) Kazakhstan tariff reduction; (3) reduction of barriers against entry by multinational service providers; and (4) reform of local content and value-added tax policies confronting multinational firms in the oil sector. They assume that foreign direct investment in business services is necessary for multinationals to compete well with Kazakstan business services providers, but cross-border service provision is also present. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. The authors estimated the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialized research institutes in Kazakhstan. They estimate that Kazakhstan will gain about 6.7 percent of the value of Kazakhstan consumption in the medium run from WTO accession and up to 17.5 percent in the long run. They estimate that the largest gains to Kazakhstan will derive from liberalization of barriers against multinational service providers, but the other three elements of WTO accession that the authors model all contribute positively to the estimated gains. Piecemeal sensitivity analysis shows that qualitatively the results are robust, but there are four parameters in the model that significantly affect the estimated magnitude of the gains from WTO accession
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Amin, Mohammad Migration From Zambia
    Schlagwort(e): Brain Drain ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Human Capital ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; International Cooperation ; International Migration ; Labor Market ; Migrants ; Migration ; Migration Policy ; Population Policies ; Brain Drain ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Human Capital ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; International Cooperation ; International Migration ; Labor Market ; Migrants ; Migration ; Migration Policy ; Population Policies ; Brain Drain ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Human Capital ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; International Cooperation ; International Migration ; Labor Market ; Migrants ; Migration ; Migration Policy ; Population Policies
    Kurzfassung: The paper analyzes migration from Zambia in order to understand how migration policy can support development in the least developed countries. Overall emigration from Zambia is not high by regional standards, but the pattern of migration is skewed toward the skilled and away from the unskilled. A development-friendly approach to migration for Zambia would strive to ensure the temporariness of both types of movement. First, industrial countries may be willing to accept a higher level of unskilled immigration if they could be certain that it is temporary. Second, any adverse effects of brain drain would be greatly alleviated if skilled emigration is temporary. The problem is that host countries cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of unskilled migration because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of source countries like Zambia, and source countries today have little incentive to facilitate the return of the unskilled. At the same time, source countries like Zambia cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of the skilled because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of the host countries, and host countries currently have little incentive to send back the skilled. So, there is a strong case and considerable scope for cooperation between source countries like Zambia and destination countries in the design and implementation of migration policy so that unskilled migration becomes feasible and skilled migration takes a more desirable form
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Domeland, Dorte Trade And Human Capital Accumulation
    Schlagwort(e): Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This study provides empirical evidence that trade increases on-the-job human capital accumulation by estimating the effect of home country openness on estimated returns to home country experience of U.S. immigrants. The positive effect of trade on on-the-job human capital accumulation remains significant when controlling for GDP, educational attainment, and institutional quality. It is not the result of self-selection, heterogeneity in returns to experience, English-speaking origin, or cultural background. The effect persists when restricting the sample to non-OECD countries, thereby resolving the theoretical ambiguity of whether trade increases or decreases learning-by-doing. The role of trade in generating economic growth is therefore likely to be more important than generally considered
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  • 7
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Demombynes, Gabriel How Good A Map ?
    Schlagwort(e): Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Kurzfassung: The authors examine the performance of small area welfare estimation. The method combines census and survey data to produce spatially disaggregated poverty and inequality estimates. To test the method, they compare predicted welfare indicators for a set of target populations with their true values. They construct target populations using actual data from a census of households in a set of rural Mexican communities. They examine estimates along three criteria: accuracy of confidence intervals, bias, and correlation with true values. The authors find that while point estimates are very stable, the precision of the estimates varies with alternative simulation methods. While the original approach of numerical gradient estimation yields standard errors that seem appropriate, some computationally less-intensive simulation procedures yield confidence intervals that are slightly too narrow. The precision of estimates is shown to diminish markedly if unobserved location effects at the village level are not well captured in underlying consumption models. With well specified models there is only slight evidence of bias, but the authors show that bias increases if underlying models fail to capture latent location effects. Correlations between estimated and true welfare at the local level are highest for mean expenditure and poverty measures and lower for inequality measures
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ladekarl, Jeppe The Use of Derivatives To Hedge Embedded Options
    Schlagwort(e): Balance Sheets ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Guarantee ; Guarantees ; Hedge ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rates ; Liabilities ; Liability ; Liability Management ; Private Sector Development ; Balance Sheets ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Guarantee ; Guarantees ; Hedge ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rates ; Liabilities ; Liability ; Liability Management ; Private Sector Development ; Balance Sheets ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Guarantee ; Guarantees ; Hedge ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rates ; Liabilities ; Liability ; Liability Management ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The main purpose of this paper is to examine the growing use of derivatives by Danish pension institutions as a risk management tool to hedge embedded options on their balance sheets. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s it was a widespread practice for Danish pension institutions to guarantee a minimum interest rate on new pension policies. With the new millennium global interest rates declined steeply and equity markets came crashing down. Suddenly the guarantees on pension contracts were in the money. The policies already written could not be changed, leaving liabilities and assets mismatched, profits in the red, and capital reserves drained. Out of necessity, and in some cases virtue, Danish pension institutions turned in scale to derivatives, allowing for a more active approach to hedging, asset and liability management, and even profit generation. Through the use of derivatives, pension institutions have avoided the need to renegotiate their guaranteed contracts with policy holders. They have succeeded as an industry in transforming their pay-off curves and have emerged with better matched asset/liability positions and lower exposure to interest rate risk. But the expanded use of derivatives also raises some risk management and regulatory issues, such as operational and counterparty risks as well as effective internal control systems and regulatory oversight
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Seo, Niggol A Ricardian Analysis of The Impact of Climate Change On Latin American Farms
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Impacts ; Climate Sensitivity ; Climate Variables ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; GDP ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Impacts ; Irrigation ; Land ; Land ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems
    Kurzfassung: This study estimates the vulnerability of Latin American agriculture to climate change using a Ricardian analysis of both land values and net revenues. Examining a sample of over 2,500 farms in seven countries, the results indicate both land value and net revenue are sensitive to climate. Both small farms and large farms have a hill-shaped relationship with temperature. Estimating separate regressions for dryland and irrigated farms reveals that dryland farms are more sensitive to temperature but irrigated farms are more sensitive to precipitation. Examining the effects from future climate change scenarios reveals that severe scenarios could reduce farm earnings by as much as 62 percent by 2100, whereas more moderate scenarios could reduce earnings by about 15 percent. Small and large farms are equally sensitive to global warming. Land value and net revenue analyses produce quite similar results
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  • 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bigsten, Arne Mobility And Earnings In Ethiopia's Urban Labor Markets, 1994-2004
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Entry Barriers ; Formal Sector Wage ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Employment ; Entry Barriers ; Formal Sector Wage ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Employment ; Entry Barriers ; Formal Sector Wage ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Wages ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: An analysis of panel data on individuals in a random selection of urban households in Ethiopia reveals large, sustained, and unexplained earnings gaps between public and private, and formal and informal sectors over the period 1994-2004. The authors have no formal evidence whether these gaps reflect segmentation of the labor market along either of these divides. In other words, they cannot show whether they are at least in part due to impediments to entry in the higher wage sector. But they do have evidence that, if segmentation explains any part of the observed earnings gaps, then it could only have weakened over the survey decade. The authors find, first, that the rate of mobility increased between the two pairs of sectors. Sample transition rates grew across survey waves, while state dependence in sector choice decreased. Second, the sensitivity of sector choice to earnings gaps increased over the same period. In particular, the role of comparative earnings in selection into the informal sector was evident throughout the survey decade and increased in magnitude over the second half of the period
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bayraktar, Nihal Specification of Investment Functions In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Accumulation ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Distribution of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Extensive ; External ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Capital ; Income ; Investment ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Functions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Accumulation ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Distribution of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Extensive ; External ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Capital ; Income ; Investment ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Functions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Accumulation ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Distribution of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Extensive ; External ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Capital ; Income ; Investment ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Functions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: It is a well-known fact that one of the most important determinants of growth is private investment. But in the developing country context of widespread poverty, the effects of initial conditions on the process of capital accumulation have seldom been investigated. This paper highlights heterogeneity in the process of capital accumulation across different countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and derives a formal specification of investment functions in the primary, industry, and service sectors in the region using a variation of the combined Tobin's Q Theory and the neoclassical models of investment. The results highlight a more rapid accumulation of capital in the relatively high income subpanel and a widening public-private capital accumulation gap. A functional specification points to the significance of aggregate profitability shocks, the financing cost of investment, and public capital stock in estimating the growth rate of private capital accumulation. These results are supported empirically, as highlighted by the relatively small absolute deviation between actual and predicted value distributions
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  • 12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Timmer, C. Peter Pathways Out of Poverty During An Economic Crisis
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realized in farming, in rural nonfarm enterprises, or by way of rural-urban migration. The authors use cross-sectional data from the Central Statistical Board for 1993 and 2002, as well as a panel data set from the Indonesia Family Life Survey for 1993 and 2000, to show which pathways out of poverty were most successful over this period. The findings suggest that increased engagement of farmers in rural nonfarm enterprises is an important route out of rural poverty, but that most of the rural agricultural poor that exit poverty still do so while remaining rural and agricultural. So changes in agricultural prices, wages, and productivity still play a critical role in moving people out of poverty
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Francisco, Manuela Identifying Supply-Side Constraints To Export Performance In Ecuador
    Schlagwort(e): Business Environment ; Competitors ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dominant Firms ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Expansion ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Market ; Free Trade ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Trade Law ; Business Environment ; Competitors ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dominant Firms ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Expansion ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Market ; Free Trade ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Trade Law ; Business Environment ; Competitors ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Dominant Firms ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Employment ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Expansion ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Market ; Free Trade ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Trade Law
    Kurzfassung: The authors apply a Heckman selection model to the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) to investigate supply-side constraints to export performance at the firm level in Ecuador. To correct for the non-random truncation problems, they use the Heckman selection model to estimate the probability of exporting (export propensity) and the share of total sales that are exported (export intensity) by Ecuadorian firms. They develop a baseline model with 12 independent variables divided into three categories-idiosyncratic characteristics, technology, and business environment. The authors develop three other models with the addition of variables related to trade integration, business environment, and infrastructure. Results corroborate with the hypothesis implicit in the Heckman model, which considers both decisions made by a firm-whether to export, and how much of its sales to export-to be interdependent. In the Ecuadorian case, they find three important results for the firm's export performance: technology matters; infrastructure does not; and trade orientation is significant, with specialized firms tending to have smaller export intensity when their main trade partners are countries of the Andean Community, and the opposite happening if the United States is their main trade partner. The authors find a robust and stable relationship for export propensity and intensity with size, import of inputs, labor regulations, in-house research and development, quality certification, web-use, and foreign ownership. Also, capacity utilization and trade with the United States positively affect export intensity, while trade within the Andean Community has the opposite effect in the outcome variable. But they find no significant relationship for the infrastructure variables
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  • 14
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Tiongson, Erwin R Youth Unemployment, Labor Market Transitions, And Scarring
    Schlagwort(e): Age Groups ; Average Unemployment ; Educational Attainment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Market Experiences ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Age Groups ; Average Unemployment ; Educational Attainment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Market Experiences ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Age Groups ; Average Unemployment ; Educational Attainment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Market Experiences ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Kurzfassung: Relatively little is known about youth unemployment and its lasting consequences in transition economies, despite the difficult labor market adjustment experienced by these countries over the past decade. The authors examine early unemployment spells and their longer-term effects among the youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where the labor market transition is made more difficult by the challenges of a post-conflict environment. They use panel data covering up to 4,800 working-age individuals over the 2001 to 2004 period. There are three main findings from their analysis. First, youth unemployment is high-about twice the national average-consistent with recent findings from the BiH labor market study. Younger workers are more likely to go into inactivity or unemployment and are also less likely to transition out of inactivity, holding other things constant. Second, initial spells of unemployment or joblessness appear to have lasting adverse effects on earnings and employment ("scarring"). But there is no evidence that the youth are at a greater risk of scarring, or suffer disproportionately worse outcomes from initial joblessness, compared with other age groups. Third, higher educational attainment is generally associated with more favorable labor market outcomes. Skilled workers are less likely to be jobless and are less likely to transition from employment into joblessness. But there is evidence that the penalty from jobless spells may also be higher for more educated workers. The authors speculate that this may be due in part to signaling or stigma, consistent with previous findings in the literature
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  • 15
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus Post-Conflict Aid, Real Exchange Rate Adjustment, And Catch-Up Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Absorptive Capacities ; Assets ; Conflict and Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Development Economics and Aims ; Domestic-Currency ; Dutch Disease ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Level ; Export ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Absorptive Capacities ; Assets ; Conflict and Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Development Economics and Aims ; Domestic-Currency ; Dutch Disease ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Level ; Export ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Absorptive Capacities ; Assets ; Conflict and Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Development Economics and Aims ; Domestic-Currency ; Dutch Disease ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Level ; Export ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: Post-conflict countries receive substantial aid flows after the start of peace. While post-conflict countries' capacity to absorb aid (that is, the quality of their policies and institutions) is built up only gradually after the onset of peace, the evidence suggests that aid tends to peak immediately after peace is attained and decline thereafter. Aid composition broadly reflects post-conflict priorities, with large parts of aid financing social expenditure and infrastructure investment. Aid has significant short-term effects on the real exchange rate (RER), as inferred from the behavior of RER in the world. While moderate RER overvaluation is observed in post-conflicts, it cannot be traced down to the aid flows. The empirical evidence on world growth reveals new findings about the pattern of catch-up growth during post-conflicts and the role of key growth determinants on post-conflict growth. Aid is an important determinant of growth, both generally and more strongly during post-conflict periods. Because RER misalignment reduces growth, RER overvaluation during post-conflicts reduces catch-up growth. Aid and RER overvaluation combined also lower growth. But the negative growth effect of RER overvaluation declines with financial development
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Gates, Scott Post-Conflict Justice And Sustainable Peace
    Schlagwort(e): Atrocities ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Compromise ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Deterrence ; Fighting ; Human Rights ; International Community ; International Law ; International Treaties ; Massacres ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Atrocities ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Compromise ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Deterrence ; Fighting ; Human Rights ; International Community ; International Law ; International Treaties ; Massacres ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Atrocities ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Compromise ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Deterrence ; Fighting ; Human Rights ; International Community ; International Law ; International Treaties ; Massacres ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: No systematic study has examined the effect of post-conflict justice on the duration of peace on a global basis. This paper attempts to fill that void by building on a newly constructed dataset (Binningsbo, Elster, and Gates 2005), which reports the presence of various forms of post-conflict justice efforts (trials, purges, reparation to victims, and truth commissions) as well as processes associated with abstaining from post-conflict justice (amnesty and exile). It investigates the long-term effects of post-conflict justice on the duration of peace after conflict. It uses a Cox proportional hazard model to analyze the influence of the various types of post-conflict justice on the length of the peace period before the recurrence of violent conflict. Post-conflict trials as well as other types of justice do lead to a more durable peace in democratic as well as non-democratic societies, but the results are weak and are therefore difficult to generalize. Forms of non-retributive justice (that is, reparations to victims and truth commissions), however, are strongly associated with the duration of peace in democratic societies, but are not significant for non-democratic societies. Amnesty tends to be destabilizing and generally associated with shorter peace duration, but exile tends to lead to a more durable peace
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  • 17
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ostby, Gudrun Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, And Civil Conflict
    Schlagwort(e): Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries
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  • 18
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Iimi, Atsushi Price Structure And Network Externalities In The Telecommunications Industry
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Markets ; Data ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Emerging Markets ; Fax ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure Development ; International Economics & Trade ; International Telecommunication ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Mobile Phone ; Mobile Phone Subscribers ; Mobile Telephone ; Network ; Penetration Rate ; Private Sector Development ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Access to Markets ; Data ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Emerging Markets ; Fax ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure Development ; International Economics & Trade ; International Telecommunication ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Mobile Phone ; Mobile Phone Subscribers ; Mobile Telephone ; Network ; Penetration Rate ; Private Sector Development ; Telecommunications Infrastructure ; Access to Markets ; Data ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Emerging Markets ; Fax ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure Development ; International Economics & Trade ; International Telecommunication ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Mobile Phone ; Mobile Phone Subscribers ; Mobile Telephone ; Network ; Penetration Rate ; Private Sector Development ; Telecommunications Infrastructure
    Kurzfassung: Many developing countries have experienced significant developments in their telecommunications network. Countries in Africa are no exception to this. The paper examines what factor facilitates most network expansion using micro data from 45 fixed-line and mobile telephone operators in 18 African countries. In theory the telecommunications sector has two sector-specific characteristics: network externalities and discriminatory pricing. It finds that many telephone operators in the region use peak and off-peak prices and termination-based price discrimination, but are less likely to rely on strategic fee schedules such as tie-in arrangements. The estimated demand function based on a discreet consumer choice model indicates that termination-based discriminatory pricing can facilitate network expansion. It also shows that the implied price-cost margins are significantly high. Thus, price liberalization could be conducive to development of the telecommunications network led by the private sector. Some countries in Africa are still imposing certain price restrictions. But more important, it remains a policy issue how the authorities should ensure reciprocal access between operators at reasonable cost
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  • 19
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (81 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Maurer, Luiz Current And Forthcoming Issues In The South African Electricity Sector
    Schlagwort(e): Balance ; Coal ; Coal Reserves ; Distribution Facilities ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Electricity Distribution ; Electricity Supply ; Electricity System ; Electricity Utilities ; Electrification ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Private Sector Development ; Balance ; Coal ; Coal Reserves ; Distribution Facilities ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Electricity Distribution ; Electricity Supply ; Electricity System ; Electricity Utilities ; Electrification ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Private Sector Development ; Balance ; Coal ; Coal Reserves ; Distribution Facilities ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Electricity Distribution ; Electricity Supply ; Electricity System ; Electricity Utilities ; Electrification ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: One of the contentious issues in electricity reform is whether there are significant gains from restructuring systems that are moderately well run. South Africa's electricity system is a case in point. The sector's state-owned utility, Eskom, has been generating some of the lowest-priced electricity in the world, has largely achieved revenue adequacy, and has financed the bulk of the government's ambitious electrification program. Moreover, the key technical performance indicators of Eskom's generation plants have reached world-class levels. Yet the sector is confronted today with serious challenges. South Africa's electricity system is currently facing a tight demand/supply balance, and the distribution segment of the industry is in serious financial trouble. This paper provides a careful diagnostic assessment of the industry and identifies a range of policy and restructuring options to improve its performance. It suggests removing distribution from municipal control and privatizing it, calls for vertical and horizontal unbundling, and argues that the cost-benefit analysis of different structural options should focus on investment incentives and not just current operating efficiency
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Zhu, Tian Formal Finance And Trade Credit During China's Transition
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business School ; Buyers ; Cred Customers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Activity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediaries ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business School ; Buyers ; Cred Customers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Activity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediaries ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business School ; Buyers ; Cred Customers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Activity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediaries ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: Using a large panel dataset of Chinese industrial firms, the authors examine the determinants of access to loans from formal financial intermediaries and extension of trade credit. Poorly performing state-owned enterprises were more likely to redistribute credit to firms with less privileged access to loans through trade credit, a pattern consistent with some of the extension of trade credit being involuntary. By contrast, profitable private domestic firms were more likely to extend trade credit than unprofitable ones. Trade credit likely provided a substitute for loans for these private firms' customers that were shut out of formal credit markets. As biases in lending became less severe, the amount of trade credit extended by private firms declined
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Yao, Yang Local Elections And Consumption Insurance
    Schlagwort(e): Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction
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  • 22
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Woolcock, Michael Local Conflict And Development Projects In Indonesia
    Schlagwort(e): Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: Drawing on an integrated mixed methods research design, the authors explore the dynamics of the development-conflict nexus in rural Indonesia, and the specific role of development projects in shaping the nature, extent, and trajectories of "everyday" conflicts. They find that projects that give inadequate attention to dispute resolution mechanisms in many cases stimulate local conflict, either through the injection of development resources themselves or less directly by exacerbating preexisting tensions in target communities. But projects that have explicit and accessible procedures for managing disputes arising from the development process are much less likely to lead to violent outcomes. The authors argue that such projects are more successful in addressing project-related conflicts because they establish direct procedures (such as forums, facilitators, and complaints mechanisms) for dealing with tensions as they arise. These direct mechanisms are less successful in addressing broader social tensions elicited by, or external to, the development process, though program mechanisms can ameliorate conflict indirectly through changing norms and networks of interaction
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  • 23
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Gawande, Kishore Underlying Dimensions of Knowledge Assessment
    Schlagwort(e): Correlation ; Correlations ; Covariance ; Data ; E-Business ; Errors ; Factor Analysis ; Information Security and Privacy ; Matrices ; Matrix ; Measurement ; Missing Data ; Orthogonality ; Population Parameters ; Principal ; Private Sector Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Correlation ; Correlations ; Covariance ; Data ; E-Business ; Errors ; Factor Analysis ; Information Security and Privacy ; Matrices ; Matrix ; Measurement ; Missing Data ; Orthogonality ; Population Parameters ; Principal ; Private Sector Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Correlation ; Correlations ; Covariance ; Data ; E-Business ; Errors ; Factor Analysis ; Information Security and Privacy ; Matrices ; Matrix ; Measurement ; Missing Data ; Orthogonality ; Population Parameters ; Principal ; Private Sector Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Kurzfassung: The Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM) database measures variables that may be used to assess the readiness of countries for the knowledge economy and has many policy uses. Formal analysis using KAM data is faced with the problem of which variables to choose and why. Rather than make these decisions in an ad hoc manner, the authors recommend factor-analytic methods to distill the information contained in the many KAM variables into a smaller set of "factors." Their main objective is to quantify the factors for each country, and to do so in a way that allows comparisons of the factor scores over time. The authors investigate both principal components as well as true factor analytic methods, and emphasize simple structures that help provide a clear political-economic meaning of the factors, but also allow comparisons over time
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  • 24
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Coulibaly, Souleymane Evaluating The Trade Effect of Developing Regional Trade Agreements
    Schlagwort(e): Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gravity model ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Regional Trade Agreements ; Rules of origin ; Trade Effect ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreement ; Trade creation ; Trade effects ; Trade flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gravity model ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Regional Trade Agreements ; Rules of origin ; Trade Effect ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreement ; Trade creation ; Trade effects ; Trade flows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gravity model ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Regional Trade ; Regional Trade Agreements ; Rules of origin ; Trade Effect ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreement ; Trade creation ; Trade effects ; Trade flows
    Kurzfassung: Many recent papers have pointed to ambiguous trade effects of developing regional trade agreements (RTAs), calling for a reassessment of their economic merits. The author focuses on seven such agreements currently in force in Sub-Saharan Africa (ECOWAS and SADC), Asia (AFTA and SAPTA) and Latin America (CACM, CAN, and MERCOSUR), estimating their impacts on their members' trade flows. Instead of the usual dummy variables for RTAs, he proposes a variable taking into account the number of years of membership. He then combines a gravity model with kernel estimation techniques to capture the non-monotonic trade effects while imposing minimal structure on the model. The results indicate that except for SAPTA, these RTAs have had a positive impact on their members' intra-trade over the estimation period (1960-99). AFTA seems to be the most successful among them, with an estimated positive impact on its members' imports from the rest of the world (hence no trade diversion), but its impact on their exports to the rest of the world is rather limited. During its first 10 years of existence, ECOWAS appears to have had a positive impact on its members' imports from the rest of the world (hence no trade diversion), but this positive impact vanished over time. SAPTA's negative impact on its members' intra-trade is probably an implicit effect of the India-Pakistan tensions over the estimation period
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: De Hoyos, Rafael E Accounting For Mexican Income Inequality During The 1990s
    Schlagwort(e): Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The author implements several inequality decomposition methods to measure the extent to which total household income disparities can be attributable to sectoral asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results show that at least half of total household inequality in Mexico is attributable to incomes derived from entrepreneurial activities, an income source rarely scrutinized in the inequality literature. He shows that education (skills) endowments are unevenly distributed among the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market returns to schooling associated with increases in inequality. Asymmetries in the allocation of education explain around 20 percent of overall household income disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the proportion of inequality attributable to education endowments increases during stable periods and reduces during the crisis. This pattern is explained by shifts in returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution of skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose within-sector income differences, the author finds that skill endowments can account for as much as 25 percent of earnings disparities but as little as 5 percent of dispersion in other income sources
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  • 26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Lunde, Trine Indigenous Peoples In Latin America
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors
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  • 27
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Glinskaya, Elena Work-Related Migration And Poverty Reduction In Nepal
    DDC: 360
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Migration ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Purchasing power ; Purchasing power parity ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Migration ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Purchasing power ; Purchasing power parity ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Migration ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Purchasing power ; Purchasing power parity ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Using two rounds of nationally representative household survey data in this study, the authors measure the impact on poverty in Nepal of local and international migration for work. They apply an instrumental variable approach to deal with nonrandom selection of migrants and simulate various scenarios for the different levels of work-related migration, comparing observed and counterfactual household expenditure distribution. The results indicate that one-fifth of the poverty reduction in Nepal occurring between 1995 and 2004 can be attributed to increased levels of work-related migration and remittances sent home. The authors also show that while the increase in work migration abroad was the leading cause of this poverty reduction, internal migration also played an important role. The findings show that strategies for economic growth and poverty reduction in Nepal should consider aspects of the dynamics of domestic and international migration
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ural, Beyza P Indian Manufacturing
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the determinants of productivity in Indian manufacturing industries during the period 1988-2000. Using two-digit industry level data for the Indian states, we find evidence of imperfect interindustry and interstate labor mobility as well as misallocation of resources across industries and states. Trade liberalization increases productivity in all industries across all states, and productivity is higher in the less protected industries. These effects of protection and trade liberalization are more pronounced in states that have relatively more flexible labor markets. Similar effects are also found in the case of employment, capital stock and investment. Furthermore, labor market flexibility, independent of other policies, has a positive effect on productivity. Importantly, per capita state development expenditure seems to be the strongest and the most robust predictor of productivity, employment, capital stock and investment. Industrial delicensing increases both labor productivity and employment but only in the states with flexible labor market institutions. Even after controlling for delicensing, the analysis shows that trade liberalization has a productivity-enhancing effect. Finally, trade liberalization benefits most the export-oriented industries located in states with flexible labor-market institutions
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  • 29
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Manacorda, Marco Giving Children A Better Start
    Schlagwort(e): Adolescent Health ; Average attendance ; Compulsory schooling ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Sciences ; Enrollment ; Grade retention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preschool education ; Primary Education ; Primary education ; Primary school ; Primary school performance ; Retention rates ; School system ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Average attendance ; Compulsory schooling ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Sciences ; Enrollment ; Grade retention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preschool education ; Primary Education ; Primary education ; Primary school ; Primary school performance ; Retention rates ; School system ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Average attendance ; Compulsory schooling ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Sciences ; Enrollment ; Grade retention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preschool education ; Primary Education ; Primary education ; Primary school ; Primary school performance ; Retention rates ; School system ; Youth and Government
    Kurzfassung: The authors study the effect of pre-primary education on children's subsequent school outcomes by exploiting a unique feature of the Uruguayan household survey (ECH) that collects retrospective information on preschool attendance in the context of a rapid expansion in the supply of pre-primary places. Using a within household estimator, they find small gains from preschool attendance at early ages that magnify as children grow up. By age 15, treated children have accumulated 0.8 extra years of education and are 27 percentage points more likely to be in school compared with their untreated siblings. Instrumental variables estimates that control for nonrandom selection of siblings into preschool lead to similar results. The authors speculate that early grade repetition harms subsequent school progression and that pre-primary education appears as a successful policy option to prevent early grade failure and its long lasting consequences
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  • 30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hegre, Havard Democratic Jihad ?
    Schlagwort(e): Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Democracy ; Foreign policy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Parliamentary Government ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political instability ; Politics and Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Progress ; Wars ; Woman ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Democracy ; Foreign policy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Parliamentary Government ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political instability ; Politics and Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Progress ; Wars ; Woman ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Democracy ; Foreign policy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Parliamentary Government ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political instability ; Politics and Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Progress ; Wars ; Woman
    Kurzfassung: Democracies rarely if ever fight one another, but they participate in wars as frequently as autocracies. They tend to win the wars in which they participate. Democracies frequently build large alliances in wartime, but not only with other democracies. From time to time democracies intervene militarily in ongoing conflicts. The democratic peace may contribute to a normative justification for such interventions, for the purpose of promoting democracy and eventually for the promotion of peace. This is reinforced by an emerging norm of humanitarian intervention. Democracies may have a motivation to intervene in non-democracies, even in the absence of ongoing conflict, for the purpose of regime change. The recent Iraq War may be interpreted in this perspective. A strong version of this type of foreign policy may be interpreted as a democratic crusade. The paper examines the normative and theoretical foundations of democratic interventionism. An empirical investigation of interventions in the period 1960-96 indicates that democracies intervene quite frequently, but rarely against other democracies. In the short term, democratic intervention appears to be successfully promoting democratization, but the target states tend to end up among the unstable semi-democracies. The most widely publicized recent interventions are targeted on poor or resource-dependent countries in non-democratic neighborhoods. Previous research has found these characteristics to reduce the prospects for stable democracy. Thus, forced democratization is unpredictable with regard to achieving long-term democracy and potentially harmful with regard to securing peace. But short-term military successes may stimulate more interventions until the negative consequences become more visible
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Essama-Nssah, B A Poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The difficulties faced by many developing countries in raising revenue from direct taxes have forced them to rely heavily on indirect taxes to finance development interventions. The purpose of this paper is to show how to identify socially desirable options for commodity taxation in the context of a poverty reduction strategy. Within the logic of social evaluation the author assesses tax options on the basis of value judgments underlying members of the additively separable class of poverty measures. The criterion hinges on both the pattern of consumption of each commodity and the price elasticity of the poverty measure used. An application of this methodology to data for Guinea shows that many components of food expenditure (particularly cereals, grains, and roots) would be good candidates for exemption from value-added tax. Even though expenditure on health and education is distributed in favor of the non-poor, their importance for human capital development argues for a program of targeted subsidies in a broader context of cost recovery
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hesse, Heiko Monetary Policy, Structural Break, And The Monetary Transmission Mechanism In Thailand
    Schlagwort(e): Central bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign interest rate ; Interest rates ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary expansion ; Monetary policy ; Monetary shocks ; Money supply ; Private Sector Development ; Transmission mechanism ; Transmission mechanisms ; Central bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign interest rate ; Interest rates ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary expansion ; Monetary policy ; Monetary shocks ; Money supply ; Private Sector Development ; Transmission mechanism ; Transmission mechanisms ; Central bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign interest rate ; Interest rates ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary expansion ; Monetary policy ; Monetary shocks ; Money supply ; Private Sector Development ; Transmission mechanism ; Transmission mechanisms
    Kurzfassung: The paper studies monetary policy and the monetary transmission mechanism in Thailand in light of the Asian crisis in 1997. Existing studies that adopt structural vector auto-regression (VAR) approaches do not give a clear and agreed-upon view how monetary shocks are transmitted to the Thai economy that is subject to structural breaks. This study explicitly models a pre-crisis and post-crisis cointegrated VAR model. This analysis supports arguments that the trinity of open capital markets, pegged exchange rate regime, and monetary policy autonomy is inconsistent in the pre-crisis period. In contrast, the model points to an effective monetary policy in the post-crisis period. Further, the author analyzes the common driving trends of the model
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Patrinos, Harry Anthony The Living Conditions of Children
    Schlagwort(e): Access to primary education ; Children start primary school ; Early childhood interventions ; Early interventions ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender gap ; Gender parity ; Girls ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Primary Education ; Primary school-aged children ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Young people ; Youth ; Access to primary education ; Children start primary school ; Early childhood interventions ; Early interventions ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender gap ; Gender parity ; Girls ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Primary Education ; Primary school-aged children ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Young people ; Youth ; Access to primary education ; Children start primary school ; Early childhood interventions ; Early interventions ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender gap ; Gender parity ; Girls ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Primary Education ; Primary school-aged children ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Young people ; Youth
    Kurzfassung: This paper summarizes the socioeconomic conditions of children around the world. It explores solutions to the main problems, along with a summary of the costs and benefits of some of the solutions. Emphasis is on the results from rigorous studies, impact evaluations, and randomized experiments. Although the cost-evidence literature is scarce, a good case for early interventions and key quality-enhancing education interventions exists
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Dollar, David Poverty, Inequality, And Social Disparities During China's Economic Reform
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population
    Kurzfassung: China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world over the past 25 years. This growth has fueled a remarkable increase in per capita income and a decline in the poverty rate from 64 percent at the beginning of reform to 10 percent in 2004. At the same time, however, different kinds of disparities have increased. Income inequality has risen, propelled by the rural-urban income gap and by the growing disparity between highly educated urban professionals and the urban working class. There have also been increases in inequality of health and education outcomes. Some rise in inequality was inevitable as China introduced a market system, but inequality may have been exacerbated rather than mitigated by a number of policy features. Restrictions on rural-urban migration have limited opportunities for the relatively poor rural population. The inability to sell or mortgage rural land has further reduced opportunities. China has a uniquely decentralized fiscal system that has relied on local government to fund basic health and education. The result has been that poor villages could not afford to provide good services, and poor households could not afford the high private costs of basic public services. Ironically, the large trade surplus that China has built up in recent years is a further problem, in that it stimulates an urban industrial sector that no longer creates many jobs while restricting the government's ability to increase spending to improve services and address disparities. The government's recent policy shift to encourage migration, fund education and health for poor areas and poor households, and rebalance the economy away from investment and exports toward domestic consumption and public services should help reduce social disparities
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  • 35
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: van Wijnbergen, Sweder Nigeria's Growth Record
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bank Policy ; Commodity prices ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Overhang ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Expenditure ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policies ; Government expenditure ; Macroeconomic policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Bank Policy ; Commodity prices ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Overhang ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Expenditure ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policies ; Government expenditure ; Macroeconomic policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Bank Policy ; Commodity prices ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt Overhang ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Expenditure ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policies ; Government expenditure ; Macroeconomic policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Kurzfassung: Nigeria's oil boom has not brought an end to perennial stagnation in the non-oil economy. Is this the unavoidable consequence of the resource boom or have misguided policies contributed? This paper indicates that the extreme volatility of expenditure rather than Dutch Disease effects are behind the disappointing non-oil growth record. Fiscal policies failed to smooth highly volatile oil income; on the contrary government expenditure was more volatile than oil income. The authors provide econometric evidence showing that volatility of expenditure was increased by debt overhang problems. Moreover, they also find evidence of voracity effects that exacerbated expenditure volatility prior to 1984
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Raleigh, Clionadh Civil War Risk In Democratic And Non-Democratic Neighborhoods
    Schlagwort(e): Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict prevention ; Dependence ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Interdependences ; Member states ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Refugee ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Urban Development ; Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict prevention ; Dependence ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Interdependences ; Member states ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Refugee ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Urban Development ; Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict prevention ; Dependence ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Interdependences ; Member states ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Refugee ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: This study questions the extent to which domestic conflict is influenced by national, regional, and international relationships. It is designed to answer specific questions relating to the effects of neighboring characteristics on a state's risk of conflict and instability: What is the interaction between neighboring conflict and political disorder? Do democratic neighborhoods have different conflict trajectories than non-democratic neighborhoods and if so, where and why? Given that most poor countries are located in poor and conflictual neighborhoods, to what extent is there a relationship between poverty and political disorder in different regime neighborhoods? Using spatial lag terms to specify neighboring regime characteristics and multilevel models to differentiate between explanatory levels, this study reiterates the importance of domestic and neighboring factors in promoting or diminishing the risk of instability and conflict. However, the pronounced negative effects of autocratic and anocratic neighborhoods are mitigated by a growing domestic GDP. This study also finds that democratic neighborhoods are more stable, regardless of income level. Research presented here is unique in its contribution on how regime type is a significant development indicator, which in turn is salient in determining the risks of civil war across states
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: David, Antonio C HIV/AIDS And Social Capital In A Cross-Section of Countries
    Schlagwort(e): AIDS HIV ; Communities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Epidemic ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rule of law ; Social Capital ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social cohesion ; Social networks ; Social norms ; AIDS HIV ; Communities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Epidemic ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rule of law ; Social Capital ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social cohesion ; Social networks ; Social norms ; AIDS HIV ; Communities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Epidemic ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rule of law ; Social Capital ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social cohesion ; Social networks ; Social norms
    Kurzfassung: This paper attempts to quantify the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on social capital with cross-country data. It estimates reduced-form regressions of the main determinants of social capital controlling for HIV prevalence, institutional quality, social distance, and economic indicators using data from the World Values Survey. The results obtained indicate that HIV prevalence affects social capital negatively. The empirical estimates suggest that a one standard deviation increase in HIV prevalence will lead to a 1 percent decline in trust, controlling for other determinants of social capital. If one moves from a country with a relatively low level of HIV prevalence such as Estonia, to a country with a high level such as Zimbabwe, one would observe an approximate 8 percent decline in social capital. These results are robust in a number of dimensions and highlight the empirical importance of an additional mechanism through which HIV/AIDS hinders the development process
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Tarr, David The Structure of Import Tariffs In The Russian Federation
    Schlagwort(e): Customs union ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free trade zone ; Import volume ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; International trade ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff policy ; Tariff revenues ; Tariff structure ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreements ; Trade policy ; Customs union ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free trade zone ; Import volume ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; International trade ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff policy ; Tariff revenues ; Tariff structure ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreements ; Trade policy ; Customs union ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free trade zone ; Import volume ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; International trade ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Development ; Tariff policy ; Tariff revenues ; Tariff structure ; Trade Policy ; Trade agreements ; Trade policy
    Kurzfassung: The Russian tariff structure contains over 11,000 tariff lines of which about 1,700 use the so-called "combined" tariff rate system. For the combined system tariff lines, the actual tariff applied by Russian customs is the maximum of the ad valorem or specific tariff. The lack of available data and the difficulty in calculating the ad valorem equivalence of the specific tariffs have resulted in some previous efforts that have simply ignored the specific tariffs. This is the first paper to accurately assess the tariff rates. The authors show that ignoring the specific tariffs results in an underestimate of the actual tariff rates by about 1 to 3 percentage points, depending on the year. The average tariff in Russia has increased between 2001 and 2003 from about 11.5 to between 13 and 14.5 percent, but it has held steady in 2004 and 2005. This places Russia's tariffs at a level slightly higher than other middle-income countries and considerably higher than the OECD countries. The trade weighted standard deviation of the tariff approximately doubled from 9.5 percent in 2001 to 18 percent in 2003, but then fell to 15.2 percent by 2005. The food sector and light industry are the aggregate sectors with the highest tariff rates-their tariff rates in 2005 were 23.1 percent and 19.5 percent on a trade-weighted basis, but the increase in their tariffs has not led to an increase in their output
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  • 39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (16 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Sasin, Marcin J Migration, remittances, poverty, and human capital
    Schlagwort(e): Government policies ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Impact of migration ; International migration ; Migration ; Migration data ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Practitioners ; Remittances ; Government policies ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Impact of migration ; International migration ; Migration ; Migration data ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Practitioners ; Remittances ; Government policies ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Impact of migration ; International migration ; Migration ; Migration data ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Practitioners ; Remittances
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews common challenges faced by researchers interested in measuring the impact of migration and remittances on income, poverty, inequality, and human capital (or, in general, "welfare") as well as difficulties confronting development practitioners in converting this research into policy advice. On the analytical side, the paper discusses the proper formulation of a research question, the choice of the analytical tools, as well as the interpretation of the results in the presence of pervasive endogeneity in all decisions surrounding migration. Particular attention is given to the use of instrumental variables in migration research. On the policy side, the paper argues that the private nature of migration and remittances implies a need to carefully spell out the rationale for interventions. It also notices the lack of good migration data and proper evaluations of migration-related government policies. The paper focuses mainly on microeconomic evidence about international migration, but much of the discussion extends to other settings as well
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (9 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Amin, Mohammad Are labor regulations driving computer usage in India's retail stores ?
    Schlagwort(e): Downward bias ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Regulations ; Labor Relations ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor regulation ; Labor supply ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total employment ; Workers ; Downward bias ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Regulations ; Labor Relations ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor regulation ; Labor supply ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total employment ; Workers ; Downward bias ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Regulations ; Labor Relations ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor regulation ; Labor supply ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total employment ; Workers
    Kurzfassung: A recent survey of 1,948 retail stores in India conducted by the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys shows that 19 percent of the stores use computers for their business. In some states like Kerala, computer use is as high as 40 percent. Using this data the author finds labor regulation as an important determinant of computer use. His estimates suggest that when faced with burdensome labor regulations, the probability of using a computer rises by over 36 percentage points for an average store. These findings formally confirm a commonly held but untested view that labor regulation may be responsible for the spread of labor saving modern technology
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Maloney, William Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages
    Kurzfassung: Using data from Mexico, the authors study empirically the link between trade policy and individual income risk and the extent to which this varies across workers of different human capital (education) levels. They use longitudinal income data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in different manufacturing sectors in Mexico between 1987 and 1998, a period in which the Mexican economy experienced substantial changes in trade policy. In a second step, they use the variations in trade policy across different sectors and over time to estimate the link between trade policy and income risk for workers of varying education levels. The authors' findings are as follows. The level of openness of an economy is not found to be related to income risk for workers of any type. Furthermore, changes in trade policy (that is, trade policy reforms) are not found to have any effect on the risk to income faced by workers with either low or high levels of human capital. But workers with intermediate levels of human capital are found to experience a statistically and economically significant increase in income risk immediately following liberalization of trade. The findings thus point to an interesting non-monotonicity in the interaction between human capital, income risk and trade policy changes
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Mendelsohn, Robert Climate change adaptation in Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Chickens ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Chickens ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef cattle ; Chickens ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses quantitative methods to examine the way African farmers have adapted livestock management to the range of climates found across the African continent. The authors use logit analysis to estimate whether farmers adopt livestock. They then use three econometric models to examine which species farmers choose: a primary choice multinomial logit, an optimal portfolio multinomial logit, and a demand system multivariate probit. Comparing the results of the three methods of estimating species selection reveals that the three approaches yield similar results. Using data from over 9,000 African livestock farmers in 10 countries, the analysis finds that farmers are more likely to choose to have livestock as temperatures increase and as precipitation decreases. Across all methods of estimating choice, livestock farmers in warmer locations are less likely to choose beef cattle and chickens and more likely to choose goats and sheep. As precipitation increases, cattle and sheep decrease but goats and chickens increase. The authors simulate the way farmers' choices might change with a set of uniform climate changes and a set of climate model scenarios. The uniform scenarios predict that warming and drying would increase livestock ownership but that increases in precipitation would decrease it. The climate scenarios predict a decrease in the probability of beef cattle and an increase in the probability of sheep and goats, and they predict that more heat-tolerant animals will dominate the future African landscape
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  • 43
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hertel, Thomas W Poverty analysis using an international cross-country demand system
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial crisis ; Financial support ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Bank ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-data ; Price change ; Price changes ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial crisis ; Financial support ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Bank ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-data ; Price change ; Price changes ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial crisis ; Financial support ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Bank ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Micro-data ; Price change ; Price changes
    Kurzfassung: This paper proposes a new method for ex ante analysis of the poverty impacts arising from policy reforms. Three innovations underlie this approach. The first is the estimation of a global demand system using a combination of micro-data from household surveys and macro-data from the International Comparisons Project (ICP). Estimation is undertaken in a manner that reconciles these two sources of information, explicitly recognizing that per capita national demands are an aggregation of the disaggregated, individual household demands. The second innovation relates to a methodology for post-estimation calibration of the global demand system, giving rise to country-specific demand systems and an associated expenditure function which, when aggregated across the expenditure distribution, reproduce observed per capita budget shares exactly. This leads to the third innovation, which is the establishment of a unique poverty level of utility and an appropriately modified set of Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measures. With these tools in hand, the authors are able to calculate the change in the head-count of poverty, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap arising from policy reforms, where the poverty measures are derived using a unique poverty level of utility, rather than an income or expenditure-based measure. They use these techniques with a demand system for food, other nondurables and services estimated using a combination of 1996 ICP data set and national expenditure distribution data. Calibration is demonstrated for three countries for which household survey expenditure data are used during estimation-Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. To show the usefulness of these calibrated models for policy analysis, the authors assess the effects of an assumed 5 percent food price rise as might be realized in the wake of a multilateral trade agreement. Results illustrate the important role of subsistence expenditures at lowest income levels, but of discretionary expenditure at higher income levels. The welfare analysis underscores the relatively large impact of the price hike on poorer households, while a modified Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measure shows that the 5 percent price rise increases the incidence and intensity of poverty in all three cases, although the specific effects vary considerably by country
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Sharma, Siddharth When do creditor rights work?
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bank loans ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contract enforcement ; Creditor ; Creditor Rights ; Creditors ; Debt Markets ; Finance Corporation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Legal protections ; Legal systems ; Public Disclosure ; Access to Finance ; Bank loans ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contract enforcement ; Creditor ; Creditor Rights ; Creditors ; Debt Markets ; Finance Corporation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Legal protections ; Legal systems ; Public Disclosure ; Access to Finance ; Bank loans ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contract enforcement ; Creditor ; Creditor Rights ; Creditors ; Debt Markets ; Finance Corporation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Legal protections ; Legal systems ; Public Disclosure
    Kurzfassung: Creditor-friendly laws are generally associated with more credit to the private sector and deeper financial markets. But laws mean little if they are not upheld in the courts. The authors hypothesize that the effectiveness of creditor rights is strongly linked to the efficiency of contract enforcement. This hypothesis is tested using firm level data on 27 European countries in 2002 and 2005. The analysis finds that firms have more access to bank credit in countries with better creditor rights, but the association between creditor rights and bank credit is much weaker in countries with inefficient courts. Exploiting the panel dimension of the data and the fact that creditor rights change over time, the authors show that the effect of a change in creditor rights on change in bank credit increases with court enforcement. In particular, a unit increase in the creditor rights index will increase the share of bank loans in firm investment by 27 percent in a country at the 10th percentile of the enforcement time distribution (Lithuania). However, the increase will be only 7 percent in a country at the 80th percentile of this distribution (Kyrgyzstan). Legal protections of creditors and efficient courts are strong complements
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Rahardja, Sjamsu Big dragon, little dragons
    Schlagwort(e): Maschine ; Export ; China ; Südostasien ; Competitiveness ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export market ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Finished products ; Free Trade ; General Manufacturing ; Home market ; Home markets ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Supplier ; Suppliers ; Third markets ; World market ; Competitiveness ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export market ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Finished products ; Free Trade ; General Manufacturing ; Home market ; Home markets ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Supplier ; Suppliers ; Third markets ; World market ; Competitiveness ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export market ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Finished products ; Free Trade ; General Manufacturing ; Home market ; Home markets ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market share ; Markets and Market Access ; Supplier ; Suppliers ; Third markets ; World market
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the extent of China's export boom in machinery and analyzes trade in components and finished machinery between China and Southeast Asia. China has increased its world market share in machinery exports. The median relative unit value of its finished machinery exports has also risen. Yet the author finds no evidence that China's expansion in the world machinery market has squeezed the market shares of Southeast Asian machinery exports. Instead, components made by Southeast Asian countries are increasing in unit value and gaining market share in China
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  • 46
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Scarperation
    Schlagwort(e): Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry ; Climate change ; Crop production ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Governance and Institutions ; Industry ; Pipelines ; Pollution ; Pollution control ; Production process ; Riparian states ; River basins ; Rivers ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Treaties ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water and Industry
    Kurzfassung: The environment and security literature has argued that freshwater scarcity often leads to inter-state conflict, and possibly acute violence. The contention, however, ignores the long history of hydro-political cooperation exemplified by hundreds of documented agreements. Building on a theory that considers the relationship between scarcity and hydro-political cooperation, this paper empirically investigates why treaties are negotiated for some rivers and between some riparians, and not others. The paper suggests that long-term water scarcity has a significant influence on levels of cooperation. Additional variables considered include trade, level of governance among the riparian states, and the geography of the river. Findings confirm that cooperation and scarcity embody a concave (inverted U curve) relationship. Governance has a positive impact on cooperation. In addition, riparians may either arrange the use of their scarce water resources via a treaty or trade (and indirectly exchange [virtual] water). Scarcity, governance, and trade were found to be most salient in explaining levels of cooperation while geography is significant in some of the estimates
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  • 47
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Yield impact of irrigation management transfer
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Irrigation Management ; Irrigation Management Transfer ; Irrigation and Drainage ; Irrigation association ; Irrigation associations ; Irrigation departments ; Irrigation infrastructure ; Irrigation projects ; Participatory irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water delivery ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Irrigation Management ; Irrigation Management Transfer ; Irrigation and Drainage ; Irrigation association ; Irrigation associations ; Irrigation departments ; Irrigation infrastructure ; Irrigation projects ; Participatory irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water delivery ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Irrigation Management ; Irrigation Management Transfer ; Irrigation and Drainage ; Irrigation association ; Irrigation associations ; Irrigation departments ; Irrigation infrastructure ; Irrigation projects ; Participatory irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water delivery
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep Crop Selection
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum ; Agriculture ; Availability of seed ; Beans ; Choice of crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Groundnut ; Maize ; Millet ; Soils ; Sorghum
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines whether the choice of crops is affected by climate in Africa. Using a multinomial logit model, the paper regresses crop choice on climate, soils, and other factors. The model is estimated using a sample of more than 7,000 farmers across 11 countries in Africa. The study finds that crop choice is very climate sensitive. For example, farmers select sorghum and maize-millet in the cooler regions of Africa; maize-beans, maize-groundnut, and maize in moderately warm regions' and cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, and millet-groundnut in hot regions. Further, farmers choose sorghum, and millet-groundnut when conditions are dry; cowpea, cowpea-sorghum, maize-millet, and maize when medium wet; and maize-beans and maize-groundnut when wet. As temperatures warm, farmers will shift toward more heat tolerant crops. Depending on whether precipitation increases or decreases, farmers will also shift toward drought tolerant or water loving crops, respectively. There are several policy relevant conclusions to draw from this study. First, farmers will adapt to climate change by switching crops. Second, global warming impact studies cannot assume crop choice is exogenous. Third, this study only examines choices across current crops. Future farmers may well have more choices. There is an important role for agronomic research in developing new varieties more suited for higher temperatures. Future farmers may have even better adaptation alternatives with an expanded set of crop choices specifically targeted at higher temperatures
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Yusuf, Shahid Strengthening China's Technological Capability
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; E-Business ; Education ; Electronics ; Engineering ; Equipment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information technology ; Innovations ; Nanotechnology ; New technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Technological Capability ; Technological capabilities ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; Tertiary Education ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; E-Business ; Education ; Electronics ; Engineering ; Equipment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information technology ; Innovations ; Nanotechnology ; New technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Technological Capability ; Technological capabilities ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; Tertiary Education ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; E-Business ; Education ; Electronics ; Engineering ; Equipment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information technology ; Innovations ; Nanotechnology ; New technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Technological Capability ; Technological capabilities ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; Tertiary Education
    Kurzfassung: China is increasing its outlay on research and development and seeking to build an innovation system that will deliver quick results not just in absorbing technology but also in pushing the technological envelope. China's spending on R&D rose from 1.1 percent of GDP in 2000 to 1.3 percent of GDP in 2005. On a purchasing power parity basis, China's research outlay was among the world's highest, far greater than that of Brazil, India, or Mexico. Chinese firms are active in the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, alternative energy sources, and nanotechnology. This surge in spending has been parallel by a sharp increase in patent applications in China, with the bulk of the patents registered in the areas of electronics, information technology, and telecoms. However, of the almost 50,000 patents granted in China, nearly two-thirds were to nonresidents. This paper considers two questions that are especially important for China. First, how might China go about accelerating technology development? Second, what measures could most cost-effectively deliver the desired outcomes? It concludes that although the level of financing for R&D is certainly important, technological advance is closely keyed to absorptive capacity which is a function of the volume and quality of talent and the depth as well as the heterogeneity of research experience. It is also a function of how companies maximize the commercial benefits of research and development, and the coordination of research with production and marketing
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  • 50
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Lederman, Daniel The Growth of China And India In World Trade
    Schlagwort(e): Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy ; Bilateral trade ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic size ; Export growth ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Growth rate ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Development ; Substitution effect ; Telecommunications ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the relationship between the growth of China and India in world merchandise trade and Latin American and Caribbean commercial flows from two perspectives. First, the authors focus on the opportunity that China and India's markets have offered Latin American and Caribbean exporters during 2000-2004. Second, empirical analyses examine the partial correlation between Chinese and Indian bilateral trade flows and Latin American and Caribbean trade with third markets. Both analyses rely on the gravity model of international trade. Econometric estimations that control for the systematic correlation between expected bilateral trade volumes and the size of their regression errors, as well as importer and exporter fixed effects and year effects, provide consistent estimates of the relevant parameters for different groups of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results suggest that the growth of the two Asian markets has produced large opportunities for Latin American and Caribbean exporters, which nevertheless have not been fully exploited. The evidence concerning the effects of Chinese and Indian trade with third markets is not robust, but there is little evidence of negative effects on Latin American and Caribbean exports of non-fuel merchandise. In general, China's and to a large extent India's growing presence in world trade has been good news for Latin America and the Caribbean, but some of the potential benefits remain unexploited
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  • 51
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kaplan, David S Entry Regulation And Business Start-Ups
    Schlagwort(e): Corporate Law ; Equality ; Estate ; Individuals ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Microfinance ; Municipalities ; Municipality ; Political party ; Proprietary ; Proxy ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Subnational Governance ; Union ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Corporate Law ; Equality ; Estate ; Individuals ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Microfinance ; Municipalities ; Municipality ; Political party ; Proprietary ; Proxy ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Subnational Governance ; Union ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management ; Corporate Law ; Equality ; Estate ; Individuals ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Microfinance ; Municipalities ; Municipality ; Political party ; Proprietary ; Proxy ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Subnational Governance ; Union ; Urban Development ; Urban Governance and Management
    Kurzfassung: The authors estimate the effect on business start-ups of a program that significantly speeds up firm registration procedures. The program was implemented in Mexico in different municipalities at different dates. Authors estimates suggest that new start-ups increased by about 4 percent in eligible industries, and the authors present evidence that this is a causal effect. Most of the effect is temporary, concentrated in the first 10 months after implementation. The effect is robust to several specifications of the benchmark control group time trends. The authors find that the program was more effective in municipalities with less corruption and cheaper additional procedures
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  • 52
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: de la Torre, Augusto Innovative Experiences In Access To Finance
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost
    Kurzfassung: Interest in access to finance has increased significantly in recent years, as growing evidence suggests that lack of access to credit prevents lower-income households and small firms from financing high return investment projects, having an adverse effect on growth and poverty alleviation. This study describes some recent innovative experiences to broaden access to credit. These experiences are consistent with an emerging new view that recognizes a limited role for the public sector in financial markets, but contends that there might be room for well-designed, restricted interventions in collaboration with the private sector to foster financial development and broaden access. The authors illustrate this view with several recent experiences in Latin America and then discuss some open policy questions about the role of the public and private sectors in driving these financial innovations
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  • 53
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Arze del Granado, F. Javier Investing In Indonesia's Education
    Schlagwort(e): Academic year ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education expenditures ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Formal education ; Level of education ; Levels of education ; Primary Education ; Private schools ; Quality of education ; Quality of education services ; Teacher ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Academic year ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education expenditures ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Formal education ; Level of education ; Levels of education ; Primary Education ; Private schools ; Quality of education ; Quality of education services ; Teacher ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Academic year ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education expenditures ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Formal education ; Level of education ; Levels of education ; Primary Education ; Private schools ; Quality of education ; Quality of education services ; Teacher ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education
    Kurzfassung: What are the current trends and main characteristics of public education spending in Indonesia? Is education spending insufficient? Are expenditures in education efficient and equitable? This study reports the first account of Indonesia's aggregated (national and sub-national) spending on education, as well as the economic composition of education spending and its breakdown by programs. It presents estimations of the expected (average) level of education spending for a country with its economic and social characteristics. This analysis sheds light on the efficiency and equity of education spending by presenting social rates of return by level of education, by assessing the adequacy of current teacher earnings relative to other paid workers and the distribution of teachers across urban, rural, and remote regions, and by identifying the main determinants of education enrollment. It concludes that the current challenges in Indonesia are no longer defined by the need of additional spending, but rather the need to improve the quality of education services, and to improve the efficiency of education expenditures by re-allocating teachers to undersupplied regions and re-adjusting the spending mix within and between education programs for future additional spending in the sector. The study finds that poverty and student-aged labor are also significant constraints to education enrollment, stressing the importance of policies aimed at addressing demand-side factors
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  • 54
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kabubo-Mariara, Jane The Economic Impact of Climate Change On Kenyan Crop Agriculture
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate variables ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate variables ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Resources ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate variables ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought Management ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global warming ; Irrigation ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Resources
    Kurzfassung: This paper measures the economic impact of climate on crops in Kenya. The analysis is based on cross-sectional climate, hydrological, soil, and household level data for a sample of 816 households, and uses a seasonal Ricardian model. Estimated marginal impacts of climate variables suggest that global warming is harmful for agricultural productivity and that changes in temperature are much more important than changes in precipitation. This result is confirmed by the predicted impact of various climate change scenarios on agriculture. The results further confirm that the temperature component of global warming is much more important than precipitation. The authors analyze farmers' perceptions of climate variations and their adaptation to these, and also constraints on adaptation mechanisms. The results suggest that farmers in Kenya are aware of short-term climate change, that most of them have noticed an increase in temperatures, and that some have taken adaptive measures
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Honorati, Maddalena Corruption, The Business Environment, And Small Business Growth In India
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates a dynamic business growth equation on a sample of small-scale manufacturers. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are significant influences on industrial growth in India. The expected annual sales growth rate of an enterprise is lower where labor regulation is greater, power shortages are more severe, and cash flow constraints are stronger. The effects of each of the three factors on business growth seem also to depend on a fourth element, namely, corruption. Specifically, labor regulation affects the growth only of enterprises for which corruption is not a factor in business decisions. By contrast, power shortages seem to be a drag on the growth only of enterprises self-reportedly held back by corruption. Lastly, sales growth is constrained by cash flow only in businesses that are not affected by labor regulation, power shortages, or corruption. The analysis uses corruption as a proxy for the quality of "property rights institutions" and considers labor regulation and small business financing as instances of "contracting institutions." The findings on the interaction between corruption and other aspects of business environment then seems to indicate that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions. Moreover, there might also be a hierarchy among contracting institutions in their effect on manufacturing growth
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  • 56
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Deressa, Temesgen Tadesse Measuring The Economic Impact of Climate Change On Ethiopian Agriculture
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fertilization ; Global Environment ; Gross domestic product ; IPCC ; Policy formulation ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fertilization ; Global Environment ; Gross domestic product ; IPCC ; Policy formulation ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fertilization ; Global Environment ; Gross domestic product ; IPCC ; Policy formulation ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Soil ; Temperature
    Kurzfassung: This study uses the Ricardian approach to analyze the impact of climate change on Ethiopian agriculture and to describe farmer adaptations to varying environmental factors. The study analyzes data from 11 of the country's 18 agro-ecological zones, representing more than 74 percent of the country, and survey of 1,000 farmers from 50 districts. Regressing of net revenue on climate, household, and soil variables show that these variables have a significant impact on the farmers' net revenue per hectare.The study carries out a marginal impact analysis of increasing temperature and changing precipitation across the four seasons. In addition, it examines the impact of uniform climate scenarios on farmers' net revenue per hectare. Additionally, it analyzes the net revenue impact of predicted climate scenarios from three models for the years 2050 and 2100. In general, the results indicate that increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation are both damaging to Ethiopian agriculture. Although the analysis did not incorporate the carbon fertilization effect, the role of technology, or the change in prices for the future, significant information for policy-making can be extracted
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Baird, Sarah Infant Mortality Over The Business Cycle In The Developing World
    Schlagwort(e): Developing Countries ; Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Population Policies ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Developing Countries ; Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Population Policies ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Developing Countries ; Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Insurance ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Population Policies ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax
    Kurzfassung: The diffusion of cost-effective life saving technologies has reduced infant mortality in much of the developing world. Income gains may also play a direct, protective role in ensuring child survival, although the empirical findings to date on this issue have been mixed. This paper assembles data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 59 countries to analyze the relationship between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality. The authors show that there is a strong, negative association between changes in per capita GDP and infant mortality- in a first-differenced specification the implied elasticity of infant mortality with respect to per capita GDP is approximately -0.56. In addition to this central result, two findings are noteworthy. First, although there is some evidence of changes in the composition of women giving birth during economic upturns and downturns, the observed changes in infant mortality are not a result of mothers with protective characteristics timing fertility to correspond with the business cycle. Second, the association between infant mortality and per capita GDP is particularly pronounced for periods of large contractions in GDP, suggesting the inability of developing country households or health systems (or both) to smooth resources. Simple back-of-the-envelope calculations using the estimates suggest that there may have been more than 1 million "excess" deaths in the developing world since 1980 as a result of large, negative contractions in per capita GDP
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  • 58
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Brenton, Paul Clothing And Export Diversification
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Policy ; Trade policy ; Value added ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Policy ; Trade policy ; Value added ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Imperfect competition ; Income ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Quotas ; Tariff barriers ; Trade Policy ; Trade policy ; Value added
    Kurzfassung: Can the clothing sector be a driver of export diversification and growth for today's low-income countries as it was in the past for countries that have graduated into middle income? This paper assesses this issue taking into account key changes to the market for clothing: the emergence of India and especially China as exporting countries; the rise of global production chains; the removal of quotas from the global trading regime but the continued presence of high tariffs and substantial trade preferences; the increasing importance of large buyers in developed countries and their concerns regarding risk and reputation; and the increasing importance of time in defining sourcing decisions. To assess the importance of the factors shaping the global clothing market, the authors estimate a gravity model to explain jointly the propensity to export clothing and the magnitude of exports from developing countries to the E U and US markets. This analysis identifies the quality of governance as an important determinant of sourcing decisions and that there appears to be a general bias against sourcing apparel from African countries, which is only partially overcome by trade preferences
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  • 59
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Carletto, Calogero Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food production ; Incomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food production ; Incomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food production ; Incomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses a duration analysis based on adoption data spanning more than 25 years from six communities in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. The analysis explores how household characteristics and external trends play into both the adoption and diffusion processes of non-traditional exports among smallholders. Adoption was initially widespread and rapid, which led nontraditional exports to be hailed as a pro-poor success, reaching all but the smallest landholders. However, over time more than two-thirds of adopters eventually dropped out of production of nontraditional exports. Based on the analysis, production of nontraditional exports appears to have delivered less prosperity to adopters than initially promised. Although smallholders may be enticed into entering into nontraditional exports markets when conditions are favorable, they may lack the capacity to overcome the difficulties that inevitably arise in complex types of cultivations and in highly variable global agricultural markets. Governmental and non-governmental organizations can attempt to mitigate these difficulties, but market forces may overwhelm their efforts, with some adopters still unable to compete in global markets
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Perotti, Roberto Fiscal Policy In Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal policies ; Fiscal rules ; Government budget ; Government consumption ; Government spending ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary authorities ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; Social security ; Stabilization policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal policies ; Fiscal rules ; Government budget ; Government consumption ; Government spending ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary authorities ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; Social security ; Stabilization policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal policies ; Fiscal rules ; Government budget ; Government consumption ; Government spending ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary authorities ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; Social security ; Stabilization policies
    Kurzfassung: This paper surveys fiscal policy in developing countries from the point of view of long-run growth. The first section reviews existing methodologies to estimate the effects of fiscal policy shocks and of systematic fiscal policy, with time series or with cross-sectional methods, and their applicability to developing countries. The second section surveys optimal fiscal policy in developing countries, by considering the role of the intertemporal government budget, and sustainability and solvency. It also reviews the fuzzy debate on "fiscal space" and "macroeconomic space" - and the usefulness (or lack thereof) of these terms for policy analysis. The third section asks what theory tells us about the optimal cyclical behavior of fiscal policy in developing countries. It shows that it very much depends on the assumptions about the interactions between credit market imperfections at the individual, firms, or government level, and on the supply of external funds to the country. Different sets of assumptions lead to different implications about optimal cyclical behavior. The available evidence on the cyclical behavior of fiscal policy, and possible reasons for the observed prevalence of a procyclical behavior in developing countries, is also reviewed. If one agrees that fiscal policy is indeed less countercyclical than we think is optimal, the issue is how to correct the problem. One obvious question is why government do not self-insure, i.e. why they do not accumulate assets in upturns and decumulate them in downturns. This leads to the analysis of fiscal rules and stabilization funds, in the fourth section. The last section concludes with what the author considers important research and policy questions in each part
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  • 61
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kaufmann, Daniel Governance Indicators
    Schlagwort(e): Anticorruption ; Citizens ; Economic development ; Global Governance ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Governance outcomes ; Measurement error ; Measuring governance ; National Governance ; Rule of law ; Anticorruption ; Citizens ; Economic development ; Global Governance ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Governance outcomes ; Measurement error ; Measuring governance ; National Governance ; Rule of law ; Anticorruption ; Citizens ; Economic development ; Global Governance ; Good governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Governance outcomes ; Measurement error ; Measuring governance ; National Governance ; Rule of law
    Kurzfassung: Scholars, policymakers, aid donors, and aid recipients acknowledge the importance of good governance for development. This understanding has spurred an intense interest in more refined, nuanced, and policy-relevant indicators of governance. In this paper we review progress to date in the area of measuring governance, using a simple framework of analysis focusing on two key questions: (i) what do we measure? and, (ii) whose views do we rely on? For the former question, we distinguish between indicators measuring formal laws or rules 'on the books', and indicators that measure the practical application or outcomes of these rules 'on the ground', calling attention to the strengths and weaknesses of both types of indicators as well as the complementarities between them. For the latter question, we distinguish between experts and survey respondents on whose views governance assessments are based, again highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and complementarities. We also review the merits of aggregate as opposed to individual governance indicators. We conclude with some simple principles to guide the refinement of existing governance indicators and the development of future indicators. We emphasize the need to: transparently disclose and account for the margins of error in all indicators; draw from a diversity of indicators and exploit complementarities among them; submit all indicators to rigorous public and academic scrutiny; and, in light of the lessons of over a decade of existing indicators, to be realistic in the expectations of future indicators
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  • 62
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bredenkamp, Caryn Sustainability of Healthcare Financing In The Western Balkans
    Schlagwort(e): Exercises ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health care ; Health for All ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International organizations ; Migration ; Nutrition ; Patient ; Primary health care ; Public health ; Exercises ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health care ; Health for All ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International organizations ; Migration ; Nutrition ; Patient ; Primary health care ; Public health ; Exercises ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health care ; Health for All ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International organizations ; Migration ; Nutrition ; Patient ; Primary health care ; Public health
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores the major challenges to the sustainability of health sector financing in the countries of the Western Balkans - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and the province of Kosovo. It focuses on how the incentives created by the different elements of the healthcare financing system affect the behavior of healthcare providers and individuals, and the resulting inefficiencies in revenue collection and expenditure containment. The paper analyzes patterns of healthcare expenditure, finding that there is some evidence of cost containment, but that current expenditure levels - while similar to that in EU countries as a share of GDP - are low in per capita terms and the fiscal space to increase expenditures is extremely limited. It also examines the key drivers of current healthcare expenditure and the most significant barriers to revenue generation, identifying some key health reforms that countries in the sub-region could consider in order to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their health systems. Data are drawn from international databases, country institutions, and household surveys
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Andres, Luis Do Regulation And Institutional Design Matter For Infrastructure Sector Performance ?
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Developing economies ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial returns ; Gross domestic product ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure projects ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private infrastructure ; Private investment ; Private investments ; Privatization ; Regulatory frameworks ; Sustainable Development ; Debt Markets ; Developing economies ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial returns ; Gross domestic product ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure projects ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private infrastructure ; Private investment ; Private investments ; Privatization ; Regulatory frameworks ; Sustainable Development ; Debt Markets ; Developing economies ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial returns ; Gross domestic product ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure projects ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Private infrastructure ; Private investment ; Private investments ; Privatization ; Regulatory frameworks ; Sustainable Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper evaluates the impact of economic regulation on infrastructure sector outcomes. It tests the impact of regulation from three different angles: aligning costs with tariffs and firm profitability; reducing opportunistic renegotiation; and measuring the effects on productivity, quality of service, coverage, and prices. The analysis uses an extensive data set of about 1,000 infrastructure concessions granted in Latin America from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The analysis finds that as the theory indicates, regulation matters. The empirical work here reported shows that in three relevant economic aspects-aligning costs and tariffs; dissuading renegotiations; and improving productivity, quality of service, coverage, and tariffs-the structure, institutions, and procedures of regulation matter. Thus, significant efforts should continue to be made to improve the structure, quality, and institutionality of regulation. Regulation matters for protecting both consumers and investors, for aligning closely financial returns and the costs of capital, and for capturing higher levels of benefits from the provision of infrastructure services by the private sector
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  • 64
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bussolo, Maurizio Challenges To MDG Achievement In Low Income Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Development Strategies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Millennium Declaration ; Millennium Development Goals ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Progress ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Social Services ; Development Strategies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Millennium Declaration ; Millennium Development Goals ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Progress ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Social Services ; Development Strategies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income Inequality ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Millennium Declaration ; Millennium Development Goals ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Progress ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Social Services
    Kurzfassung: This paper summarizes the policy lessons from applications of the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS) model to two low income countries: Ghana and Honduras. Results show that costs of MDGs achievement could reach 10-13 percent of GDP by 2015, although, given the observed low productivity in the provision of social services, significant savings may be realized by improving efficiency. Sources of financing also matter: foreign aid inflows can reduce international competitiveness through real exchange appreciation, while domestic financing can crowd out the private sector and slow poverty reduction. Spending a large share of a fixed budget on growth-enhancing infrastructure may mean sacrificing some human development, even if higher growth is usually associated with lower costs of social services. The pursuit of MDGs increases demand for skills: while this encourages higher educational attainments, in the short term this could lead to increased income inequality and a lower poverty elasticity of growth
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  • 65
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Friedman, Jed Psychological Health Before, During, And After An Economic Crisis
    Schlagwort(e): Anxiety ; Depression ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Mental Illness ; Screening ; Workers ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Mental Illness ; Screening ; Workers ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Mental Illness ; Screening ; Workers
    Kurzfassung: The 1997 Indonesian financial crisis resulted in severe economic dislocation and political upheaval, and the detrimental consequences for economic welfare, physical health, and child education have been previously established in numerous studies. We also find the crisis adversely impacted population psychological well-being. We document substantial increases in several different dimensions of psychological distress among male and female adults across the entire age distribution over the crisis period. In addition, the imprint of the crisis can be seen in the differential impacts of the crisis on low education groups, the rural landless, and residents in those provinces that were hit hardest by the crisis. Elevated levels of psychological distress persist even after indicators of economic well-being such as household consumption had returned to pre-crisis levels suggesting long-term deleterious effects of the crisis on the psychological well-being of the Indonesian population
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Fay, Marianne Product Market Regulation In Bulgaria
    Schlagwort(e): Air ; Air Travel ; E-Business ; Enforcement Of Regulations ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Freight ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Ministry Of Transport ; Private Sector Development ; Public Ownership ; Public Sector Regulation ; Railways ; Road ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Air ; Air Travel ; E-Business ; Enforcement Of Regulations ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Freight ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Ministry Of Transport ; Private Sector Development ; Public Ownership ; Public Sector Regulation ; Railways ; Road ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Air ; Air Travel ; E-Business ; Enforcement Of Regulations ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Freight ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Ministry Of Transport ; Private Sector Development ; Public Ownership ; Public Sector Regulation ; Railways ; Road ; Road Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation
    Kurzfassung: Less restrictive product market policies are crucial in promoting convergence to higher levels of GDP per capita. This paper benchmarks product market policies in Bulgaria to those of OECD countries by estimating OECD indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR). The PMR indicators allow a comprehensive mapping of policies affecting competition in product markets. Comparison with OECD countries reveals that Bulgaria has made substantial progress towards less restrictive product market policies but also emphasizes a number of areas where further reform is needed. These include adoption of a regulatory process based on incentive-based rather than command-and-control approach, reduction of state interference in the decision of state-owned enterprises, further streamlining of business licensing procedures, and improvement in the communication of rules and procedures to affected parties
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Miluka, Juna The Vanishing Farms ?
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Demographic changes ; Development policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Resource allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Demographic changes ; Development policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Resource allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Demographic changes ; Development policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Resource allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with the allocation of both labor and non-labor inputs in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen
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  • 68
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Herrera, Santiago Public Expenditure And Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public debt management ; Public expenditure management ; Public funds ; Public spending ; Tax ; Taxation ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public debt management ; Public expenditure management ; Public funds ; Public spending ; Tax ; Taxation ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public debt management ; Public expenditure management ; Public funds ; Public spending ; Tax ; Taxation
    Kurzfassung: Given that public spending will have a positive impact on GDP if the benefits exceed the marginal cost of public funds, the present paper deals with measuring costs and benefits of public spending. The paper discusses one cost seldom considered in the literature and in policy debates, namely, the volatility derived from additional public spending. The paper identifies a relationship between public spending volatility and consumption volatility, which implies a direct welfare loss to society. This loss is substantial in developing countries, estimated at 8 percent of consumption. If welfare losses due to volatility are this sizeable, then measuring the benefits of public spending is critical. Gauging benefits based on macro aggregate data requires three caveats: a) considering of the impact of the funding (taxation) required for the additional public spending; b) differentiating between investment and capital formation; c) allowing for heterogeneous response of output to different types of capital and differences in network development. It is essential to go beyond country-specificity to project-level evaluation of the benefits and costs of public projects. From the micro viewpoint, the rate of return of a project must exceed the marginal cost of public funds, determined by tax levels and structure. Credible evaluations require microeconomic evidence and careful specification of counterfactuals. On this, the impact evaluation literature and methods play a critical role. From individual project evaluation, the analyst must contemplate the general equilibrium impacts. In general, the paper advocates for project evaluation as a central piece of any development platform. By increasing the efficiency of public spending, the government can permanently increase the rate of productivity growth and, hence, affect the growth rate of GDP
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  • 69
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Iimi, Atsushi What Is Missing Between Agricultural Growth And Infrastructure Development ?
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Capital Investment ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructures ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Road ; Roads ; Rural Infrastructure ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Network ; Transportation ; Agriculture ; Capital Investment ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructures ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Road ; Roads ; Rural Infrastructure ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Network ; Transportation ; Agriculture ; Capital Investment ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure Development ; Infrastructures ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Road ; Roads ; Rural Infrastructure ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Network ; Transportation
    Kurzfassung: Although it is commonly believed that aggregate economic growth must be associated with public infrastructure stocks, the possible infrastructure needs and effects are different from industry to industry. The agriculture sector is typical. Various infrastructures would affect agriculture growth differently depending on the type of commodity. This paper finds that a general transport network is essential to promote coffee and cocoa production, perhaps along with irrigation facilities, depending on local rainfall. Conversely, along with the transport network, the dairy industry necessitates rural water supply services as well. In some African countries, a 1 percent improvement in these key aspects of infrastructure could raise GDP by about 0.1-0.4 percent, and by possibly by several percent in some cases
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bogetic, Zeljko Cote D'ivoire Volatility, Shocks And Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Cocoa Price ; Cocoa Prices ; Coffee Prices ; Commodity Prices ; Cotton Prices ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Inflation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Indices ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; World Markets ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Cocoa Price ; Cocoa Prices ; Coffee Prices ; Commodity Prices ; Cotton Prices ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Inflation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Indices ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; World Markets ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Cocoa Price ; Cocoa Prices ; Coffee Prices ; Commodity Prices ; Cotton Prices ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Inflation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Markets and Market Access ; Price Indices ; Private Sector Development ; Volatility ; World Markets
    Kurzfassung: Key economic variables in Cote d'Ivoire vary widely from their long-run trends, moving in multi-year cyclical patterns. Cocoa prices move with cycles in growth rates, capital stock, real exchange rates, terms of trade, cocoa production, and coffee production and output. These patterns have become more pronounced since the 1970s as volatility increased. This paper characterize these cycles, estimates the cocoa price-quantity relationship, and analyzes co-movements due to shocks generate a forecast. Three key conclusions follow. First, the economy of Cote d'Ivoire has experienced two fundamental transitions, one in 1976 related to cocoa, and another in 1994 related to exchange rates. From 1960 to 1976, world cocoa prices grew steadily, and then fell in real terms. The country's growth showed a similar pattern. An econometric model indicates that the relationship between cocoa price and quantity experienced a break in 1976 and provides evidence of Cote d'Ivoire's significant influence on world cocoa prices. Second, cocoa price shocks affect growth rates and trade indicators, and are important sources of volatility in the Cote d'Ivoire. The terms of trade and real exchange rate are also sources of volatility for growth and productivity. Third, a forecast of per-worker output based on these variables predicts continued declines in GDP per worker in Cote d'Ivoire for the near future. This dismal forecast implies the need for a radical and rapid improvement on political, security, and economic management to reverse the two and a half decades of economic decline
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  • 71
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Corno, Lucia The Determinants of HIV Infection And Related Sexual Behaviors
    Schlagwort(e): AIDS ; Sexualität ; Lesotho ; AIDS HIV ; Condom ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hiv ; Hiv Infection ; Human Development ; Married Women ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Public Services ; Sexual Behaviors ; Vulnerability ; AIDS HIV ; Condom ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hiv ; Hiv Infection ; Human Development ; Married Women ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Public Services ; Sexual Behaviors ; Vulnerability ; AIDS HIV ; Condom ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hiv ; Hiv Infection ; Human Development ; Married Women ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Public Services ; Sexual Behaviors ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of HIV infection and related sexual behaviors using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. The authors find that in Lesotho education appears to have a protective effect: it is negatively associated with HIV infection (although not always significantly) and it strongly predicts preventive behaviors. The findings also show that married women who have extra-marital relationships are less likely to use a condom than non-married women. This is an important source of vulnerability that should be addressed in prevention efforts. The paper also analyzes HIV infection at the level of the couple. It shows that in 41 percent of the infected couples, only one of the two partners is HIV infected. Therefore, there are still opportunities for prevention inside the couple
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  • 72
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Dasgupta, Susmita Improving Indoor Air Quality For Poor Families
    Schlagwort(e): Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Animal Dung ; Bio-Fuels ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Clean Fuels ; Cooking ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Fuel ; Pollution Management and Control ; Renewable Energy ; Sanitation and Sewerage ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Wood
    Kurzfassung: The World Health Organization's 2004 Global and Regional Burden of Disease Report estimates that acute respiratory infections from indoor air pollution (pollution from burning wood, animal dung, and other bio-fuels) kill a million children annually in developing countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll on poor families in South Asia and Africa. This paper reports on an experiment that studied the use of construction materials, space configurations, cooking locations, and household ventilation practices (use of doors and windows) as potentially-important determinants of indoor air pollution. Results from controlled experiments in Bangladesh are analyzed to test whether changes in these determinants can have significant effects on indoor air pollution. Analysis of the data shows, for example, that pollution from the cooking area diffuses into living spaces rapidly and completely. Furthermore, it is important to factor in the interaction between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Among fuels, seasonal conditions seem to affect the relative severity of pollution from wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. However, there is no ambiguity about their collective impact. All are far dirtier than clean fuels. The analysis concludes that if cooking with clean fuels is not possible, then building the kitchen with porous construction material and providing proper ventilation in cooking areas will yield a better indoor health environment
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Gine, Xavier Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts In Southern India
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Using 40 years of historical rainfall data, this paper estimates a distribution for payouts on rainfall insurance policies offered to farmers in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2006. The authors find that the contracts primarily protect households against extreme tail events; half the expected value of indemnities paid by the insurance are generated by only 2 percent of rainfall realizations. Contract payouts are significantly correlated cross-sectionally, and also inversely associated with real GDP growth. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the potential benefits of insurance to households, the risks facing a financial institution underwriting rainfall insurance contracts, and pricing
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  • 74
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (74 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bayraktar, Nihal The Composition of Public Expenditure And Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Budget Constraint ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Spending ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Capital ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public Spending ; Tax ; Tax Collection ; Budget Constraint ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Spending ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Capital ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public Spending ; Tax ; Tax Collection ; Budget Constraint ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Spending ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Capital ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public Spending ; Tax ; Tax Collection
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a small-scale intertemporal model of endogenous growth that accounts for the composition of public expenditure and externalities associated with public capital. Government spending is disaggregated into various components, including maintenance, security, and investment in education, health, and core infrastructure. After studying its long-run properties, the model is calibrated for Haiti, using country-specific information as well as parameter estimates from the literature. A variety of policy experiments are then reported, including a reallocation of spending aimed at creating fiscal space to promote public investment; an improvement in fiscal management that leads to a reduction in tax collection costs; higher spending on security; and a composite fiscal package
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  • 75
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bussolo, Maurizio Global Growth And Distribution
    Schlagwort(e): Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Over the past 20 years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little even if significant structural changes have been observed. High growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's LINKAGE global general equilibrium model and the newly developed Global Income Distribution Dynamics (GIDD) tool, this paper assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per-capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class-a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analyzing global disparities by taking into account - as the GIDD does - income dynamics between and within countries
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  • 76
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Arbache, Jorge Saba Patterns of Long Term Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Average Growth Rate ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Performance ; Growth Volatility ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Long-Run Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Average Growth Rate ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Performance ; Growth Volatility ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Long-Run Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Average Growth Rate ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Performance ; Growth Volatility ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Long-Run Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity
    Kurzfassung: Using the most recent purchasing power parity data for 44 sub-Saharan African countries, this paper examines the characteristics of long run growth in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors investigate the following issues: cross-country income structure, income convergence, the country level distribution of income, growth and income persistence, and formation of convergence clubs
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  • 77
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Helble, Matthias Transparency, Trade Costs, And Regional Integration In The Asia Pacific
    Schlagwort(e): Cost Analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Intermediate Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Instruments ; Producers ; Property Rights ; Transaction Costs ; Welfare Gains ; Cost Analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Intermediate Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Instruments ; Producers ; Property Rights ; Transaction Costs ; Welfare Gains ; Cost Analysis ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Intermediate Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Instruments ; Producers ; Property Rights ; Transaction Costs ; Welfare Gains
    Kurzfassung: The authors show in this paper that increasing the transparency of the trading environment can be an important complement to traditional liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Our definition of transparency is grounded in a transaction cost analysis. The authors focus on two dimensions of transparency: predictability (reducing the cost of uncertainty) and simplification (reducing information costs). Using the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies as a case study, the authors construct indices of importer and exporter transparency for the region from a wide range of sources. Our results from a gravity model suggest that improving trade-related transparency in APEC could hold significant benefits by raising intra-APEC trade by proximately USD 148 billion or 7.5 pecent of baseline trade in the region
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  • 78
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Stillman, Steven Migration And Mental Health
    Schlagwort(e): Anxiety ; Children ; Depression ; Families ; Health Effects ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospital Admission ; Insomnia ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Migrants ; Migration ; People ; Refugees ; Anxiety ; Children ; Depression ; Families ; Health Effects ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospital Admission ; Insomnia ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Migrants ; Migration ; People ; Refugees ; Anxiety ; Children ; Depression ; Families ; Health Effects ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospital Admission ; Insomnia ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Migrants ; Migration ; People ; Refugees
    Kurzfassung: People migrate to improve their well-being, whether through an expansion of economic and social opportunities or a reduction in persecution. Yet a large literature suggests that migration can be a stressful process, with potentially negative impacts on mental health, reducing the net benefits of migration. However, to truly understand the effect of migration on mental health one must compare the mental health of migrants to what their mental health would have been had they stayed in their home country. The existing literature is not able to do this and typically settles for comparing the mental health of migrants to that of natives in the destination country, which takes no account of any pre-existing differences between these groups. This paper overcomes the selection problems affecting previous studies of the effect of migration on mental health by examining a migrant lottery program. New Zealand allows a quota of Tongans to immigrate each year with a lottery used to choose among the excess number of applicants. A unique survey conducted by the authors in these two countries allows experimental estimates of the mental health effects of migration to be obtained by comparing the mental health of migrants who were successful applicants in the lottery to the mental health of those who applied to migrate under the quota, but whose names were not drawn in the lottery. Migration is found to lead to improvements in mental health, particularly for women and those with poor mental health in their home country
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  • 79
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: McKenzie, David A Land of Milk And Honey With Streets Paved With Gold
    Schlagwort(e): Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Millions of people emigrate every year in search of better economic and social opportunities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that emigrants may have over-optimistic expectations about the incomes they can earn abroad, resulting in excessive migration pressure, and in disappointment among those who do migrate. Yet there is almost no statistical evidence on how accurately these emigrants predict the incomes that they will earn working abroad. In this paper the authors combine a natural emigration experiment with unique survey data on would-be emigrants' probabilistic expectations about employment and incomes in the migration destination. Their procedure enables them to obtain moments and quantiles of the subjective distribution of expected earnings in the destination country. The authors find a significant underestimation of both unconditional and conditional labor earnings at all points in the distribution. This underestimation appears driven in part by potential migrants placing too much weight on the negative employment experiences of some migrants, and by inaccurate information flows from extended family, who may be trying to moderate remittance demands by understating incomes
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  • 80
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Claessens, Stijn International Financial Integration Through Equity Markets
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Capital ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Globalization ; International Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Access To Capital ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Globalization ; International Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Access To Capital ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equity ; Equity Markets ; Exchange ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Globalization ; International Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises
    Kurzfassung: The authors study international financial integration analyzing firms from various countries raising capital, trading equity, and cross-listing in major world stock markets. Using a large sample of 39,517 firms from 111 countries covering the period 1989-2000, they find that, although international financial integration increases substantially over this period, only relatively few countries and firms actively participate in international markets. Firms more likely to internationalize are from larger and more open economies, with higher income, better macroeconomic policies, and worse institutional environments. These firms tend to be larger, grow faster, and have higher returns and more foreign sales. While changes occur with internationalization, these firm attributes are present before internationalization takes place. The results suggest that international financial integration will likely remain constrained by country and firm characteristics
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  • 81
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kaufmann, Daniel The Worldwide Governance Indicators Project
    Schlagwort(e): Administrative Corruption ; Aggregate Governance Indicators ; Aggregate Indicator ; Aggregate Indicators ; Aggregation Method ; Aggregation Methodology ; Corruption ; Corruption Indicator ; Country Corruption ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; National Governance ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Administrative Corruption ; Aggregate Governance Indicators ; Aggregate Indicator ; Aggregate Indicators ; Aggregation Method ; Aggregation Methodology ; Corruption ; Corruption Indicator ; Country Corruption ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; National Governance ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Administrative Corruption ; Aggregate Governance Indicators ; Aggregate Indicator ; Aggregate Indicators ; Aggregation Method ; Aggregation Methodology ; Corruption ; Corruption Indicator ; Country Corruption ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; National Governance ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Kurzfassung: The Worldwide Governance Indicators, reporting estimates of six dimensions of governance for over 200 countries between 1996 and 2005, have become widely used among policymakers and academics. They have also attracted some explicit written criticisms. In this short paper the authors synthesize 11 critiques offered by four recent papers. They then refute them as either conceptually incorrect or empirically unsubstantiated
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  • 82
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Keefer, Philip Beyond Legal Origin And Checks And Balances
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The existing literature emphasizes and contrasts the role of political checks and balances and legal origin in determining the pace of financial sector development. This paper expands substantially on one aspect of this debate: the fact that government actions that promote financial sector development, whether prudent financial regulation or secure property and contract rights, are public goods and sensitive to political incentives to provide public goods. Tests of hypotheses emanating from this argument yield four new conclusions. First, two key determinants of those incentives-the credibility of pre-electoral political promises and citizen information about politician decisions-systematically promote financial sector development. Second, these political factors, along with political checks and balances, operate in part through their influence on the security of property rights, an argument asserted but not previously tested. Third, contrary to findings elsewhere in the literature, the political determinants of financial sector development are significant even in the presence of controls for legal origin. Finally, and again in contrast to the literature, the evidence here suggests that legal origin primarily proxies for political phenomena. Legal origin is a largely insignificant determinant of financial sector development when those phenomena are fully taken into account
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  • 83
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Easterly, William Walking Up The Down Escalator
    Schlagwort(e): Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Kurzfassung: Fiscal adjustment becomes like walking up the down escalator when growth-promoting spending is cut so much as to lower growth and thus the present value of future tax revenues to a degree that more than offsets the improvement in the cash deficit. Although short-term cash flows matter, a preponderant focus on them encourages governments to invest too little. Cash flow targets also encourage governments to shift investment spending off budget, by seeking private investment in public projects-irrespective of its real fiscal or economic benefits. To evade the action of cash flow targets, some have suggested excluding from their scope certain investments (such as those undertaken by public enterprises deemed commercial or financed by multilaterals). These stopgap remedies might sometimes help protect investment, but they do not provide a satisfactory solution to the underlying problem. Governments can more effectively reduce the biases created by the focus on short-term cash flows by developing indicators of the long-term fiscal effects of their decisions, including accounting and economic measures of net worth, and where appropriate including such measures in fiscal targets or even fiscal rules, replacing the exclusive focus on liquidity and debt
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  • 84
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Schmukler, Sergio L Capital Market Development
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bond ; Bond Market ; Bond Market Development ; Capital Market ; Capital Market Development ; Capital Market Reforms ; Capital Markets ; Debt Markets ; Domestic Capital ; Domestic Capital Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: Over the past decades, many countries have implemented significant reforms to foster capital market development. Latin American countries were at the forefront of this process. The authors analyze where Latin American capital markets stand after these reforms. They find that despite the intense reform effort, capital markets in Latin America remain underdeveloped relative to markets in other regions. Furthermore, stock markets are below what can be expected, given Latin America's economic and institutional fundamentals. The authors discuss alternative ways of interpreting this evidence. They argue that it is difficult to pinpoint which policies Latin American countries should pursue to overcome their poor capital market development. Moreover, they argue that expectations about the outcome of the reform process may need to be revisited to take into account intrinsic characteristics of emerging economies. The latter may limit the scope for developing deep domestic capital markets in a context of international financial integration
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Haddad, Mona Trade Integration In East Asia
    Schlagwort(e): Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Capital ; Costs ; Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Technology Industry ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: Production networks have been at the heart of the recent growth in trade among East Asian countries. Fragmentation trade, reflected mainly in the trade in parts and components, is expanding more rapidly than the conventional trade in final goods. This is mainly due to the relatively more favorable policy setting for international production, agglomeration benefits arising from the early entry into this new form of specialization, considerable intercountry wage differentials in the region, lower trade and transport costs, and specialization in products exhibiting increasing returns to scale. The economic integration of China has deepened production fragmentation in East Asia, countering fears of crowding out other countries for international specialization. International production fragmentation in East Asia has intensified intraregional trade but has depended heavily on extraregional trade in final goods. While production networks centered on China have contributed significantly to growth in East Asia, they also breed vulnerabilities. They have not automatically led to technology spillovers and have led to an extreme interdependence across East Asian countries
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (18 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Livestock Choice
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animals ; Beef ; Beef Cattle ; Chickens ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy Cattle ; Environment ; Farm ; Farmer ; Feed ; Goats ; Livesto ; Livestock ; Livestock Farmers ; Livestock Income ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Kurzfassung: The authors explore how Latin American livestock farmers adapt to climate by switching species. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of livestock species. Estimating the models across over 1,200 livestock farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affect the species Latin American farmers choose. The authors then use this model to predict how future climate scenarios would affect species choice. Global warming will cause farmers to switch to beef cattle at the expense of dairy cattle
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  • 87
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Budina, Nina Quantitative Approaches To Fiscal Sustainability Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Balance of Payments ; Balance of Payments Crises ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Business Cycle ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Management ; Debt Management Policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Balance of Payments ; Balance of Payments Crises ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Business Cycle ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Management ; Debt Management Policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Balance of Payments ; Balance of Payments Crises ; Bank Policy ; Budget ; Business Cycle ; Central Bank ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Management ; Debt Management Policies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Kurzfassung: Fiscal sustainability analysis (FSA) is an important component of macroeconomic analysis. The authors review various quantitative approaches to FSA with a major objective to bring these approaches together and to present a user-friendly tool for FSA that reflects modern developments. They combine a dynamic simulations approach with a simplified version of the steady-state consistency approach. They also incorporate two different methods to deal with uncertainty: user-defined stress tests and stochastic simulations. The tool goes further by evaluating the required fiscal adjustment as a consequence of the stochastic realizations of the exogenous variables. Furthermore, the fiscal sustainability tool incorporates an endogenous debt feedback rule for the primary surplus, a fiscal policy reaction function. Besides outlining the theoretical framework, the authors also present a case study for Turkey
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: David, Antonio C Controls On Capital Inflows And External Shocks
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Policy ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Credit Expansion ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Interest Rates ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Shocks ; Interest ; International Rates ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Credit Expansion ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Interest Rates ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Shocks ; Interest ; International Rates ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Credit Expansion ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Domestic Interest Rates ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Shocks ; Interest ; International Rates ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The author attempts to analyze whether price-based controls on capital inflows are successful in insulating economies against external shocks. He presents results from vector auto regressive (VAR) models that indicate that Chile and Colombia, countries that adopted controls on capital inflows, seem to have been relatively well insulated against external disturbances. Subsequently, he uses the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration to isolate the effects of the capital controls on the pass-through of external disturbances to domestic interest rates in those economies. The author concludes that there is evidence that the capital controls allowed for greater policy autonomy
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: O'Keefe, Philip Enterprises, Workers, And Skills In Urban Timor-Leste
    Schlagwort(e): Basic Literacy ; Economic Volatility ; Employment ; Female Labor ; Female Labor Force ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Firm Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Creation ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Particip ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Basic Literacy ; Economic Volatility ; Employment ; Female Labor ; Female Labor Force ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Firm Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Creation ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Particip ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Basic Literacy ; Economic Volatility ; Employment ; Female Labor ; Female Labor Force ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Firm Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Creation ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Particip ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Like many low-income countries, Timor-Leste faces challenges in providing employment for and increasing the skills of its labor force-challenges made more acute by high fertility rates, a very young population, and the capacity constraints of a new nation. However, there is limited information for policymakers to formulate appropriate policies. The paper presents findings of the first urban enterprise survey in independent Timor-Leste. It explores several aspects of the Timorese urban labor market, including the profile of formal and informal enterprises, their behavior in terms of employment and wage-setting practices, and constraints on firm growth. It also presents findings on the skills and training needs of urban employers, and constraints faced in overcoming skills shortages. It finds a highly informal urban enterprise scene, where even "formal" enterprises are largely micro-enterprises. While there has been considerable action in terms of new firm creation since independence, there is already surprisingly low job creation or destruction. This is driven by a number of constraints inside and outside the labor market. With respect to wages, the impacts of the informal minimum wage policy inherited from the interim international administration suggest the need for caution in future wage policy development. While employers identify many skills gaps, basic literacy, numeracy, and language skill needs dominate, and employers appear to value short courses and less formal modes of skills training to address their needs. The paper concludes with suggestions for addressing the key constraints identified
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Reynal-Querol, Marta The Aftermath of Civil War
    Schlagwort(e): Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Demographic Trends ; Disability ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Health Consequences ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Life Expectancy ; Malaria ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Demographic Trends ; Disability ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Health Consequences ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Life Expectancy ; Malaria ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Demographic Trends ; Disability ; Diseases ; Economic Growth ; Health Consequences ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Life Expectancy ; Malaria ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction
    Kurzfassung: Using an "event-study" methodology, this paper analyzes the aftermath of civil war in a cross-section of countries. It focuses on those experiences where the end of conflict marks the beginning of a relatively lasting peace. The paper considers 41 countries involved in internal wars in the period 1960-2003. In order to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the aftermath of war, the paper considers a host of social areas represented by basic indicators of economic performance, health and education, political development, demographic trends, and conflict and security issues. For each of these indicators, the paper first compares the post- and pre-war situations and then examines their dynamic trends during the post-conflict period. The paper concludes that, even though war has devastating effects and its aftermath can be immensely difficult, when the end of war marks the beginning of lasting peace, recovery and improvement are indeed achieved
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Reynal-Querol, Marta Ethnic Polarization And The Duration of Civil Wars
    Schlagwort(e): Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Decolonization ; Economic Development ; Ethnic Diversity ; Financial Support ; Foreign Investment ; Genocide ; Grant ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Decolonization ; Economic Development ; Ethnic Diversity ; Financial Support ; Foreign Investment ; Genocide ; Grant ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Decolonization ; Economic Development ; Ethnic Diversity ; Financial Support ; Foreign Investment ; Genocide ; Grant ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: The authors analyze the relationship between ethnic polarization and the duration of civil wars. Several recent papers have argued that the uncertainty about the relative power of the contenders in a war will tend to increase its duration. In these models, uncertainty is directly related to the relative size of the contenders. The authors argue that the duration of civil wars increases the more polarized a society is. Uncertainty is not necessarily linked to the structure of the population but it could be traced back to the measurement of the size of the different groups in the society. Given a specific level of measurement error or uncertainty, more polarization implies lengthier wars. The empirical results show that ethnically polarized countries have to endure longer civil wars than ethnically less polarized societies
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  • 92
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: McKenzie, David Using The Global Positioning System In Household Surveys For Better Economics And Better Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Accessibility ; Air ; Aircraft ; Costs ; E-Business ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railway ; Railway Lines ; Road ; Road Network ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Signals ; Training ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accessibility ; Air ; Aircraft ; Costs ; E-Business ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railway ; Railway Lines ; Road ; Road Network ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Signals ; Training ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accessibility ; Air ; Aircraft ; Costs ; E-Business ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Railway ; Railway Lines ; Road ; Road Network ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Signals ; Training ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: Distance and location are important determinants of many choices that economists study. While these variables can sometimes be obtained from secondary data, economists often rely on information that is self-reported by respondents in surveys. These self-reports are used especially for the distance from households or community centers to various features such as roads, markets, schools, clinics, and other public services. There is growing evidence that self-reported distance is measured with error and that these errors are correlated with outcomes of interest. In contrast to self-reports, the Global Positioning System (GPS) can determine almost exact location (typically within 15 meters). The falling cost of GPS receivers (typically below US
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kessides, Ioannis N The Pricing Dynamics of Utilities With Underdeveloped Networks
    Schlagwort(e): Choice ; Consumers ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Discount Rate ; Diseconomies of Scale ; E-Business ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Incentives ; Investment ; Low Tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Optimization ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Choice ; Consumers ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Discount Rate ; Diseconomies of Scale ; E-Business ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Incentives ; Investment ; Low Tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Optimization ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Choice ; Consumers ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Discount Rate ; Diseconomies of Scale ; E-Business ; Economic Efficiency ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Incentives ; Investment ; Low Tariffs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopoly ; Optimization ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses an analytically tractable intertemporal framework for analyzing the dynamic pricing of a utility with an underdeveloped network (a typical case in most developing countries) facing a competitive fringe, short-run network adjustment costs, theft of service, and the threat of a retaliatory regulatory review that is increasing with the price it charges. This simple dynamic optimization model yields a number of powerful policy insights and conclusions. Under a variety of plausible assumptions (in the context of developing countries) the utility will find its long-run profits enhanced if it exercises restraint in the early stages of network development by holding price below the limit defined by the unit costs of the fringe. The utility's optimal price gradually converges toward the limit price as its network expands. Moreover, when the utility is threatened with retaliatory regulatory intervention, it will generally have incentives to restrain its pricing behavior. These findings have important implications for the design of post-privatization regulatory governance in developing countries
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Goto, Junichi Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (Nikkeijin) Working In Japan
    Schlagwort(e): Communities & Human Settlements ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policy ; Labor Markets ; Living Conditions ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration Policy ; Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policy ; Labor Markets ; Living Conditions ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration Policy ; Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policy ; Labor Markets ; Living Conditions ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration Policy ; Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Kurzfassung: Since the revision of the Japanese immigration law in 1990, there has been a dramatic influx of Latin Americans, mostly Brazilians, of Japanese origin (Nikkeijin) working in Japan. This is because the revision has basically allowed Nikkeijin to enter Japan legally even as unskilled workers, while the Japanese law, in principle, prohibits foreigners from taking unskilled jobs in the country. In response, the number of these Latin American migrants has increased from practically zero to more than 250,000. The migration of Nikkeijin is likely to have a significant impact on both the Brazilian and the Japanese economies, given the substantial amount of remittances they send to Brazil. The impact is likely to be felt especially in the Nikkeijin community in Brazil. In spite of their importance, the detailed characteristics of Nikkei migrants and the prospect for future migration and remittances are under-researched. The purpose of this paper is therefore to provide a more comprehensive account of the migration of Nikkeijin workers to Japan. The paper contains a brief review of the history of Japanese emigration to Latin America (mostly Brazil), a study of the characteristics of Nikkeijin workers in Japan and their current living conditions, and a discussion on trends and issues regarding immigration in Japan and migration policy. The final part of the paper briefly notes the limitation of existing studies and describes the Brazil Nikkei Household Survey, which is being conducted by the World Bank's Development Research Group at the time of writing this paper. The availability of the survey data will contribute to a better understanding of the Japan-Brazil migration and remittance corridor
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Shalizi, Zmarak Energy And Emissions
    Schlagwort(e): Coal ; Demand For Energy ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Needs ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Strategies ; Energy Strategy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil Fuel ; Fossil Fuel Use ; Coal ; Demand For Energy ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Needs ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Strategies ; Energy Strategy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil Fuel ; Fossil Fuel Use ; Coal ; Demand For Energy ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Needs ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Strategies ; Energy Strategy ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil Fuel ; Fossil Fuel Use
    Kurzfassung: Part 1 of the paper reviews recent trends in fossil fuel use and associated externalities. It also argues that the recent run-up in international oil prices reflects growing concerns about supply constraints associated with declining spare capacity in OPEC, refining bottlenecks, and geopolitical uncertainties rather than growing incremental use of oil by China and India. Part 2 compares two business as usual scenarios with a set of alternate scenarios based on policy interventions on the demand for or supply of energy and different assumptions about rigidities in domestic and international energy markets. The results suggest that energy externalities are likely to worsen significantly if there is no shift in China's and India's energy strategies. High energy demand from China and India could constrain some developing countries' growth through higher prices on international energy markets, but for others the "growth retarding" effects of higher energy prices are partially or fully offset by the "growth stimulating" effects of the larger markets in China and India. Given that there are many inefficiencies in the energy system in both China and India, there is an opportunity to reduce energy growth without adversely affecting GDP growth. The cost of a decarbonizing energy strategy will be higher for China and India than a fossil fuel-based strategy, but the net present value of delaying the shift will be higher than acting now. The less fossil fuel dependent alternative strategies provide additional dividends in terms of energy security
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  • 96
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Titiunik, Rocio Housing, Health, And Happiness
    Schlagwort(e): Aged ; Child Development ; Children ; Depression ; Families ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Implementation ; Injuries ; Intervention ; Iron ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Paras ; Aged ; Child Development ; Children ; Depression ; Families ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Implementation ; Injuries ; Intervention ; Iron ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Paras ; Aged ; Child Development ; Children ; Depression ; Families ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Implementation ; Injuries ; Intervention ; Iron ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Paras
    Kurzfassung: Despite the importance of housing for people's well-being, there has been little work done to assess the causal impact of housing and housing improvement programs on health and welfare. In this paper the authors help fill this gap by investigating the impact of a large-scale effort by the Mexican government to replace dirt floors with cement floors on child health and adult happiness. They find that replacing dirt floors with cement floors significantly reduces parasitic infestations in young children, reduces diarrhea, reduces anemia, and improves cognitive development. Finally, they also find that this program leave adults substantially better off, as measured by satisfaction with their housing and quality of life and by their significantly lower rates of depression and perceived stress
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  • 97
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Zhang, Fan Does Uncertainty Matter ?
    Schlagwort(e): Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Abatement Costs ; Carbon Market ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Policy ; Demand For Energy ; Electricity ; Electricity Price ; Emerging Markets ; Emission ; Emission Cap ; Emissions ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: Emission permit trading is a centerpiece of the Kyoto Protocol which allows participating nations to trade and bank greenhouse gas permits under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. When market conditions evolve stochastically, emission trading produces a dynamic problem, in which anticipation about the future economic environment affects current banking decisions. In this paper, the author explores the effect of increased uncertainty over future output prices and input costs on the temporal distribution of emissions. In a dynamic programming setting, a permit price is a convex function of stochastic prices of electricity and fuel. Increased uncertainty about future market conditions increases the expected permit price and causes a risk-neutral firm to reduce ex ante emissions so as to smooth out marginal abatement costs over time. The convexity results from the asymmetric impact of changes in counterfactual emissions on the change of marginal abatement costs. Empirical analysis corroborates the theoretical prediction. The author finds that a 1 percent increase in electricity price volatility measured by the annualized standard deviation of percentage price change is associated with an average decrease in the annual emission rate by 0.88 percent. Numerical simulation suggests that high uncertainty could induce substantially early abatements, as well as large compliance costs, therefore imposing a tradeoff between environmental benefits and economic efficiency. The author discusses policy implications for designing an effective and efficient global carbon market
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Trujillo, Lourdes Government Expenditures On Education, Health, And Infrastructure
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Allocation ; E-Business ; Expenditure levels ; Fiscal adjustment ; Government Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Programs ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public expenditures ; Public sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total expenditure ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accountability ; Allocation ; E-Business ; Expenditure levels ; Fiscal adjustment ; Government Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Programs ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public expenditures ; Public sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total expenditure ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accountability ; Allocation ; E-Business ; Expenditure levels ; Fiscal adjustment ; Government Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Programs ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public expenditures ; Public sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total expenditure ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: All interested parties seem to agree that it is important to be able to monitor public sector performance at the sectoral level, but most current work based on multi-country databases does not lend itself to country-specific conclusions. This is due to a large extent to major data limitations both on sectoral expenditures and on sectoral outcomes. This paper discusses the related issues and shows what we can do with the current data inspite of the drastic limitations. The main conclusions of the paper are that any efforts to assess country-specific performances in relative terms are likely to be difficult in view of the data problems. A rough sense of performance across sectors can be estimated for groups of countries, allowing some modest benchmarking exercises. These estimates show that low-income countries generally lag significantly behind higher-income countries. Efficiency has improved during the 1990s in energy and education but has not improved significantly in transport
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Tiongson, Erwin R Returns To Education In The Economic Transition
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Policy ; Checks ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government expenditures ; Human capital ; Labor market ; Macroeconomic controls ; Market economy ; Market environment ; Primary Education ; Returns ; Transition economies ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government expenditures ; Human capital ; Labor market ; Macroeconomic controls ; Market economy ; Market environment ; Primary Education ; Returns ; Transition economies ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government expenditures ; Human capital ; Labor market ; Macroeconomic controls ; Market economy ; Market environment ; Primary Education ; Returns ; Transition economies
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the assertion that returns to schooling increase as an economy transitions to a market environment. This claim has been difficult to assess as existing empirical evidence covers only a few countries over short time periods. A number of studies find that returns to education increased from the "pre-transition" period to the "early transition" period. It is not clear what has happened to the skills premium through the late 1990s, or the period thereafter. The authors use data that are comparable across countries and over time to estimate returns to schooling in eight transition economies (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) from the early transition period up to 2002. In the case of Hungary, they capture the transition process more fully, beginning in the late 1980s. Compared to the existing literature, they implement a more systematic analysis and perform more comprehensive robustness checks on the estimated returns, although at best they offer only an incomplete solution to the problem of endogeneity. The authors find that the evidence of a rising trend in returns to schooling over the transition period is generally weak, except in Hungary and Russia where there have been sustained and substantial increases in returns to schooling. On average, the estimated returns in the sample are comparable to advanced economy averages. There are, however, significant differences in returns across countries and these differentials have remained roughly constant over the past 15 years. They speculate on the likely institutional and structural factors underpinning these results, including incomplete transition and significant heterogeneity and offsetting developments in returns to schooling within countries
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Iyer, Lakshmi Poverty, Social Divisions, And Conflict In Nepal
    DDC: 360
    Schlagwort(e): Armed Conflict ; Civil war ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Deaths ; Economic development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence ; Violent conflict ; Armed Conflict ; Civil war ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Deaths ; Economic development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence ; Violent conflict ; Armed Conflict ; Civil war ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Deaths ; Economic development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence ; Violent conflict
    Kurzfassung: The authors conduct an econometric analysis of the economic and social factors which contributed to the spread of violent conflict in Nepal. They find that conflict intensity is significantly higher in places with greater poverty and lower levels of economic development. Violence is higher in locations that favor insurgents, such as mountains and forests. The authors find weaker evidence that caste divisions in society are correlated with the intensity of civil conflict, while linguistic diversity has little impact
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