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  • 1
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (310 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Este libro plantea la urgente necesidad de que los paises avancen con determinacion en la adopcion y mejora tanto de la calidad como de los estandares. El enfoque esta puesto en los paises en desarrollo, muchos de los cuales van atrasados en la carrera por la adopcion de estandares, y dentro de esa categoria, en los paises de ingreso mediano. El texto analiza el impacto economico de la calidad y los estandares en el crecimiento economico, en el comercio internacional y como punto de entrada hacia la actualizacion e integracion de las pequenas empresas. Ofrece lineamientos detallados para la creacion de sistemas nacionales de calidad que pueden dar un respaldo eficaz al uso y adopcion de estandares. Describe la estructura optima para un sistema nacional de calidad, evalua las funciones especificas de los sectores privado y publico, y propone lineamientos y normas de buenas practicas para tales roles. Tambien alude al tema del financiamiento, inclusive el alcance y la justificacion de los subsidios focalizados, asi como cuestiones de jurisdiccion. Se da especial enfasis a la integracion internacional a traves de convenios de reconocimiento mutuo que mejoran el acceso a los mercados externos, un objetivo clave para los paises en desarrollo
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2014/18
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper analyses the experience, high incidence, lesson learned and reflections on the issue renegotiations in Latin America, based in the evolution of PPP contracts through the last 25 years. The paper also shows how countries via new PPP laws, regulations, norms and specific platforms can reduce the incidence and the incentives to renegotiate contracts. Based in experience in the last two decades, many countries in the region have improved renegotiation practices and regulations/framework through their PPP legislation and associated regulations, such as Peru (2008), Chile (2010), Colombia (2011) or Mexico (2012.) The preliminary findings show advances in the implementation of platforms to address renegotiations and new trends in the renegotiations of contracts particularly in complex projects and where governments are providing financial or credit enhancement, such as sharing risk or co-financing.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Regulatory Governance And Sector Performance
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper contributes to the literature that explores the link between regulatory governance and sector performance. The paper develops an index of regulatory governance and estimates its impact on sector performance, showing that indeed regulation and its governance matter. The authors use two unique databases: (i) the World Bank Performance Database, which contains detailed annual data for 250 private and public electricity companies in Latin America and the Caribbean; and (ii) the Electricity Regulatory Governance Database, which contains data on several aspects of the governance of electricity agencies in the region. The authors run different models to explain the impacts of change in ownership and different characteristics of the regulatory agency on the performance of the utilities. The results suggest that the mere existence of a regulatory agency, regardless of the utilities' ownership, has a significant impact on performance. Furthermore, after controlling for the existence of a regulatory agency, the ownership dummies are still significant and with the expected signs. The authors propose an experience measure in order to identify the gradual impact of the regulatory agency on utility performance. The results confirm this hypothesis. In addition, the paper explores two different measures of governance, an aggregate measure of regulatory governance, and an index based on principal components, including autonomy, transparency, and accountability. The findings show that the governance of regulatory agencies matters and has significant effects on performance
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Assessing The Governance of Electricity Regulatory Agencies In The Latin American And The Caribbean Region
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Disclosure ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional Arrangements ; Institutional Development ; Judiciary ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory Policies ; Regulatory Policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Disclosure ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional Arrangements ; Institutional Development ; Judiciary ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory Policies ; Regulatory Policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Disclosure ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional Arrangements ; Institutional Development ; Judiciary ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory Policies ; Regulatory Policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper focuses on an evaluation and benchmarking of the governance of regulatory agencies in the electricity sector in Latin American Countries (LAC). Using a unique database, we develop an index of regulatory governance and rank all the agencies in the LAC countries. The index is an aggregate number of the evaluation of four key governance characteristics: autonomy, transparency, accountability, and regulatory tools, including not only formal aspects of regulation but also indicators related to actual implementation. Based on 18 different indexes, we analyze the positions of agencies with regard to different aspects of their regulatory governance, considering not only performance in each variable but also scores in the different components of each category. This evaluation allows for the identification of particular country shortcomings regarding governance, and indicates needed improvements. Although the region shows an overall good governance design of their regulatory agencies, the implementation of the independent regulator model still faces several challenges. This is particularly evident in political autonomy and in the informal aspects of governance, where the region shows the largest number of countries with the lowest scores. Trinidad and Tobago and Brazil show the best results and Ecuador, Honduras, and Chile the poorest performances. The rest of the countries vary according to the different indexes. We give each governance variable equal weights and positively test the robustness of our approach using Principal Component Analysis
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030949686
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 100 p. 22 illus., 21 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Contributions to Economics
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: International trade. ; Business logistics. ; International economic integration. ; Globalization. ; Logistics Evaluation ; Soft infrastructure for logistics ; Hard infrastructure for logistics ; Drivers of logistics costs ; Globalization
    Abstract: 1. Motivation for Analysis and Evaluation of Logistic Costs -- 2. Objectives and Content of a Logistic Costs Evaluation Task -- 3. Methodology: Definition, and Selection of Variable to Measure Logistic Costs -- 4. A Case in Point To Illustrate the Problematic of Logistic Costs -- 5. Impact and Benefits of Decreases in Logistic Costs -- 6. Sources, and Incidence of Logistic Costs -- 7. Methodological Notes and Phases for the Evaluation of Logistic Costs -- 8. Factors and Elements of Logistic Costs -- 9. Moving Forward: Towards an Effective Logistics-Infrastructure and Services Platform: Typology of Interventions (soft and Hard) to Reduce Logistic Costs -- 10. Specific Examples on Interventions to Reduce Logistic Costs and Impact -- 11. Conclusión.
    Abstract: Logistics are a critical element for country competitiveness and economic performance, including poverty reduction. Most emerging countries such as Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean are focusing on export-led growth strategies and poverty reduction strategies, and their performance is adversely affected by their high logistic costs that range from 10% to 50% of product value. This book illustrates the relevance and impact of logistics on these areas while also offering an effective logistics and infrastructure framework that addresses the full spectrum of the productive chain (upstream, midstream and downstream). It provides a structured agenda for designing and implementing holistic policy interventions (soft and hard components) to reduce logistic costs. Featuring case studies and examples of specific interventions and their impact in many countries, a number of them in Latin America, this book is useful to scholars, academics, practitioners and policy makers interested in the reduction of logistics costs and poverty reduction in the global economy.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Andrés, Luis Alberto Governance in State-Owned Enterprises Revisited
    Abstract: This paper studies the governance structure of state-owned enterprises in the water and electricity sectors of Latin America and the Caribbean. Through a unique dataset, the paper compares 44 leading state companies of the region based on an aggregate measure of corporate governance and six salient aspects of their design: board, chief executive officer, performance orientation, management, legal framework, and transparency/disclosure. The results indicate the need for improvement in areas such as the selection and appointment of directors to the board and the performance-orientation of the enterprises. The paper also highlights the importance of discussing the management of state-owned enterprises in the wider context of public sector governance, with particular focus on accountability. Moreover, it recognizes the role of accountability as central in the management of state-owned enterprises, recommending a better understanding of regulation and performance management. The paper finds a positive correlation between corporate governance and the utilities' performance. Among the different aspects of corporate governance, performance orientation and professional management seem to be the highest contributors to well-performing state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises in the electricity sector show higher governance levels than those in the water sector
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Castillo, Leopoldo Laborda Innovative and Absorptive Capacity of International Knowledge
    Abstract: This paper examines two sources of global knowledge spillovers: foreign direct investments and trade. Empirical evidence demonstrates that foreign direct investment and trade can contribute to overall domestic productivity growth only when the technology gap between domestic and foreign firms is not too large and when a sufficient absorptive capacity is available in domestic firms. The paper proposes the terms research and development and labor quality to capture the innovative and absorptive capacity of the country. The spillover effects in productivity are analyzed using a stochastic frontier approach. This productivity (in terms of total factor productivity) is decomposed using a generalized Malmquist output oriented index, in order to evaluate the specific effect in technical change, technical efficiency change, and scale efficiency change. Using country-level data for 16 Latin American countries for 1996-2006, the empirical analysis shows positive productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment and trade only when the country has absorptive capacity in terms of research and development. Foreign direct investment and trade spillovers are found to be positive and significant for scale efficiency change and total productivity factor change
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Castillo, Leopoldo Laborda Overdraft Facility Policy and Firm Performance
    Abstract: This article evaluates the effect of the overdraft facility (or line of credit) policy by comparing a large sample of overdraft facilitated firms and matched non-overdraft facilitated firms from Eastern Europe at the sector level. The sample firms are compared with respect to rates of different performance indicators including: technical efficiency (a Data Envelopment Analysis approach is applied to estimate the technical efficiency level for individual sectors), production workers trained, expenditures on research and development, and export activity. In order to avoid the selectivity problem, propensity score matching methodologies are adopted. The results suggest that a certain level of overdraft facility provided to firms would be needed to stimulate investment in research and development, which will eventually result in increased growth in productivity
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Laborda, Leopoldo Entrepreneurship Capital and Technical Efficiency
    Abstract: Increasingly, entrepreneurship is being discussed and considered as a source of high economic growth and competitiveness. A conceptual process of creative construction that characterizes the dynamics between entrants and incumbents can prove quite useful to analyze the impact of countries' entrepreneurship capital on economic performance and can be a guide for economic policy. This paper applies a Stochastic Frontier Analysis approach to test the hypothesis that entrepreneurship capital promotes economic performance by serving as a conduit of knowledge spillovers. In addition, kernel density functions are employed to analyze convergence (or divergence) in the efficiency estimated for individual countries. The empirical evidence and results here tend to support the hypothesis. Specifically, the empirical analysis shows that the rate of expenditure on research and development in relation to new businesses registered has a positive and significant effect in increasing technical efficiency. These factors facilitate the dissemination of existing knowledge, develop entrepreneurship capital, and thus provide the missing link to economic performance-entrepreneurship capital. The authors also show the trends and dynamics of changes in countries' technical efficiency
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gonzalez, Julio A Improving Logistics Costs For Transportation And Trade Facilitation
    Keywords: Allocation of water ; Industry ; Irrigation Management ; Scarcity of water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Allocation ; Water Conservation ; Water Management ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water policies ; Water policy ; Water pricing ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Allocation of water ; Industry ; Irrigation Management ; Scarcity of water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Allocation ; Water Conservation ; Water Management ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water policies ; Water policy ; Water pricing ; Water resources ; Water scarcity ; Allocation of water ; Industry ; Irrigation Management ; Scarcity of water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Allocation ; Water Conservation ; Water Management ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water policies ; Water policy ; Water pricing ; Water resources ; Water scarcity
    Abstract: Access to basic infrastructure services - roads, electricity, water, sanitation - and the efficient provision of the services, is a key challenge in the fight against poverty. Many of the poor (and particularly the extreme poor) in rural communities in Latin America live on average 5 kilometers or more from the nearest paved road, which is almost twice as far as non-poor rural households. There have been major improvements in access to water, sanitation, electricity, telecommunications, ports, and airports, but road coverage has not changed much, although some effort and resources have been invested to improve the quality of road networks. This paper focuses on the main determinants of logistics costs and physical access to services and, whenever possible, provides evidence of the effects of these determinants on competitiveness, growth, and poverty in Latin American economies. The analysis shows the impact of improving infrastructure and logistics costs on three fronts - macro (growth), micro (productivity at the firm level), and poverty (the earnings of poor/rural people). In addition, the paper provides recommendations and solutions that encompass a series of policies to reduce the prevalent high logistics costs and limited access to services in Latin America. The recommendations rely on applied economic analysis on logistics and trade facilitation
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