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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Environmental Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Blended Concessional Finance ; Clean Energy ; Climate Investments ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Housing ; Solar Power ; Waste-To-Energy
    Abstract: The document collection focuses on the concept of blended finance for climate investments, emphasizing the need for innovative financial mechanisms to address climate change. It discusses the potential of blending public and private capital to mobilize investment in climate-related projects, aiming to achieve both environmental and financial returns. The collection explores various models and case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of blended finance in driving sustainable development and combating climate change on a global scale
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; ESG Integration ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Pension Fund ; Investments ; Pension Funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report describes the ESG integration practices at GPF as a practical example of how a pension fund can integrate ESG considerations into its investment practices and processes. The report focuses on the incorporation of ESG issues into our investment analysis and decision-making process. Other elements of responsible investing such as active ownership and ESG disclosure practices whilst also key to GPF's overall approach, are not discussed in detail in this report. The report is a product of technical co-operation between teams from GPF and the World Bank. The report starts by providing some background information on GPF, including its investment philosophy and an overview of ESG investment philosophy before detailing the GPF ESG Score methodology. It then describes how the GPF ESG Score methodology is applied to equity and fixed-income investments, followed by an overview of how GPF ensures that ESG considerations are integrated into the selection, appointment and monitoring of external managers. It concludes with some reflections on the landscape of responsible investment and identifies areas where GPF expects to improve its investment process in the coming years
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragile States ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This Private Sector Assessment Report on the Republic of Yemen is delivered as part of the Private Sector Technical Assistance project. The goal of the project is to understand the dynamics of the country's private sector during conflict; identify constraints to trade, investment, and finance; and propose recommendations for inclusive private sector entry, survival, and growth. The report also includes an overview of the financial sector's impact on the private sector, especially on the latter's resilience during conflict. Finally, the report provides structural and policy recommendations that, once implemented by the authorities on both national and subnational levels, would prepare the Yemeni private sector to participate in the country's post-conflict recovery and reconstruction
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Perrin, Caroline Gendered Laws and Women's Financial Inclusion
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Discrimination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Global Findex and Women ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Involuntary Financial Exclusion ; Law ; Legal Equality ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This paper documents the relationship between legal gender equality and the use of financial services, using individual-level data from 148 developed and developing economies. The analysis, which combines data from the Global Findex and Women, Business and the Law databases, highlights the existence of a significant and positive correlation between gender equality in the law and women's access to financial products. The results show that greater legal equality alleviates women's involuntary financial exclusion. The findings also suggest that prevailing adverse social norms can 0ify the beneficial effects of legal equality, and that better implementation of the law can facilitate a stronger relationship between legal frameworks and women's financial inclusion
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cull, Robert Trade Credit: Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Institutions ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development and Growth ; International Trade ; Medium-Sized Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Credit
    Abstract: Trade credit remains an important source of finance for firms in developing countries and many firms in developed countries, especially those that are young, small, or informationally opaque for other reasons. This paper summarizes the literature and explains the pervasiveness of trade credit, detailing its potential advantages over formal credit in terms of the information that buyers and sellers have about each other and their ability to monitor one another. Because it requires less formal contract enforcement, trade credit can be especially relevant where the rule of law and the legal system are weak. At the same time, reliance on information from social networks and informal institutional arrangements limits the scale of trade credit, and thus moderate improvements to formal enforcement can expand trade credit beyond social networks and enable customers to switch suppliers, which improves their credit terms. The patterns suggest a sweet spot or "Goldilocks" region where mid-size firms and those in countries at middling levels of development tend to rely relatively more heavily on trade credit than others. Going forward, detailed data on the relationship between suppliers and customers are crucial to enable more direct tests of theoretical predictions regarding trade credit
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2201
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Access To Finance ; Access To Services ; Digital Divide ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; G20 ; Inclusive Cities ; Information and Communication Technologies ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Poverty Reduction ; Roles of Stakeholders ; Sustainability and Resilience ; Urban Development
    Abstract: In both G20 and non-G20 countries alike, cities have a crucial role to play in the achievement of national development goals. Already, cities generate more than 80 percent of global GDP and, with a share of the global population that is projected to reach nearly 70 percent by 2050, up from the current share of around 57 percent, the global importance of cities will only grow further in the decades ahead. However, whether the cities of tomorrow can fulfil their potential as drivers of national economic development will depend, to a large extent, on how inclusive they are - that is to say, the extent to which they are able to provide all their residents with quality access to services, markets, and spaces. This is because not only is inclusion in and of itself important, but because more inclusive cities are also both more prosperous and more resilient cities. At the same time, many policies that contribute to inclusive urban development carry important co-benefits for both climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as vice versa. In this context, this report addresses four important questions: (a) What is an inclusive city (b) How inclusive are cities in G20 member and guest countries, as well as in other countries, globally today (c) What instruments should policymakers draw-on to make the cities of tomorrow more inclusive or, to put it more succinctly, what can policymakers do to make their cities more inclusive And, finally, (d) What are the roles of different stakeholders - city leaders and their associated local governments; national governments, including their ministries of finance; the private sector; civil society organizations; and others - in the effective wielding of these instruments or, to put it more bluntly, who needs to do what
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2162
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Commercial Sectors ; Domestic Private Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Growth ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment ; Social Sectors
    Abstract: In March 2023, the Second Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA2) identified USD 411 billion worth of investments required for Ukraine's reconstruction. The World Bank Group's new report "Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine", developed in cooperation with Ukraine's government, assesses the potential for private financing to meet these needs under both a status quo scenario and a scenario with reforms and other sectoral interventions
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2184
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Digital Sector ; Economic Diversification ; Energy Supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Trade Integration ; Taxation and Fiscal Policy
    Abstract: Economic Diversification in the DRC is hindered by a business environment and key regulatory and fiscal constraints that are not conducive to private sector-led growth. Policies aimed to address the main bottlenecks hindering sustainable and inclusive growth include: i) improving business regulation; ii) promoting access to digital, electricity, and financing; iii) addressing inefficient taxation and fiscal policy challenges; iv) encouraging fiscal decentralization; and v) attracting value chain development. The two case studies discussed in complementary reports are intended to better illustrate the opportunities and challenges described in the Country Economic Memorandum and considered important for economic diversification and job creation through structural transformation and stronger trade and regional integration. The focus is on two key potential growth-driving sectors (mining and agribusiness) that offer substantial opportunities for expansion in the context of global energy transition, food insecurity, and further regional integration. While opportunities and constraints specific to the EV battery-related mining and cassava value chain are presented (and include a climate dimension), most of the challenges and recommendations could also apply to several other products or sectors of the economy (e.g., maize or any manufactured or processed product). The purpose of the illustrative case studies is to highlight how the business environment in general is not attractive to private investment, SME expansion, or product competitiveness
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Equity and Development ; Female Economic Participation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Governance ; Gender Disparity ; Gender Inequality ; Human Rights ; Institutional Barriers To Economic Empowerment ; Poverty Reduction ; Women and Girls Opportunity
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth insights into the status of women and girls' economic opportunities in Madagascar and proposes several strategic lines of action to enhance women's economic empowerment. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, health, and agency
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Access To Markets ; Debt ; Economic Crisis ; Inflation ; Low-Level Equlibrium ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Sri Lanka's longstanding structural weaknesses plunged the country into a severe economic crisis in 2022. The economy has shown initial signs of stabilization, albeit at a low-level equilibrium, in the first half of 2023. Swift and sufficiently deep debt restructuring is needed to restore Sri Lanka's debt sustainability and regain access to international financial markets
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio How Selling Online is Affecting Informal Firms in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business in Development ; Customer Acquisition ; E-Commerce Platform ; E-Commerce Sellers ; Growing Smallbusinesses ; Informal Employment ; Informality ; Market Access ; Online Shopping App ; Onlinebusiness ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Understanding how e-commerce platforms are affecting the small, informal firms that sell on them is a question of growing importance to researchers and policy makers in developing countries. This paper examines this question using data from surveys of firms selling on two e-commerce platforms in South Asia. The businesses selling on these platforms range widely in terms of size, degree of formalization, and other characteristics. However, these firms - even the micro and small ones, which tend to be informal - are from a selected group, being owned and managed by individuals who are more educated and younger than the owners and managers of more typical firms in this setting. The sellers' main reason for joining the platforms is to access more customers. Most of the sellers report an expansion of their business after joining the platforms. They also report an increase in their incentive to register their business and their visibility to tax authorities. Other, less widespread channels of impact reported by the firms include the adoption of new or improved business practices and technologies, better access to finance, and greater flexibility in balancing home and work life. In general, these reported impacts do not vary significantly by firm size or degree of formalization, suggesting that even informal, small firms that have (selectively) joined e-commerce platforms can benefit from the greater market access facilitated by the platforms. Finally, given size and age, firms that have been selling on the platform for a longer period are more likely to experience these impacts, suggesting that firms learn how to use the platform more effectively over time
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Buri, Sinja Alternative Delivery Channels and Impacts: Agent Banking
    Keywords: Access To Banking ; Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Financial Literacy ; Microfinance ; Microfinance Channel Development ; Microfinance Product Development ; Rural Development ; Transformation of Microfinance Institutions
    Abstract: This paper reviews evidence on agent networks of microfinance institutions and other financial services providers, which have expanded rapidly in recent years in some low- and middle-income contexts. There is emerging evidence that clients become more financially active as a result of the convenience and security of transacting with agents, especially with respect to depositing, withdrawing, and transferring funds. Agent networks could also help increase the savings of low-income clients, although evidence suggests that commitment devices may also be required, and there is little evidence that agents expand credit to clients, although they can facilitate loan repayment. Building on their physical and social proximity to customers, agents can become a potential gateway for expanding and deepening financial inclusion, but the pricing of agent transactions and consumer protection remain important considerations
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Judicial Sector Reform ; Law and Development ; Public Administration ; Public Finances
    Abstract: This report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. The Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked, lower-middle-income country that is highly dependent on remittances and natural resources. Poverty levels declined from 37% in 2013 to 20% in 2019. However, the country's population remains vulnerable, and broad-based economic growth was elusive over the evaluation period. The Kyrgyz Republic faces major development challenges including weak governance, barriers to private sector development, and low quality of essential local public services. This Country Program Evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. It evaluates the Bank's contributions to the country's development in priority areas, focusing on support for governance, private sector development, and essential local public services. The evaluation distills lessons from Bank Group experience to inform future Bank Group engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2201
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Emission Reduction ; City Development Strategies ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Construction Materials ; Decarbonization ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Sustainable Construction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: How developing countries meet their rising building needs will be pivotal to the world's climate future. The good news is that the projected emissions growth in construction value chains can be reduced significantly with the application of existing technologies, new financing instruments, and the implementation of appropriate policies. Even as emerging economies meet the rising demand for residential and commercial buildings, it is possible to reduce total emissions from the sector below today's level by 2035. To avoid perpetuating the status quo, decisive action is needed by policy makers, developers, construction material producers, financiers, and international development institutions. IFC is launching this report to guide international efforts to decarbonize construction value chains. Building Green: Sustainable Construction in Emerging Markets was prepared through close collaboration between IFC economists, investment officers, and building and constructionsector specialists. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges of reducing carbon emissions from construction value chains in developing countries, but also the considerable opportunities that willcome from mobilizing the estimated USD 1.5 trillion of investment required for this transition
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Clean Energy ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Low-Income Countries ; Middle-Income Countries ; Paris Agreement ; Power Sector ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: The Scaling Up to Phase Down approach is a contribution by the World Bank to the ongoing debate on how to accelerate energy transition in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs)-as called for by the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change-while simultaneously widening access to the reliable and affordable energy that underpins countries' development goals. The approach is intended to be a bridge between the challenges facing World Bank clients who are seeking to transition their power sectors and the development partners supporting their efforts. The energy transition is the process of shifting the global energy system away from the consumption of fossil fuels and toward low-carbon technologies in order to support international goals of limiting climate change. In the next decade, much of this transition will first occur in the power sector because solutions using newer technologies have the potential to become cost competitive with appropriate interventions, and also because the power sector is a powerful pathway for decarbonizing other sectors-most notably transport, buildings, and industry. The power sector is therefore the focus of this report. The power sector transition will advance energy efficiency and decarbonize the energy supply by expanding renewable energy and strengthening electricity networks in order to integrate renewable energy, demand-side management, and end-use electrification. In LICs and MICs, this transition aims to meet the rapidly growing demand for energy in a way that supports inclusive development consistent with net-zero global emissions by mid-century, and builds resilience to the changing climate. A just transition in the power sector should address the needs of workers and communities who are affected by the shift away from fossil fuels; provide modern energy access to millions of people; and protect vulnerable customers from unaffordable energy prices. For the first time, the World Bank has outlined a vision for how the international community can support LICs and MICs to overcome critical barriers that are paralyzing the power sector transition. Drawing on findings of the first set of Country Climate and Development Reports produced by the World Bank, and decades of engagement with energy sector development, this approach distills understanding of the unique challenges that LICs and MICs face in undertaking this transition at the scale and pace required to meet their development and climate needs. The approach may help both World Bank clients and development partners in preparing a roadmap to catalyze and sustain a virtuous cycle that unleashes urgently needed investment in power sector transition. Chapter 1 explains that the capital-intensive nature of clean energy investments, combined with the lack of access to affordable capital, have a disproportionate and distorting effect on the power sector transitions of LICs and MICs. Even where renewable energy has the potential to provide a more affordable energy supply and improve energy security and health, the up-front capital costs that must be borne leave LICs and MICs locked into using costly fossil fuels. Chapter 2 discusses additional barriers to the scaling up of clean energy and the concomitant phasing down of coal. The commitment of governments will be essential in order to foster the policies, regulations, and institutions needed to prepare a pipeline of projects that can attract private capital. This chapter argues that concessional finance is essential in order to overcome the barriers to investments of private capital at the necessary levels. Chapter 3 discusses how public and concessional support must be deployed with a disciplined approach in order to scale up clean energy and energy efficiency. Chapter 4 explains the need to phase down the use of unabated coal, and the instruments to do so in a manner that manages losses and protects the most vulnerable. Chapter 5 concludes the paper with a discussion of how larger and sustained volumes of concessional capital could be more effectively structured within country-based programmatic approaches and technology demonstration partnerships in order to scale up the financial resources and political momentum for transitioning the power sector
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Climate Change ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Investment Challenge ; Sustainable Water Sector ; Water Economics ; Water Insecurity ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Water is a critical natural resource, a global public good, and an essential service. Water security is central for countries to achieve long-term development objectives in the current context of climate change, including protecting infrastructure assets, safeguarding agricultural production, producing sustainable energy, and protecting vulnerable populations. However, water resources are under severe stress and water services delivery is deficient due to underinvestment in the sector. Current levels of global investment in water are inadequate to meet the water sustainable development goals (SDGs) and address climate impacts. Large, coordinated flows of public, concessional, and private capital are needed to compensate for decades of underinvestment in the water sector, and to meet present and future challenges. Governments have a leading role to play in establishing the enabling conditions and necessary reforms to facilitate a greater flow of public and private finance for required water sector investments. International financial institutions and multilateral development banks need to support these efforts, together with other stakeholders, at the country level. The private sector, in addition to being a key user of water resources and a beneficiary of water services, has an important role to play in providing financing, innovative approaches, and expertise, as well as absorbing risk, with aligned incentives for achieving targets and efficiency levels. The World Bank Group recognizes the water-climate-food-energy nexus and the importance of a water secure world for all. The World Bank Group's scaling up finance for water strategic framework outlines actions and priorities for national governments, the World Bank Group, and other development partners to improve the planning and mobilization of funding and financing for water sector investments, and to promote efficiency in spending. It aims to do so by optimizing the contributions of the public and private sectors and facilitating greater engagement of the private sector in the provision of capital, innovation, and expertise
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Economic Investment and Savings ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Environment ; EU Standards ; Financial Literacy ; GHG ; Industry ; Rise
    Abstract: This report explores priorities and challenges faced by Georgia to promote green transition and support its businesses to reduce their emissions through energy efficiency. The report stresses the need for improved incentives and opportunities for business investments in energy efficiency and renewables. The report points to the importance of productivity as a driver of energy efficiency at the firm-level, as well as the importance of information and knowledge spillovers from more efficient firms to less efficient ones when these are in close-by locations and in similar sectors. The report finds that key drivers of energy efficiency upgrading include prices of energy, as these generate key incentives for businesses to upgrade their investments and organization, as well as technology adoption and quality green and general management practices. To support green transition, the report recommends a comprehensive policy package of reforms and programs, including: (i) Horizontal economy-wide policies centered around price signals and regulations, improvements to the grid infrastructure, and reliability of electricity services; (ii) Information - raising firms awareness about potential benefits of becoming more energy efficient and available energy saving. (iii) Capabilities - helping firms identify opportunities for improvement of management, organization, technology, and skills; and (iv) Finance - easing access to financial resources required for upgrading firms' technology. Finally, the report emphasizes the importance of targeting by using appropriate diagnostic and benchmarking tools to assess specific needs and readiness of businesses to upgrade and invest in energy efficiency
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ha, Jongrim What Explains Global Inflation
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Demand Shock ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Inflation ; Inflation ; Inflation Drivers ; Interest Rate Shock ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil Price ; Supply Shock
    Abstract: This paper examines the drivers of fluctuations in global inflation, defined as a common factor across monthly headline consumer price index (CPI) inflation in G7 countries, over the past half-century. It estimates a Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregression model where a wide range of shocks, including global demand, supply, oil price, and interest rate shocks, are identified through narrative sign restrictions motivated by the predictions of a simple dynamic general equilibrium model. The authors report three main results. First, oil price shocks followed by global demand shocks explained the lion's share of variation in global inflation. Second, the contribution of global demand and oil price shocks increased over time, from 56 percent during 1970-1985 to 65 percent during 2001-2022, whereas the importance of global supply shocks declined. Since the pandemic, global demand and oil price shocks have accounted for most of the variation in global inflation. Finally, oil price shocks played a much smaller role in global core CPI inflation variation, for which global supply shocks were the main source of variation. These results are robust to various sensitivity exercises, including alternative definitions of global variables, different samples of countries, and additional narrative restrictions
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beck, Thorsten Banking in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges in Volatile Times
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking ; Banking Systems ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Cycles ; Financial Inclusion ; Financial Innovation ; Financial Stability ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This paper surveys existing literature and data to take stock of the current state of banking systems across Sub-Saharan Africa. It documents different dimensions of the development of the banking systems in the region and compares Africa's banking systems to those of comparable low- and lower-middle-income countries outside the region. The paper also discusses the progress in policies and institutions underpinning financial deepening and the results of specific innovations to reach traditionally unbanked segments of the population, such as innovative branch expansion programs, mobile banking, and new financial products. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, the paper discusses government support for financial systems and banking sector performance during crises. Overall, the survey shows a picture of achievements and challenges, with progress along some fronts but other challenges persisting even as new ones arise, including the turning of the global financial cycle in 2022/23 and increasing geopolitical tensions
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Assessment of World Bank Effectiveness ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion Policy ; Financial Reform ; Financial Services ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Institutional Reform ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This evaluation explores how and with what effect the World Bank Group has supported financial inclusion for the microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups. Financial inclusion is defined as the use of financial services by individuals and firms. It encompasses financial access-owning an account-and the use of financial services. There has been an impressive growth in account ownership globally, from 55% of adults in 2014 to 71% in 2021, although usage is more limited as some accounts are inactive. Critically, both financial access and the use of financial services remain major challenges for microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups. The objective of the evaluation is to assess whether the Bank Group has been doing the right things and whether it has been doing things right on financial inclusion. The evaluation captures lessons from the World Bank's experience supporting financial inclusion for microenterprises, poor households, women, and other excluded groups and updates a 2015 financial inclusion evaluation. The evaluation includes a retrospective look at the drive for universal financial access and examines progress and challenges in women's access to financial services. The evaluation also assesses the Bank Group's support for digital financial services as vehicles for financial inclusion. Finally, the report examines the World Bank's response to COVID-19 as it relates to financial inclusion. The evaluation proposes three recommendations: (i) The World Bank and IFC should further encourage account use by underserved groups, including women and rural poor people, and emphasize this more in their strategies and projects. (ii) The World Bank and IFC should design and implement more comprehensive approaches that address constraints in the enabling environment for DFS to reach underserved and excluded groups. (iii) To enhance learning on what works to increase the beneficial use of financial services at the MPWEG, the World Bank and IFC should collect outcome data across different underserved and excluded groups, initially on a pilot basis
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Basic Education Financing ; Education ; Education Sector Strategy and Lending ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Policies ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Funding ; Public Spending ; Zanzibar
    Abstract: Since 2015, because of healthy economic growth and a strong commitment to strengthening human capital, Zanzibar has made significant progress in the provision of good quality basic education services. Government spending has risen and has supported ambitious plans to provide inclusive and equitable access to quality education and skills training. Since 2015, sector targets for increasing access to public services were largely met in education, and in some instances surpassed. Yet despite these significant successes, the basic education sector continues to face challenges in providing good-quality services and reaching the marginalized. This Zanzibar Basic Education Public Expenditure Review aims to: (i) assess the scale of the financing challenge in basic education (preprimary, primary, and secondary education); (ii) analyze the adequacy, efficiency, and equity of current levels and uses of public spending on education; and (iii) from this analysis, and drawing on relevant international practices, present a set of policy suggestions for improvements in public funding for basic education in Zanzibar
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Food Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Stability ; Value Chains
    Abstract: Sierra Leone's economy experienced overlapping setbacks during 2022, as external spillovers from the Russian invasion of Ukraine aggravated domestic macroeconomic vulnerabilities. This led to high levels of inflation, a substantially weaker currency, greater imbalances in public finances, and lower foreign exchange reserves. GDP growth slowed in 2022 (from 4.1 percent in 2021 to 3.5 percent) bringing the average GDP growth since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to only around half of the pre-pandemic trend. High global energy and fertilizer prices coupled with a weaker currency translated into accelerating inflation which rose from 12percent in 2021 to 27 percent in 2022, and further to over 50 percent by August 2023, threatening the welfare of households and worsening food insecurity and poverty
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Does Informality Depress Investments and Job Recovery? F.-L. Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in South Asia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Covid-19 Pandemic Firm-Level Impact ; Crisis Recovery In Informal Economies ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firm's Investment Decision ; Informality ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Bank Business Pulse Survey
    Abstract: Using three rounds of the World Bank's Business Pulse Surveys in South Asia, this paper quantifies the relationship between informality and firms' investment and employment decisions. Accounting for multidimensionality in definition and the margins of informality, the analysis suggests that first, informal firms remain credit and liquidity constrained before and during the crisis, especially the necessity firms. In the pre-crisis period, access to finance is correlated with the extensive margin of informality, while during the crisis, both margins of informality matter. Second, informal firms perceive uncertainty to be higher because of pessimistic expectations on recovery and lower ability to predict future sales, especially the necessity firms. Third, credit constraints and accentuated uncertainty among informal firms discourage investments. Finally, while employment growth is slow and gradual for formal firms as they begin to recover sales, job growth in informal firms does not correspond to the recovery. The results suggest that countries with a large informal sector may face unusually depressed investments and jobs recovery and may have to deploy additional policy levers to accelerate recovery in the post-crisis period
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 40504
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation to Climate Change ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Risk Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragility, Conflict and Violence ; Gap Analysis ; Gfdrr Portfolio ; Innovation ; Labor Markets ; World Bank Financing
    Abstract: This portfolio review, led by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery's (GFDRR) Disaster-FCV Nexus thematic area, aims to contribute to the GFDRR's overarching objective to help low- and middle-income countries understand and reduce their vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change. More specifically, the report aims to i) assess financing trends in World Bank (WBG) Disaster Risk Management (DRM) activities in Fragility, Conflict and Violence (FCV) countries over the fiscal year (FY) period 2012-2022, ii) understand key challenges for operational teams; identify and disseminate lessons and best practices, and iii) recommend ways to inform the GFDRR's work on the Disaster FCV Nexus and integrate the nexus into WBG operations. The primary audience for this portfolio review is WBG task teams and managers, but it may also interest current and possible new donors to the GFDRR
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miller, Amisha Asking Better Questions: The Effect of Changing Investment Organizations' Evaluation Practices on Gender Disparities in Funding Innovation
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Africa Gender Innovation Lab ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Governance ; Gender Gap ; Innovation ; Investment in Women Owned Enterprise ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Female innovators raise fewer resources from investors, even when their ventures are similar to those of all-male teams. Efforts to mitigate the disparities have typically focused on changing how founders seek investment. However, the causes of gender disparities are systemic: in uncertain contexts, evaluators value women's competence or leadership potential lower than men's, and investors inquire more about risks when facing female founders than males. What is the effect of investment organizations' evaluation practices on gender disparities in funding innovation This paper examines a two-stage global field experiment with investors making 1,871 investment decisions on early-stage startups, which resulted in USD 320,000 invested in 16 startups. The experiment changed an organization's evaluation framework to systematize investor inquiry across all ventures by including prompts about (1) risk and reward and (2) progress during the evaluation period. This caused treated investors to (1) assess startups more consistently and (2) assess startup competence more dynamically than control investors. It eliminated, even reversed, the gender gap in investment outcomes. These results have implications for organizations making decisions in uncertain contexts, and those aiming to reduce gender disparities
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Armed Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle East ; Money and Banking ; Recession
    Abstract: Lebanon is hit by yet another crisis: the spillover effects of the conflict in the Middle East. While the country remains mired in political and institutional vacuum, and a crippling socioeconomic crisis for over four years, it has now been hit by another large shock: fear that the current conflict centered in Gaza could escalate further into Lebanon. By 2022 and early 2023, the economy was able to find a temporary bottom following years of sharp contraction, thanks to tourism and sizeable remittances. The temporary bottoming out helped the exchange rate to also stabilize temporarily. With the onset of the current conflict, Lebanon's economy is projected to be back in recession in 2023. This special focus assesses the impact of the current conflict and its spillovers on Lebanon's economy. Assuming that the current situation of containment of military confrontation to the southern borders persists, the economy is estimated to contract in 2023, primarily due to the shock to tourism spending
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Governance ; Local Government
    Abstract: The ability of cities and municipalities to effectively deliver infrastructure and services and productively manage built environments and local economies depends on their institutional capabilities, quality of local governance, and financial resources at their disposal. Therefore, a core priority of governments is to strengthen the financial and institutional systems for cities and municipalities to enable them to perform these functions. One tool the World Bank has used to address this challenge over the past two decades is performance-based fiscal transfers to urban local governments - a type of financing mechanism designed to improve institutional and service delivery performance of these local governments. Generally known as 'Urban Performance Grants', these are fiscal transfers from a higher level of government conditioned on achieving performance in predetermined areas. The Bank's Global Practice for Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land has implemented a large financing portfolio of such programs across several countries. This report takes stock of the results and implementation experience of these programs and identifies key lessons and good practices for the design of the next generation of such programs. Based on a review of nine financing programs across seven countries, it shows that they have generally been effective in delivering results in line with their development objectives and have improved the delivery of urban infrastructure and service delivery in their targeted areas. The report concludes by providing guidance on improving the sustainability of these programs within country systems and promoting local action for climate change mitigation and adaptation
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Asset Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures
    Abstract: The demand for more efficient use of land and water resources to enable farmers to produce food using climate-resilient processes continues to grow in the face of a growing global population and the impacts of climate change and other shocks such as Coronavirus (COVID-19). Although irrigation has been widely promoted as important for productivity and resilience, it has not been sufficiently expanded. Large, well-established irrigation projects developed by public institutions and select private sector projects play an important role in providing access to irrigation, but they are insufficient to meet need. In parallel, farmers have been developing effective small-scale irrigation (SSI) options that include a range of technologies, financing methods, and operating models. International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are global organizations focused on promoting resilient agriculture and food system transformation. This handbook takes a practical approach in guiding its target readers, which comprise policy makers, governments and government agencies, private sector actors, and development institution partners, on how to deliver effective design and operation strategies, combined with financing models, to implement and sustainably expand use of irrigation
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dinarte-Diaz, Lelys Neither by Land Nor by Sea: The Rise of Electronic Remittances during COVID-19
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Bank Account Surge in Mexico ; Covid Impact on Remittances ; COVID-19 ; E-Business ; Electronic Remittance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Informal Remittance Channels ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact on Remittances ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Despite concerns that the COVID-19 economic collapse would torpedo international remittances, formal remittances to several developing countries ballooned early in the pandemic. This increase might, however, have reflected a shift from informal channels to formal ones rather than a change in actual flows. This paper employs Mexican data to explore this and finds that remittance channels did change. The rise in formal inflows was larger among municipalities that were previously more reliant on informal channels (for example, near a border crossing). Households there also experienced a disproportionate increase in bank accounts opened after lockdown measures. The paper also rules out hypotheses related to the US Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and. Economic Security Act and altruism
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: This case study examines the grievance redress mechanisms (GRMs) put in place for two World Bank financed projects in the Republic of Rwanda: the Feeder Roads Development Project (FRDP) and the Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP). Based on consultations and interviews with key informants, such as project-affected parties who submitted complaints to one of the project-level GRMs and members of grievance redress committees, as well as on desk research and data provided by social and safeguards officers of project implementation units and World Bank task teams, section 1 provides an overview of both projects; section 2 describes the social accountability framework in which they were implemented; section 3 explores the way grievances were taken up, investigated, and resolved; section 4 considers key grievance data; section 5 assesses the main strengths of the GRMs; section 6 investigates areas for improvement; and section 7 outlines a few conclusions and recommendations for practitioners
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; Energy Sector ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The arrival of a new government provides an opportunity to reinvigorate the reform agenda to deliver inclusive growth for the Somali people. Since the establishment of the Provisional Constitution in 2012, Somalia has made commendable progress on many fronts. Macroeconomic stability has been maintained, high levels of indebtedness are being addressed through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, several sector laws and institutions have been established, and a poverty reduction strategy paper has been developed - the ninth National Development Plan (NDP9). However, much remains to be done and the time has come to mark the next milestone in Somalia's development trajectory through advancing reforms anchored in the HIPC process. The objective of the collection of policy notes is to provide sector-specific policy advice for the leadership of the new government, drawing on the expertise of the World Bank Group. This overview chapter synthesizes the advice across the sector policy notes and is organized in four sections. The first section outlines the current context. The second section presents the framework for organizing the policy notes. The third section summarizes the advice, and the fourth section concludes
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gourlay, Sydney Measuring Land Tenure at the Individual Level: Lessons from Methodological Research in Armenia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Female Land Tenure Inequity ; Finance and Development ; Household Surveys ; Individual Land Rights ; Land Ownership ; Land Tenure ; Resilience To Economic Shock ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; SDGS ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Abstract: Evidence indicates that land rights are strongly associated with several indicators of well-being and development outcomes, including access to credit, resilience to shocks, productivity, and bargaining power. Accurately capturing gender differences in land rights is thus critical for development policy, prompting the need to shift from household-level land rights data collection to collecting more and better individual-level data on land rights. The importance of individual land rights has been recognized in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda, with the inclusion of two key indicators on land rights-SDG indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1. Although clear guidance exists for computing and monitoring these, the choice of data collection methods may influence the resulting indicators and the understanding of the underlying land rights. Specifically, research has shown that the use of proxy respondents in the collection of data on assets, including land, results in a biased understanding of men's and women's holdings vis-a-vis self-reporting. This paper uses data from a methodological experiment in Armenia to assess the implications of survey design-Snamely, respondent strategy and the level of disaggregation of land data-Son the measurement of individual land rights and SDG indicator monitoring. The findings suggest that in the context of Armenia, the measurement of SDG 5.a.1 and 1.4.2 (a) is robust to respondent approach and data disaggregation level, driven largely by the high rates of documentation. Meanwhile, land rights that are less objective, such as the right to bequeath and perception of tenure security, are sensitive to these survey design choices
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Sector ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Renewable Energy ; Solar Energy ; Windpower
    Abstract: Vietnam has made remarkable economic progress over the past 30 years; however, growth was supported by increasing reliance on coal-based energy. The energy sector would continue the expansion of coal-based energy with the significant increase in the installed capacity of coal power plants under previous plans. Vietnam has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and gradually phasing out the use of coal for power generation. Selecting lower carbon pathways for the future growth of the energy sector requires the study of interdependencies of the power system through a robust analytical approach. The choice of decarbonization scenario should be based on a careful review of implications and opportunities at the sector level as well as more broadly at the level of the economy. Energy sector decarbonization would require the development of 'just transition' oriented policies and regulations to support the people, communities, and businesses. World Bank Group stands ready to provide comprehensive support for designing and implementing a low-carbon future for the energy sector
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The World Bank and FAO teamed up with the Government of Tanzania to produce the country's first agricultural public expenditure review (PER) since the launch of the country's second agriculture sector development program (ASDP II). After outlining the role and performance of the sector (crop, livestock, fisheries, and forestry) in Tanzania and its main policy frameworks, this report uses historical data from 2017 to 2022 to review the level and composition of public expenditure. It then analyzes its allocative efficiency, effectiveness and alignment with the Government's strategic sectoral goals as defined in Tanzania Vision 2025 and the ASDP II. To do so, it combines a price incentive analysis on key value chains, thematic deep dives on strategic areas for the government (irrigation, agricultural knowledge system, seed system, climate change adaptation), and a coherence analysis. The report unveils that agricultural public budget mostly targets public goods in Tanzania, but at a level too critically low for these to materialize and support sustainable productivity growth and job creation. Detailed actionable recommendations are proposed for the government to improve spending on the agricultural sector to leverage further its growth potential
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coal ; Coal and Lignite ; Employment and Unemployment ; Energy ; Energy Sector ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Wielkopolska, which is most advanced in the transition out of coal. Finding viable job transitions is of enormous importance. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, even though limited from a regional perspective (4,000 workers), affected jobs are highly concentrated in a few already lagging and depopulating municipalities. Second, while coal-related workers are similarly skilled as other workers in Wielkopolska, non-coal related workers in the at-risk municipalities are substantially less skilled, exposing them to potential displacement effects. Finally, while ready to work and to be re-skilled, discrete choice experiments about their job attribute preferences show that all workers are averse both to commuting and relocating for work, even more so than in Silesia and Lower Silesia. Complementary social protection and employment support will be needed, and the paper suggests some policy options based on international experience. The paper concludes by illustrating how a big-data driven job-matching tool, calibrated on the Polish labor market, could be used to assist caseworkers in identifying "viable-job-transition-pathways" for affected workers as well as to help policymakers identify reskilling needs and attract investments
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Energy ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: The off-grid solar (OGS) sector has the potential to increase universal access to energy, alleviate poverty, support economic development, and increase gender equality. Nevertheless, although considerable advances have been made in closing gaps in access to energy, women's presence in the sector as consumers and active participants in OGS value chains remains limited. By adopting inclusive practices, governments, businesses, stakeholders, and market actors can unleash significant economic opportunities and hasten progress toward empowerment and equality and given the concessional investments that have been made in the sector, appropriate projects are an opportunity to pioneer dynamic, innovative ways to approach gender equality. This Gender Equality and Off-Grid Solar Operational Handbook responds to sectoral needs by providing operational guidance based on case studies demonstrating promising approaches to closing gender gaps in the OGS sector. The primary objective of the operational handbook is to increase the focus on off-grid energy and women's role in it at the consumer and enterprise levels. It seeks to increase productive uses of energy with a focus on women as workers in the sector, as farmers, and as business owners. It provides a practical overview of the OGS sector observed through an inclusive lens and highlights flagship projects, promising practices, and lessons learned from practitioners worldwide
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Energy ; Energy Sector ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Renewable Energy ; Resilience ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs) are new core diagnostic reports that integrate climate change and development considerations. They will help countries prioritize the most impactful actions that can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and boost adaptation, while delivering on broader development goals. This CCDR identifies near-term policy and investment priorities that will support Bangladesh to continue progress in building resilience to the effects of climate change. Section 1 describes Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change and outlines estimates of the cost of mitigation and adaptation investments through 2030. Section 2 lays out the Government of Bangladesh's existing climate commitments and plans, and evaluates the institutional capacities required to meet them. Section 3 highlights priority sector-level interventions to build climate resilience while meeting development goals. Section 4 presents potential synergies between decarbonization and development. Section 5 discusses the macroeconomic and distributional impacts of climate scenarios and identifies priority actions to support adaptation and growth. The CCDR provides additional analysis to prioritize actions to accelerate climate-resilient development in line with Bangladesh's goals
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alibhai, Salman Evening the Credit Score?: Impact of Psychometric Loan Appraisal for Women Entrepreneurs
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Asset Ownership ; Entrepreneurial Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Development ; Innovative Loan Appraisal ; Microenterprises ; Microfinance Lending ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Women's Access to Business Lending ; Women's Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: Women's lower rates of ownership of collateralizable assets are a constraint to accessing larger business loans. This paper tests the impact of using psychometric credit scoring as a substitute for collateral for loans up to USD 7,500, via a randomized controlled trial with a microfinance institution in Ethiopia. The paper finds positive impacts on women's access to credit, and survival of their firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and conflict. Firms that remained operational were profitable; but there is limited evidence of impact on firm growth under these circumstances. The study showcases the potential for using innovative technologies to extend entrepreneurial finance to underserved markets
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector ; Resilience ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: The private sector has an indispensable role to play in advancing climate adaptation and resilience building. The need for private sector solutions to address climate change impacts is even more pronounced in Africa given its sizable needs for adaptation and the limited fiscal space of most African states to adapt and build resilience to climate and disaster risks. However, mobilizing private investment in adaptation is made complicated by the difficulty for firms of measuring and internalizing the opportunity cost of no adaptation, and by limited practical knowledge on the bankability and cost-effectiveness of adaptation solutions. This paper tries to fill some of these knowledge gaps, first by assessing the economic costs of floods and droughts - the two most economically and socially damaging natural disasters in Africa; and second by measuring the upfront private investments needed in each African country to offset the losses induced by these disasters, assuming that such investments would generate a sufficient economic return. Using the traditional dynamic Solow model, we estimate the potential for private investment in adaptation to natural disasters in Africa by estimating the short- and long-term impact of floods and droughts on per capita GDP growth. As opposed to the more commonly used approaches of estimating the impact of natural disasters on productive assets, our methodology is very practical as it focuses on economic flows rather than stocks, is not data demanding, and does not require complex economic or environmental modelling, and can thus easily be applied on a large number of African countries to estimate the private investment potential in adapting to floods and droughts. Our empirical results suggest that the private sector could have an interest in investing up to about hundred billion cumulatively over the next twenty years, or five billion per year, to adapt to the current frequency and severity of floods and droughts in Africa. As such, our estimate corresponds to only a small fraction of what is projected by more traditional estimates which include public good requirements, cover a broader set of natural disasters and climate stressors, may project increases in the severity of natural disasters, and retain sometimes higher ambition than just to offset consequences of natural disasters. Nevertheless, our estimate is significant and well above current levels, especially in African countries most prone to floods and droughts
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ethics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Human Rights ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Technology is at the core of credit reporting systems, which have evolved significantly over the past decade by adopting new technologies and business models. As disruptive technologies have been increasingly adopted around the globe, concerns have arisen over possible misuse or unethical use of these new technologies. These concerns inspired international institutions and national authorities to issue high-level principles and guidance documents on responsible technology use. While adopting new technologies benefits the credit reporting industry, unintended negative outcomes of these technologies from ethics and human rights perspectives must also be considered. The white paper begins with a brief introductory section, followed in section 2 with a discussion of technology use in credit reporting, with a special focus on the key disruptive technologies being increasingly adopted by the industry. Section 3 provides information on the scope, development, and high-level principles of several key technology frameworks, including the principles underlying their responsible use. Section 4 introduces ten principles to guide responsible use of technology in credit reporting activities. Section 5 discusses considerations for applying the principles. The section concludes with use cases illustrating the principles in action
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Conflict ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Law and Development ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Law ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the Ninth World Water Forum in Dakar, Senegal on March 21, 2022. At the Fragility Forum at the World Bank in early March, we showed that 23 countries, with a combined population of 850 million people, are facing high, or medium-intensity conflict. Over 300 million people in fragile and conflict settings experienced acute food insecurity in 2021, and the war in Ukraine is making shortages and food price spikes even worse. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought dramatic reversals in development outcomes. Indicators of poverty, growth, nutrition, education, and security are all deteriorating, rather than improving as is needed for the world to truly develop. The latest hammer blow is inflation and rising interest rates. They hit the poor the hardest and make inequality worse. Today's world faces other enormous challenges. The Water Forum today focuses on the importance of water security for development and peace. Population growth and increased use of water are creating water scarcity and intense competition for water. Ongoing climate change heightens the water crisis, which is starkly evident in Africa. Only 58 percent of Africans have access to safe drinking water. Only 10 percent of hydroelectricity potential is being put to work. Globally, 2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water and over 3.6 billion people lack safely managed sanitation
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Access To Finance ; E-Government ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; ICT Legal and Regulatory Framework ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report discusses the readout from World Bank Group President David Malpass's meeting at the Future of Digital Cooperation Event: Building Resilience Through Safe, Trusted, and Inclusive Digital Public Infrastructure. There have been severe reversals in development, and global policy trends suggest these will persist. Digital public infrastructure is a vital part of our response. Digital identification, payment, and data sharing platforms have made it possible for countries to respond more effectively, more transparently, at a greater speed and scale, and with more security and privacy. The World Bank Group is engaged across all these elements and our operations with significant digital components have been growing. Our portfolio stands at nearly 4.7 billion dollars. Through country engagements, we support our clients to boost mobile phone networks and remove regulatory barriers to foster access to finance. We are helping with the adoption of e-government platforms and the modernization of social protection systems. Our Global Findex database shows that 71 percent of adults in developing economies now have a formal financial account, often a bank account, compared to 42 percent a decade ago. It is critical to build on this trend. Expanding access to finance, reducing the cost of digital transactions, and channeling wage payments and social transfers through accounts will be critically important to mitigate the reversals in development from the ongoing turbulence
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brancati, Emanuele Jobs, Access to Credit, and Informality in MENA Countries
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Barriers To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level Data For Countries in the Middle East and North Africa ; Informal Competition ; Informality ; Job Creation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: This paper explores the link between jobs, access to Finance, and informality. Using longitudinal firm-level data for countries in the Middle East and North Africa, it documents that jobs creation is positively associated with access to finance. At the same time, the findings show that access to finance is lower for firms that are more exposed to competition from informal firms. As a possible mechanism underlying this result, the paper provides evidence that firms that suffer informal competition have worse expectations on future sales growth, which in turn are associated with fewer loan applications
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: This note offers an overview of challenges and lessons learned from the 2019 effort, then reviews each of the PIU's GMs, including the respective GM complaint uptake channels, overall GM architecture, registration and categorization processes, investigation and resolution mechanisms, related communication efforts, and grievance-related data. Efforts taken to strengthen the GMs since the 2019 technical assistance until late 2021 are highlighted, and areas for growth are explored. This note is intended for World Bank task teams and PIUs to show how a rapid diagnostic can lead to significant improvements in the design and implementation of GMs and a marked enhancement of social accountability in projects financed by multilateral development banks
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Private Sector Development ; Recommendations
    Abstract: This note is a resource for World Bank task teams providing technical assistance to Borrowers on grievance redress mechanisms (GRMs). The first step in strengthening a project-level GRM, after discussing it within the task team and informing the Country Management Unit (CMU), is to organize a technical assistance mission to conduct a detailed GRM diagnostic for the project or group of projects selected. This helps the project implementation unit (PIU) and task team understand the PIU's capacity for grievance management, learn about grievance resolution experiences of PIU staff and potential complainants and project beneficiaries through field visits, share international experiences with grievance redress while building the capacity of relevant staff, and facilitate the preparation of a GRM strengthening action plan by relevant PIU counterparts. The guidance and tools provided here, including templates and worksheets, can help social development specialists and other relevant task team members systematically plan and organize such missions
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Enterprise Surveys
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Human Capital ; Private Sector Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has been weak since the global financial crisis of 2007-09 and the Arab Spring of the early 2010s. Achieving higher and sustainable growth is particularly important in view of other economic challenges facing the region: public debt in MENA countries has increased considerably over the last decade, accompanied by declining investment. This report seeks to understand what lies beneath that relatively slow growth, with a particular focus on the reasons for stagnating productivity and inadequate accumulation of human capital and physical capital in the region's private sector. To this end, the report summarizes the main findings from nine background papers based on enterprise survey data. It also draws conclusions for policy, not only for promoting stronger firm performance, but also for addressing the challenge of climate change by pursuing sustainable growth
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Mental Health
    Abstract: The objective of this assessment is to provide background information about GBV issues, policies, programming, and gaps in Malawi, for the purpose of assisting the World Bank (WB) to 1) consider how to directly support efforts to address GBV in Malawi; 2) inform strategies for integrating attention to GBV in development programming; and 3) understand the extent of GBV response programming. In addition to providing an overview of data on the scope of GBV in Malawi, the assessment investigates: legislative and policy protections related to GBV; systems and coordination mechanisms in place for addressing GBV in Malawi; and GBV response and prevention programming. The assessment analyzes key gaps across these areas of investigation based on inputs from key stakeholders as well as the desk review and concludes with several recommendations for WB to consider assisting in addressing these key gaps
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gazeaud, Jules With or without him? Experimental Evidence on Gender-Sensitive Cash Grants and Trainings in Tunisia
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Cash Transfer ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Education ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender Role ; Labor Market ; Unconditional Cash Grant ; Unconditional Cash Transfer ; Women's Work
    Abstract: Is it possible to stimulate women's employment by relaxing their financial and human capital constraints Does involving husbands help or hinder the effort Using an experiment in Tunisia, this paper shows that providing cash grants and financial training to women stimulates their income generating activities, but only when their partners are not involved. The program did not alter traditional gender roles. Instead, it encouraged employment of other household members and investments in small-scale agriculture and livestock farming - two activities traditionally undertaken by women at home. The impacts on household living standards are overwhelmingly positive, and suggest that the program is highly cost-effective
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Consumption ; Energy Demand ; Energy Finance ; Energy Markets ; Energy Sector
    Abstract: Kakuma as a marketplace, a 2018 consumer and market study of Kakuma refugee camp in northwest Kenya, estimates that Kakuma camp and its hosting community have 2,100 refugee-owned businesses and are worth 56 million dollars based on household consumption. This study provides information for businesses in the energy sector to help them assess opportunities for providing or expanding energy services in the Kakuma and Kalobeyei areas; it also provides insights to inform International Finance Corporation (IFC) interventions. The study maps the supply of and demand for energy for lighting, cooking, and productive use among households and businesses in the camp and examines the regulatory environment affecting the energy sector
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Despite Ghana's growth in the last several decades, regional, demographic, and social inequalities have exacerbated marginalization and exclusion, leaving vulnerable groups exposed to exogeneous economic and social shocks. With Coronavirus (COVID-19) and the resultant economic slowdown, the poverty level is likely to rise in 2021 to 30.9 percent, compounding further inequalities and vulnerabilities and expanding pressure on public funds to respond. To assess the progression of these exclusion disparities, the World Bank has developed the Social Sustainability and Inclusion (SSI) profile. This SSI note is meant to deepen analysis and provide a snapshot of the social sustainability and inclusion landscape in Ghana
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hotspots ; Prevention
    Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis brought home the high costs of pandemics, triggering a historic setback in the fight against poverty. It also reinforced the interconnections between people, planet and economy, calling attention to the zoonotic nature of pathogens spilling over from animals to people. To decrease their burden, we must focus on prevention. The One Health approach proposes a way forward to reduce risk of spillover. Recognizing that the health and well-being of humans, animals, and their shared ecosystems are interdependent, One Health is designed as an integrated, practical, multisectoral framework for pandemic prevention. By stopping infectious diseases from spilling over to people and spreading to become pandemics, One Health provides a solid foundation for global health security and improved development outcomes at much lower societal and economic costs. This report aims to shed light on the benefits of prevention to serve as a wake-up call for policymakers and finance ministers alike. The report also outlines an investment framework and One Health architecture for zoonotic disease prevention. As you will read on these pages, compared to the sky-high cost of bringing pandemics under control, relatively modest investments in prevention will pay huge dividends
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ali, Haseeb Agricultural Productivity and Poverty in Rural Sudan
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Extension ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Irrigation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Livelihoods
    Abstract: While agriculture remains the mainstay for a large share of the population in Sudan, and rural poverty has seen a dramatic decrease (between 2009 and 2014/15), poverty remains relatively high among those engaged in agriculture. Households engaged in agriculture?either crop farming or raising livestock?see among the highest rates of poverty among households classified by their main livelihoods in Sudan. As these households form a major bulk of the total population, understanding why these households remain poor and identifying strategies for lifting them out of poverty is a key concern for researchers and policy makers. This concern occupies the primary motivation for this study. Using data from the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and 2014/15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS), this study sheds light on the rural landscape in Sudan. Though rural Sudan has fared much better than urban Sudan between survey rounds, the number of poor remains higher in rural than in urban areas. Sudan severely lags other African countries in terms of agricultural productivity. Sorghum, Sudan?s most commonly produced crop?grown by close to half the agrarian households?has seen yields increase from below 500 kg per ha in 1995 to almost 700 kg per ha in 2017. A major constraint to improving crop productivity in Sudan is the low use of productivity-enhancing inputs, particularly fertilizers and pesticides and low-yield seed varieties. Increasing input use can be achieved by investing in rural markets. Market participation of agrarian households in Sudan is low, constraining farmers? ability to raise their income levels and escape poverty. Improving rural transportation and telecommunications networks, providing access to rural credit and financial services, and increasing the ease of doing business for input providers and output marketers can increase the geographic penetration of agrarian input and output markets. Though sorghum and millet remain the dominant crops grown in Sudan, the recent increase in the number of households growing sesame is a welcome development. Deteriorations in the irrigation infrastructure need to be reversed to ensure Sudan remains competitive in the export of commercial crops. Access to cell phones has significantly increased channels of communication for the rural poor
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hasanbasri, Ardina Individual Wealth Inequality: Measurement and Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Asset Ownership ; Economic Gender Differences ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Opportunity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Wealth ; Income Inequality ; Individual Income In Developing Countries ; Individual Wealth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Wealth Inequality Study
    Abstract: The accumulation of personal wealth, stemming from ownership and control of assets, plays a critical role in advancing women's and men's economic opportunities. Yet, it is an understudied dimension of inequality across the developing world. To study individual-level wealth inequality and gender differences in wealth, this paper leverages unique data from nationally representative, multi-topic household surveys that were conducted in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Tanzania and that interviewed men and women in private regarding their personal ownership and valuation of physical and financial assets. The analysis documents substantial gender inequalities in asset ownership and wealth, overall and for specific asset classes. Individual-level wealth inequality measures are substantially higher vis-a-vis comparators based on per capita household consumption expenditures and per capita household wealth, and intrahousehold wealth inequality has a substantial role in explaining overall wealth inequality. While land is a key contributor to wealth inequality across countries, there is cross-country heterogeneity in the relative contributions of asset classes. Self-reporting on asset ownership and valuation, the internationally-recommended best practice, is also shown to lead to higher inequality estimates compared to the business-as-usual survey practice of interviewing a single, most-knowledgeable household member to identify intrahousehold asset owners and values. The discussion expands on the implications of the findings for future surveys and methodological research
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ICT Applications ; ICT Legal and Regulatory Framework ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Law and Development
    Abstract: Open banking has emerged strongly in the past few years as a system to give customers the right to share with parties they trust the information that banks have about them in a secure manner and also as a way to open up processes and services in banking. The main objectives pursued by regulatory frameworks that define open banking are generally encouraging innovation and fostering competition, resulting in new products and services at competitive prices to the benefit of consumers. With that in mind, and with the United Kingdom as a first mover, different regulatory approaches have been developed. Some of them are regulatory driven, while in other cases, with a hands-off approach, they have been led by industry. In between, we also find collaborative models in which both the public sector and private-party players are instrumental to the definition and adoption of open banking. Regulatory approaches also differ in the scope of data that is to be shared, the definition of the financial institutions that have to publish their application programming inter-faces and share data, the mandatory or voluntary nature of the framework, the definition of the type of license that third-party providers need to operate, and the definition or not of concrete standards, among other things. While there is no single right approach, there are common challenges that countries considering regulation certainly need to bear in mind in terms of the definition and interoperability of technical standards, security, governance, and consent and authentication mechanisms. Although open-banking regulatory frameworks have been operating for less than two years at most, early lessons can be drawn from the first movers and the debates that are taking place between regulators and market participants
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Energy Sector ; Energy Sector Regulation ; Infrastructure ; Political Instability
    Abstract: Myanmar's energy sector has been severely affected by the dual shocks of the February 2021 coup and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Developments in the energy sector after the coup have undermined nascent energy sector reforms over the last few years, including reforms that led to improved service delivery, restructured electricity tariffs, and increased electricity access. Constraints in human resources resulting from the dismissal of over 4,400 staff in key entities and departments under the Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MoEE) has put power sector operation at risk. Public boycott of electricity payments and rising costs of electricity due to dollar-denominated independent power producers have adversely affected the financial viability of the power sector. The political instability in the aftermath of the coup has led to significant operational and financial burdens on the sector, affecting the sector financial viability and fiscal sustainability. Investor confidence has plummeted amid uncertainty and a worsening investment climate, jeopardizing the implementation of approved power projects, including renewable solar. While the global commodity rally continues, there are serious challenges ahead, including the need for skilled labor to ensure electricity reliability, maintain the security of power infrastructure, and increase electricity revenues
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Confidentiality ; COVID-19 ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Social Accountability ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: Launched in January 2015, the Takaful and Karama (T&K) program is among the Arab Republic of Egypt government's cornerstone social protection mitigation measures. It seeks to alleviate the adverse effects of the country's bold economic reforms aimed at addressing longstanding macroeconomic issues. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS) and co-financed by the government and the World Bank, the T&K program is among Egypt's largest investments in human capital development. This case study summarizes the practices of the T&K program GRM to date, including lessons learned. The experiences and achievements of the T&K GRM in Karama's beneficiary assessment phase are specifically highlighted. Section two explores the GRM as part of a broader social accountability approach; section three summarizes the institutional arrangements for grievance resolution; section four discusses key results and trends regarding grievance handling; and section five concludes with a snapshot of achievements, lessons learned, areas of strength and in need of improvement, and the path forward
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: The assessment tool is presented in five sections: (i) General Information about the Grievance Mechanism collects basic information about the responding agency and the environment in which its GM operates; (ii) GM Design and Communications examines the effectiveness of the provision of information about the GM, its procedures, the user-centricity of grievance uptake channels, the extent to which the needs of vulnerable groups are considered, and if confidentiality and anonymity for complainants are guaranteed; (iii) Grievance Handling and Resolution looks at the processes in place to acknowledge, log, categorize, and resolve grievances, and how well different enablers, such as a strong customer service culture, standardized processes, interagency/interinstitutional cooperation, and capacity building serve the organization's purpose; (iv) Monitoring and Evaluation explores the depth and systematic character of data collection about complainants' satisfaction levels, user demographics, and complaint resolution, as well as the extent to which these data are publicly communicated; (v) GM Strengths and Areas for Improvement invites a strategic reflection on the GM's strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities for its improvement. Its unscored, open-ended questions are intended to encourage bigger picture reflection and to prompt a discussion on further actions that can be taken in the future to bring the GM to the next level, possibly with external support
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Methodology ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: Centralized country-owned GMs are managed by a single entity that provides the main gateway for the submission of citizen feedback. In most cases, the task of such a centralized GM is to accept and acknowledge the receipt of a submission and then forward it to the public sector entity with the mandate to address the specific issue at hand. Upon receiving a submission, the appropriate ministry, bureau, or department ensures adequate follow-up, investigation, and action, with a view toward proposing a resolution agreeable to the GM user. Grievance redress units established at the central/ national level typically monitor the responses of such public entities to ensure that they are abiding by legally established timeframes for an administrative response and that after receiving a suggested resolution, they are communicating it back to citizens. Furthermore, because of its position as a central node, a centralized GM can also collect and publish relevant grievance data
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Competition ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Innovation ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Chile has achieved high levels of financial inclusion relative to its level of economic development across a number of headline indicators. Unlike in other countries, gaps in account ownership between men and women, rich and poor, older and younger consumers, and rural consumers are not pronounced. Remaining challenges in financial inclusion include pockets of underserved segments and opportunities to further increase in online payments and digital financial services (DFS). There is also opportunity to improve the availability of savings, credit, and account products that are appropriately tailored to meet the needs of underserved consumers. Greater digitalization of the financial sector can help Chile to address some of the remaining challenges for financial inclusion in Chile. Several key elements of a well-functioning DFS ecosystem could be strengthened. At a broader level, the Fintech Bill should be passed to allow for greater innovation and competition in the financial sector. A range of opportunities exist to build off of Chile's relatively advanced national payments infrastructure to help further expand in low-value retail payments and digital payments. There are indications that interest rate caps have inadvertently constrained access to finance for Chilean microenterprises. Legal and regulatory reforms could be considered to encourage microsavings. Banco Estado has played a huge role in advancing financial inclusion in Chile. To move to the next stage of financial inclusion, it is recommended that a national financial inclusion strategy (NFIS) be developed that is holistic and comprehensive
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Business Environment ; COVID-19 ; Emerging Markets ; Energy Sector ; Livestock ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Special Economic Zones
    Abstract: Until the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV2) COVID-19 pandemic and despite the deteriorating security situation, Mali's economic growth averaged five percent since 2014, on par with its long-term potential. Mali's fragile state status has also taken a toll on economic activity and social welfare by reducing access to markets, threatening food security, and degrading human capital indicators. With an increasing debt burden resulting in limited fiscal space to address persistent security risks and to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Mali is compelled to refocus the role of the state and unleash the potential of the private sector to boost productivity growth, to diversify the economy away from a narrow base, and to ensure inclusive economic and social welfare for all Malians. The growth model will be readdressed around energizing investment, creating resilient markets, and building back better for a more resilient recovery via (a) improving the business environment; (b) crowding-in private participation in the delivery of infrastructure and certain public services; (c) ensuring that remaining state-owned enterprises and private firms compete on equal terms - that is, upholding competitive neutrality principles; (d) expanding public-private partnerships in key sectors, through transparent and competitive procurement; and (e) leveraging digital solutions by further enhancing digital infrastructure that would, in turn, increase the uptake of digital financial services and digital platforms for key sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, and digitize government services (e-government)
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy Sector ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport
    Abstract: The welfare and economic growth of Azerbaijan's development trajectory based on fossil fuel extraction has come at the expense of the environment, other non-oil industries, and human capital growth. Due to its lack of economic diversification, the country is highly vulnerable to transition risks, volatility of fossil fuel markets, and climate change. This note, produced in support of Azerbaijan's ambition for green growth, identifies how increased climate action and greening of a number of sectors have the potential to spur diversification of Azerbaijan's economy, contribute to addressing sector- and country-specific environmental challenges and goals, reduce greenhouse (GHG) emissions, address the identified physical and transitional climate risks and vulnerabilities, and strengthen long-term climate resilience of the country. Investments in resource efficiency, sustainable intensification of agriculture, better land use and urban planning, water and waste management, switching to cost-effective renewable energy, and research on low-carbon hydrogen and Caspian maritime space are the green measures that can have an immediate positive impact on Azerbaijan's economy and the environment. The first stage in identifying areas for wealth development will be a comprehensive green growth and asset diversification strategy, informed by detailed sectoral analysis and supported by capable institutions. Once mobilized by public sector interventions through policies to enable and incentivize green investments and green finance instruments, private enterprises will take the lead in relocating capital to green supply chains, creating jobs and building human capital while increasing the focus on innovation and efficiency. Cutting system leak emissions in the oil and gas industry could contribute significantly to reducing GHG emissions at lower costs. Enhancing the environmental performance of enterprises will be made possible by promoting eco-efficient policies and investments in cleaner production and technologies. Beginning now and leveraging this transition to green growth and diversification through the use of public resources and revenues from fossil fuel exports, Azerbaijan can mitigate certain short-term difficulties and promote long-term sustainable growth to ensuring a cleaner environment and economic prosperity
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance
    Abstract: Generating quality jobs is a major concern of policy makers around the world who want to ensure sustainable growth and social cohesion. This concern has led to greater interest in supporting the social and solidarity economy (SSE). The SSE focuses on supporting productive structures managed by the producers themselves and brings together multiple actors to improve economic and social welfare. These actors include small producers, producers' cooperatives, and nongovernmental organizations, among others. SSE structures can operate in all economic sectors, but they typically operate in labor-intensive sectors. The SSE sector has been very dynamic in recent years, growing faster than the rest of the economy in many countries and providing flexible forms of employment that give workers more power to decide how to organize their jobs. This paper reviews financial solutions, also referred to as products, that were developed by private and public financial institutions to support the SSE. The purpose of this review is to draw lessons and insights for development banks that are also considering developing these products to support the SSE. As development banks increasingly align their activities with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is greater interest in products that support the SSE
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bossavie, Laurent Temporary Migration for Long-Term Investment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Credit Constraint ; Employment and Unemployment ; Entrepreneurship ; Labor Markets ; Migrant Labor ; Migration Costs ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Temporary Migration
    Abstract: In the presence of credit constraints, temporary migration abroad provides an effective strategy for workers to accumulate savings to finance self-employment when they return home. This paper provides direct evidence of this link and its effects on workers' employment trajectories by using a new, large-scale survey of temporary migrants from Bangladesh. It constructs and estimates a dynamic model that establishes connections between asset accumulation and credit constraints, and, thus, between workers' migration and self-employment decisions. Interlinked impacts also emerge from simulations of three key policy interventions that target migration costs or domestic credit constraints for entrepreneurship. Lowering migration costs increases emigration, reduces the age at which workers depart, and reduces the duration of their time abroad, which together lead to higher savings and domestic self-employment. Reducing the interest rate for entrepreneurial loans reduces migration and savings levels, undercutting the positive effects on business creation at home. Correcting workers' inflated perceptions about overseas earnings potential reduces emigration rates and durations, triggering a decrease of both repatriated savings and self-employment in Bangladesh. The findings, which have implications for migrant-sending countries, highlight the need for policies to take into account the linkages between migration and self-employment decisions
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Sector ; Fairness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Services ; Insurance ; Public Sector Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: The Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG) aims to help countries build financial systems that are deep, diversified, inclusive, efficient, and stable essential to promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and increasing shared prosperity. One core activity is supporting national authorities to achieve their objectives for financial inclusion, by supporting policy, legal, regulatory, and supervisory reforms in areas such as financial consumer protection, including financial-sector alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Through the South Africa Financial Sector Development and Reform Program, the WBG is supporting the national reform process, which includes achieving an efficient and effective ADR system, so that financial customers can hold financial institutions to account if there is a dispute. This diagnostic review valuates the current financial-sector Ombud system in South Africa, Compares it against international good practice, and recommends reforms to provide good-quality outcomes and good value for money for the future
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Access of Poor to Social Services ; Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While the Brazilian social protection system provides instruments to reduce the risk of destitution from old age and disability with broad coverage, protection against labor income shocks in Brazil remains segmented and largely depends on labor status and household composition. In 2019, nearly one-third of households in Brazil lived below the Cadastro Unico poverty line but many of them were above the eligibility threshold of Bolsa Familia (BF). This note seeks to inform the design of a financial product and complementary actions that the government of Brazil could adopt to strengthen resilience of families in BF and Cadastro Unico, particularly those working in the informal economy
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Trade
    Abstract: Ghana has been a rising growth star and a beacon of hope in West Africa. Strong economic growth over the past two decades led to a near doubling of GDP per capita, lifting the country through the threshold for middle-income status in 2011. GDP per capita grew by an average of 3 percent per year over the past two decades, putting Ghana in the top ten fastest growing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A rising tide has tended to lift all boats. Poverty rates more than halved between 1998 and 2016, and the extreme poverty rate declined from 36.0 percent in 1991 to 8.2 percent in 2016. The net primary school enrollment rate rose from 62.5 percent in 2000 to 86.0 percent in 2019. This progress has motivated the government's goal to lift the country to high-income status by 2057. The focus of this Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) is to review options for Ghana to create enough higher quality jobs through economic transformation. Economic transformation, or inclusive productivity growth, occurs as people and resources shift from lower to higher productivity activities. It raises household incomes and living standards, thereby lifting people out of poverty. It can be achieved through the movement of workers and other resources between firms and sectors, or through workers staying within existing firms that benefit from within-firm productivity growth by adopting better technologies and capabilities
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Business Regulation ; Employment and Unemployment ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Innovation ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report identifies the need for reforms in five complementary areas to boost recovery, productivity, and economic transformation: 1) business regulatory environment; 2) foreign direct investment (FDI); 3) access to productive finance; 4) innovation and entrepreneurship; and 5) participation in global value chains. These areas were selected through consultations with the government and private sector and to complement other analytical work. This report analyzes each area in detail and suggests concrete reform action plans. A cross-cutting trend-which has been accelerated by the COVID-19 crisis -is the importance of digitization within both the public and private sectors. Public policies to support digitization can increase efficiency, enable new business models, and keep firms from lagging behind in domestic and global markets
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: This paper explores which factors influence the success of a GM and under what circumstances GMs trigger, or fail to trigger, improvements in project design, changes in power dynamics, or community relations. By doing so, it aims to produce clearer insights into the roadblocks as well as the dynamics of positive change achieved through GMs (Aslam, Grandvoinnet, and Raha 2015: 70). Although the World Bank offers several avenues for grievance redress to project beneficiaries, this paper focuses on project-level GMs in IPF, which are the responsibility of the World Bank's clients, that is, public sector agencies and ministries. The key research question explored is: What factors influence the effectiveness of project-level GMs? This paper relies on a mixed-methods approach. Fifteen qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted over a six-week period in February and March 2020 by the author with World Bank practitioners specializing in social safeguards policies and the supervision of social aspects, including GM implementation, in World Bank-financed projects. In April 2020, an online survey of 94 GM focal points in implementing agencies was conducted in 24 countries; its 23 questions probed the design, track record, strengths, and weaknesses of project-level GMs (World Bank 2021a). Follow-up discussions were then held with eight project implementation unit (PIU) members from two projects. Finally, the paper also relies on extensive case study analysis
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Abstract: This note assesses competitive dynamics and potential impediments in Chile's financial sector in order to provide actionable policy recommendations. This note contains both a quantitative as well as qualitative assessment of competition. The quantitative assessment explores market characteristics and dynamics, including market structure and concentration, cross-ownership and vertical integration, and customer conditions/consumer power. The quantitative assessment is complemented by a qualitative analysis of the regulatory and institutional framework to understand how private and public interventions shape market dynamics and result in specific market outcomes, including efficiency, degree of market power and consumer mobility (Figure 1). The note will focus primarily on the retail banking sector as well as payment systems and discuss competitive dynamics in other parts of the financial sector only to the extent that they affect these two areas, for example in the context of financial conglomerates
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Inequality ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report was commissioned by the World Bank Group's (WBG) financial inclusion support framework program, with financial support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and with technical support from the East African Business Council to provide a diagnostic assessment of the women cross-border trade landscape across the East African Community (EAC). The diagnostic study identified policy and firm-level barriers that limit women's bankability and financial access generally and during the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this study is to understand the constraints women cross-border traders in the EAC face in accessing finance and carrying out their operations. The study aims to draw insights from prior research, focus-group discussions (FGDs) with women cross-border traders, key stakeholder interviews, and data requests from commercial banks. This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two describes the approach employed for the research; chapter three summarizes the macroeconomic, sociodemographic, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) landscape of the partner states; chapter four breaks down the structure of trade across the EAC countries; chapter five provides the demand-side findings; chapter six details the supply-side findings; and chapter seven summarizes the key recommendations. Chapter eight includes annexes, including an East African Business Council (EABC) brief on the impact of COVID-19 on the EAC as of April 24, 2020
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Gender ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Many countries seek to improve women's economic participation with the introduction of targeted laws and regulations. The impact of these reforms appears significant, although the supporting evidence is stronger in some areas than others. This insight paper considers the impact of legal discrimination and the absence of protective legislation on women's economic outcomes, namely employment and earnings. It also explores the various pathways or channels through which laws and regulations affect those outcomes. An understanding of those mechanisms is important to the effective design and implementation of gender equal and gender sensitive laws and policies. A survey of the literature uncovered five key pathways that individually and in combination can help structure and improve the understanding of how legal reform impacts women's employment and earnings. The available literature offered more causal evidence in some reform areas, namely property rights, retirement, and divorce laws, than in others. Empirical evidence from the remaining areas (childcare leave policies, occupational segregation, legal capacity within marriage) still establishes significant and strong associations, especially in the first area, between the studied legal reforms and women's economic outcomes. Findings reported in the area of legal protections from violence and discrimination remain limited and inconclusive. There is a significant gap in the literature in terms of studies covering certain reforms in developing countries which undermines the generalizability of the findings. The paper concludes that although legal reform is not enough to bring about change, it is a critical first step in initiating social change and promoting women's economic participation and women's employment in the formal sector
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Inequality ; Nutrition ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Niger earns its foreign exchange mainly from uranium and gold, which has limited domestic economic linkages. Distant second, livestock export also provide important revenue to the country. Overall, most of the labor force is employed in a low productivity and shock prone rainfed agricultural sector. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic growth slowdown is estimated to have pushed up to an additional people into poverty. Niger is further beset by vast infrastructure gaps, intensifying terrorism attacks domestically, persisting conflict in the Sahel region, and intensifying environmental pressures. Robust poverty reduction and steady gains in shared prosperity will require investments to bolster human capital, interventions to increase agricultural productivity and develop the rural economy, and mitigate vulnerability to shocks both at the household and community levels. The effectiveness of these interventions will hinge on improved governance, successful conflict resolution, and enhanced security. This poverty assessment aims to strengthen the analytical foundation for poverty-reduction policies and interventions in Niger
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Conditional Cash Transfers ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Family Hope Program (Program Keluarga Harapan - PKH), a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program launched in 2007, has become one of the country's flagship social protection programs, targeting the poorest families in Indonesia to reduce their expenditure burden and improve their wellbeing through education, health, and social welfare services. In the last 13 years, PKH has expanded to 10 million beneficiary families across all districts/cities in Indonesia. Studies have provided evidence of PKH's desirable impacts, which include usage of health services, education participation, and stunting reduction (Cahyadi, and others, 2020; Alatas, 2011). However, there is still limited evidence on how families who have already left the program are doing, particularly in regard to their socio-economic status, employment and livelihood activities, program complementarities, and sustainability of the previously incentivized behavior
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Stability ; Financial Structures ; Macroprudential Policy ; Risk Assessment
    Abstract: A joint IMF and World Bank team conducted virtual missions to Georgia during January-February 2021 and May-June 2021, to update the findings of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) conducted in 2014. This report summarizes the main findings of the mission, identifies key financial sector vulnerabilities and developmental issues, and provides policy recommendations
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Employment and Unemployment ; Job Creation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report presents an updated methodology to estimate the number of SME jobs created as a result of SME loans.5 It analyzes job multipliers across developing countries through a firm-level regression of annual employment change on loan size. Put simply, the framework presented here analyzes the relationship between the size of loans to SMEs and the jobs these enterprises create. This methodology builds on previous papers that found an association between access to finance and job growth, including Ayyagari and others (2016),6 and draws on data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (ES) and IFC's own "tracer surveys" to develop a new SME jobs multiplier that would allow for the estimation of job creation effects that correlate with SME loan size.7 The use of tracer surveys has enabled IFC to analyze how the SME customers of a particular IFC partner financial institution have benefited from greater access to finance and generated positive developmental impacts such as greater SME growth, productivity, and female ownership
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Innovation ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Science and Technology Development
    Abstract: The science, technology, and innovation (STI) report provide analytical support for Vietnam's upcoming ten-year STI strategy 2021-2030 and the socio-economic development strategy (SEDS) 2021-2030. The STI report and the accompanying policy brief have been prepared in response to a request from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). The policy brief summarizes the key findings, recommendations, and lays out a STI roadmap to guide priority actions towards supporting business innovation in Vietnam. As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered economic shock continues to spread globally and its impact deepens in Vietnam, the importance of technology adoption and innovation for business resilience as well as for productive growth has been amplified
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: A national financial-inclusion strategy (NFIS) helps policy makers, in coordination with a wide range of stakeholders, define objectives and outline a set of impactful, sequenced actions to accelerate progress toward achieving financial-inclusion goals. Achieving greater financial inclusion requires a deliberate, coordinated approach to identify barriers and opportunities, and a platform for diverse stakeholders to coordinate efforts to achieve shared financial-inclusion objectives. NFIS implementation typically involves operationalizing governance arrangements to oversee implementation, establishing a framework for monitoring and evaluation (M and E) to capture progress regularly, implementing action plans to achieve financial-inclusion targets, and making necessary adjustments to address changing landscapes. In 2018, the World Bank Group (WBG) released a toolkit that provides financial-sector authorities and other stakeholders with practical guidance on developing and operationalizing an NFIS. After launching an NFIS, many factors influence and shape progress and success, and no two countries travel the same path during NFIS implementation. This note aims to build on existing NFIS knowledge by sharing insights that have helped improve implementation postlaunch. When used together with the WBG NFIS Toolkit, this note aims to support countries that are working to draft, launch, and implement an NFIS effectively
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Accountability ; Consumer Protection ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Public Sector Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: While the importance of financial capability has been studied empirically, questions remain about program effectiveness, whether and how effectively these skills can be taught to consumers, and if financial education programs lead to sustained behavioral changes that improve one's financial wellness and inclusion. When studied analytically, the results of financial education have been mixed. The objective of this report is to help guide financial sector authorities to build a more effective approach to financial education. The report synthesizes available resources and complements existing knowledge about financial education. It also explores the appropriate role for financial sector authorities within financial education and outlines a practical approach for financial sector authorities who choose to develop financial education agendas or strategies. Lastly, the report provides an overview of the best tools and practices to improve the effectiveness of financial education initiatives
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Amin, Mohammad The Impact of Corruption on Smes' Access to Finance: Evidence using Firm-Level Survey Data from Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Bribery ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Sme Finance
    Abstract: The present paper estimates the impact of bureaucratic corruption on access to finance of small and medium-size enterprises in 114 developing countries. Corruption can hurt small and medium-size enterprises' access to finance by lowering profits, increasing credit demand, increasing bankruptcy chances, creating uncertainty about the firm's future profit, and exacerbating the asymmetric information problem between borrowers and lenders. Consistent with this view, the findings show a large adverse effect of higher corruption on small and medium-size enterprises' access to finance. An increase in corruption from its smallest to highest value increases the likelihood of small and medium-size enterprises being financially constrained from 6.9 to 10.9 percentage points. The analysis uncovers several heterogeneities in the corruption-finance relationship. For instance, the adverse effect of corruption on access to finance is much less in countries where financial institutions protect the rights of borrowers and lenders are stronger, laws provide for better credit information, and credit bureaus exist. The paper argues that these heterogeneities derive from the specific ways in which corruption impacts access to finance. Thus, they help to raise confidence against endogeneity concerns about the main results. Other heterogeneities uncovered suggest that corruption is more harmful to firms more that, absent corruption, are known to enjoy better access to finance, such as male versus female owned firms, relatively large firms, and better performing firms. The results have important policy implications for the growth of small and medium-size enterprises in the developing world
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Educational Attainment ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Land Tenure ; Poverty Reduction ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: The aim of this report is to identify binding constraints to women's economic empowerment in the DRC and identify promising entry points to unbind these constraints. This report makes three core contributions. It provides: i) a comprehensive picture of gender gaps across the country, ii) an in-depth analysis of underlying drivers of the observed gender gaps, and iii) concrete policy and programmatic guidance on how to close the gender gaps
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Rural Development Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Food Security ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Job Creation ; Labor Markets ; Maize ; Poultry ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This book focuses on entry points for creation of better jobs through agricultural value chains and lays out the policy implications, using cassava, cashew, and plantation forestry as examples. It is based on case studies carried out in 2018-2020 by the World Bank Jobs Group as part of the multi-stakeholder Let's Work Program in Mozambique. Let's Work is a global partnership encompassing over 25 private sector organizations, international financial institutions, multilateral development banks, and bilateral donors focused on supporting private sector-led job growth. The study documents opportunities for creating more and better jobs, often in formal employment, linked to the cassava, cashew and plantation forestry value chains. Cassava in Mozambique is currently a traditional subsistence food crop; cashew is a struggling traditional export crop; and plantation forestry is a relatively new sector. However, the study also argues that to realize these opportunities Mozambique requires proactive public policy and investments to overcome significant challenges such as: climate change; over-concentration in current export market destinations; and the unintended side effects of some public policies. The study is focused on promoting an enabling environment for private sector growth in these value chains. It aims to inform ongoing debates about how agriculture and improved natural resource management can contribute more to economic transformation in Mozambique
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Demographics ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fiscal Policy ; Infrastructure ; Innovation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Labor ; Waste
    Abstract: The Systematic Country Diagnostic Update examines the key constraints to and opportunities for sustainably accelerating inclusive growth and boosting shared prosperity in Bulgaria. It builds on the first Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) published in 2015, entitled "Bulgaria's Potential for Sustainable Growth and Shared Prosperity". The analysis is organized in three components related to economic growth: strength, inclusiveness and sustainability. Although the earlier diagnostic remains valid for the most part, several contextual factors such as the health, social and economic repercussions of COVID-19, a drive to embrace the digital and green transformation, and a rapidly aging population-have emerged or gained prominence, creating new challenges or sharpening existing ones in all three growth areas. Alongside these mega-trends, institutions and governance continue to play a prominent role through their impacts on all segments of growth
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative ; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
    Abstract: This evaluation provides an early-stage assessment of the Sustainable Development Finance Policy (SDFP) of the International Development Association (IDA), which went into effect July 1, 2020. A steep rise in debt vulnerabilities in IDA-eligible countries over the past decade highlighted weaknesses in the previous policy, the Non-Concessional Borrowing Policy (NCBP), and precipitated IDA deputies' request for adaptation in IDA's allocation and financial policies through the SDFP. The SDFP improves on the NCBP by broadening country coverage to include more countries at risk of debt distress, and it includes domestic debt, which has been an important factor in rising debt stress for IDA-eligible countries. The SDFP is intended to enhance incentives to address country-specific drivers of debt stress. This evaluation assesses whether there is scope to improve the design and implementation of the SDFP and whether potentially vulnerable countries are excluded from performing necessary performance and policy actions (PPAs), given the speed at which some IDA-eligible countries have moved to higher levels of debt distress. The evaluation also assesses whether PPAs are systematically targeting the most important country-specific drivers of debt stress and offers principles that to guide future PPAs
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Prevention ; Rule of Law
    Abstract: Principles that are especially relevant to the operation of GMs include: (i) Equality and nondiscrimination. GMs should be easily accessible to all without distinction, although this is not always the case, e.g., if lodging a grievance requires technology that is not universally available or if grievance boxes are not fairly distributed throughout the project area; (ii) Participation and inclusion. GMs require a high degree of participation by stakeholders; (iii) Accountability and the rule of law. Because the purpose of a GM is to ensure that relevant authorities are answerable for their actions and decisions as well as to provide aggrieved persons the opportunity to instigate proceedings for appropriate redress, accountability and the rule of law are crucial
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Consumer Protection ; Credit ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Technical Note discusses household indebtedness issues in Chile from a financial consumer protection perspective. The note discusses over-indebtedness concerns and other creditrelated issues practices that appear to be adversely affecting consumers - particularly more vulnerable, lower income consumers - in Chile and gaps in the current financial consumer protection regulatory and supervisory framework needing to be bridged to assist in addressing these issues. The note considers both issues that had already manifested prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and developments during the pandemic. Importantly, the note highlights credit-related issues which warrant focus from a consumer protection perspective even if they may not necessarily be a concern from a stability perspective
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agribusiness ; Business Environment ; Emerging Markets ; Human Capital ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: The report is organized as follows: the first part gives an overview of recent economic and private sector trends, followed by an in-depth review of the cross-cutting constraints that affect private sector participation. The CPSD recommends putting a special focus on resolving three types of constraints: (a) deep-rooted governance issues (especially as they relate to policy unpredictability, red tape, and the uneven playing field in key sectors of the economy); (b) infrastructure bottlenecks, focusing on transport connectivity and energy; and (c) limited and poorly functioning factor markets for human capital, access to finance, and land. The second part lays out opportunities and policy options to strengthen competitiveness in agribusiness, apparel, and tourism. The three sectors reviewed are deemed to hold a high potential for job creation and growth and have been prioritized by the PEM and by the private sector stakeholders and development partners consulted for the report. The review puts a lens on addressing gender gaps, policies to promote sustainability, and opportunities to increase the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) as an enabler for development, where relevant
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Emerging Markets ; Energy Sector ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: Malawi is at a turning point in its political, social, and economic trajectory. Lazarus Chakwera was sworn in as Malawi's sixth president in June 2020. This marked a historic moment: the first time in Africa that an opposition candidate won a presidential election following initial results being overturned. After widespread unrest prior to the election, Malawians, especially the youth, have been demanding greater accountability, an end to corruption, and tangible progress on eradicating persistent poverty levels that exceed 70 percent of the population. The average gross national income (GNI) of a Malawian is the third lowest in the world, just USD 380 as of 2019. The Chakwera administration will need to find a way to unify the country's fractured political landscape and deliver on development promises. On top of these challenges, the new administration must also navigate the ongoing and evolving economic shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth expectations for 2020 have been lowered from 4.8 percent to 0.8 percent. Recent efforts to build fiscal and institutional resilience have helped but need to be strengthened. The pandemic's fallout has weakened the country's macroeconomic foundations, and the overall risk of debt distress is now high. Meanwhile, human capital gains are at risk. Poverty reduction is expected to stagnate, and overall poverty could potentially worsen. The pandemic will likely exacerbate existing inequalities in economic opportunities for women. Women-owned firms, for example, are primarily concentrated in informal agriculture and services, sectors that lack basic social protections to buffer against economic distress. Female farmers, for example, generally have lower access to productive inputs, information, and liquidity than male farmers, so in times of crisis, their farm productivity and food security can be hit harder
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy and Environment ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Energy Sector ; Job Creation ; Public Finance ; Windpower
    Abstract: This roadmap provides strategic analysis of the offshore wind development potential in Vietnam, considering the opportunities and challenges under different growth scenarios. It is intended to provide evidence to support the Government of Vietnam in establishing policy, regulations, processes, and infrastructure to enable successful growth of this new industry. It was initiated by the World Bank country team in Vietnam under the umbrella of the World Bank Group's Offshore Wind Development Program, which aims to accelerate offshore wind development in emerging markets, and was funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Energy Sector ; Fiscal Policy ; Health ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; State-Owned Banks ; State-Owned Enterprises
    Abstract: Uzbekistan's transition from planning to market started almost thirty years ago following its independence from the Soviet Union. For most of this period, economic modernization and transformation were stalled, with little change in institutions and policies from those prevailing at the time of the planned economy. In late 2016, Uzbekistan surprised by launching reforms with a breadth and speed that at times exceeded the pace of those observed in some of the earlier reformers at a similar stage of the process. In November 2018, building on the results from more than a year of economic reforms, the government announced the agenda for the next phase of its bold and ambitious economic transformation. In terms of the pace of transition, Uzbekistan's record has been mixed but appropriate, given that reforms are dependent on experience with markets and prices, initial conditions, and institutional strength. Before the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic started, the reform momentum was supported by comfortable external and fiscal buffers and a robust global economy. The buffers are still sizable, even with doubling of public debt since 2017, and a sign of strength but the pull from the global economy has been substantially diminished. The rest of the introduction reviews progress in the key areas of economic transformation
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Solar Energy
    Abstract: Decentralized solar home systems (SHS), coupled with asset finance, can provide affordable and reliable electricity to the off-grid population in Pakistan and can augment the energy supply where the grid is available but the electricity supply is limited. Pakistan ranks high on the metric of market readiness for SHS technology. In addition, the country has all the underlying system requirements to leverage mobile banking for growing the local SHS market. In 2020, there were 167.3 million cellular mobile subscribers providing mobile phone access to 95 percent of the country's households. The GSM Association (GSMA) estimates that close to 30 million people, or 14 percent of the total population in Pakistan, is covered by a mobile network before having access to the grid. This brief analysis was compiled by the World Bank to assess the potential for using mobile banking to scale the SHS market in Pakistan. The report explores the synergy between mobile banking services and SHS businesses, and develops a use case for mobile wallets in SHS business models through a case study of the SHS market in Sindh, Pakistan
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Resources ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In April and May 2020, a first-of-a-kind survey was conducted by the World Bank with project implementation unit (PIU) focal points responsible for the operation of grievance mechanisms (GMs) in World Bank-financed projects across the world. The aim of the survey was to better understand challenges and opportunities linked to GM design and implementation from the perspective of people on the frontline, and to identify areas where they may need additional support to guarantee an effective right to remedy in their projects. This note presents the rationale, methodology, and outcomes of this online survey, as well as related recommendations to improve the functioning of project-level GMs. First, details are provided regarding the background and implementation of the survey, followed by a presentation of survey results, main observations, and key messages regarding the current design and operating practices of GMs in World Bank-financed projects. The survey instrument itself is included in the appendix
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa, and it is projected to have the fifth largest population in the world by 2026. The gender gap is particularly acute in Nigeria, and three market failures stand out: (1) a persistent gender gap at the company leadership level; (2) lack of access to finance for women who want to start a business; and (3) women's limited access to markets through supply chains and procurement opportunities. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX) have joined forces to rally some of the largest Nigerian companies to increase women's participation in private sector development. Through the Nigeria2Equal initiative, IFC is working with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed on NGX that are committed to implementing gender-smart solutions to reduce gender gaps across leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship. Through the Nigeria2Equal initiative, IFC is working with the chief executive officers (CEOs) of companies listed on NGX that are committed to implementing gender-smart solutions to reduce gender gaps across leadership, employment, and entrepreneurship. By conducting market research and publishing studies such as this report, IFC is establishing the business case for the private sector to invest in women in Nigeria, and are helping companies to identify gaps and constraints, and invest in reducing those gaps
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Energy Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: The Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) is a joint IFC-World Bank diagnostic that aims to make concrete recommendations for crowding-in private sector investment and financing in client countries. The CPSD analyzes the country context, including the state of the private sector, and identifies cross-cutting as well as sector-specific opportunities and constraints. The analysis presented in the Mozambique CPSD will feed into various upcoming World Bank Group (WBG) engagement reports for the country, including the IFC country strategy and the WBG Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). Similarly, it is expected that the CPSD will be of interest to the government, the private sector, and other development partners. Policy makers in Mozambique can take advantage of the CPSD to undertake reforms for improving the opportunities for private sector investment in priority economic sectors. The CPSD seeks to provide answers to the main development questions for private sector development in Mozambique, including which traded sectors, beyond extractives, have the most potential to drive growth and productive employment, and what reforms are needed to support this change
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Value Chains
    Abstract: This report aims to improve the knowledge base on the financing of trade and related data, institutions, and instruments. An improved knowledge base can support interventions that strengthen the infrastructure and the flow of funds underpinning the financing of trade in the context of value chains in client countries and regions. First, it defines trade finance and other ways in which trade is financed. Second, it provides an overview of trade financing supply and demand dynamics, including during the two recent global economic crises: the 2008-09 financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 crisis. Third, it discusses a policy agenda focused on how the World Bank Group and other international institutions and donors can more effectively support developing countries in meeting the growing demand in this area, including for (a) country-level technical assistance and diagnostic work, (b) improvement of the data infrastructure, and (c) global engagement and advocacy
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Extension ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Inequality ; Irrigation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section two describes the state of the rural population in Sudan, by first discussing the spatial distribution of poverty across the states as well as changes in poverty levels between 2009 and 2014-15. It also describes the profile of poor rural households using characteristics such as their incomes, consumption, and assets. Section three focuses on the practice of agriculture in Sudan. It documents the agriculture-specific characteristics of households, such as choice of crops, use of inputs, irrigation, plot size, and credit access. We use these characteristics to illustrate the profile of rural farmers in Sudan and identify differences between poor and non-poor farmers. Section four describes agricultural yields across Sudan and relates these measures of farm productivity to the previously described farm characteristics to identify constraints to agricultural productivity. Section five concludes with a summary of the main findings and policy recommendations
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gelb, Alan What Matters to African Firms?
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth
    Abstract: Can perceptions data help us understand investment climate constraints facing the private sector? Or do firms simply complain about everything? In this paper, the authors provide a picture of how firms' views on constraints differ across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys database, they find that reported constraints reflect country characteristics and vary systematically by level of income-the most elemental constraints to doing business (power, access to finance, ability to plan ahead) appear to be most binding at low levels of income. As countries develop and these elemental constraints are relaxed, governance-related constraints become more problematic. As countries move further up the income scale and the state becomes more capable, labor regulation is perceived to be more of a problem-business is just one among several important constituencies. The authors also consider whether firm-level characteristics-such as size, ownership, exporter status, and firms' own experience-affect firms' views on the severity of constraints. They find that, net of country and sector fixed effects and firm characteristics, firms' views do reflect their experience as evidenced by responses to other questions in surveys. The results suggest that there are both country-level and firm-level variations in the investment climate. Turning to the concept of "binding constraints," the Enterprise Surveys do not generally suggest one single binding constraint facing firms in difficult business climates. However, there do appear to be groups of constraints that matter more at different income levels, with a few elemental constraints being especially important at low levels and a few regulatory constraints at high levels, but a difficult range of governance-related constraints at intermediate levels. Adjusting to a constraint does not mean that firms then do not recognize it-for example, generator-owning firms are not distinguishable from other firms when ranking electricity as a constraint. Overall, firms do appear to discriminate between constraints in a reasonable way. Their views can provide a useful first step in the business-government consultative process and help in prioritizing more specific behavioral analysis and policy reforms
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Lessons Learned ; Primary Education ; Sustainability
    Abstract: This case study examines the impact of World Bank assistance to the education sector in Mali from 1990-2005. It also examines the ways in which government, donors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society have responded to the enormous challenges in the sector, and suggests a variety of ways in which the support from all actors, and particularly the Bank, can be improved
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