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  • Online Resource  (84)
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  • Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group  (51)
  • Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice  (33)
  • Graue Literatur  (84)
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  • Online Resource  (84)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    E-commerce development and household consumption growth in China (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8810
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Luo, Xubei E-Commerce Development and Household Consumption Growth in China
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: China has quickly become the largest e-commerce market in the world. By matching a nationally representative China Family Panel Studies survey with county-level e-commerce information obtained from Alibaba, this paper examines how e-commerce development has shaped household consumption growth in China. The paper presents three major findings. First, e-commerce development is associated with higher consumption growth. Second, the relationship is stronger for the rural sample, inland regions, and poor households, suggesting that e-commerce development helps reduce spatial inequality in consumption. Third, the consumption of durable goods and in-style goods has grown faster than the consumption of local services
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8810
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    E-commerce participation and household income growth in taobao villages (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8811
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Luo, Xubei E-Commerce Participation and Household Income Growth in Taobao Villages
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: E-commerce has developed rapidly in China, and Taobao Villages, which are villages significantly engaged in e-commerce, are prospering in rural areas. E-commerce is fostering entrepreneurship and creating flexible and inclusive employment opportunities, including for women and youth. This paper examines the role of e-commerce participation in household income growth, drawing from a survey of representative Taobao Villages in 2017. The paper presents three main findings. First, e-commerce participation is not random: participation is higher among the households with younger household heads, with secondary education, particularly those with technical and vocational education, urban work experience, and knowledge of e-commerce. Second, e-commerce participation is associated with higher household income, with some indications that participation has a strong positive effect on household incomes. Third, e-commerce appears to yield benefits that are broadly shared among participants in an equitable way in Taobao Villages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8811
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Identifying the vulnerable to poverty from natural disasters : the case of typhoons in the Philippines (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8857
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skoufias, Emmanuel Identifying the Vulnerable to Poverty from Natural Disasters: The Case of Typhoons in the Philippines
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds on the existing literature assessing retrospectively the quantitative effects of natural disasters on different dimensions of household welfare, to make progress toward the ex ante identification of households that are vulnerable to poverty due to natural disasters, especially typhoons. A wind field model for the Philippines is employed to estimate local wind speeds at any locality where a tropical typhoon directly passes over or nearby. The estimated wind speeds are merged with the household Family Income and Expenditure Surveys at the barangay level, and consumption expenditures are then regressed against wind speed (or a related damage index) and household socioeconomic characteristics. The estimated coefficients from the regression model are then used to estimate ex ante household vulnerability to poverty (the likelihood that household consumption falls below the poverty line) in the event of future natural disasters of different intensities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8857
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of the West African Ebola epidemic on agricultural production and rural welfare : evidence from Liberia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8880
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De La Fuente, Alejandro Impact of the West African Ebola Epidemic on Agricultural Production and Rural Welfare: Evidence from Liberia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2014-15 Ebola epidemic took a devastating human and economic toll on three West African countries, of which Liberia was perhaps the hardest hit. The pathways through which the crisis affected economic activity in these largely agrarian societies remain poorly understood. To study these mechanisms in the context of rural Liberia, this paper links a geographically disaggregated indicator of Ebola disease mortality to nationally representative household survey data on agricultural production and consumption. The paper finds that higher Ebola prevalence (as proxied by local mortality) led to greater disruption of group labor mobilization for planting and harvest, thereby reducing rice area planted as well as rice yields. Household welfare, measured by per capita expenditures spanning two points before and after the crisis, fell by more in Ebola prevalent areas with more intensive rice farming, precisely those areas that were more adversely affected by agricultural labor shortages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8880
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Where they live : district-level measures of poverty, average consumption, and the middle class in Central Asia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8940
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William Where They Live: District-Level Measures of Poverty, Average Consumption, and the Middle Class in Central Asia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rapid economic growth over the past two decades lifted millions of people out of poverty in Central Asia. But the uneven spread of prosperity left many communities struggling to catch up. To support lagging regions within countries, each of the region's five national governments has made convergence a pillar of their development strategies. An imperfect patchwork of household surveys allows policy makers to monitor progress and identify some spatial disparities. But these share an important weakness: none of the official surveys in the region is representative when disaggregated to the level of districts. Islands of poverty and prosperity are thus lost in the averages-leading to targeting inaccuracies that can slow the pace of poverty reduction. This study partially addresses the challenge. The accuracy of key welfare indicators is sharpened well beyond what could be achieved for any country alone by: i) unifying survey data from across the region and ii) applying the techniques of small-area estimation. The results provide detailed measures of welfare that in turn can be disaggregated for each district in Central Asia. Comprehensive maps of where the poor and the middle class live are presented, for the entire region and individually for each country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8940
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rural roads, poverty, and resilience : evidence from Ethiopia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8800
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Rural Roads, Poverty, and Resilience: Evidence from Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study analyzes the impacts of the recent rural road development in Ethiopia on welfare and economic outcomes. The identification of the impacts relies on a difference-in-differences matching approach, taking advantage of the nationally representative household survey and the original road database, both of which are panel data spanning between 2012 and 2016. The results of the econometric analysis overall suggest that Ethiopia's recent rural road development has substantially increased household welfare and supported households in coping with the recent severe droughts. This study estimates that rural roads increased, on average, household consumption by 16.1 percent between 2012 and 2016 (or 3.8 percent per year). The effects of rural road development were largest in the most remote communities, as it increased household consumption by 27.9 percent. Furthermore, in the communities most affected by the El Nino drought, the likelihood of falling into poverty was 14.4 percent lower between 2012 and 2016 if the community was connected by a rural road. Taken together, the results suggest that, by connecting remote communities to markets, rural roads have substantially increased the welfare and resilience of rural households in shock-prone environments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8800
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Famine and the aid response : evidence from the announcement of famine-like conditions in the Republic of Yemen (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8812
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tandon, Sharad Alan Famine and the Aid Response: Evidence from the Announcement of Famine-Like Conditions in the Republic of Yemen
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using a high-frequency mobile phone survey of food security conducted by the World Food Programme, this paper investigates how food assistance and access to food changed following the announcement of famine-like conditions in the Republic of Yemen. Among the mobile phone-using population, the share of households receiving food assistance more than doubled following the announcement. The increases were largely targeted at regions identified in the announcement as being closer to famine in the original announcement, and there was improvement in access to food in regions that received the most food assistance relative to the rest of the country. Although the survey misses struggling households that do not have access to a mobile phone and are potentially more at risk of famine, the results raise questions about the need for better quality data in food emergencies that are updated more regularly for better targeting of food assistance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8812
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distributional effects of competition : a simulation approach (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8838
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos Distributional Effects of Competition: A Simulation Approach
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Understanding the economic and social effects of the recent global trends of rising market concentration and market power has become a policy priority, particularly in developing countries where markets are often more concentrated. In this context, since the poor are typically the most affected by lack of competition, new analytical tools to assess the distributional effects of variations in market concentration in a rapid and cost-efficient manner are required. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper introduces a simple simulation method, the Welfare and Competition tool (WELCOM), to estimate with minimum data requirements the direct distributional effects of market concentration through the price channel. Using this simple yet novel tool, this paper also illustrates the simulated distributional effects of reducing concentration in two markets in Mexico that are known for their high level of concentration: mobile telecommunications and corn products. The results show that increasing competition from four to 12 firms in the mobile telecommunications industry and reducing the market share of the oligopoly in corn products from 31.2 percent to 7.8 percent would achieve a combined reduction of 0.8 percentage points in the poverty headcount as well as a decline of 0.32 points in the Gini coefficient
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8838
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distributional effects of tobacco taxation : a comparative analysis (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8805
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fuchs, Alan Distributional Effects of Tobacco Taxation: A Comparative Analysis
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tobacco taxes have positive impacts on health outcomes. However, policy makers often hesitate to use them because of the perception that poorer households are affected disproportionally more than richer households. This study compares the simulated distributional effects of tobacco tax increases in eight low- and middle-income countries. It applies a standardized extended cost-benefit analysis methodology and relies on comparable data sources across countries. The net effect of raising taxes on cigarettes encompasses the direct negative price shock to household budgets and the long-term benefits of improved health outcomes. The distributional incidence is assessed by estimating decile-specific behavioral responses and relative income gains. The comparative results do not support the claim that tobacco taxes are necessarily regressive. Although welfare losses from the first-order price shock disproportionally affect the poor, these negative shocks are attenuated by greater price-responsiveness among lower-income groups and further offset by higher long-term relative gains through reduced medical expenditures and additional years of productive life as taxes dissuade smoking. In several countries, increasing the price of cigarettes is pro-poor and welfare improving for a large share of the population. Along with raising taxes, policy should aim at encouraging responsiveness to price changes and target tobacco-related medical expenses that disproportionally burden the poor
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8805
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evolution of poor food access over the course of the conflict in the Republic of Yemen (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8813
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tandon, Sharad Alan Evolution of Poor Food Access over the Course of the Conflict in the Republic of Yemen
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Republic of Yemen has undergone a profound transformation following the escalation of conflict in March 2015. There has been an increase in violence, a disruption in supply chains due to a tightening of the ports, and a decline in the general economic climate that has left a large share of the population without the income to support their basic needs. These transformations have resulted in widespread food insecurity, where nearly half the population is under the threat of a potential famine. Although the violence has undeniably had a significant impact on the population and local outcomes, the temporal and regional distribution of poor food access suggest that food insecurity of the mobile phone-using population has been primarily driven by factors aside from the localized effects of violence alone. The lack of a strong relationship between violence and poor welfare outcomes contrasts with evidence from other conflict settings, and further contrasts with the rationale underpinning much of the humanitarian and development assistance currently being delivered in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8813
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International migration and household well-being : evidence from Uzbekistan (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8910
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seitz, William International Migration and Household Well-Being: Evidence from Uzbekistan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As one of the most pivotal ways that labor markets adjust to changing economic conditions, international migration is never far from the center of the national discussion in Uzbekistan. This paper summarizes the relationship between recent international migration trends and household well-being using a combination of administrative records and unique panel survey data from the Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan study. The panel design provides data on changes in well-being leading up to and following a migrants' departure. This feature enables analysis that controls for unobserved time-invariant respondent and location characteristics. The findings show that weak local labor markets drive labor migration from Uzbekistan. Beginning to consider migration is associated with low life satisfaction, job loss, and unemployment. In contrast, actually migrating is associated with a remarkable improvement in labor market outcomes, alongside strong recovery in subjective and monetary measures of household welfare. The results further show that current migrants are more likely to send remittance payments when household members have deteriorating life satisfaction and/or subjective reports of worsening economic conditions at home. In the absence of remittance income, the poverty rate in Uzbekistan (measured at 3.2 dollar/day purchasing power parity) would be expected to rise from 9.6 to 16.8 percent, or to about 12.2 percent assuming (implausibly) that all current migrants were to find formal employment at the local prevailing median wage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8910
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Welfare impact of value-added tax reform : the case of the Democratic Republic of Congo (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8923
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adoho, Franck M Welfare Impact of Value-Added Tax Reform: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The adoption of the value-added tax the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2012 led to price increases that are thought to adversely affect the welfare of most Congolese households. To date, research has not yet examined the poverty and distributional impacts of this tax reform. Using data from the 2012 Living Standards Measurement Survey, this paper investigates whether the current value-added tax regime, with its exemptions, is progressive. Relying on the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System and several welfare measures, the analysis finds that the adoption of the value-added tax erodes the purchasing power of all Congolese households by a factor of 10 to 12 percent. Yet, the value-added tax appears to be highly progressive. Households in the top food expenditure quintile bears approximately 40 percent of the welfare loss compared with less than 10 percent among households in the bottom food expenditure quintile. Other inequality measures, such as the Gini coefficient, further support this finding that the value-added tax is progressive. Finally, the study finds that the adoption of the value-added tax leads to a worsening of the food poverty headcount by approximately 1.2 percentage points
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8923
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of drought on poverty in Somalia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8698
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Impact of Drought on Poverty in Somalia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Understanding the magnitude and importance of income shocks, such as drought or conflict, in causing and perpetuating poverty is critical to designing policies aimed at building resilience and contributing toward the goal of ending poverty. This paper uses micro-data from two waves of the Somali High Frequency Survey to assess the impact of the severe drought that Somalia experienced in 2016/17 on poverty, hunger, and consumption. The analysis uses a regression framework to quantify the effects of the drought, relying on spatial variation in drought exposure and the timing of data collection, which took place before and during the drought, for identification. The drought is found to have a sizable effect on poverty, consumption, and hunger in rural areas, where agricultural households and those lacking access to infrastructure and basic services are most severely affected. A renewed drought shock could lead to an increase in poverty of 9 percentage points. The findings underscore the importance of investing in rural resilience, especially among agricultural households
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8698
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Estimating poverty in a fragile context : the high frequency survey in South Sudan (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8722
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Johann Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context: The High Frequency Survey in South Sudan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The High Frequency South Sudan Survey, implemented by the South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the World Bank, conducted several waves of representative surveys across seven of the ten former states between 2015 and 2017. These surveys provided a long overdue update to poverty numbers in South Sudan, with the previous national poverty estimates dating as far back as 2009. The escalation and expansion of the civil conflict posed severe challenges to the planning and implementation of fieldwork. The surveys therefore capitalized on several technological and methodological innovations to establish a reliable system of data collection and obtain valid poverty estimates. Focusing on the 2016 urban-rural wave, this paper describes the design and analysis of the survey to arrive at reliable poverty estimates for South Sudan, utilizing the Rapid Consumption Methodology combined with geo-spatial data for inaccessible survey areas
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8722
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 15
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    Inequality of access to opportunities and socioeconomic mobility : evidence from the Life in Transition Survey (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8725
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cojocaru, Alexandru Inequality of Access to Opportunities and Socioeconomic Mobility: Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Expectations of future socioeconomic mobility are an important determinant of current policy preferences. But how may these expectations be formed? Using Life in Transition survey data for a large set of transition economies and several Western European countries, this paper examines the link between beliefs about the importance of personal connections for getting access to opportunities, such as a good job or university education, and expectations of future socioeconomic mobility. The analysis of survey data finds evidence that: (i) lack of connections is associated with expectations of a lower position on the future social ladder; and (ii) when informal connections are unavailable, it matters for your aspirations whether you perceive connections to be vital or not. There is also some evidence that in the European Union, where formal institutions are stronger, individuals are less likely to resort to informal institutions such as personal connections, even when these are available. Perceptions of unequal access to opportunities are also linked with stronger redistributive preferences. Finally, there is some evidence that unequal access to opportunities is associated not only with lower intragenerational mobility, but also with lower intergenerational mobility
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8725
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 16
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    Estimation of poverty in Somalia using innovative methodologies (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8735
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Johann Estimation of Poverty in Somalia Using Innovative Methodologies
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Somalia is highly data-deprived, leaving policy makers to operate in a statistical vacuum. To overcome this challenge, the World Bank implemented wave 2 of the Somali High Frequency Survey to better understand livelihoods and vulnerabilities and, especially, to estimate national poverty indicators. The specific context of insecurity and lack of statistical infrastructure in Somalia posed several challenges for implementing a household survey and measuring poverty. This paper outlines how these challenges were overcome in wave 2 of the Somali High Frequency Survey through methodological and technological adaptations in four areas. First, in the absence of a recent census, no exhaustive lists of census enumeration areas along with population estimates existed, creating challenges to derive a probability-based representative sample. Therefore, geospatial techniques and high-resolution imagery were used to model the spatial population distribution, build a probability-based population sampling frame, and generate enumeration areas to overcome the lack of a recent population census. Second, although some areas remained completely inaccessible due to insecurity, even most accessible areas held potential risks to the safety of field staff and survey respondents, so that time spent in these areas had to be minimized. To address security concerns, the survey adapted logistical arrangements, sampling strategy using micro-listing, and questionnaire design to limit time on the ground based on the Rapid Consumption Methodology. Third, poverty in completely inaccessible areas had to be estimated by other means. Therefore, the Somali High Frequency Survey relies on correlates derived from satellite imagery and other geo-spatial data to estimate poverty in such areas. Finally, the nonstationary nature of the nomadic population required special sampling strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8735
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  • 17
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    Estimating small area population density using survey data and satellite imagery : an application to Sri Lanka (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8776
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Engstrom, Ryan Estimating Small Area Population Density Using Survey Data and Satellite Imagery: An Application to Sri Lanka
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Country-level census data are typically collected once every 10 years. However, conflict, migration, urbanization, and natural disasters can cause rapid shifts in local population patterns. This study uses Sri Lankan data to demonstrate the feasibility of a bottom-up method that combines household survey data with contemporaneous satellite imagery to track frequent changes in local population density. A Poisson regression model based on indicators derived from satellite data, selected using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, accurately predicts village-level population density. The model is estimated in villages sampled in the 2012/13 Household Income and Expenditure Survey to obtain out-of-sample density predictions in the nonsurveyed villages. The predictions approximate the 2012 census density well and are more accurate than other bottom-up studies based on lower-resolution satellite data. The predictions are also more accurate than most publicly available population products, which rely on areal interpolation of census data to redistribute population at the local level. The accuracies are similar when estimated using a random forest model, and when density estimates are expressed in terms of population counts. The collective evidence suggests that combining surveys with satellite data is a cost-effective method to track local population changes at more frequent intervals
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8776
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  • 18
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    Estimating poverty in India without expenditure data : a survey-to-survey imputation approach (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8878
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Newhouse, David Locke Estimating Poverty in India without Expenditure Data: A Survey-to-Survey Imputation Approach
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper applies an innovative method to estimate poverty in India in the absence of recent expenditure data. The method utilizes expenditure data from 2004-05, 2009-10, and 2011-12 to impute household expenditure into a survey of durable goods expenditure conducted in 2014-15. At the USD 1.90 per day international poverty line, the preferred model predicts a 2014-15 head-count poverty rate of 10 percent in urban areas and 16.4 percent in rural areas, implying a poverty rate of 14.6 percent nationally. The implied poverty elasticity with respect to growth in per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is within the range of past experience, and states with higher gross domestic product growth saw greater predicted poverty reductions. In validation tests, the model's predictions perform comparably to the World Bank's current adjustment method when predicting for 2011-12 but they are far more accurate when predicting for 2004-05. Three alternative specifications give moderately higher estimates of poverty. The results indicate that survey-to-survey imputation, when feasible, is a preferable alternative to the current method used to adjust survey-based poverty estimates to later years
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8878
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  • 19
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    Measuring the full extent of fiscal losses and gains (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8886
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Coulibaly, Mohamed Measuring the Full Extent of Fiscal Losses and Gains
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Current measures of fiscal impoverishment and gains are not consistent with the law of diminishing returns. This paper proposes new measures of fiscal impoverishment and gains that are consistent with the law of diminishing returns, based on a methodology that gives more significance to greater income gaps, and more importance to the experience of the poorest individuals within the fiscal system. The new indicators are decomposable and cover the incidence, intensity, and severity of fiscal impoverishment and gains. An empirical illustration using the 2014 household consumption data reveals that, overall, in Niger the fiscal system is improving the welfare of the population: only 33.2 percent of the population has become poorer due to the fiscal system, while the remaining 66.8 percent has become richer because of it. Moreover, the mean relative fiscal loss (0.014), is 11 percent lower than the mean relative fiscal gain (0.126)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8886
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  • 20
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    Unfortunate moms and unfortunate children : impact of the Nepali civil war on women's stature and intergenerational health (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8927
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Phadera, Lokendra Unfortunate Moms and Unfortunate Children: Impact of the Nepali Civil War on Women's Stature and Intergenerational Health
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the long-term health impacts of Nepal's 1996-2006 civil conflict. It exploits the heterogeneity in conflict intensity across villages and birth cohorts to document long-term health and intergenerational impacts. The analysis finds that childhood exposure to conflict and, in particular, exposure starting in infancy, negatively impacts attained adult height. Each additional month of exposure decreases a women's adult height by 1.36 millimeters. The impacts are not limited to first-generation. The analysis also finds that a mother's exposure to conflict in her childhood is detrimental to her child's health. Mothers exposed to conflict during their childhood have more children and live in less wealthy households, likely reducing their ability to invest during their children's critical period of physical development. The finding points to a potential trade-off between the quantity and quality of children. The paper uses information on monthly conflict incidents at the village level, which allows identifying identify the effects of exposure to conflict more accurately than prior studies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8927
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  • 21
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    Housing, imputed rent, and households’ welfare (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8955
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ceriani, Lidia Housing, Imputed Rent, and Households' Welfare
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing is the largest durable good consumed by households. As such, any consumption-based measure of welfare, to be comprehensive, must include the value of the flow of services households derive from their dwellings, the so-called imputed rent. However, estimating imputed rents is a daunting task, which researchers and practitioners tend to overlook. This paper is the first attempt to assess the distributional impact of including housing in the welfare aggregate; the paper tests two estimation methods and analyzes four developing countries. The distributional impact cannot be predicted a priori, and evidence suggests it is context and method specific. Although changes in poverty and inequality are always statistically significant, they are only occasionally larger than one percentage point. By contrast, shared prosperity exhibits sizable changes, which might also determine international re-rankings. Albeit the inclusion of imputed rents reshuffles the set of poor households, observed changes in the socioeconomic profiling of the poor are unlikely to affect pro-poor policy design
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8955
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  • 22
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    Fiscal incidence in Ukraine : a commitment to equity analysis (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8765
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bornukova, Kateryna Fiscal Incidence in Ukraine: A Commitment to Equity Analysis
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper employs the Commitment to Equity framework to present a first attempt at a comprehensive fiscal incidence analysis for Ukraine, encompassing the revenue and expenditures components of the fiscal system, including direct and indirect taxes, as well as direct, indirect, and in-kind transfers. The fiscal system in Ukraine has high redistribution effects, decreasing the Gini inequality index by 21 percentage points, and the official measure of poverty incidence by 27.6 percentage points (considering all fiscal interventions including in-kind transfers). As in many other countries in the region, pensions are the main contributor to the redistribution effect of fiscal policy. However, Ukraine stands out due to the relatively high equalizing effect of direct transfers. Fiscal policy in Ukraine is pro-poor, with the lowest income decile benefiting the most. Overall, 60 percent of the population of Ukraine are net recipients from the fiscal system, the main categories of recipients being households with two or more children, single-parent households, and retirees
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8765
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  • 23
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    Impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty in the Arab Republic of Egypt (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8824
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty in the arab Republic of Egypt
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study assesses the redistributive impact of fiscal policy -- including expenditures and taxation -- in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Using a broadly applied methodology, a fiscal incidence analysis is conducted using survey and government data for fiscal year 2015. Evidence shows that Egyptian fiscal policy reduces income inequality, and that among individual fiscal programs, the largest reduction is due to public expenditures on the primary education system. Compared with similar countries, Egypt's overall fiscal policy placed it in the median of the distribution of inequality reduction. Fiscal policies in Egypt also led to a decrease in poverty, mostly from the flagship Tamween program. Poverty and inequality could be reduced more effectively if the country would shift away from spending on untargeted energy subsidies to more targeted transfers. The large gap between the government's expenditures and revenues helps explain the positive outcomes on poverty and inequality but poses challenges in the long term
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8824
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  • 24
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    The redistributive effects of fiscal policy in Mali and Niger (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8887
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hounsa, Thierry The Redistributive Effects of Fiscal Policy in Mali and Niger
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study assesses the redistributive effects of fiscal policy in Mali and Niger. Fiscal policy is poverty increasing in Mali (by 2.4 percentage points) and Niger (2.5 percentage points). This is a result of primarily two factors: indirect taxes (value-added taxes and import duties) and direct fiscal transfers. Although the richest people in Mali and Niger pay the majority of indirect taxes, the poorest people pay a nonnegligible amount (more than 8 and 10 percent for the bottom three deciles, respectively). Although existing direct fiscal transfers have poverty-reducing effects, they are too small (Mali) or not well targeted (Niger)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8887
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  • 25
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    International data flows and privacy : the conflict and its resolution (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8431
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mattoo, Aaditya International Data Flows and Privacy: The Conflict and Its Resolution
    Keywords: Datenschutz ; Globalisierung ; Handel ; Internationales Abkommen ; EU-Staaten ; USA ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The free flow of data across borders underpins today's globalized economy. But the flow of personal data outside the jurisdiction of national regulators also raises concerns about the protection of privacy. Addressing these legitimate concerns without undermining international integration is a challenge. This paper describes and assesses three types of responses to this challenge: unilateral development of national or regional regulation, such as the European Union's Data Protection Directive and forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation; international negotiation of trade disciplines, most recently in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP); and international cooperation involving regulators, most significantly in the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Agreement. The paper argues that unilateral restrictions on data flows are costly and can hurt exports, especially of data-processing and other data-based services; international trade rules that limit only the importers' freedom to regulate cannot address the challenge posed by privacy; and regulatory cooperation that aims at harmonization and mutual recognition is not likely to succeed, given the desirable divergence in national privacy regulation. The way forward is to design trade rules (as the CPTPP seeks to do) that reflect the bargain central to successful international cooperation (as in the EU-US Privacy Shield): regulators in data destination countries would assume legal obligations to protect the privacy of foreign citizens in return for obligations on data source countries not to restrict the flow of data. Existing multilateral rules can help ensure that any such arrangements do not discriminate against and are open to participation by other countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8431
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  • 26
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    Shared prosperity : concepts, data, and some policy examples (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8451
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferreira, Francisco H. G Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data, and Some Policy Examples
    Keywords: 2008 - 2013 ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Armut ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: "Shared prosperity" has become a common phrase in the development policy discourse. This short paper provides its most widely used operational definition-the growth rate in the average income of the poorest 40 percent of a country's population-and describes its origins. The paper discusses how this notion relates to well-established concepts and social indicators, including social welfare, poverty, inequality, and mobility, and reviews some of its design shortcomings. The paper then looks at household survey data to assess recent progress in this indicator globally. The analysis finds that during 2008-13, mean incomes for the poorest 40 percent rose in 60 of 83 countries. In 49 of them, accounting for 65 percent of the sampled population, it rose faster than overall average incomes. Finally, the paper briefly reviews a (non-exhaustive) range of 'pre-distribution' and 'redistribution' policies with a sound empirical track record of raising productivity and well-being among the poor, thus contributing to shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8451
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  • 27
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    Motivating bureaucrats through social recognition : evidence from simultaneous field experiments (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8473
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gauri, Varun Motivating Bureaucrats through Social Recognition: Evidence from Simultaneous Field Experiments
    Keywords: Krankenhausmanagement ; Betriebliche Dokumentation ; Social Marketing ; Verhalten in Organisationen ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Bureaucratic performance is a crucial determinant of economic growth. Little is known about how to improve it in resource-constrained settings. This study describes a field trial of a social recognition intervention to improve record keeping in clinics in two Nigerian states, replicating the intervention-implemented by a single organization-on bureaucrats performing identical tasks in both states. Social recognition improved performance in one state but had no effect in the other, highlighting both the potential and the limitations of behavioral interventions. Differences in observables did not explain cross-state differences in impacts, however, illustrating the limitations of observable-based approaches to external validity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8473
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
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    Incentivizing school attendance in the presence of parent-child information frictions (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8476
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als de Walque, Damien Incentivizing School Attendance in the Presence of Parent-Child Information Frictions
    Keywords: Schulbesuch ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Moral Hazard ; Frauenbildung ; Ländlicher Raum ; Mosambik ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Education conditional cash transfer programs may increase school attendance in part due to the information they transmit to parents about their child's attendance. This paper presents experimental evidence that the information content of an education conditional cash transfer program, when given to parents independently of any transfer, can have a substantial effect on school attendance. The effect is as large as 75 percent of the effect of a conditional cash transfer incentivizing parents, and not significantly different from it. In contrast, a conditional transfer program incentivizing children instead of parents is nearly twice as effective as an "information only" treatment providing the same information to parents about their child's attendance. Taken together, these results suggest that children have substantial agency in their schooling decisions. The paper replicates the findings from most evaluations of conditional cash transfers that gains in attendance achieved by incentivizing parents financially do not translate into gains in test scores. But it finds that both the information only treatment and the alternative intervention incentivizing children substantially improve math test scores
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8476
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  • 29
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    Sowing the seeds for rural finance : the impact of support services for credit unions in Mexico (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8483
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bruhn, Miriam Sowing the Seeds for Rural Finance: The Impact of Support Services for Credit Unions in Mexico
    Keywords: Technische Zusammenarbeit ; Finanzielle Inklusion ; Ländliches Finanzsystem ; Genossenschaftsbank ; Mexiko ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of a program that provides grants for technical assistance on the interest rates and outreach of credit unions in Mexico. Credit unions financing rural borrowers received grants in different years. The study uses propensity score matching and relies additionally on the timing of the grants to identify effects. The analysis shows that the program lowered lending interest rates by up to 2.6 percentage points (from a pre-program average of 17.8 percent). This drop appears to be due to lower operating costs and better risk management, as reflected in a lower nonperforming loan ratio. The program also raised credit unions' returns on assets and significantly increased the value of their loan portfolio
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8483
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  • 30
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    Improved biomass cook stoves for climate change mitigation? : evidence of preferences, willingness to pay, and carbon savings (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8499
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dissanayake, Sahan T. M Improved Biomass Cook Stoves for Climate Change Mitigation? Evidence of Preferences, Willingness to pay, and Carbon Savings
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates household preferences for improved cook stoves using a choice experiment administered in rural Ethiopia, and the cost-effectiveness of an improved stove for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. In Ethiopia, about 96 percent of household energy demand is fulfilled by biomass. Improved stoves use less firewood and produce less smoke, and they have been touted as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and health effects from indoor air pollution, as well as to improve forest conservation. Although there are many studies on the adoption of improved stoves, there is limited information on the willingness to pay for particular attributes of stoves, information that is vital for designing effective stoves and improving stove adoption. The paper finds that households have a positive willingness to pay for the durability, fuelwood use reduction, smoke reduction, and cooking time reduction of improved stoves. It also shows that the stove used in this experiment can be cost-effective for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which suggests that programs providing payments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions could strengthen stove adoption if they are well implemented. The main reason the stoves are not being adapted is the lack of availability, which is a key message to policy makers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8499
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  • 31
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    Jati inequality in rural Bihar (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8512
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joshi, Shareen Jati Inequality in Rural Bihar
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Caste is a persistent driver of inequality in India, and it is generally analyzed with government-defined broad categories, such as Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe. In everyday life, however, caste is lived and experienced as jati, which is a local system of stratification. Little is known about economic inequality at the jati level. This paper uses data from poor rural districts in Bihar to explore expenditure inequality at the jati level. Inequality decompositions show much more variation between jatis than between broad caste categories. The analysis finds that even within generally disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, some jatis are significantly worse off than others. Consistent with previous work, the paper also finds that inequality is largely driven by inequality within jatis. This finding has implications for the implementation of large-scale poverty alleviation programs: the benefits of programs intended for disadvantaged castes are concentrated among specific jatis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8512
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  • 32
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    Not(ch) your average tax system : corporate taxation under weak enforcement (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8524
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bachas, Pierre Not(ch) Your Average Tax System: Corporate Taxation under Weak Enforcement
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How should developing countries tax corporate income? This paper studies this question in Costa Rica, where firms face discontinuously higher average tax rates on profits when their revenue marginally increases. The paper combines a discontinuity and a bunching design to estimate the profit elasticity and separate it into revenue and cost elasticities. Faced with higher tax rates, firms slightly reduce revenue but considerably increase costs, generating a large elasticity of profits. In this context, the revenue maximizing rate for profit taxation is below 25 percent and broadening the tax base while lowering the rate can increase revenue for these firms by 80 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8524
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  • 33
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    Productivity shocks and repayment behavior in rural credit markets : a framed field experiment (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8528
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adjognon, Guigonan Serge Productivity Shocks and Repayment Behavior in Rural Credit Markets: A Framed Field Experiment
    Keywords: Agrarproduktion ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Improving rural credit markets requires a good understanding of the root causes of market failures and taking necessary steps to address them. This paper investigates the role of productivity shocks in borrowers' repayment choices. Using a framed field experiment that simulated a repeated interaction in an input credit market, the analysis finds strong evidence that negative productivity shocks lead to higher default, even when they do not induce negative returns. This relationship is robust to the presence of an information exchange system enforcing dynamic incentives. The findings suggest that recurrent agricultural production shocks resulting from the negative effects of climate change could exacerbate failures in rural credit markets, undermining hard-won progress toward rural financial inclusion
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8528
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  • 34
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    The consequences of political interference in bureaucratic decision making : evidence from Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8554
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rogger, Daniel The Consequences of Political Interference in Bureaucratic Decision Making; Evidence from Nigeria
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the consequences of granting politicians power over bureaucrats in the implementation of small-scale public infrastructure projects. While potentially bolstering the incentive for the executive to perform, increased legislative oversight may lead to distortions in the technocratic process for political gain. By assembling a nationally representative data set from Nigeria that tracks public projects from inception to audit, the paper finds evidence of a clear trade-off between political oversight and bureaucratic autonomy. Using an instrumental variables strategy in which early career choices of politicians are key determinants of legislative committee membership, the analysis finds that legislative influence increases the likelihood that a project is launched by 18 percent, but at the cost of reducing project quality by 15 percent and increasing the reported misuse of funds. The results highlight the fundamental tension between bureaucratic inaction and political corruption
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8554
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  • 35
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    Bank runs and moral hazard : a review of deposit insurance (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8589
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anginer, Deniz Bank Runs and Moral Hazard: A Review of Deposit Insurance
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Deposit insurance is a widely adopted policy to promote financial stability in the banking sector. Deposit insurance helps ensure depositors' confidence in the financial system and prevents contagious bank runs, but it also comes with an unintended consequence of encouraging banks to take on excessive risk. This paper reviews the economic costs and benefits of deposit insurance and highlights the importance of institutions and specific design features for how well deposit insurance schemes work in practice
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8589
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  • 36
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    Does exposure to other ethnic regions promote national integration? : evidence from Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8606
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Okunogbe, Oyebola Does Exposure to Other Ethnic Regions Promote National Integration?: Evidence from Nigeria
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines how temporary migration to a different ethnic region affects national integration. It uses original survey data from individuals who were randomly exposed to different ethnic regions of Nigeria during their mandatory national service, the largest program of its kind in Africa. Comparing participants who served in a state where they are the ethnic majority to those who served in a state where they are not indicates two concurrent effects. First, interethnic exposure creates a stronger connection to the country as a whole: exposed participants have greater national pride and more positive attitudes about Nigeria, they are more knowledgeable about other parts of the country, and they are four times as likely to be living outside their ethnic region seven years later. Second, consistent with social identity theory, immersion in a different ethnic region highlights distinctions between groups and reinforces participants' connection to their ethnic group: exposed participants have more positive attitudes toward their own ethnic group, but not others, and are more likely to have all their closest friends from their ethnic group
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8606
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  • 37
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    The causal mechanism of financial education : evidence from mediation analysis (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8619
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carpena, Fenella The Causal Mechanism of Financial Education: Evidence from Mediation Analysis
    Keywords: Finanzwissen ; Anlageverhalten ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kausalanalyse ; Feldforschung ; Indien ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses a field experiment in India with multiple financial education treatments to investigate the causal mechanisms between financial education and financial behavior. Focusing on the mediating role of financial literacy, the paper proposes a broader definition of financial knowledge that includes three dimensions: numeracy skills, financial awareness, and attitudes toward personal finance. The analysis then employs causal mediation analysis to investigate the proportion of the treatment effect that can be attributed to these three channels. Strikingly, numeracy does not mediate any effects of financial education on household outcomes. For 〈italic〉simple〈/italic〉 financial actions such as budgeting, both awareness and attitudes serve as critical pathways, while for more 〈italic〉complex〈/italic〉 financial activities such as opening a savings account, attitudes play a more prominent role. These findings underscore the importance of changing perceptions about financial products and services as a vital mechanism for the success of financial education
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8619
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 38
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    Inequality of opportunity in education : accounting for the contributions of sibs, schools and sorting across East Africa (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8622
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anand, Paul Inequality of Opportunity In Education: Accounting For The Contributions of Sibs, Schools And Sorting Across East Africa
    Keywords: Bildungschancen ; Bildungsabschluss ; Dekompositionsverfahren ; Schulauswahl ; Ostafrika ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Inequalities in the opportunity to obtain a good education in low-income countries are widely understood to be related to household resources and schooling quality. Yet, to date, most researchers have investigated the contributions of these two factors separately. This paper considers them jointly, paying special attention to their covariation, which indicates whether schools exacerbate or compensate for existing household-based inequalities. The paper develops a new variance decomposition framework and applies it to data on more than one million children in three low-income East African countries. The empirical results show that although household factors account for a significant share of total test score variation, variation in school quality and positive sorting between households and schools are, together, no less important. The analysis also finds evidence of substantial geographical heterogeneity in schooling quality. The paper concludes that promoting equity in education in East Africa requires policies that go beyond raising average school quality and should attend to the distribution of school quality as well as assortative matching between households and schools
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8622
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 39
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    Preventing more "missing girls" : a review of policies to tackle son preference (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8635
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kumar, Sneha Preventing More "Missing Girls": A Review of Policies To Tackle Son Preference
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In parts of Asia, South Caucasus, and the Balkans, son preference is strong enough to trigger significant levels of sex selection, result in the excess mortality of girls, and skew child sex ratios in favor of boys. Every year, 1.8 million girls under the age of five go "missing" because of the widespread use of sex selective practices in these regions. The pervasive use of such practices is reflective of the striking inequities girls face today, and it also has negative implications for efforts to improve women's status in the long term. Consequently, governments of countries in these regions have employed direct measures, such as banning the use of prenatal sex selection technology and providing financial incentives to families that have girls. This paper takes stock of the direct measures used across countries grappling with skewed child sex ratios and compares the efficacy of direct measures with measures that indirectly raise the value of daughters. The stocktaking suggests that there is no conclusive evidence that direct approaches reduce the higher mortality risk for girls. Bans on the use of sex selection technology may inadvertently worsen the status of the very individuals they intend to protect, and financial incentives to families with girls offer short-term benefits at most. Alternatively, indirect measures, such as legal reform to promote gender equity and advocacy efforts, offer more promise by bringing about permanent shifts in the relative value of daughters. The stocktaking also underscores the paucity of causal studies in this literature
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8635
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 40
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    Sae : a stata package for unit level small area estimation (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8630
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nguyen, Minh Cong Sae: A Stata Package For Unit Level Small Area Estimation
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a new family of Stata functions devoted to small area estimation. Small area methods attempt to solve low representativeness of surveys within areas, or the lack of data for specific areas/sub-populations. This is accomplished by incorporating information from outside sources. Such target data sets are becoming increasingly available and can take the form of a traditional population census, but also large scale administrative records from tax administrations, or geospatial information produced using remote sensing. The strength of these target data sets is their granularity on the subpopulations of interest, however, in many cases they lack the ability to collect analytically relevant variables such as welfare or caloric intake. The family of functions introduced follow a modular design to have the flexibility with which these can be expanded in the future. This can be accomplished by the authors and/or other collaborators from the Stata community. Thus far, a major limitation of such analysis in Stata has been the large size of target data sets. The package introduces new mata functions and a plugin used to circumvent memory limitations that inevitably arise when working with big data. From an estimation perspective, the paper starts by implementing a methodology that has been widely used for the production of several poverty maps
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8630
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 41
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    Mongolia : distributional impact of taxes and transfers (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8639
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Freije, Samuel Mongolia: Distributional Impact of Taxes And Transfers
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses Mongolia's Household Socio Economic Survey for 2016 to estimate the distributive impact of taxes and transfers. The findings show that the system is progressive and contributes to reductions in poverty and inequality. The Gini coefficient of the pre-tax-and-transfer income is 0.4183 and decreases to 0.3507 after-tax-and-transfer. This is a reduction of 6.76 Gini points (around 16 percent). Something similar happens with the poverty rate, which decreases from 47.31 to 31.96 percent. Despite the progressiveness of the whole system, there are some caveats and policy warnings. First, pensions are the most redistributive instrument in the system, but their actuarial and fiscal sustainability is weak. Second, two programs (the child money program and the mortgage subsidy) do little redistribution-the latter is actually regressive-but represent a large share of the budget (around 2.5 percent of gross domestic product). These two factors, and the fact that up to a 35 percent of total expenditures in monetary and in-kind transfers is funded by corporate taxes and royalties-which are highly dependent on volatile commodity prices-make the redistributive impact of the tax-and-transfer system susceptible to fiscal unsustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8639
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 42
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    Technology, taxation, and corruption : evidence from the introduction of electronic tax filing (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8452
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Okunogbe, Oyebola Technology, Taxation, and Corruption: Evidence from the Introduction of Electronic Tax Filing
    Keywords: Finanzverwaltung ; E-Government ; Elektronischer Datenaustausch ; Informationstechnik ; Korruption ; Tadschikistan ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many e-government initiatives introduce technology to improve efficiency and avoid potential human bias. Electronic tax filing (e-filing) is an important example, as developing countries increasingly adopt online submission of tax declarations to replace in-person submission to tax officials. This paper examines the impact of e-filing on compliance costs, tax payments, and bribe payments using experimental variation and data from Tajikistan firms. Firms that e-file have lower compliance costs, spending five fewer hours each month on fulfilling tax obligations. There are no significant average effects of e-filing on tax or bribe payments, but significant heterogeneity exists across firms by their baseline likelihood of tax evasion. Among firms previously more likely to evade, e-filing doubles tax payments, likely by disrupting collusion with officials. Conversely, among firms less likely to have been evading, e-filing reduces tax payments, suggesting that officials had previously required them to pay more. These firms also pay fewer bribes, as e-filing reduces opportunity for extortion. In all, the results indicate that e-filing reduces compliance costs and makes the distribution of tax payments across firms arguably more equitable
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8452
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 43
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    Do politically connected firms innovate, contributing to long-term economic growth? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8502
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Francis, David Do Politically Connected Firms Innovate, Contributing to Long-Term Economic Growth?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new evidence that cronyism reduces long-term economic growth by discouraging firms' innovation activities. The analysis is based on novel establishment survey data from The Arab Republic of Egypt which provides information on establishments' political connections, their innovation activities, and their access to policy privileges. The analysis finds that the probability that firms invest in products new to the firm increases from under 1 percent for politically connected firms to over 7 percent for unconnected firms. The results are robust across different innovation measures. Despite innovating less, politically connected firms are more capital intensive, as they face lower marginal cost of capital due to the generous policy privileges they receive, including exclusive access to input subsidies, public procurement contracts, favorable exchange rates, and financing from politically connected banks. These privileges are largest when compared with their direct competitors operating in the same 4-digit sectors. The findings suggest that connected firms out-rival their competitors by lobbying for privileges instead of innovating. In the aggregate, these policy privileges reduce Egypt's long-term growth potential by diverting resources away from innovation to the inefficient capital accumulation of a few large, connected firms. A wide array of supporting evidence suggests that this effect is causal and not due to selection
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8502
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
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    The dynamics of development : innovation and reallocation (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8505
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Buera, Francisco J The Dynamics of Development: Innovation and Reallocation
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes a quantitative model of firm dynamics with endogenous innovation to study growth acceleration episodes triggered by reforms. The authors find that reforms removing barriers to firm entry lead to persistent growth in TFP and declining average firm size, as in the experience of successful post-communist transitions. Reforms that reverse resource misallocation result in more protracted paths of TFP and rising average firm size, as in the experience of non-communist growth accelerations. When calibrating the reforms to data from Chile's and China's growth accelerations, the model can replicate the macro and firm-level features of these episodes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8505
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 45
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    Transport costs, comparative advantage, and agricultural development : evidence from Jamuna Bridge in Bangladesh (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8509
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Blankespoor, Brian Transport Costs, Comparative Advantage, and Agricultural Development: Evidence from Jamuna Bridge in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the effects of a large reduction in transport costs on agricultural development in a developing country, with a focus on the interactions among the comparative advantage and transport costs of a location, and the transport intensity and value of a commodity. The paper extends the von Thunen model of land allocation to incorporate costly technology adoption and comparative advantage based on land productivity. The theoretical analysis predicts spatial non-linearity in cropland allocation. A reduction in transport costs leads to adoption of productivity-enhancing inputs in the newly-connected region, and an increase in the share of land devoted to the high-value transport-intensive crop. The strongest effect is felt in areas that are not too near or too far from the center and have a higher land productivity in transport intensive crop. The empirical context of the analysis is the Jamuna bridge in Bangladesh, which opened in 1998 and reduced the transport costs from the poor hinterland in the northwest to the capital city (Dhaka) by more than 50 percent. Using sub-district level panel data, the paper implements doubly robust estimators in a difference-in-difference design. The analysis finds that the construction of Jamuna bridge led to increased adoption of technology (fertilizer, irrigation, greenness, and cropping intensity) and reallocation of land from low-value and nonperishable rice to high-value crops, pulses, and vegetables. The evidence indicates spatial nonlinearity in the effects on cropping intensity and the reallocation of land in areas with comparative advantage in vegetable production. For cropping intensity, the magnitude of the effect is large in the intermediate distance (130-150 kilometers) from the bridge. In areas with relatively higher vegetable productivity, land allocated to rice declined, and land was reallocated from high-yielding variety rice to vegetables in the intermediate distance (110-150 kilometers). This improved productive efficiency by aligning the cropping pattern more closely with comparative advantage. The bridge thus led to agricultural development through technology adoption, higher cropping intensity, and reducing the spatial mismatch between land suitability and crop choice
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8509
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  • 46
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    Spatial and sectoral heterogeneity of occupational choice in Cameroon (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8515
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bougna, Theophile Spatial and Sectoral Heterogeneity of Occupational Choice in Cameroon
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the relationship between location, agglomeration, access to credit, informality, and productivity across cities and industries in Cameroon. Emphasizing the link between micro-foundations and the data, the paper develops and estimates a structural model of occupational choice in which heterogeneous agents choose between formal entrepreneurship, informal entrepreneurship, and non-entrepreneurial work. Their decision-making process is driven by institutional constraints such as entry costs, tax enforcement, and access to credit. The model predicts that agglomeration has a non-monotonic effect on formalization, and entrepreneurial profits increase with agglomeration effects. Estimating the model by the generalized method of moments, the paper finds that the returns to capital and labor are not uniform across sectors and cities. Manufacturing industries are highly constrained in capital and the elasticity of capital is higher in Yaounde and Douala, whereas labor elasticity is higher in Kribi. Counterfactual simulations show that an increase in roads provision can have a substantial impact in terms of output, formalization, and productivity. A reduction in the current interest rate has a large and significant impact on formalization and no significant effect on business creation. Likewise, while the current tax rate is suboptimal for most cities, a tax reduction policy would have a much greater impact on formalization than on business creation. These effects differ substantially across cities and sectors, suggesting that those policy instruments could be implemented accordingly to support formalization and business creation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8515
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  • 47
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    Who are America's star firms? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8534
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ayyagari, Meghana Who are America's Star Firms?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is wide spread concern about a growing gap between top-performing publicly listed firms and the rest of the economy and the implications of this for rising inequality in the U.S. Using conventional return calculations, there is indeed a widening gap between star firms (defined as those with top 10 percent of return on invested capital in any year) and the rest of the economy over time, especially in industries that rely on a skilled labor force. However, once measurement error in intangible capital is accounted for, this gap shrinks dramatically and has not been widening over time. While pricing power, as measured by markups, predicts star firm status, a large fraction of star firms have low markups and there is no evidence that star firms are cutting output or investment more than other firms for the same markup. The effect of star status is persistent. Five years later, star firms have higher growth, profits, and Tobin's Q. A subset of exceptional firms may pose more pressing policy concerns with much higher returns and the potential to exercise market power in the future
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8534
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  • 48
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    The aggregate income losses from childhood stunting and the returns to a nutrition intervention aimed at reducing stunting (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8536
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Galasso, Emanuela The Aggregate Income Losses from Childhood Stunting and the Returns to a Nutrition Intervention Aimed at Reducing Stunting
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper undertakes two calculations, one for all developing countries, the other for 34 developing countries that together account for 90 percent of the world's stunted children. The first calculation asks how much lower a country's per capita income is today as a result of some of its workers having been stunted in childhood. The analysis uses a development accounting framework, relying on micro-econometric estimates of the effects of childhood stunting on adult wages, through the effects on years of schooling, cognitive skills, and height, parsing out the relative contribution of each set of returns to avoid double counting. The estimates show that, on average, the per capita income penalty from stunting is around 7 percent. The second calculation estimates the economic value and the costs associated with scaling up a package of nutrition interventions using the same methodology and set of assumptions used in the first calculation. The analysis considers a package of 10 nutrition interventions for which data are available on the effects and costs. The estimated rate-of-return from gradually introducing this program over a period of 10 years in the 34 countries is 17 percent, and the corresponding benefit-cost ratio is 15:1
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8536
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  • 49
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    Can government intervention make firms more investment-ready? : a randomized experiment in the Western Balkans (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8541
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cusolito, Ana Paula Can Government Intervention Make Firms More Investment-Ready? A Randomized Experiment in the Western Balkans
    Keywords: Gründungsförderung ; Investitionspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Unternehmensgründung ; Private Equity ; Risikokapital ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many innovative start-ups and small and medium-size enterprises have good ideas, but do not have these ideas fine-tuned to the stage where they can attract outside funding. Investment readiness programs attempt to help firms to become ready to attract and accept outside equity funding through a combination of training, mentoring, master classes, and networking. This study conducted a five-country randomized experiment in the Western Balkans that worked with 346 firms and delivered an investment readiness program to half of the firms, with the control group receiving an inexpensive online program instead. A pitch event was then held for these firms to pitch their ideas to independent judges. The investment readiness program resulted in a 0.3 standard deviation increase in the investment readiness score, with this increase occurring throughout the distribution. Two follow-up surveys show that the judges' scores predicted investment readiness and investment outcomes over the subsequent two years. Treated firms attained significantly more media attention and were 5 percentage points more likely to have made a deal with an outside investor, although this increase is not statistically significant (95 confidence interval of -4.7 to +14.7 percentage points)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8541
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  • 50
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    Long-term impacts of alternative approaches to increase schooling : evidence from a scholarship program in Cambodia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8566
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barrera-Osorio, Felipe Long-Term Impacts of Alternative Approaches to Increase Schooling: Evidence from a Scholarship Program in Cambodia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reports on a randomized experiment to investigate the long-term effects of a primary school scholarship program in rural Cambodia. In 2008, fourth-grade students in 207 randomly assigned schools (103 treatment, 104 control) received scholarships based on the students' academic performance in math and language or their level of poverty. Three years after the program's inception, an evaluation showed that both types of scholarship recipients had more schooling than nonrecipients; however, only merit-based scholarships led to improvements in cognitive skills. This new study reports impacts, nine years after program inception, on the educational attainment, cognitive skills, socioemotional outcomes, socioeconomic status and well-being, and labor market outcomes of individuals who are, on average, 21 years old. The results show that both types of scholarships led to higher long-term educational attainment (about 0.21-0.29 grade level), but only merit-based scholarships led to improvements in cognitive skills (0.11 standard deviation), greater self-reported well-being (0.18 standard deviation), and employment probability (3.4 percentage points). Neither type of scholarship increased socioemotional skills. The results also suggest that there are labeling effects: the impacts of the scholarship types differ even for individuals with similar characteristics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8566
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  • 51
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    Growth, inequality, and poverty : a robust relationship? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8578
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Marrero, Gustavo A Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: A Robust Relationship?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An extensive literature on poverty traps suggests that high levels of poverty deter growth. However, a seemingly basic implication of the underlying theoretical models, namely that countries suffering from higher levels of poverty should grow less rapidly, has remained untested. A parallel literature has suggested a variety of mechanisms through which inequality may affect growth in opposing directions. Because inequality and poverty are different aspects of the income distribution, inequality can also affect growth through poverty, an indirect channel that has not been explicitly analyzed. This paper contributes to fill both gaps. Using a large cross-country panel data set, it estimates a reduced-form growth equation adding both inequality and poverty to an otherwise standard set of growth determinants. Given inequality, the correlation of growth with poverty is consistently negative. In contrast, given poverty, the correlation of growth with inequality can be positive or negative, depending on the empirical specification and econometric approach used. Yet, the indirect effect of inequality on growth through its correlation with poverty is robustly negative. Closer inspection shows that these results are driven by the sample observations featuring high (but not extremely high) poverty rates. These empirical findings are consistent with the predictions from an analytical framework with learning-by-doing and knowledge spillovers, in which consumers cannot save and invest if their initial endowment is below a minimum consumption level
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8578
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  • 52
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    Methodology for a World Bank Human Capital Index : background paper to the 2019 World Development Report (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8593
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kraay, Aart Methodology for a World Bank Human Capital Index
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes the methodology for a new World Bank Human Capital Index (HCI). The HCI combines indicators of health and education into a measure of the human capital that a child born today can expect to obtain by her 18th birthday, given the risks of poor education and health that prevail in the country where she lives. The HCI is measured in units of productivity relative to a benchmark of complete education and full health, and ranges from 0 to 1. A value of x on the HCI indicates that a child born today can expect to be only X x 100 percent as productive as a future worker as she would be if she enjoyed complete education and full health. The methodology of the HCI is anchored in the extensive literature on development accounting
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8593
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  • 53
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    Assessing the effect of public capital on growth : an extension of the World Bank long-term growth model (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8604
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Devadas, Sharmila Assessing the Effect of Public Capital on Growth: An Extension of the World Bank Long-Term Growth Model
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To analyze the effect of an increase in the quantity or quality of public investment on growth, this paper extends the World Bank's Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM), by separating the total capital stock into public and private portions, with the former adjusted for its quality. The paper presents the Long-Term Growth Model Public Capital Extension (LTGM-PC) and accompanying freely downloadable Excel-based tool. It also constructs a new Infrastructure Efficiency Index (IEI), by combining quality indicators for power, roads, and water as a cardinal measure of the quality of public capital in each country. In the model, public investment generates a larger boost to growth if existing stocks of public capital are low, or if public capital is particularly important in the production function. Through the lens of the model and utilizing newly-collated cross-country data, the paper presents three stylized facts and some related policy implications. First, the measured public capital stock is roughly constant as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) across income groups, which implies that the returns to new public investment, and its effect on growth, are roughly constant across development levels. Second, developing countries are relatively short of private capital, which means that private investment provides the largest boost to growth in low-income countries. Third, low-income countries have the lowest quality of public capital and the lowest efficient public capital stock as a share of gross domestic product. Although this does not affect the returns to public investment, it means that improving the efficiency of public investment has a sizable effect on growth in low-income countries. Quantitatively, a permanent 1ppt GDP increase in public investment boosts growth by around 0.1-0.2ppts over the following few years (depending on the parameters), with the effect declining over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8604
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  • 54
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    Vanishing returns? : potential returns and constraints to input adoption among smallholder farmers in Uganda (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8627
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hill, Ruth Vanishing Returns? Potential Returns And Constraints To Input Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers In Uganda
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates the profitability of fertilizer and hybrid seeds in Uganda, using agronomic evidence on the yield returns to inputs from experimental fields, as well as output price data from local markets between 2000 and 2012. The results suggest that the returns to fertilizer are positive across the entire price range for beans, maize, and matooke and positive for the top 75 percent of prices for coffee. Commonly available improved seed varieties for maize and beans increase gains by 32 percent on average. However, accounting for the quality of the inputs available to farmers in the market, the sizable positive returns become negative for most of the price distribution, possibly explaining the low adoption of inputs in Uganda. The paper also examines the impact of other factors that could affect input adoption, by using a relatively long panel data set spanning 12 years. The analysis finds evidence that enhanced access to economic markets and past weather conditions have small effects on input use, and positive correlations between the use of extension services and knowledge and input use
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8627
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 55
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    The use of financial incentives to prevent undesirable behaviors (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8424
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als de Walque, Damien The Use of Financial Incentives to Prevent Undesirable Behaviors
    Keywords: Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Social Marketing ; Anreiz ; AIDS ; Rauchen ; Drogenkonsum ; Alkohol ; Körpergewicht ; Jugendliche ; Ehe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Behaviors that are putting people's health and well-being at risk are widespread in the developing world and some of them, like smoking and unhealthy diets, are on the rise. Some of these behaviors can be prohibited or prevented by taxation. But financial incentives such as conditional cash transfers are also increasingly proposed and tested to discourage such behaviors, in domains as varied as HIV/AIDS, drugs, alcohol, smoking, obesity, or early marriage prevention. This paper presents the theoretical justification for using such incentives, distinguishing between the price, income effects, and the nudge effects. The growing literature about the effectiveness of financial incentives to prevent undesirable behaviors is reviewed in detail for each type of harmful behavior. Finally, the paper discusses the long-term sustainability of such incentives, a key issue if they are to be scaled up beyond pilot programs and research projects. The current evidence on whether such incentives have an impact after they are discontinued is mixed. Some design features, like lotteries or commitment devices, could induce savings as well as increase effectiveness, therefore improving sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8424
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  • 56
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    Using satellite imagery to revolutionize creation of tax maps and local revenue collection (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8437
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ali, Daniel Ayalew Using Satellite Imagery to Revolutionize Creation of Tax Maps and Local Revenue Collection
    Keywords: Vermögensteuer ; Immobilienbewertung ; Weltraumtechnik ; Fotografie ; Hedonischer Preisindex ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Ruanda ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The technical complexity of ensuring that tax rolls are complete and valuations current is often perceived as a major barrier to bringing in more property tax revenues in developing countries. This paper shows how high-resolution satellite imagery makes it possible to assess the completeness of existing tax maps by estimating built-up areas based on building heights and footprints. Together with information on sales prices from the land registry, targeted surveys, and routine statistical data, this makes it possible to use mass valuation procedures to generate tax maps. The example of Kigali illustrates the reliability of the method and the potentially far-reaching revenue impacts. Estimates show that heightened compliance and a move to a 1 percent ad valorem tax would yield a tenfold increase in revenue from public land
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8437
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 57
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    Services development and comparative : advantage in manufacturing (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8450
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liu, Xuepeng Services Development and Comparative Advantage in Manufacturing
    Keywords: Dienstleistungssektor ; Industrie ; Branchenentwicklung ; Komparativer Vorteil ; Philippinen ; Indien ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most manufacturing activities use inputs from the financial and business services sectors. But these services sectors also compete for resources with manufacturing activities, provoking concerns about de-industrialization-financial services in industrial countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, and business services in developing countries like India and the Philippines. This paper examines the implications of services development for the export performance of manufacturing sectors. It develops a methodology to quantify the indirect role of services in international trade in goods and constructs new measures of revealed comparative advantage based on domestic value added in gross exports. The paper shows that the development of financial and business services enhances the revealed comparative advantage of manufacturing sectors that use these services intensively but not that of other manufacturing sectors. It also finds that a country can partially overcome the handicap of an underdeveloped domestic services sector by relying more on imported services inputs. Thus, lower services trade barriers in developing countries can help to promote their manufacturing exports
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8450
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  • 58
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    Measuring and explaining patterns of spatial income inequality from outer space : evidence from Africa (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8484
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mveyange, Anthony Measuring and Explaining Patterns of Spatial Income Inequality from Outer Space: Evidence from Africa
    Keywords: 1992 - 2013 ; Fotografie ; Licht ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Messung ; Wetter ; Afrika ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper argues for night-lights data as an alternative data source for measuring spatial inequalities in Africa, where the paucity of subnational income data is persistent. The analysis compares the statistical relationships between income and lights-based measures of spatial income inequality in South Africa and shows that night-lights are a decent proxy for spatial income inequality. Further analysis of the patterns of lights-based spatial income inequality across 48 countries in Africa broadly reveals rising patterns between 1992 and 2013. Following the climate-economy literature, the analysis also reveals that temperature and precipitation changes significantly increased spatial inequality in the long-run and the effects penetrated through income and agriculture channels across countries in the continent. These findings provide important lessons for policy discussions about how to measure, explain the patterns of, and mitigate the potential drivers of spatial inequality in Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8484
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  • 59
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    The evidence is in how should youth employment programs in low-income countries be designed? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8500
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fox, Louise The Evidence Is In: How Should Youth Employment Programs In Low-Income Countries Be Designed?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Youth in many low-income countries are entering the labor force in unprecedented numbers, yet many struggle to secure rewarding livelihoods. This paper outlines the economic development challenges that constrain youth's transition into employment, and it parses the evidence on which programs and policies appear to speed that transition. It concludes that it may be time for a fundamental reassessment of approaches for addressing youth employment and the youth transition in low-income countries. Employment opportunities in low-income countries reflect the pace of economic and structural transformation. In designing strategies, policies, and programs to meet the entry-into-employment challenge for youth, the starting point is to diagnose the economy and current/future employment opportunities. Combined with the analysis of youth employment problems from a structural transformation perspective, evidence from rigorous evaluations of youth employment interventions provides new insight into which kinds of interventions are more likely to help youth succeed in certain contexts. The evidence reviewed here casts serious doubt on the efficacy and value of training interventions to help youth enter formal wage employment. The case is stronger for interventions that speed the transition to self-employment in farming or non-farm household enterprises. Support for development of transferable character skills and social integration among youth through positive youth development programs should be tested further for employment and earnings impacts, perhaps along with cash transfers to youth or access to finance. In reviewing the evidence on the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of youth employment impacts, the paper also notes the need for better measures of displacement and general equilibrium effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8500
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  • 60
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    Exposure of belt and road economies to China trade shocks (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8503
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bastos, Paulo Exposure of Belt and Road Economies to China Trade Shocks
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Belt and Road Initiative seeks to deepen China's international integration by improving infrastructure and strengthening trade and investment linkages with countries along the old Silk Road, thereby linking it to Europe. This paper uses detailed bilateral trade data for 1995-2015 to assess the degree of exposure of Belt and Road economies to China trade shocks. The econometric results reveal that China's trade growth significantly affected the exports of Belt and Road economies. Between 1995 and 2015, the magnitude of China's demand shocks was larger than that of its competition shocks. However, competition shocks became more important in recent years, and were highly heterogeneous across countries and industries. Building on these findings, the paper documents the current degree of exposure of Belt and Road economies to China trade shocks, and discusses policy options to deal with trade-induced adjustment costs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8503
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
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    The ecological impact of transportation infrastructure (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8507
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Asher, Sam The Ecological Impact of Transportation Infrastructure
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is a long-standing debate over whether new roads unavoidably lead to environmental damage, especially forest loss, but causal identification has been elusive. Using multiple causal identification strategies, this paper studies the construction of new rural roads to over 100,000 villages and the upgrading of 10,000 kilometers of national highways in India. The new rural roads had precise zero effects on local deforestation. In contrast, the highway upgrades caused substantial forest loss, which appears to be driven by increased timber demand along the transportation corridors. In terms of forests, last mile connectivity had a negligible environmental cost, while expansion of major corridors had important environmental impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8507
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  • 62
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    Gross capital flows by banks, corporates, and sovereigns (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 108 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8514
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Avdjiev, Stefan Gross Capital Flows by Banks, Corporates, and Sovereigns
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper constructs a new dataset of quarterly capital flows by sector and establishes four facts. First, the co-movement of capital inflows and outflows is driven by banks. Second, procyclicality of capital inflows is driven by banks and corporates, whereas sovereigns' external liabilities move acyclically in advanced and countercyclically in emerging countries. Third, procyclicality of capital outflows is driven by advanced countries' banks and emerging countries' sovereigns (reserves). Fourth, capital inflows and outflows decline for banks and corporates when global risk aversion increases, whereas sovereigns' flows show no response. These facts are inconsistent with a large class of theoretical models
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8514
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  • 63
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    Joint effects of parenting and nutrition status on child development : evidence from rural Cambodia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8529
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berkes, Jan Joint Effects of Parenting and Nutrition Status on Child Development: Evidence from Rural Cambodia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Substantial work has demonstrated that early nutrition and home environments, including the degree to which children receive cognitive stimulation and emotional support from parents, play a profound role in influencing early childhood development. Yet, less work has documented the joint influences of parenting and nutrition status on child development among children in the preschool years living in low-income countries. Using panel data on parenting, nutrition status, and early developmental outcomes of about 7,000 Cambodian preschool-age children, this paper demonstrates that inequities in early development associated with family wealth are evident at the start of preschool and increase over time. A significant share of these inequalities can be explained by differences in parental stimulation and early nutrition status. Better educated parents engage in better parental activities that stimulate children's development. However, the positive association between parental activities and child outcomes is particularly strong for non-stunted children, and parental activities can only explain about 8-14 percent of the cognitive gap between the lowest and highest wealth quintiles. The results highlight the need for integrated interventions that address both parenting and early nutrition, also suggesting that parenting interventions for the most disadvantaged families should be carefully designed and evaluated to ensure maximum effectiveness
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8529
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  • 64
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    Nutrition, religion, and widowhood in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8549
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Milazzo, Annamaria Nutrition, Religion, and Widowhood in Nigeria
    Keywords: Frauen ; Ernährung ; Sozialer Status ; Ehe ; Christentum ; Islam ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: It is known that Muslim women in Nigeria have significantly worse nutritional status than their Christian counterparts. The paper first shows that this difference is explained by covariates including geographic location, ethnicity, household wealth, and women's education. However, on accounting for observable characteristics, Muslim widows enjoy a higher nutritional status than Christian widows, particularly in rural areas. The patterns are robust to including village fixed effects and are confirmed for mixed religion ethnic groups. The data are consistent with more favorable processes following widowhood among Muslims, namely inheritance practices and remarriage options. Data on inheritance and violence patterns by religion confirm that Muslim widows are significantly less likely to be dispossessed of their late husband's property or to be mistreated upon widowhood by in-laws. Muslim women are more likely to be chronically undernourished but less nutritionally vulnerable to this marital shock
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8549
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  • 65
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    Upping the ante : the equilibrium effects of unconditional grants to private schools (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8563
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andrabi, Tahir Upping the Ante; The Equilibrium Effects of Unconditional Grants to Private Schools
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper tests for financial constraints as a market failure in education in a low-income country. In an experimental setup, unconditional cash grants are allocated to one private school or all private schools in a village. Enrollment increases in both treatments, accompanied by infrastructure investments. However, test scores and fees only increase in the setting of all private schools along with higher teacher wages. This differential impact follows from a canonical oligopoly model with capacity constraints and endogenous quality: greater financial saturation crowds-in quality investments. The findings of higher social surplus in the setting of all private schools, but greater private returns in the setting of one private school underscore the importance of leveraging market structure in designing educational subsidies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8563
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  • 66
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    Services globalization in an age of insecurity : rethinking trade cooperation (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8579
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mattoo, Aaditya Services Globalization in an Age of Insecurity: Rethinking Trade Cooperation
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Decades of services trade negotiations have produced a plethora of rules and commitments but limited real liberalization. One reason is a form of "negotiating tunnel vision," which has led to a focus on reciprocal market opening rather than on creating the regulatory preconditions for liberalization. This paper makes four points. First, current trade disciplines are a useful but inadequate restraint on regulatory protection. Second, proposed disciplines on domestic regulation would add value but would not solve problems with the application of existing trade law and could create a hold-back problem in securing new liberalizing commitments. Third, insulating domestic consumers from international market failure is a precondition for further liberalization in many services sectors, and the relevant international bargain needs to be an exchange of regulatory commitments by exporters in return for market access commitments by importers. Fourth, such bargains create a risk of exclusion for nonparticipants that can and should be addressed. The paper illustrates these arguments drawing upon recent developments relating to data privacy, financial services, labor mobility, and competition policy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8579
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  • 67
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    Management and bureaucratic effectiveness : evidence from the Ghanaian civil service (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8595
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rasul, Imran Management and Bureaucratic Effectiveness: Evidence from the Ghanaian Civil Service
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A burgeoning area of social science research examines how state capabilities and bureaucratic effectiveness shape economic development. This paper studies how the management practices of civil service bureaucrats correlate to the delivery of public projects, using novel data from the Ghanaian Civil Service. This paper combines hand-coded progress reports on 3,600 projects with a management survey in the government ministries and departments responsible for these projects. The analysis finds that management matters: practices related to autonomy are positively associated with project completion, yet practices related to incentives/monitoring of bureaucrats are negatively associated with project completion. The negative impact of incentives/monitoring practices is partly explained by bureaucrats having to multi-task, interactions with their intrinsic motivation, their engagement in influence activities, and project characteristics such as the clarity of targets and deliverable outputs. The paper discusses the interplay between management practices and corruption, alternative methods by which to measure management practices in organizations, and the external validity of the results. The findings suggest that the focus of many civil service reform programs on introducing stronger incentives and monitoring may backfire in some organizations, and that even countries with low levels of state capability may benefit by providing public servants with greater autonomy in some spheres
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8595
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  • 68
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    Stationary bandits, state capacity, and the Malthusian transition : the lasting impact of the Taiping Rebellion (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8620
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Xu, L. Colin Stationary Bandits, State Capacity, and the Malthusian Transition: The Lasting Impact of the Taiping Rebellion
    Keywords: 1851 - 1864 ; Bürgerkrieg ; Bevölkerungstheorie ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Sozialer Wandel ; China ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) in China was the deadliest civil war in history. This paper provides evidence that this cataclysmic event significantly shaped the Malthusian transition and long-term development that followed, especially in areas where the experiences that stemmed from the rebellion led to better property rights, stronger local fiscal capacity, and rule by leaders with longer-term governance horizons. More than one and a half centuries after the rebellion's end, population increases from pre-war levels remain 38 to 67 percent lower in areas that were affected by the rebellion than in those that were unaffected. Moreover, areas that were affected by the rebellion have, on average, greater fiscal capacity and modern economic sectors to the present day. Two channels for the effects of the rebellion are stationary banditry (manifested by varying property rights and the rebellion area's proximity to the Taiping capital), and the wartime strengthening of fiscal capacity. The analysis shows evidence of complementarity between wartime state capacity and local institutions, and of the long-term benefits of fiscal decentralization in a large country. Furthermore, initial human capital is strongly associated with long-term development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8620
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  • 69
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    Poverty, inequality, and agriculture in the EU (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8638
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Azevedo, Joao Pedro Poverty, Inequality, And Agriculture In The EU
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Boosting convergence and shared prosperity in the European Union achieved renewed urgency after the global financial crisis of 2008. This paper assesses the role of agriculture and the Common Agricultural Program in achieving this. The paper sheds light on the relationship between poverty and agriculture as part of the process of structural transformation. It positions each member country on the path toward a successful structural transformation. The paper then evaluates at the regional level where the Common Agricultural Program funding tends to go, poverty-wise, within each country. This approach enables making more informed policy recommendations on the current state of the Common Agricultural Program funding, as well as evaluating the role of agriculture as a driver of shared prosperity. The analysis performed throughout the paper uses a combination of data sources at several spatial levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8638
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 70
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    The relationship between conflicts, economic shocks, and death with depression, economic activities, and human capital investment in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8685
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8685
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
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    Minimum wages and labor supply in an emerging market : the case of Mauritius (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8681
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8681
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 72
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    International comparisons of poverty in South Asia (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8683
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8683
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
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    Gendered language (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8464
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jakiela, Pamela Gendered Language
    Keywords: Erwerbstätigkeit ; Bildungsverhalten ; Sprache ; Geschlecht ; Linguistik ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Languages use different systems for classifying nouns. Gender languages assign many-sometimes all-nouns to distinct sex-based categories, masculine and feminine. Drawing on a broad range of historical and linguistic sources, this paper constructs a measure of the proportion of each country's population whose native language is a gender language. At the cross-country level, this paper documents a robust negative relationship between the prevalence of gender languages and women's labor force participation. It also shows that traditional views of gender roles are more common in countries with more native speakers of gender languages. In African countries where indigenous languages vary in terms of their gender structure, educational attainment and female labor force participation are lower among those whose native languages are gender languages. Cross-country and individual-level differences in labor force participation are large in both absolute and relative terms (when women are compared to men), suggesting that the observed patterns are not driven by development or some unobserved aspect of culture that affects men and women equally. Following the procedures proposed by Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) and Oster (2017), this paper shows that the observed correlations are unlikely to be driven by unobservables. Using a permutation test based on the structure of the language tree and the distribution of languages across countries, this paper demonstrates that the results are not driven by spurious correlations within language families. Gender languages appear to reduce women's labor force participation and perpetuate support for unequal treatment of women
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8464
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
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    Are driving forces of CO 2 emissions different across countries? : insights from identity and econometric analyses (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8477
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dong, Kangyin Are Driving Forces of CO2 Emissions Different across Countries? Insights from Identity and Econometric Analyses
    Keywords: 1980 - 2015 ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Luftverschmutzung ; Klimawandel ; Energieeinsparung ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Welt ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates factors behind the growth of carbon dioxide emissions over the 35 years between 1980 and 2015 in more than 100 countries, using an index decomposition technique (the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index). The results are further confirmed using an econometric technique (the general method of moments). The study finds that economic growth, measurred in per capita gross domestic product, and population growth are the main drivers of the growth of carbon dioxide emissions during 1980-2015. Although economic growth is mainly responsible for the growth of emissions in high-, upper-middle-, and lower-middle-income countries, population growth that is primarily responsilble for it in low-income countries. More than 70 percent of the global growth in carbon dioxide emissions over the past 35 years was contributed by upper-middle-income countries. Improved energy efficiency, reflected in the declining energy intensity of gross domestic product, has substantially contributed to limit global carbon dioxide emissions at the current level; otherwise, the world's current carbon dioxide emissions would have been 40 percent higher. Despite the recent rapid expansion of renewable energy, its contribution to slowing the growth of global carbon dioxide emissions is not noticeable yet, due to its small share in the global energy supply mix
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8477
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
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    The informal city (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8482
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Selod, Harris The Informal City
    Keywords: Stadt ; Städtischer Immobilienmarkt ; Eigentumsrechtstheorie ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Mietrecht ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes a theory of urban land use with endogenous property rights. Socially heterogeneous households compete for where to live in the city and choose the type of property rights they purchase from a land administration which collects fees in inequitable ways. The model generates predictions regarding sorting and spatial patterns of informality consistent with developing country cities. It also highlights non-trivial effects of land administration reforms in the presence of pecuniary externalities, possibly explaining why elites may have an interest in maintaining inequitable land administrations that insulate them from competition for land from the rest of the population
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8482
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
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    Where is the carbon tax after thirty years of research? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8493
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Timilsina, Govinda R Where Is the Carbon Tax after Thirty Years of Research?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes a dive into the deep literature on the carbon tax accumulated through active and continuous research over the past 30 years. It also presents the ongoing debate and implementation of the carbon tax in practice. The paper discusses the evolution of the carbon tax literature, classifying it by the issues investigated and methodology used for the investigation. It finds that the literature enlightens four key issues: (i) economic impacts, (ii) choices for revenue recycling, (iii) distributional implications, and (iv) competitiveness and border tax adjustment. Quantitative analysis, especially computable general equilibrium modeling, is the main method employed in the literature. The study shows that potential adverse economic impacts and competitiveness concerns are the main impediments to the introduction of the carbon tax. Extensive examinations of carbon tax issues at the global, regional, and country levels have led to innovative measures to address these concerns. While the carbon tax was mainly a subject of academic discussion until few years back, it has generated good attention for policy makers, particularly after the Paris Agreement on climate change, and is being considered as one of the main market instruments to address global climate change. Although several important issues related to the carbon tax have been well researched, its potential interactions with poverty and shared prosperity are yet to be investigated
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8493
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
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    The optimal mix of pricing and infrastructure expansions to alleviate traffic congestion and in-bus crowding in Grand Casablanca (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8501
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anas, Alex The Optimal Mix of Pricing and Infrastructure Expansions to Alleviate Traffic Congestion and In-Bus Crowding in Grand Casablanca
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Like in many large cities in developing countries, traffic in Grand Casablanca, Morocco, is congested and public buses are crowded. These conditions are alleviated by a combination of supply-side infrastructure expansions, such as more buses and new road capacity, and demand-side pricing instruments, such as parking and fuel taxes. Using an empirical urban transportation mode choice model for Casablanca, this study finds a mix of these expansion policies and pricing instruments to alleviate congestion and maximize aggregate social welfare. The optimal mix is sensitive to the marginal costs of the infrastructure expansions. If the city were to spread out in its periphery where land constraints do not exist and land is available at lower prices, a supply-side instrument, particularly the optimal expansion of roads, would be far more effective in achieving welfare gains than the use of optimal pricing instruments without new roads. By contrast, if the city were to densify in already built-up areas, land and other physical constraints and the high price of land may leave expensive "elevated roads" as the only option. In this case, demand-side instruments together with the elevated roads would equally contribute to reduce traffic congestion and in-bus crowding
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8501
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 78
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    Bridge to bigpush or backwash? : market integration, reallocation, and productivity effects of Jamuna Bridge in Bangladesh (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8508
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Blankespoor, Brian Bridge to Bigpush or Backwash? Market Integration, Reallocation, and Productivity Effects of Jamuna Bridge in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses a quasi-experimental study of a major bridge construction in Bangladesh to understand the effects of a large reduction in trade costs on the pattern of structural change and agricultural productivity. The paper develops a spatial general equilibrium model with a core and two hinterlands at the opposite sides separated by rivers, and allows for productivity gains through agglomeration in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The model yields insights different from the standard core-periphery and trade models: (i) the newly connected hinterland may experience higher population density and agricultural productivity despite significant de-industrialization; (ii) even with increased specialization in agriculture, the share of agricultural employment may decline when interregional trade requires local services (such as processing and trading); and (iii) the strongest effects on employment structure are felt not necessarily in the areas next to the bridge but in the areas that move out of autarky as a result of the bridge. The empirical estimation uses doubly robust estimators in a difference-in-difference design where the comparison hinterland comes from a region which was supposed to be connected to the core (capital city) by the proposed, but not yet constructed, Padma bridge. In the short run, there is significant labor reallocation from agriculture to services in the connected hinterland, but no perceptible effects on the employment share of manufacturing, population density, and night-lights. In the long run, the labor share of manufacturing declines in the treatment hinterland and increases in the core. However, there are significant positive effects on population density, night light luminosity, and agricultural yields in the treatment hinterland which contradict backwash effects of the bridge. The effects of the bridge on intersectoral labor allocation are spatially heterogeneous, with relatively weak effects in the areas close to the bridge
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8508
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  • 79
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    How would cross-border electricity trade stimulate hydropower development in South Asia? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8513
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Timilsina, Govinda R How Would Cross-Border Electricity Trade Stimulate Hydropower Development in South Asia?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study examines the importance of enhancing the cross-border transmission interconnections and regional electricity trade to promote hydropower in the South Asia region and quantifies the potential of hydropower development and trade under alternative scenarios. While South Asia is endowed with large (〉 350 gigawatts) hydropower potential, only around 20 percent has been exploited so far. This study shows that development of regional electricity markets through expanded cross-border transmission interconnections and regional electricity trade agreements is needed to benefit the region from the exploitation of the untapped hydropower resources. It also finds that development of hydropower in the region would increase by 2.7 times over the next two decades if the region could facilitate an unconstrained flow of electricity across the borders in South Asia. If a moderate carbon tax is added on top of that, hydropower capacity in 2040 could be more than three times as high as the current level
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8513
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
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    Assessing the international comovement of equity returns (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8516
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abate, Girum Dagnachew Assessing the International Comovement of Equity Returns
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The international comovement of equity returns has been viewed as reflecting either pervasive common shocks or local linkages between countries. This paper brings these perspectives together by assessing the comovement of equity returns in a dynamic model that allows for both common factors and spatial dependence, using quarterly data for 40 advanced and emerging countries over the past two decades, and including GDP growth, the real interest rate, and credit as fundamental variables. Estimation results employing a bias-corrected quasi-maximum likelihood approach provide strong indication that the cross-country dependence of equity returns results from both spatial effects and common shocks captured by a latent common factor-weak and strong dependence, respectively. The factor exhibits a robust negative correlation with market measures of aggregate risk. Countries' exposure to the common factor rises with their extent of trade openness and the degree of rigidity of their exchange rate regime. Despite its simplicity, the empirical model fits the data well. All these results are robust to the use of alternative spatial weight matrices. The paper also shows that ignoring cross-country dependence leads to distorted parameter estimates and a marked deterioration of the explanatory power of the empirical model
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8516
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
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    Aquatic salinization and mangrove species in a changing climate : impact in the Indian Sundarbans (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8532
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mukhopadhyay, Anirban Aquatic Salinization and Mangrove Species in a Changing Climate: Impact in the Indian Sundarbans
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper contributes to understanding the physical and economic effects of salinity diffusion and planning for appropriate adaptation for managing the Sundarbans in a changing climate, with a focus on the West Bengal portion of the tidal-wetland forest delta. A five-step analysis, using high-resolution spatial assessments, was conducted to get a broader picture of the migration of mangrove species with progressive aquatic salinization in a changing climate. A current (2015) basemap, with overlays of salinity tolerance for various mangrove species, and projected location-specific aquatic salinity for 2050 were used to predict the impacts of salinization on mangrove species by 2050. The results indicate patterns of gains and losses, with dominance of salt-tolerant species at the expense of freshwater species. Overall, the impact of salinity-induced mangrove migration will have an adverse effect on the flow of ecosystem services, ultimately impacting the livelihood options of poor households. Resources should be directed to developing alternative livelihoods for mangrove-dependent households. In addition, efforts are needed to develop sustainable policies that incorporate rising salinity, changes in mangrove dynamics, and the welfare impacts on poor communities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8532
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  • 82
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    Endowment effects and usage of financial products : field evidence from Malawi (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8576
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gine, Xavier Endowment Effects and Usage of Financial Products: Field Evidence from Malawi
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: When offered a choice between two savings accounts, prior account holders are significantly less likely to switch to a cheaper account, compared with new subjects without a prior account. While 49 percent of account holders retained their original, expensive accounts, none of the new subjects who opened an account chose the expensive one. This finding is consistent with the "endowment effect." Exploiting previous experimental variation in account usage among prior account holders, the paper finds that the endowment effect disappears among those with higher induced usage. This finding suggests that familiarity with the account can mitigate behavioral anomalies and improve financial decision-making
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8576
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
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    The intensive margin in trade (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8625
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fernandes, Ana M The Intensive Margin In Trade
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Export ; Produktivität ; Vertrieb ; Vertriebskosten ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Pareto-Optimum ; Entwicklungsländer ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Is the variation in bilateral trade flows across countries primarily due to differences in the number of exporting firms (the extensive margin) or in the average size of an exporter (the intensive margin)? And how does this affect the estimation and quantitative implications of the Melitz (2003) trade model? The benchmark Melitz model with Pareto-distributed firm productivity and fixed costs of exporting, predicts that, conditional on the fixed costs of exporting, all variation in exports across trading partners should occur on the extensive margin. This paper subjects this theoretical prediction to a reality check drawing upon the World Bank's Exporter Dynamics Database (EDD) which has firm-level exports from 50 developing countries to all destinations. Around 50 percent of the variation in exports across trading partners is shown to be along the intensive margin, contradicting the benchmark Melitz-Pareto model. The paper finds that moving from a Pareto to a lognormal distribution of firm productivity allows the Melitz model to successfully match the role of the intensive margin evident in the EDD. The paper then studies the implications of our findings for quantitative trade theory. Using likelihood methods and the EDD, a generalized Melitz model with a joint lognormal distribution for firm productivity, fixed costs and demand shifters is estimated, and exact hat algebra is used to quantify the counterfactual effects of a decline in trade costs on trade flows and welfare in the estimated model. Finally, these effects are compared to those that would be predicted by the Melitz-Pareto model, with the Pareto shape parameter chosen to match the average trade elasticity implied by the estimated Melitz-lognormal model. The paper shows that the effects on welfare turn out to be quite close to those in the standard Melitz-Pareto model even though the effects on trade flows remain different
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8625
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  • 84
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    Extreme weather and poverty risk : evidence from multiple shocks in Mozambique (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8667
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8667
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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