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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (226)
  • HU Berlin
  • 2020-2024  (226)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (199)
  • Cham : Imprint: Springer  (14)
  • Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (7)
  • Singapore : Imprint: Springer  (6)
  • COVID-19
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (226)
  • HU Berlin
  • BSZ  (20)
Material
Language
Years
  • 2020-2024  (226)
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789819948154
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (X, 224 p. 4 illus., 1 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: India Studies in Business and Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Labor economics. ; Population ; Political science. ; Economic policy. ; Social policy. ; Public health. ; COVID-19 ; Pandemic ; Epidemic ; India ; Plague ; Long Century ; Livelihood ; Global Epidemiological Crisis ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Looking beyond the Immediate -- Part 1: Of Past and Futures of Studying Epidemics -- 2. ‘Longue Durée’, ‘Conjoncture’, ‘Event’: Notion of Plural Time in History (Subhas Ranjan Chakraborty) -- 3. Locating the Diseased Body (Paula Banerjee) -- 4. Structure, Agency, Temporality: Revisiting Historical Analyses to Study the Contemporary (Kaustubh Mani Sengupta) -- 5. The Island of the Day After: Digital Epidemiology, Artificial Intelligence and a Futuristic Governmentality (Iman Mitra) -- Part 2: Global and Local Response to 2020 -- 6. Global Capitalism and Corona Pandemic – In Search for Radical Solution (Byasdeb Dasgupta) -- 7. The Long 2020/21 in India: Models of Pandemic Management and Logistics of Governance (Amit Prakash) -- Part 3: Refugees and Labouring Lives -- 8. Politics of Health in Post-Partition Calcutta: the Refugees, the Left movements and the Question of Life in the City (Priyankar Dey) -- 9. Guest Workers in Kerala: Is Welfarism Enough? (Jyothi Krishnan) -- 10. Long 2020 and the Informal Care Economy: Case studies of select Careworkers (Sabir Ahamed) -- Part 4: Literature and the Literary World -- 11. Epidemic and Bangla Literature: Tropes, Traces, Topographies (Samata Biswas) -- 12. Books — and the Time-Warp of Long-COVID (Ritu Menon).
    Abstract: This book looks at the current crises of life and livelihood following the global epidemiological crisis and various strategies to manage them as a long unfolding of past trends and future possibilities of epidemiological governance, restructuring of global economy, public health, systems of protection and care and the role of state in that, and precarities of the migrants and the refugees. It brings together scholars from different fields to think of our present in the time of COVID-19 pandemic in a longer temporal frame. The essays compiled in this book investigate issues mentioned above, covering a period from the colonial past to the postcolonial present with an aim towards encouraging scholarly debates on protection, care and justice. Although the experiences of last two years have inspired some very important academic and scholarly interventions, this book compiles original research to contextualise the present in a longue duree framework and arrive at a more complex understanding of it. It is a must-have resource for researchers of developmental studies especially in the above mentioned areas, as well as policy makers, think tanks and other non-governmental organizations interested in these areas.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819992799
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVII, 160 p. 19 illus., 8 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2024.
    Series Statement: Urban Sustainability
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hu, Xiaohui Uneven economic resilience of old industrial cities in China
    Keywords: Economic geography. ; Human geography. ; Sustainability. ; Evolutionary Economic Geography ; Regional Economic Resilience ; Industrial Path Development ; Old Industrial Cities ; Resource-Based Cities ; Structure-Agency Interplays ; Multi-Scalarity ; China ; COVID-19 ; Multiple Perspectives
    Abstract: Introduction: theories, concepts, and new research accounts of regional economic resilience -- Adaptation, adaptability, and resilience of regions under economic crises: a conceptual framework -- Regional economic resilience under COVID-19: towards new research agendas -- The economic r resilience of old industrial cities in China: a call for multiple perspectives -- Industrial structure or agency: What affects regional economic resilience? Evidence from resource-based cities in China.
    Abstract: Taking the Chinese context seriously, this book provides critical reflections and policy-informed accounts of how and why old industrial cities generate uneven resilience in the face of crisis. It offers unconventional conceptualizations and on-the-ground empirical studies in the Chinese context when it comes to the literature on regional economic resilience. Theoretically, this book adopts multiple perspectives, including evolutionary, complex adaptive systems, and institutional and geographical political economy, to provide a more systematic understanding of regional economic resilience in Chinese old industrial cities. Empirically, this book adopts a comparative analysis approach to explore the in-depth nature of uneven regional economic resilience by focusing on two coal mining regions in China. The book also makes an additional and timely academic contribution to the literature on the conceptualization and empirics of regional economic resilience under the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and scholars interested in economic geography in general and regional economic resilience, regional industrial dynamics and old industrial cities in China in particular. It is also a useful reference for local and regional governments, as well as businesses, for policy-making and action in the face of crisis.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9783031498411
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVII, 202 p.)
    Series Statement: South Asian Public Administration
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Public administration. ; Political science. ; e-governance ; India ; Sri Lanka ; public service delivery ; new public management ; South Asian public administration ; SDG ; COVID-19 ; Pakistan ; Bangladesh ; South-South cooperation ; ICT ; pandemic recovery ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: This edited volume bridges the gap between theoretical underpinnings of South Asian public administration and practices on the ground to understand the future path of public administration in the region. The ten chapters highlight the post-covid contemporary trajectories of public administration and the civil society in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In addition, each case study is tied to a relevant UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), using the SDG framework to provide useful insights for transfer of knowledge and learning within the South Asian region and highlight the “South- South” and “South-North” exchange. Illustrating the unique challenges and opportunities faced by South Asian countries post-pandemic, this volume will be of interest to scholars and students of public administration, governance, South Asian politics, and the SDGs.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9783031153358
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XI, 96 p. 16 illus., 15 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023.
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Criminology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als IMPRODOVA Domestic violence and COVID-19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Criminology. ; Public health. ; Österreich ; Finnland ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Ungarn ; Portugal ; Schottland ; Slowenien ; COVID-19 ; Ausgangssperre ; Häusliche Gewalt
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Comparative trends of domestic violence -- Chapter 3. Human factors of domestic violence affected by Covid-19 -- Chapter 4. Country reports: development and response to DV in eight member states -- Chapter 5. Key findings, best practices, and recommendations.
    Abstract: This brief maps the available data augmented by expert interviews on the impact of the Covid-19 measures on DV in eight European Member States during the first lock-down. The volume addresses an on-going situation, additionally complicated by renewed lockdown restrictions during autumn and early winter 2020. It assesses the assumptions of an imminent wave of domestic violence against reliable data from crime statistics, surveys, and various institutions responding to domestic violence. Collecting partner country reports from Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland and Slovenia, it demonstrates the effects that lockdown measures starting March 2020 had on reported DV incidents. It considers the differences between each country with respect to policing, legal systems, social and cultural factors and highlights best practices to prevent conditions resulting from Covid-19 lockdown undermining victims’ security and frontline responders’ capacities to provide services and prevent domestic violence.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031219832
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 305 p. 101 illus., 84 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: The Voice of Regional Science
    Series Statement: Footprints of Regional Science
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional economics. ; Spatial economics. ; Human geography. ; Urban economics. ; Space in economics. ; Covid-19 and empirical data analytics ; Impact assessment of corona pandemics ; Human health and future cities ; Urban Geography ; Urban planning ; Regional Science ; COVID-19 ; Urban sustainability ; Urban Resilience ; Urban Policies ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part I. Cities, cooperation, and resilience in the face of COVID-19 -- Chapter 2. The resilience of cities to COVID-19: A literature review and application to Dutch cities (Jeroen van Haaren) -- Chapter 3. A subjective geographer’s experience of pandemic and confidence in systems of cities (Denise Pumain) -- Chapter 4. City and Regional Demand for Vaccines Whose Supply Arises from Competition in a Bertrand Duopoly (Amitrajeet A. Batabyal) -- Chapter 5. Post Pandemic Cities - competing for size or cooperating for interaction: An analysis of the evolution of Portuguese Municipalities based on an Organic and Rational Spatial Interaction Growth Models (Tomaz Ponce Dentinho) -- Part II. Comparative approaches on the patterns and effects of city and location-specific policies and socioeconomic structures during COVID-19 -- Chapter 6. The social digital twin for liveable cities: a COVID-19 case study (Corentin Kuster) -- Chapter 7. The impact of differing COVID-19 mitigation policies: three natural experiments using difference-in-difference modelling (Kingsley Haynes) -- Chapter 8. On the association between income inequality and COVID spread: a view into Spanish Functional Urban Areas (David Castells-Quintana) -- Chapter 9. Urbanization impact arising from the behavioral shift of citizens and consumers in a post-pandemic world (Tannistha Maiti) -- Part III. The Socioeconomic and labor market effects of pandemics on cities and local economies -- Chapter 10. What happened after SARS in 2003? The economic impacts of a pandemic (Ilan Noy) -- Chapter 11. Industrial composition, remote Working, and mobility changes in Canada and the US during the COVID-19 pandemic: A SHAP value analysis of XGBoost predictions (Mehmet Güney Celbiş) -- Part IV. The need for new types of data and applications, and existing challenges in analysing the effects of COVID-19 on Cities -- Chapter 12. Problems with recording the spread of COVID-19 in developing countries: evidence from a phone survey in Indonesia (Budy P. Resosudarmo) -- Chapter 13. Pandemic Regional Recovery Index: An Adaptable Tool for Decision-making on Regions (Jacob Irving) -- Chapter 14. The geography of daily urban spatial mobility during Covid: The example of Stockholm in 2020 and 2021 (Ian Shuttleworth) -- Chapter 15. Social justice, digitalization, and health and wellbeing in the pandemic city (Laurie A. Schintler).
    Abstract: This book features a collection of novel and original contributions to the study of urban sustainability from a human health perspective in the light of the current corona pandemic and the challenge of cities to offer inclusive, appealing, and healthy infrastructures. Written by experts from various disciplines, this book analyzes the impact of the corona pandemic on contemporary cities, and how these cities respond to the challenges. Featuring also case studies on various cities and regions, it addresses four interconnected research challenges and themes: Cities, cooperation, and resilience in the face of COVID-19 Comparative approaches on patterns and effects of city and location-specific policies and socioeconomic structures during COVID-19 The socioeconomic and labor market effects of pandemics on cities and local economies The need for new types of data and applications in addressing challenges in analysing the effects of COVID-19 on cities This book will appeal to scholars of regional and spatial science, urban economics, and urban planning and anyone interested in the impact of corona pandemic on city life.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9783031300615
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 479 p. 62 illus., 30 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Macroeconomics. ; Management. ; International economic relations. ; Regional economics. ; Spatial economics. ; Marketing ; Cryptocurrencies ; Emerging Economies ; COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: Part 1: Eurasian Business Perspectives: Education -- Chapter 1. The Impact of Measures During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Education Sector: the Experience of Slovakia -- Chapter 2. Role of Social Media to Influence the Environmental Knowledge and Awareness Towards Education for Sustainable Development in Malaysia -- Part 2: Eurasian Business Perspectives: Human Resources Management -- Chapter 3. The Effect of Personal Branding Factors on Generation Y Employability and Career Satisfaction: the Case of Croatia -- Chapter 4. No Captain on Deck: a New Understanding of Leadership in Cross-border Post- M&A Integrations -- Chapter 5. Academic Spin-offs’ Growth: Exploring the Role of Team Vertical Diversity and Academic Knowledge Corridor -- Part 3: Eurasian Business Perspectives: Management -- Chapter 6. Cross-industrial Analysis of High-growth Firm Performance During the Pandemic: Middle-sized Russian Firms’ Evidence -- Chapter 7. Data Management in Enterprises Under the Influence of Digital Transformation -- Chapter 8. How to Manage Delays and Disruptions at Intermodal Transportation Hubs in a Better Way? -- Part 4: Eurasian Business Perspectives: Marketing -- Chapter 9. Social Media Effect on Fast Fashion Retailing: Romania Case Study -- Chapter 10. “does Your Restaurant Deliver?” the Change in Consumer Behavior Due to Covid-19 Pandemic in Restaurant Delivery Market: Study of Restaurants in Rome, Italy -- Chapter 11. The Complexity of International Marketing: Pitfalls of Dolce & Gabbana Marketing Communication Strategy in China -- Part 5: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Accounting -- Chapter 12. Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning System and Its Implication on Accountants -- Chapter 13. Business Continuity, Business Crisis and Evolution of the Auditors’ Opinion -- Part 6: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Cryptocurrencies -- Chapter 14. The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Bitcoin Prices -- Chapter 15. Is the Market Success of Dominant Stablecoins Justified by Their Collateral and Concentration Risks? -- Part 7: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Finance -- Chapter 16. Stock Price Synchronicity and Information Disclosure Quality: Evidence From China -- Chapter 17. Waqf Fund Management and the Blockchain Horizon -- Chapter 18. The Impact of Covid-19 on the Liquidity of Chinese Corporate Bonds -- Chapter 19. Determinants of Financial Inclusion: an Evidence From an Emerging Market -- Part 8: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Inequality -- Chapter 20. How Do Inequality and George Floyd’s Protests Affect the Vote Shares of Trump? -- Chapter 21. Welfare Perceptions of the Youth: a Case Study of University Students in Turkey -- Part 9: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Growth and Development -- Chapter 22. Regional Development of Central European Countries in the Pre-covid Period -- Chapter 23. Healthcare Indicators of the Czech Republic Compared With Selected Countries of the Eu -- Part 10: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Public Economics -- Chapter 24. Public Procurement Between Emergency and Transparency: Where We Are -- Chapter 25. The Italian Monetary Unification and the North/south Divide -- Chapter 26. Economists Making Art: Contemporary Art and New Narratives in Political Economy -- Part 11: Eurasian Economic Perspectives: Regional Studies -- Chapter 27. The Economic Impacts of Eu Climate Policies on Intra-European Aviation -- Chapter 28. The Role of Household Consumtion in Very Small, Very Open Economy -- Chapter 29. International Capital Flows and Monetary Policy in the Emerging Economies.
    Abstract: EBES conferences have been an intellectual hub for academic discussion in economics, finance, and business fields and provide network opportunities for participants to make long-lasting academic cooperation. This is the 26th volume of the Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics (EBES’s official proceeding series), which includes selected papers from the 39th EBES Conference which took place in 2022 in Rome. The conference was organized with the support of the Istanbul Economic Research Association in hybrid mode with both online and in-person presentations at the Faculty of Economics, Sapienza University of Rome in Rome, Italy. At the conference, 205 papers by 436 colleagues from 49 countries were presented. Both theoretical and empirical papers in this volume cover diverse areas of business, economics, and finance from many different regions. .
    Note: "This issue includes selected papers presented at the 39th EBES Conference - Rome, which was held on April 6-8, 2022, with the support of the Istanbul Economic Research Association and in collaboration with the Faculty of Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. The conference was held in hybrid format with both in-person and online paper presentation." - Seite v
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031228452
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 85 p. 39 illus., 38 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Econometrics. ; Statistics . ; Macroeconomics. ; Seasonal adjustment of daily data ; Revisions ; Simulation experiment ; COVID-19 ; Econometrics ; Statistics for economics ; X-13ARIMA-SEATS ; CAMPLET ; Business Cycle ; Macroecometrics ; Macroeconomics ; Simulations ; Operational income
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. CAMPLET: Seasonal adjustment without revisions -- Chapter 3. Seasonal adjustment of economic tendency survey data -- Chapter 4. Residual Seasonality: A Comparison of X13 and CAMPLET -- Chapter 5. COVID-19 and Seasonal Adjustment -- Chapter 6. Seasonal adjustment of daily data with CAMPLET -- Chapter 7. Conclusion. .
    Abstract: Seasonality in economic time series can "obscure" movements of other components in a series that are operationally more important for economic and econometric analyses. In practice, one often prefers to work with seasonally adjusted data to assess the current state of the economy and its future course. This book presents a seasonal adjustment program called CAMPLET, an acronym of its tuning parameters, which consists of a simple adaptive procedure to extract the seasonal and the non-seasonal component from an observed series. Once this process is carried out, there will be no need to revise these components at a later stage when new observations become available. The authors describe the main features of CAMPLET, evaluate the outcomes of CAMPLET and X-13ARIMA-SEATS in a controlled simulation framework using a variety of data generating processes, and illustrate CAMPLET and X-13ARIMA-SEATS with three time series: US non-farm payroll employment, operational income of Ahold and real GDP in the Netherlands. Furthermore they show how CAMPLET performs under the COVID-19 crisis, and its attractiveness in dealing with daily data. This book appeals to scholars and students of econometrics and statistics, interested in the application of statistical methods for empirical economic modeling.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031237317
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XIV, 198 p. 1 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Church after the Corona pandemic
    Keywords: Theology. ; Religion and sociology. ; Protestantism. ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Kirche ; COVID-19 ; Pandemie
    Abstract: PART I: GATHERING -- Chapter 1: Worship in the Face of Corona: Ritual, Place, People, and Polymodality -- Chapter 2: Physicality and Relatedness when God’s People Gather -- Chapter 3: “In All Times and Places”: The Transcendence and Immanence of the Holy Spirit in a Diasporic Body of Christ -- PART II: WORD -- Chapter 4: Seeing God in Christ, Being Seen as the Body of Christ, Seeing Others as God’s Beloved: A Lutheran Reflection on the Church Post-COVID-19 -- Chapter 5: Re-imagining Preaching in a Post-Pandemic Era -- Chapter 6: Worship in the African American Tradition during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- Chapter 7: One Virus after Another: Composing the Weekly Intercessions -- PART III: MEAL -- Chapter 8: Holy Communion under Quarantine -- Chapter 9: Toward a More Accessible Body of Christ -- Chapter 10: Real Presence and Absent Bodies: Sacramental Practice Today -- PART IV: SENDING -- Chapter 11: Church May Be Digital, But Is the Clergy’s Call? -- Chapter 12: One Body, One Spirit, One Hope: We Are Part of this, Together… Intercultural Connectedness as a Church after Corona.
    Abstract: This book explores the church’s engagement with digital worship as a result of the pandemic and guides readers in considering how the means of grace distributed online might be theologically framed. Organized around the four-fold pattern of Sunday worship—Gathering, Word, Meal, Sending—this collection of essays provides source material for both theological discernment and practical implementation. Topics include (preparing and) offering a theology of worship no matter the modality, engaging the questions of embodiment as related to the incarnation of Christ, and looking at the theology of church in a digital age. Renowned scholars in the field explore how online worship provides for the visibility of the gospel, how to lament and pray in the midst of pandemic and future crises, and how the mission of the church through its worship can continue regardless of physical restrictions. This timely collection appeals to researchers, professionals, and practitioners in the field.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9783031278860
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVI, 258 p. 1 illus.)
    Series Statement: Contributions to Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic policy. ; Social policy. ; Macroeconomics. ; Public administration. ; Medical policy. ; biopolitics ; COVID-19 ; economic shock ; resilience ; crisis management ; health policy ; marginalized communities ; GIS ; universal healthcare ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: An Introduction to Biopolitics and Shock Economy of COVID-19: Medical Perspectives and Socioeconomic Dynamics -- Medical Perspective on COVID-19 -- Advances in the Application of Geospatial Technology in the Mitigation of COVID-19 Pandemic -- The Ontological Nature and Cause of COVID-19: A Philosophical Analysis -- Digital Transformation: Prior to and Following the Pandemic -- The Socio-cultural and economic barriers of Self-care Culture for COVID-19 control in developing societies: The case of Iran -- The COVID-19-Induced Transaction Cost Suggests Considerable Cost Effectiveness Resulting from the Prevalence of Universal Health Care in the United States -- Assessing the Social Support and Resilience of the Inhabitants of Marginalized Communities amid Covid-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Shiraz Metropolis Case Study -- How Pandemic Crisis May Affect Economic Systems? A Study on the Nexus Between COVID-19 and Entrepreneurial Activities.
    Abstract: This edited volume discusses the biopolitics and shock economy of COVID-19, emphasizing medical perspectives and the socioeconomic dynamics of the pandemic and the ensuing institutional responses. Written by an international, multidisciplinary group of academic and professional experts, chapters embrace a wide range of topics such as: medical perspectives on COVID-19; application of geospatial technology; infectivity, immunogenicity, and disease as important factors for adoption of relevant biopolitical measures; shock economy; COVID-19-induced transaction costs; social support and resilience of inhabitants of marginalized areas; business resilience factors; entrepreneurship; and digital transformation. Jointly addressing global examples of biopolitical governance and overarching macroeconomic effects of the pandemic, this volume will be of interest to academics across disciplines as well as policymakers and practitioners on the ground.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819941377
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XLIII, 316 p. 38 illus., 33 illus. in color.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Finance. ; Medical economics. ; Environmental economics. ; Economic development. ; Conservation Capital ; Environmental Assets ; Physical Capital ; National Income ; Health ; COVID-19 ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Part I: Economic and Environmental Aspects of Conservation Capital -- Chapter 1. The Role of Conservation Capital in Developing Economies: A Static General Equilibrium Analysis with Dynamics (Tonmoy Chatterjee) -- Chapter 2. Generating Appropriate Policies to Minimize Environmental Pollution in Developing Countries (Serhat Yüksel) -- Chapter 3. Privatization and Environment: A few macroeconomic perspectives (Dipti Ghosh) -- Chapter 4. The Role of Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Environmental Conservation and Degradation in a Small Open Economy (Napoleon Kurantin) -- Chapter 5. Defining the Most Effective Green Corporate Governance Strategies for Sustainable Performance (Hakan Kalkavan) -- Chapter 6. Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and the Environment: A Review of Environmental Degradation in Nigeria (Ezebuilo R UKWUEZE) -- Chapter 7. Evaluating the Possible Ways to Decrease Negative Environmental Impact of Nuclear Energy Projects (Serhat Yüksel) -- Chapter 8. Does Sustainability Really Lower Economic Growth? In Search of Empirical Evidence from Tonga (Partha Gangopadhyay) -- Chapter 9. Does Green Investing Generate Return over Conventional funds? A Comparative Portfolio Analysis with Indian Stock Market (Debabrata Mukhopadhyay) -- Chapter 10. Macroeconomic Determination of Forestry Contribution to the Nigeria Economy (Adenuga Fabian Adekoya) -- Chapter 11. Impacts of Low Carbon Economy (LCE) in India: A Review (Tarakeshwar Senapati) -- Chapter 12. Conservation Capital Investments and Policies in the Global Construction Industry (Begum Sertyesilisik) -- Chapter 13. An Analytical Study on the Perceptions Towards Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India (Vani Kanojia) -- Chapter 14. Urban Shrinkage and Depopulation Dynamics for Sustainable Urban Governance: The case of Guadalajara, Mexico (José G. Vargas-Hernández) -- Part 2: Implications of Climate Change and Conservation Capital on Health Issues -- Chapter 15. Anthropogenic Disturbances on Climate Change, Global Warming, Ecosystem and COVID 19 Pandemic (Satyesh Chandra Roy) -- Chapter 16. Green & Sustainable Chemistry: A new blossoming area to solve multiple global problems of environment and economy (Sumit Ghosh) -- Chapter 17. Evergreen Conservation Capital Indicators and Life Expectancy in Italy (Andrea Ciacci) -- Chapter 18. Viral Pandemic Caused by Intense Abuse on Environment (Nandini Ghosh) -- Chapter 19. Does Conservation Capital lead to improvements in health-adjusted Life expectancy? (Richardson Kojo) -- Chapter 20. Internal reverse migration in India amid COVID-19 pandemic: Linking up Human Capital with Conservation Capital (Sovik Mukherjee) -- Chapter 21. Tourism, Environment and Italian Internal Areas at the time of COVID-19: New challenges and opportunities (Stefania Mangano) -- Chapter 22. New Normal and Post COVID-19 Nigeria: Need for paradigm shift in Nigeria’s economic development (N C Lord-Mallam) -- Chapter 23. Impacts of Effective Conservation Capital Investment and Strategies for Health Care Policies and Expenses (Egemen Sertyesilisik) -- Chapter 24. Environmental Quality and Quality of Life in sub-Saharan Africa: Measuring the Role of Economic liberalisation (Olalekan C. Okunlola).
    Abstract: This book tackles the oft ignored role of conservation capital in mainstream discussions in maintaining sustainable development of a country in particular, and the world economy in general. A continuous increase in global temperature trends, climate change, and other related factors has compelled academicians from natural as well as social sciences to reorient classical thought from high growth through large resource extraction, to sustainable growth through lower extraction. This leads one to the important role of generation of conservation capital to satisfy long-term growth and development objectives of economies. This book covers studies on the related issues of conservation capital, environmental crisis, and health impacts from the perspectives of different countries. The highlight is inclusion of some studies on the impact of environmental degradation in relation to COVID 19 pandemic. The book coaxes policy makers to rethink on the optimum use of environmental resources for economic and social activities. The broad coverage of studies included from different regions across the globe ensures that the book finds a wide readership among students and researchers from economics and other social sciences and natural sciences, along with policy makers intent on forming policies leading to a more sustainable growth model.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819949069
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XI, 314 p. 100 illus., 89 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: India Studies in Business and Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Development economics. ; Political planning. ; Labor economics. ; Medical economics. ; COVID-19 ; Development Economics ; India ; Labour ; Health ; Gender ; Education ; Public Policy ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: An Unequal Recovery – The Income and Employment Fallout of the Pandemic -- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on India’s Financial Sector -- Macroeconomic Performance During COVID Recession and Recovery -- Impact of COVID‑19 on agricultural markets: assessing the roles of commodity characteristics, disease caseload and market reforms -- COVID-19 and Education in India: A New Education Crisis in the Making -- The COVID-19 pandemic and gendered division of paid work, domestic chores and leisure: evidence from India’s first wave -- Chronicling the observed gendered effects in India’s labour markets during COVID-19 -- COVID, Social Protection and Women's Work -- Over-nutrition and COVID Prevalence in India: Evidence and Implications -- India’s COVID-19 Vaccination Drive: How did we fare? -- The Impact of COVID-19 on Risk Perception and Wellbeing in India -- Livelihoods and Government Support in the Wake of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Rural Bihar -- Role of Trust in Effective Policy making: Lessons from the Pandemic.
    Abstract: This book brings together contributions that explore various dimensions of the pandemic from a long-term development perspective. It also analyzes the existing policy responses and the gaps therein, to enable a greater understanding of how public policy – during a pandemic like COVID-19 – can be better aligned with the developmental challenges faced by individuals and households in India. Through its thirteen contributions, the book highlights the connection between the pandemic and development as deep and multilayered, and not unidirectional. It highlights how the existing inequalities and inequities in the system determined who gets impacted and to what extent, and how soon they can recover, if at all. It analyzes policies and programmes that have been implemented based mostly on the immediate pandemic crisis, and responded less to the pre-existing conditions that have shaped socio-economic outcomes. The book would be a great resource to study possible future responses to similar health disasters in a multi-cultural, multi-religion, multi-caste and multi-class melting pot like India.
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789819940745
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 237 Seiten) , Diagramme, Illustrationen
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: International economic relations. ; Regionalism. ; Globalization. ; International trade. ; COVID-19 ; Wiederaufbau ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Humankapital ; Entwicklung
    Abstract: This volume brings together contributions from the academic community, policymakers, and practitioners to delve into the profound challenges facing the international system in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on the Global South, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the political economy of development in this region, considering the economic, social, and geopolitical factors at play. The book addresses the multifaceted challenges that developing countries encounter in terms of economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development in a post-pandemic world. It examines the impact of the pandemic on these countries and explores innovative strategies for promoting economic recovery and sustainable development. It is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in understanding the political economy of development in the Global South post covid-19 pandemic. It provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges facing developing countries and offers valuable insights into the potential solutions that can be implemented to foster economic recovery and development. Its interdisciplinary approach and diverse perspectives make it a valuable resource for anyone interested in the dynamics of development in the Global South.
    Note: Tabellen, Literaturverzeichnisse , Beyond the pandemic : the promise of degrowth in the global South , Addressing technology, economics and climate change-related challenges in the global South in the post-Covid 19 world , Political economy of globalization and human development : experience from South-Asian countries , ASEAN economies in the COVID-19 post-pandemic crisis , Women's empowerment and sustainable development goals in the post Covid-19 era , Evaluating public policy approaches to women's empowerment during the COVID-19 pandemic : a perspective from the global South , Governing migrant workers post-Covid19 in Southeast Asian : vulnerability, mitigation and transformative agenda
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031419584
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 250 p. 21 illus., 15 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Financial and Monetary Policy Studies 55
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Macroeconomics. ; Economic policy. ; Finance. ; International trade. ; International finance. ; COVID-19 ; Pandemic ; Trade ; Growth ; Climate change ; Financial interdependence ; Monetary policy ; Euro crisis ; Central banking models ; Monetary analysis ; War in Ukraine ; Supply chains ; Inflation ; Fiscal policies ; Policy instruments
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part 1: Does the Science of Monetary Policy Need to Be Altered? -- Chapter 2. New Challenges on the Science of Monetary Policy -- Chapter 2. New Lessons for Macroeconomics and Finance Theory -- Chapter 4. In Search for a New Monetary Policy Framework -- Part 2: Challenges for Monetary Policy in Interdependent Economies: Lessons From the Eurozone Crisis -- Chapter 5. Monetary Policy Crisis in the Eurozone -- Chapter 6. A Critical Assessment of the Euro-project in Retrospect -- Part 3: The Task Ahead: Monetary Policy in Uncharted Waters -- Chapter 7. Monetary Theory and Policy: the Implications of Radical Uncertainty -- Chapter 8. Monetary Policy in Interdependent Economies: the Task Ahead -- Chapter 9. Looking to the Future: Monetary Policy in Uncharted Waters.
    Abstract: This book explores the challenges faced by central banks in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and the events that followed. It further emphasises the asymmetries in the transmission of monetary policy in the Eurozone economies and among major advanced economies. The book also highlights the advances in the monetary policy debate towards an efficient resource allocation. The author argues that the canonical model of macroeconomic stabilization, which assigns the main burden of stabilization to monetary policy, is outdated primarily because of the absence of financial frictions. Further, she highlights the urgency of pushing risky activities outside the perimeters of regulation in face of rapidly evolving financial markets. The book provides an analytical framework in the context of intense globalisation and increased interdependence across economies, irrespective of the recent re-examining of supply-chains and trade relationships, as well as a policy framework thoroughly amended after the global financial crisis and the crises that followed it. Presenting policy proposals, the book discusses how policymakers must try to develop a set of policies that the public will have confidence in and take into account in forming expectations about future inflation and spending. It will be useful to central banking practitioners, monetary and fiscal policymakers, as well as students and scholars in economics and, in particular, financial economics.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031297618
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXIII, 145 p. 43 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Contributions to Finance and Accounting
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Europe—Economic conditions. ; Finance. ; Macroeconomics. ; Finance, Public. ; Europe ; Fiscal Policy ; Sovereign Debt ; COVID-19 ; Government Debt ; Euro Area ; European Debt ; EU4 Economics ; Fiscal Policies
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Fiscal Policy and Government Debt in the 21st Century -- Chapter 3. European Debt Crisis and Flaws of the Euro Area -- Chapter 4. Sovereign Debt Channels in the Euro Area -- Chapter 5. European Fiscal and Debt Union -- Chapter 6. Specific Characteristics of EU4 Economies -- Chapter 7. Fiscal Situation in the COVID-19 Aftermath -- Chapter 8. Long-Term Determinants and Efficiency of Fiscal Policies -- Chapter 9. Sovereign Debt Resolution Prospects -- Chapter 10. Conclusions.
    Abstract: This book examines public debt hoarding within the Euro Area, which is one of the most complicated challenges regarding modern fiscal policy-making. The author offers an up-to-date analysis of the fiscal situations of Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. The book describes key mechanisms of debt transmission, discusses the potential establishment of fiscal and debt union in the EU, identifies numerous implications, and connects the fiscal positions of the examined countries with the structural flaws of the Euro Area and the monetary policy of the European Central Bank. Moreover, the work presents an estimation of structural budget balances, including a comparison with the estimates of major international institutions such as the IMF, OECD, and European Commission. A separate chapter is devoted to analysing the fiscal policy determinants, using time series since the late 19th century, and the issue of fiscal policy efficiency. Finally, the work provides an overview of debt resolution options. Overall, this book offers eight core chapters intended for the public, professional economists, and policymakers.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore | Singapore : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789811986802
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 316 p. 137 illus., 124 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: India Studies in Business and Economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Development economics. ; Economic development. ; Economic policy. ; Social policy. ; Finance, Public. ; Covid Pandemic ; COVID-19 ; Fiscal Management ; Poverty ; Inequality ; Health ; Education ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: The complexity of Managing COVID-19: How Important is Good Governance? -- Covidonomics or the Curious Case of a Supply Constrained Keynesian Equilibrium -- Contact Intensity, Unemployment and Finite Change -The Case of Entertainment Sector under Pandemic -- Financing Economic Recovery: The Covid Challenge -- Transformation in Higher Education in the Post-Covid Era: A Perspective from Economics -- Pandemic-induced Poverty in India after the First Wave of COVID-19: An Elaboration of Two Earlier Estimates -- Trends, Patterns and Regional Variations of Covid-19 Pandemic in India at Sub-National Level: Analysis based on Spatial Econometric Method -- Unequal Inequalities in India: Income and Non-Income Dimensions -- Exploring the Significance of Food Insecurity Mediated Poverty and Low Productivity Traps: Furthering Policy by Reconciling Secondary Data with Primary Surveys -- State-level Exports: An Alternate Exploration using ASI Unit Level Data -- Subaltern Culture and Happiness in Tribal Communities of West Bengal -- Is GST Reform Pro-Poor In India? -- Public Expenditure Quality of States for Education and Health, Does Rationalisation of Grants Matter?.-Measurement and Determinants of Efficiency of Government and Government Aided Secondary School in Kolkata: An Application of Data Envelopment Approach.
    Abstract: This book discusses the extent and nature of COVID-19 pandemic in India and its effect on the society and economy. The suggested management practices discussed here are also not stereotype. At the same time, it highlights deficiency in development fundamentals in India on several dimensions, especially health, education, quality of public spending, taxation orientation, external trade involvement across states, etc., deficiencies which create an inbuilt bottleneck toward the creation of a more equal society. While discussing these, the book throws light on how they were expectedly exacerbated by the sudden negative shock in the form of COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the book has highlighted the COVID pandemic and its response in India in the background of certain less discussed aspects of development fundamentals. The contents would be of interest to researchers and students studying socioeconomic aspect of developmental economics and also to policy makers and non-government entities involved in mitigating effects of pandemic in the socioeconomic sphere.
    Note: "This volume is a collection of chapters comprising (i) the invited papers presented by four very eminent economists Professors Kaushik Basu, Dipankar Dasgupta, Abhirup Sarkar and Sugata Marjit at the Webinar on COVID-19 pandemic held on 5-6 March 2021, organised by Planning and Development Unit (NITI Aayog), Jadavpur University (PDU); (ii) some invited papers presented at the other seminar/conferences organised by PDU; and (iii) the outcome of different projects sanctioned by PDU and completed by different faculty members of the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University." - Site v
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9783036598239 , 9783036598246
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (254 p.)
    Keywords: Technology: general issues ; History of engineering & technology ; EMG ; EEG ; rehabilitation ; neuromotor ; evaluation ; assessment ; review ; machine learning ; biofeedback ; transfer learning ; random forest classifier ; COVID-19 ; intubation ; tracheoesophageal fistula ; tracheal lesions ; acute respiratory distress syndrome ; modeling ; intensive care unit ; muscle synergies ; whole body FES ; neurological patients ; photodynamic therapy ; fluorescence ; laser ; fluorophores ; enamel ; effective connectivity ; kurtosis ; resting-state connectivity ; stationarity ; sleep monitoring ; pressure bed sensor (PBS) ; unobtrusive measure ; multi-scale analysis ; sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) ; shift-working ; optically detected magnetic resonance ; quantum magnetometer ; magnetoencephalography ; time domain ; functional near infrared spectroscopy ; diffuse optics ; brain ; hemodynamics ; resting-state brain oscillation ; mental workload ; signal processing ; reliability ; cognitive performance ; Simon task ; emotion detection ; valence ; arousal ; wearable sensors ; regression ; classification ; technology acceptance model ; rehabilitation exoskeletons ; therapists ; neuro-rehabilitation ; multiple linear regression ; Pearson’s correlation ; integrated sensor systems ; hand function ; hand osteoarthritis ; electromyography ; diagnosis ; discriminant analysis ; photoplethysmogram ; microcirculation ; deep learning ; convolutional neural network ; modelling ; n/a
    Abstract: Biomedical sensors stand at the forefront of modern medical technologies, serving as indispensable components in diverse instruments and equipment. These sensors unravel the intricacies of biological processes and medical interventions. The recent surge in high-density sensor systems, characterized by arrangements in matrix arrays and other configurations, has ushered in a new era of functional evaluation. This spans electrophysiological activity, the metabolic responses of organs and tissues, and motor control analysis, all enriched with crucial spatial information. Functional mapping, a burgeoning approach in various biomedical techniques such as EEG, EMG, ECG, NIRS, and MEG, is proving to be transformative. Its integration enhances our comprehension of complex biological behaviors, where the precise spatial localization of sensing methodologies becomes paramount. The applications of functional mapping using biomedical sensors extend across multiple fields, including neuroscience, neuromuscular physiology, rehabilitation, and cardiology. Its utility ranges from diagnostic purposes to assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The primary objective of this reprint was to collect papers that delineate the forefront of techniques, methods, and applications in the realm of biomedical sensors. Additionally, the focus extends to specific algorithms for data processing, ensuring a robust understanding of functional information intricately associated with spatial localization
    Note: English
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9783036596631 , 9783036596624
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (246 p.)
    Keywords: Business strategy ; Management of specific areas ; Industrie 4.0 ; intelligent manufacturing ; smart factories ; industrial artificial intelligence ; digital twins ; zero-defect manufacturing ; digital ecosystems ; China Manufacturing 2025 ; Industrial Internet ; Cloud Manufacturing ; digitalization ; small-medium enterprises ; new business models ; data democratization ; fourth industrial revolution ; smart manufacturing ; smart factory ; digital transformation ; industry ; sustainability ; sovereignty ; interoperability ; mass customization ; Industry 4.0 ; skills ; competencies ; bibliometric analysis ; survey ; Hungary ; maturity model ; transformation ; methodology ; Industry 4.0 strategy ; socio-technical system ; business transformation ; industrial implementation ; mergers and acquisitions ; knowledge management ; networking ; process management ; informational change ; scarce data ; machine learning ; information fusion ; development of work ; sociotechnical systems approach ; human-oriented work design ; D-SI ; DCC ; digital signature ; calibration ; servitization ; digital factory transformation ; smart services ; IoT ; AI ; internal services ; remote work ; COVID-19 ; investment ; n/a ; digital twin ; digital manufacturing ; multi-agent systems ; data architecture ; Logistics 4.0 ; digital transformation strategy ; urban planning and city operation
    Abstract: This Special Issue delves into the strides made, challenges encountered, and research imperatives within the realm of Industrie 4.0 from both a scientific and practical standpoint. This publication features the voices of Industrie 4.0 pioneers Henning Kagermann and Wolfgang Wahlster, as well as leaders in research and industrial application of smart manufacturing concepts
    Note: English
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    ISBN: 9783036597416 , 9783036597409
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Keywords: Medicine and Nursing ; virtual reality ; augmented reality ; lifelogging ; mirror world ; health ; posture training ; feedback ; COVID-19 ; neck-shoulder-region ; shoulder protraction ; upper crossed syndrome ; posture weakness ; physical inactivity ; sedentary behavior ; soccer ; climbing ; exhaustion ; fatigue ; training ; machine learning ; sports ; gender ; data mining ; artificial intelligence ; posture ; reproducibility ; mobile app ; movement ; kinesiology ; sport performance ; inertial sensor ; inertial sensor device ; inertial measurement unit ; training load ; external load ; physical demand ; handstand ; postural control ; postural balance ; sEMG ; stabilometric assessment ; exercise ; Nordic walking ; walking ; 3D kinematics ; biomechanics ; gait analysis ; kyphosis ; spinal mouse ; photogrammetry ; postural evaluation ; bicycle ; cyclists ; saddle pressure ; perineal pressure ; urogenital system ; injury prevention ; cervical ROM ; elastic taping ; neck pain ; musculoskeletal health ; n/a
    Abstract: The 3D analysis of human movement aims to objectively and quantitatively assess motor functions and alterations. It is a valuable method for sport scientists, coaches, and clinicians to evaluate sport performance, common movements, and alterations. The feasibility of 3D analysis is increasing because it can be adopted both in a laboratory setting or directly in the field, in static or dynamic conditions, and for physiological or pathological movements. This evaluation technique can be adopted for many people, including children, adolescents, adults, and older people, whether they are sedentary or athletes and whether they are healthy or motor-impaired people
    Note: English
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    ISBN: 9783036595641 , 9783036595658
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Keywords: Research & information: general ; Mathematics & science ; non-linear optimal control ; stratified fluids ; energy functional ; optimal condition ; state variable ; travelling waves ; Eyring–Powell ; geometric perturbation ; nonlinear reaction–diffusion ; unsteady flow ; C∞-semigroups ; analytic semigroups ; Fourier multipliers ; Λ-ellipticity ; fractional Zakharov system ; stochastic Zakharov system ; Riccati–Bernoulli sub-ODE method ; Jacobi elliptic function method ; generalized fractional derivative ; time-diffusion problem ; generalized linear interpolation ; numerical scheme ; backward nonlocal wave equation ; Pascal bases automatically satisfying specified conditions ; integral boundary condition ; nonlocal boundary shape function ; delay differential equations ; 2D parabolic equations ; fractional step method ; convection diffusion problems ; shallow water flow ; Faedo–Galerkin method ; feedback control ; PDE’s stabilization ; tuberculosis ; COVID-19 ; diffusion ; coinfection ; stability ; singularly perturbed problem ; parabolic differential equation ; convection–diffusion problem ; line discontinuous source term ; streamline–diffusion finite element method ; Shishkin mesh ; uniformly convergent ; diffusion equations ; traveling waves ; phototaxis ; bacterial motion ; biological aggregation ; chemotaxis model ; integral inequality ; global uniform boundedness ; CNL-GZE ; lump-type solitons ; rogue wave ; appropriate transformation technique ; optimal decay ; viscoelastic wave equation ; nonlinear time-varying delay ; nonlinear damping ; acoustic boundary conditions
    Abstract: Partial differential equations are indispensable for modeling various phenomena and processes, such as those in physics, biology, finance, and engineering. Finding solutions to partial differential equations using qualitative theories or quantitative methods, as well as the application of such investigations to real-world problems, has drawn a large amount of interest from researchers. This reprint encompasses all the articles that were accepted and published in this Special Issue titled "Applications of Partial Differential Equations ". We hope that these accepted and published papers will be impactful and motivate future research on partial differential equations for solving complex problems in various fields, disciplines, and applications
    Note: English
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9783036597447 , 9783036597454
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Keywords: Medicine and Nursing ; tendinopathy ; Achilles tendon ; hyaluronic acid ; viscoelastic properties ; isometric contraction ; matrix metalloproteinase 3 ; interleukin-1beta ; fascia ; chronic low back pain ; myofascial release ; quality of life ; older adults ; oldest-old ; measurement invariance ; SHARE European Survey ; therapeutic exercises ; chronic neck pain ; scapular dyskinesia ; DOMS ; vibration ; post-exercise muscle damage ; physical exercise ; recovery ; women’s rugby ; anthropometry ; body composition ; adiposity ; somatotype ; lower-body strength ; accelerometry ; falls ; squat jump ; syndesmosis ; anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament ; high ankle sprain ; rotational instability ; posterior malleolus ; stabilization ; anatomic repair ; syndesmotic screw ; suture-button ; internal bracing ; treatment algorithm ; cardiac rehabilitation ; peripheral artery disease ; COVID-19 ; intermittent claudication ; review ; pressotherapy ; compression ; regeneration ; return-to-play ; rotator cuff repair ; shoulder injuries ; shoulder surgery ; shoulder assessment ; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; COPD ; acupuncture ; acupuncture therapy ; acupuncture treatment ; health-related quality of life ; anterior knee laxity ; stiffness ; general joint laxity ; genu recurvatum ; low back pain ; physical activity ; trunk alignment ; rasterstereographic system ; young males ; tissue flossing ; floss band ; vascular occlusion ; muscle strength ; muscle endurance ; warm-up ; TECAR therapy ; high-intensity laser therapy ; manual therapy ; muscle disorders ; hemophilia ; knee ; virtual reality exposure therapy ; joint pain ; physiotherapy ; daily physical function ; middle-aged and older adults ; CHARLS ; aging ; appendicular muscle mass ; inflammaging ; biomarkers ; adiponectin ; sarcopenia
    Abstract: The aim of this Special Issue is to specify relevant principles of mathematics and mechanics in order to explore and understand biological problems. We summarize the most important parameters that influence human performance and that are related to the health sciences for all age groups, throughout their lives. We present papers that aim to introduce the latest research in the fields of health, quality-of-life improvement, and sport rehabilitation and that summarize their recommendations for best practice. The aim for this Special Issue is, therefore, to effectively combine and coordinate research and results in order to understand and improve human movement in medicine, sports, and at work
    Note: English
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9783036597485 , 9783036597492
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (266 p.)
    Keywords: Medicine and Nursing ; Neurology and clinical neurophysiology ; Mucopolysaccharidosis ; corneal clouding ; penetrating keratoplasty ; deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty ; mucopolysaccharidoses ; airway ; obstruction ; management ; Fabry disease ; attention ; Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity ; cognition ; late-onset Pompe disease ; gastrointestinal ; smooth muscles ; PROMIS–GI symptom scales ; GAAKO mice ; glycogen storage disorder ; translational research ; patient-reported outcomes measures ; mucopolysaccharidosis ; MPS ; disease manifestations ; symptoms ; morbidity ; spine disease ; anaesthesia ; perioperative complications ; surgery ; pompe disease ; speech ; voice ; dysphonia ; acoustic ; auditory-perceptual ; GRBAS ; respiratory ; Pompe disease ; gene panel sequencing ; alpha-glucosidase ; GAA ; dried-blood spots ; fabry disease ; neuropathic pain ; depression ; Fabry ; atherosclerosis ; ischaemia ; perfusion ; angina ; Sanfilippo syndrome ; mortality ; Niemann–Pick C ; neurofilament light ; biomarkers ; neurological disease ; glycogen storage disease type II ; enzyme replacement therapy ; COVID-19 ; inherited metabolic disorders ; rare autoinflammatory diseases ; health care providers ; Gaucher disease ; NIHF ; perinatal-lethal Gaucher disease ; PLGD ; ichthyosis ; GBA gene ; airway management ; radiology ; hyoid bone ; chin ; intubation ; intratracheal ; lysosomal storage disease (LSD) ; Niemann–Pick type A ; Niemann–Pick type B ; acid sphingomyelinase ; sphingolipid deposition ; trehalose ; mucolipidosis type II ; ML II ; I-cell disease ; hyperparathyroidism ; mucolipidosis ; ML ; MLII ; transition service ; adult metabolic medicine ; collaboration ; challenges ; inherited metabolic diseases ; healthcare systems
    Abstract: This reprint, entitled “Management of Acute and Chronic Complications of Lysosomal Storage Diseases in Children and Adults: Current Practice and Future Opportunities”, covers broad aspects of this group of rare diseases. The first theme includes articles on the management of pain, corneal clouding, gastrointestinal and airway diseases in Mucopolysaccharidoses and Mucolipidoses, and the evaluation of dysphonia in Pompe disease. Additionally, attention deficit and ADHD and the management of atherosclerosis in Fabry disease are considered here. The second theme includes diagnostic conundrums in lysosomal storage diseases, e.g., the prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease during pregnancy, the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in Mucolipidoses, and the application of the new biomarker “plasma neurofilament light” in Niemann Pick C disease, as well as the correlation of enzyme activity with molecular diagnosis in Pompe disease. The articles in the third theme describe the impact of therapies on clinical outcomes. For example, a systematic review of the impact of enzyme replacement therapy on late-onset Pompe disease and trehalose use on Niemann Pick A and B is included. The remaining articles describe the NHS processes for overcoming challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and the differences in the transition from paediatric to adult services between different countries
    Note: English
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Banking Supervision ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Stabilization ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Macroprudential ; Microprudential
    Abstract: Over the past two years, the World Bank has been working with Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to assess the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on their financial systems and provide guidance to the PIC prudential authorities on policy issues relating to strengthening the resilience of financial systems in the region. As part of this work program, the World Bank produced a series of seven deep dive papers on a range of issues relating to financial stability in the PICs. Each paper was presented during an online workshop with the prudential authorities of the PICs and followed by a Questions and Answers session. The papers in the series are: COVID-19 and financial stability: guidance on financial system surveillance in the pandemic, COVID-19 and stress testing, micro prudential and macro prudential policy: seeking the right balance, early intervention in banking supervision, recovery planning for banks, bank resolution, and financial safety nets This volume pulls together these deep dive papers while being mindful that each paper stands on its own. Yet, an integrated approach is needed in all these policy areas, and it is vital to tailor reforms to country specific circumstances This recognizes that, even in a stable financial system there will inevitably be periods of financial stress and that there is a need to ensure that frameworks are in place to address these events cost-effectively and in ways that preserve market discipline, avoid moral hazard and minimize fiscal risks. Private
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic
    Abstract: In Azerbaijan, economic growth was 4.6 percent in 2022, driven by non-energy sectors supported by recovering demand and fiscal expansion. Inflation accelerated sharply to 13.8 percent, driven by import prices. In the medium-term, growth is expected to moderate as non-energy sector growth returns to pre-COVID levels while the energy sector shrinks further. Risks to this outlook are balanced. This Macro Poverty Outlook presents GDP, debt and fiscal forecasts and examines the implications for critical economic and social concepts such as growth, poverty reduction and macroeconomic stability
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Conflict ; COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Food Insecurity ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Yemen's economy has been transformed by eight years of violent conflict. War has shattered the country's already fragile economic equilibrium, touching upon virtually every aspect of life. The compounded shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising global prices have only deepened the economic and humanitarian disaster precipitated by the war. Since the start of the conflict, economic analyses have tended to focus on the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, the sharp rise in poverty and food insecurity, and the destruction of infrastructure and the capital stock, but relatively little attention has been paid to the current structure of the economy or what prospects can be envisaged for the country. Also, it is important to situate this analysis within the political economy dynamics of the country which majorly affect the economic development challenges of the country. Data constraints and the unique characteristics of Yemen's recent experience limit the effectiveness of traditional growth-analysis methodologies. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) uses novel data-collection methods and analytical techniques, triangulating its findings with traditional approaches and direct data collection to close the economic knowledge gap. Information sources include extensive key-informant interviews, household phone surveys, and remotely sensed geospatial data based on satellite imagery, including nighttime illumination data. This CEM also combines an in-depth political economy analysis with economic development investigation
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Education Reform and Management ; Learning Acceleration ; Learning Poverty
    Abstract: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, global learning levels were unacceptably low. In 2019, learning poverty, the share of children unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10, had reached 57 percent in low- and middle-income countries (World Bank and others 2022b). This constituted a global learning crisis. Despite significant expansion in access to schooling in most low, and middle-income countries over the past 50 years to near-universal levels for primary school, progress in improving global learning levels had stalled. This report, Learning Recovery to Acceleration: A Global Update on Country Efforts to Improve Learning and Reduce Inequalities, takes stock of what countries have done so far to recover and accelerate learning since reopening schools, and what we have learned from their experience. It follows the RAPID Framework for Learning Recovery and Acceleration, which we published with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, U.K.'s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), UNESCO, UNICEF and USAID in 2022 as a menu of policy actions based on past evidence and on policies that many countries were already implementing. To a large extent, many of the policies and interventions needed to recover from the pandemic setbacks and accelerate learning are known. One lesson is clear: political and financial commitment are vital for improving learning and reducing inequality. Effective education strategies require societies' determination to make education a priority and devote the necessary human and financial resources to end the learning crisis. Policymakers, schools, and communities must work urgently to recover learning, tackle deep-rooted systemic challenges, and build resilience to future disruptions
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Uncertainty ; Gender and Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gendered Impact ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women
    Abstract: The Iran Economic Monitor (IEM) provides an update on key economic developments and policies. It examines these economic developments and policies in a longer-term and global context and assesses their implications for the outlook for thecountry. The IEM's coverage ranges from the macroeconomy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. Iran's economy continued to grow moderately for the third consecutive year in 2022/23, albeit at a slower pace than in the previous year. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 3.8 percent in 2022/23, driven by expansions in services and manufacturing. Despite sanctions, the oil sector also expanded, aided by the tighter global oil markets. Favorable weather conditions helped the agriculture sector to marginally grow after the contractionsin previous years. On the expenditure side, private consumption was the main driver of GDP growth. Government consumption contracted to contain the budget deficit following a sharp expansionary policy in 2021/22. Meanwhile, exports and importsboth increased, and strong investment in machinery drove investments up, while construction investment marginally improved. However, the economy continuesto face growth constraints notably related to the economic sanctions, restricted access to external markets and to the latest technology, and much needed foreign investment. The Special Focus of the report highlights the scarring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, documenting the marked deterioration in labor market outcomes. Despite sizeable government interventions to sustain the economy, in the first year of the pandemic (2021/22), approximately 1 million Jobs were lost, and labor force participation contracted by 3 percentage points. Iranian women were the most affected: two out of three jobs lost between 2019/20 and 2020/21 were previously held by women. The gendered impact of the crisis contributed to widening Iranian's women disadvantage in the labor market. Most importantly, the gains in femalelabor force participation slowly accumulated since 2011 vanished. Consistent with what is observed in other countries, women with young children were the most affected by the crisis. The combined effect of school closures and unequal intra-household allocation of care responsibilities, associated with prevailing gender norms, pushed Iranian women with children out of the labor force. Whether or not these trends will be reversed as the management of the COVID-19 pandemic is normalized and the economy recovers from the crisis remains an important policy question
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Impact ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Stabilization ; Future Crisis ; Institutional Level ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Recovery ; Strategic Level
    Abstract: In the face of the global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Bank delivered the largest crisis response in its history. This evaluation assesses the Bank Group's early response to the economic crises caused by COVID-19, and examines interventions over the 15 months from April 2020 through June 2021. The report considers two evaluation windows: the acute crisis phase (April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020) and the incipient recovery phase (January 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021). The objective of identifying the two windows was to assess whether the Bank Group internalized learning from the first period of the crisis to address the challenges that were materializing in the (incipient) recovery phase. The evaluation assesses the relevance of the Bank Group's interventions on three dimensions: the extent to which the Bank Group targeted its early response based on clients' and sectors' needs, the extent to which the Bank Group used timely diagnostics and lessons from past crises to inform its early response, and the extent to which the early response leveraged the Bank Group's comparative advantages. The evaluation studies the quality of the Bank Group response on three dimensions: the extent to which the Bank Group early response influenced client strategies; the extent to which the Bank Group coordinated its early response among its constituent institutions and with development partners; and how well the Bank Group early response handled monitoring, safeguards, and governance. The evaluation offers two near-term recommendations to strengthen the role of the Bank Group as a crisis responder, which is now more critical than ever
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PPP
    Abstract: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can sometimes be perceived as a means for delivering infrastructure for free. A more nuanced but still inexact view is that they are a mechanism to overcome fiscal constraints. Some argue, perhaps rightly, that often governments enter PPP contracts without fully understanding their fiscal implications. These misconceptions lead to several challenges. There is evidence that fiscal sustainability is often overlooked or ignored by countries with PPP programs, with long-term fiscal implications the governments did not understand or manage well. Governments also struggle with perceptions that they are not fully transparent about the real, ultimate costs of PPP projects. This report aims to illustrate how to improve fiscal risk management and treatment of fiscal commitments and contingent liabilities (FCCL) arising from PPP projects, to build better Infrastructure post-COVID-19. It intends to be a resource for World Bank client countries, including low income and fragile economies, to design their fiscal PPP management frameworks in a viable way that helps them develop their PPP programs while maintaining medium-to-long-term fiscal sustainability and resilience. With that in mind, Volume I highlights and contextualizes the main findings from a set of case studies that assessed the PPP fiscal risk management framework in select countries, and synthesizes the observable and qualitative results in managing the impact of crises, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on that, it also explores how this crisis has affected PPP projects and overall PPP programs, and suggests improvements to FCCL management frameworks in order to strengthen the capacity of countries to continue with their PPP programs in a sustainable fiscal manner. Volume II contains the detailed case studies on which Volume I is based
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Higher Value Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Obstacles ; Pacific ; Policies ; Tourism
    Abstract: Over the two decades preceding the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, tourism became one of the most important drivers of economic growth across the Pacific. The COVID-19 crisis had a devastating impact on tourism activity in the Pacific, with severe and potentially durable economic and social consequences. This study takes a fresh look at tourism's role for development in the Pacific, its future after COVID-19, and the scope to foster a greener, more resilient, competitive, and inclusive sector. It complements and builds on the 2016 Pacific possible report, which assessed specific opportunities to increase arrivals in a context of rapid tourism growth, by considering the changes to the industry's model that could maximize tourism's economic, social, and environmental benefits for Pacific Islanders. It does this by: (i) taking stock of the evidence on tourism's historical contribution to development in the Pacific Island Country (PICs) and of the COVID-19 crisis' impacts, (ii) analyzing current obstacles and potential opportunities for a more competitive and sustainable Pacific tourism, focusing on selected issues key to target higher value markets, and (iii) recommending policy priorities and investment needs to (re)position the Pacific tourism model for the future and broaden its benefits, focusing on competitiveness, environmental sustainability, resilience and inclusiveness. Given the scarcity of data on Pacific tourism and frequent discrepancies across sources, one of the study's main contributions is to provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the sector and its economic impacts, for instance on jobs, poverty, and public revenue, based on an extensive data collection, cross-checking and integration exercise
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Financial Systems ; Non-Performing Loan ; NPL ; War in Ukraine
    Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis combined with the global repercussions from the Russian invasion of Ukraine exacerbated the stress on financial systems around the world. More than 150 countries introduced policy measures to support the financial sector amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Such measures included debt moratoria, loan forbearance, and the relaxation of classification and provisioning rules, a truly unprecedented response in its scale and speed. Central Asia is no exception. Policy makers in the region introduced temporary measures to support the financial sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. But even before one crisis is contained, the region faces another crisis stemming from the repercussions of the Russian war in Ukraine. Central Asian countries have strong economic and financial ties with Russia, which have, in turn, affected trade, remittances, the subsidiary operation of Russian banks, corresponding banking relationships, payment channels, among other systems. The compounded effect of the two crises has increased the pressure on both the repayment capacity of borrowers and the financial management of banks and other creditors. This report assesses the NPL resolution framework in four Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) and provides recommendations for improving it. Chapter 1 discusses the current trend in NPLs in Central Asia. Chapter 2 assesses how assets are classified and covered. Chapter 3 reviews the NPL reduction workout techniques practiced in Central Asia. Chapter 4 investigates supervisory measures that can be adapted to reduce NPLs. Chapter 5 reviews the role that the insolvency and creditors' rights framework play in this process. The report concludes in chapter 6 with specific recommendations for enhancing the readiness of banks and insolvency regimes for dealing with NPLs. Table 1 summarizes these recommendations
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Judicial Sector Reform ; Law and Development ; Public Administration ; Public Finances
    Abstract: This report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. The Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked, lower-middle-income country that is highly dependent on remittances and natural resources. Poverty levels declined from 37% in 2013 to 20% in 2019. However, the country's population remains vulnerable, and broad-based economic growth was elusive over the evaluation period. The Kyrgyz Republic faces major development challenges including weak governance, barriers to private sector development, and low quality of essential local public services. This Country Program Evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. It evaluates the Bank's contributions to the country's development in priority areas, focusing on support for governance, private sector development, and essential local public services. The evaluation distills lessons from Bank Group experience to inform future Bank Group engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 10646
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ishak, Phoebe W The Effect of COVID-19 on the Gender Employment Gap in Egyptian Manufacturing
    Keywords: Verarbeitende Industrie ; Arbeitnehmer ; Externer Effekt ; COVID-19 ; Bedeutung ; Rolle ; Partizipation ; Datenaufbereitung ; Covid-19 Impact ; Employment ; Employment Gender Gap ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Informatics ; Informality ; Manufacturing Jobs ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper examines the evolution of the gender employment gap post COVID-19 in the Egyptian manufacturing sector, using a unique firm-level data set. The findings show that the COVID-19 shock led to a slight improvement in the gender employment gap, both in absolute and relative terms, driven by a larger reduction in male employment compared to that for female employment. The heterogeneity analysis shows that exporting firms and firms in industrial zones on average increased both types of employment post COVID-19. Two types of firms contributed to a worsening of the gender gap, namely firms that adopted technology and those that provided worker training prior to the pandemic, pushing male employment up while not doing the same for female employment. Additionally, the informal sector contributed to a worsening of the gender gap during the pandemic
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Avalos, Edgar Firms' Digitalization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tale of Two Stories
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Digital Adoption in Developing Countries ; Digital Divide ; Digitalization ; Firm-Level Innovation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation and Technology Policy ; Mobiity Restrictions and Digitalization ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the digital transformation of businesses. Using a unique global panel dataset, this paper documents the patterns of digital adoption during the pandemic across firms in 57 (mostly developing) countries. The data show the tale of two stories. On one hand, the pandemic drove firms to increase the use of digital platforms and invest in digital solutions. On the other hand, there is evidence that the digital divide increased. There remain substantial gaps between small and large firms as well as across sectors, particularly for new investments in digital solutions. Firms that did not use any digital platform or channel before the pandemic, also lagged in their response to the pandemic, increasing the gap with those that were more digitally ready. Moreover, although the share of online sales across firms for all size groups increased, there is a growing concentration of online sales among top firms. The paper discusses some of the factors associated with this increase in the digital divide and find that changes in digitalization remain even after mobility restrictions have eased. The analysis suggests that the pandemic has accelerated digitalization, but some firms disproportionately benefited from the digital transformation, potentially increasing the digital divide
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; ECA ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Health and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Risk and uncertainty are on the rise, and countries across Europe and Central Asia (ECA) are not immune from it. The region is being hit by crises, conflicts, and continued uncertainty that are negatively affecting people's livelihoods in the short term and prosperity in the long term. Then COVID-19 hit, inflicting massive harm on people's wellbeing, livelihoods, and human capital. Lockdowns prevented people from working, school closures prevented students from learning, and overwhelmed hospitals had to defer important treatments. This report explores how to strengthen the resilience of health, education, and social protection systems to better protect people's human capital from the long-term effects of recurrent shocks and crises
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Spending
    Abstract: Cambodia's economic recovery solidified in 2022 with real growth accelerating to 5.2 percent. After shifting to "living with COVID-19" in late 2021, the economy is firmly on a path to recovery and has now returned to its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Initially led by the strong performance of export-oriented manufacturing, growth drivers are rotating to the services and agriculture sectors. Meanwhile, the agriculture sector is benefitting from improved access to regional markets, thanks to newly ratified bi-lateral and regional free trade agreements. Weakening external demand is, however, starting to weigh on the country's economic recovery. Despite weakening goods export performance, the current account balance is improving, thanks to the rebound in the travel and tourism industry and remittances, while the oil price shock eased. The economic recovery and good revenue administration underpinned an across-the board improvement in domestic revenue collection. The authorities continued to provide cash transfers for poor and vulnerable households, although the worst of the pandemic is now behind us. In this regard, the Cambodian authorities have extended the COVID-19 cash transfer program, with an additional budget. To enhance the long-term resilience and competitiveness of the economy, efforts are needed to further promote export product diversification
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Environmental Shocks ; Fiscal System ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty and Equity ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Areas
    Abstract: This report relies on several data sources. The main source providing the poverty, inequality and labor figures herein is the 2019/20 Household Budget Survey (Inquerito sobre Orcamento Familiar, IOF2019/2020) conducted by the National Statistical Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, INE) starting in November 2019 and spanning 13 months. The survey's sample was drawn from the 2017 Census and allows for poverty figures to be representative at national and provincial as well as rural and urban levels. The fieldwork included data collection from 13,297 households interviewed across four quarters as in previous surveys, to account for seasonality effects like the impact on households' consumption of relatively more abundant post-harvest periods. The starting point for the analysis is chapter 1, which synthesizes progress in reducing poverty between 2014-15 and 2019-20. This chapter also looks at the regional distribution of poverty, the impact of the pandemic, multidimensional poverty, the profile of the poor, changes in the responsiveness of poverty to growth, discusses trends in non-monetary dimensions of wellbeing, and simulates future poverty trends. Chapter 2 examines the distribution of growth and inequality reduction over the period, the pandemic's impact, discusses the growth-poverty-inequality relationship, assesses the spatial dimensions of poverty, and estimates the Human Opportunity Index for Mozambique. Chapter 3 focuses on labor markets and provides insights into labor force participation, unemployment, underemployment, employment sectors, child labor, and labor market demand conditions. Chapter 4 presents a fiscal incidence analysis and information on transfers. Chapter 5 examines the relevance of environmental shocks, assesses the impact of weather events on agricultural production and night-time light radiance in urban areas. It also models poverty and distributional impacts of climate change shocks and presents findings on climate change literacy in Mozambique. Finally, chapter 6 discusses a variety of policy implications
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Education ; Education Reform ; Pandemic
    Abstract: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, education systems had to redeploy inputs typically used in schools to remote education. This significantly reduced average student learning, with disadvantaged students experiencing a disproportionately large decline. Not closing these learning losses will have long-lasting effects on productivity and economic growth and dampen social mobility. In the five Eastern European countries analyzed in this paper, not acquiring sufficient learning is not a challenge that began with the pandemic. Perhaps the pandemic and the attention it is bringing to students' learning loss will create the political conditions to implement long-awaited education reforms to reduce the learning gaps and create better conditions for disadvantaged students, the core element of resilient education systems. This paper shows that using data to guide policy decisions, standardized tests as a diagnostic tool, and remediation policies should become permanent features of education systems. The pandemic pushed forward the use of technology in education. Using technology through online tutoring or Computer Assisted Learning can, when designed appropriately, improve students' academic performance, socio-emotional skills, and psychological well-being
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Impacts ; Employment ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policies
    Abstract: More than three years after the first COVID-19 case was discovered in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, it is time to take stock of the lasting effects-and opportunities-of the pandemic and identify which policies may have helped stem the economic losses suffered by households and firms. To do so, this regional report examines the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on households and firms in six countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. This volume examines: (a) the links between impacts on firms and households, in particular through the employment channel, and (b) governments' fiscal responses to the COVID crisis, through transfers, subsidies, and taxes. It identifies and explains changes in household well-being by examining the economic effects of the pandemic on labor markets. As the source of employment and wage income, businesses have a direct role in determining jobs and earnings, and, indirectly, welfare, poverty, and inequality. When faced with a shock, firms responded by adjusting employment, reducing wages, increasing prices, and reducing services provided. All of these channels directly affected households' wellbeing. For this reason, the report focuses on firms in addition to households. Governments responded through various instruments, providing transfers and subsidies and lowering the tax burden to both households and firms
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Consumer Demand ; COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Low Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Unemployment ; Youth
    Abstract: Activity in China continues to track the ups and downs of the pandemic - outbreaks and growth slowdowns have been followed by uneven recoveries. After a downturn caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks and stringent public health measures in April and May, activity picked up in the third quarter as infections receded. Gross domestic product (GDP) expanded by 3.9 percent y/y in Q3, from 0.4 percent in Q2. High frequency indicators suggest another growth slowdown in the fourth quarter amid a return of high COVID-19 cases. Despite fiscal and monetary policy support, real GDP growth is expected to slow to 2.7 percent in 2022 - 1.6 percentage points lower than projected in the June China economic update. In 2023 growth is projected to recover to 4.3 percent but remain below the potential rate
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Post-Pandemic ; Public Debt ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Travel-Dependent
    Abstract: This publication is the inaugural edition of the future publication series on Pacific Economic Update (PEU). It consists of two parts. Part A analyzes the recent economic developments in Pacific Islands. Based on these developments, the PI EU summarizes the outlook for the region's economies and risks to this outlook. Second, the PEU provides an in-depth examination of a public debt issues in the Pacific and proposes policy recommendations to address public debt related challenges. The PEU is intended for a broad set of audience, including regional forums, policy makers, business leaders, international donors and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in the economies of Pacific Island countries. In dealing with the challenges of rising inflation, tepid recovery from the pandemic and global slowdown, the PICs should strike a balance between supporting livelihoods and reducing future public debt risks. The need for fiscal support during the current environment of high inflation and tepid economic recovery is understandable as it provides the much needed relief for vulnerable households and businesses to navigate the crisis. Nonetheless, these support measures create significant fiscal burdens, and are unsustainable, particularly if the high energy and food prices persist longer than envisaged. Most PICs already face low capacity to finance unexpected shocks which would be further tested by a natural disaster event. Therefore, PICs should tread a delicate balance between fiscal support measures and achieving fiscal sustainability. Any forthcoming fiscal support should be well-targeted, time-bound, and deficit-neutral. Over the medium-term, fiscal efficiency gains and ongoing donor support is critical to finance key development challenges and climate adaptation. Revenue-based fiscal consolidation measures could include improving the efficiency of tax collections and eliminating tax exemptions. On the expenditure side, PICs have limited room to sharply cut spending given the expected modest growth and ongoing development needs. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the efficiency of public spending, to maximize social dividends for every dollar spent. Resulting savings from fiscal consolidation measures could help build sovereign wealth funds to provide added fiscal buffers during shocks and economic downturns. Due to high vulnerability to disasters and climate change, PICs will need to seek ongoing concessional financing for critical climate adaptation and development needs
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Transition ; Vulnerabilities
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the stability of the financial systems of selected Pacific Island Countries (PICs) in the context of COVID-19 and emerging risks. The report brings together an analysis of information provided by the central banks of the PICs covered by this study over the last two years. The purpose of the study is to assess the financial stability and vulnerabilities and to provide technical guidance to the PIC authorities to assist in their financial sector policy response. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the financial systems of the PICs. Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the financial systems of the PCIs and the policy responses to the pandemic. Chapter 3 looks at the challenges of transitioning from the pandemic to normal policy settings. Chapter 4 provides a set of bespoke policy recommendations with the aim of enhancing the ability to deal with financial sector risks and vulnerabilities. Finally, Chapter 5 puts forward recommendations for the assessment of climate and environmental related risks on the PICs. The report finds that the pandemic has negatively impacted economic growth in the PICs, challenging financial stability. Due to various relief measures adopted by governments in the region, and the lagged economic impact of the pandemic, the PICs' financial sectors do not yet fully reflect the risks to bank profitability and asset quality, which could materialize over 2022-23. Response and
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; COVID-19 ; Labor Market ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Social Analysis ; Social Assessment ; Social Development ; Social Funds ; Social Protection System ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A period of economic growth over the past decade led to a reduction in poverty and improvements in labor market outcomes in Montenegro. Substantial challenges remain, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing attention to the role that social protection plays in reducing poverty and promoting human capital. This note presents a situational analysis of the social protection system in Montenegro. It assesses the extent to which the social protection system in Montenegro fulfils its purpose and proposes areas for reform in the short, medium, and long term. To this end, this note seeks to assess each category of social protection, namely: social assistance, social services, social insurance (specifically pensions) and labor market programs, in terms of program coverage, equity, sustainability and effectiveness
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Education Finance ; Education Reform and Management ; Education System ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Learning Losses ; Pandemic
    Abstract: Commodity windfalls and private consumption have sustained Indonesia's growth despite a difficult global environment, but signs of normalizing domestic demand are emerging. Inflation is easing at a faster pace than markets anticipated. Indonesia's external vulnerabilities remain moderate. The fiscal stance has normalized reflecting faster fiscal consolidation, anchored by a broad-based rise in revenues and prudent public spending. Softening inflation and resilient capital flows have led Bank Indonesia (BI) to ease its pace of monetary tightening. The outlook remains stable as the economy normalizes following the post-pandemic recovery. While this is a robust outcome given levels of global uncertainty, Indonesia still faces declining productivity growth like other emerging market economies. Policy makers are encouraged to build on recent reforms and adopt further market-friendly policies and reduce constraints to competition to accelerate productivity growth. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has put tremendous efforts into mitigating the learning disruption caused by COVID-19. This study provides new evidence of learning loss in math and language, comparing data on grade 4 student learning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic-induced school closures across Indonesia. In line with international literature on COVID-19 - induced learning losses, students' future earnings and Indonesia's future productivity will be negatively affected if no action is taken. This study highlights the urgency of addressing learning loss by stimulating political commitment for learning recovery and prompting deliberate actions, with adequate resources to complete them
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Burden ; Health Care Workers ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemics ; Sars-COV-2
    Abstract: Health care workers (HCWs) face disproportionate risk of exposure and becoming ill in any infectious disease outbreak. SARS-CoV-2 has proven to be no exception: From Wuhan to Manaus, London to Tehran, and Delhi to Johannesburg, HCWs working in clinics and hospitals have been at heightened risk of developing COVID-19 disease, especially at the beginning of the pandemic when little was known about the then-novel pathogen. This study thus aims to estimate the economic costs of SARS-CoV-2 infections in HCWs during the first year of the pandemic from the societal perspective in four low or middle- income countries. The authors propose a framework to translate SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst HCWs into economic costs along three pathways, provide the estimated burden of HCW infections, and offer recommendations to mitigate against future economic losses due to HCW infections. The economic burden due to SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs makes a compelling investment case for pandemic preparedness, particularly the protection of HCWs, and resilient health systems going forward
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2113
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Edtech ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Education Reform and Management ; FLC ; Foundational Learning ; Teachers
    Abstract: The FLC Progress Report showcases initiatives that have helped create tools and knowledge for countries to improve foundational learning through their educational systems. Since it is the first such report for the FLC, it will cover the transition to the FLC from the previous SABER3 program to its incarnation as the FLC umbrella trust fund. It will also examine recent and current challenges, including the slowdown in the pace of implementation during the COVID related school and ministry closures. The pandemic both stymied and shaped how the FLC initiatives worked, where we worked, and when we worked. We have had to adapt. Fortunately, implementation has picked up in the last year and technical teams have been working tirelessly to accelerate implementation
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Adaptive ; COVID-19 ; Inclusive Recovery ; Limited Spending ; Resilience ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; SPL
    Abstract: Social Protection and Labor (SPL) Systems help individuals and societies manage risk and volatility and protect them from poverty through instruments that address the challenges of resilience, equity and opportunity. SPL systems include social safety nets, social insurance, and labor market programs. As recent events have shown, the relative emphasis among goals - resilience, equity and opportunity - can change over time, with demands put on SPL program design and delivery systems differing in each context. In relatively stable times, programs are likely to focus on human capital formation, equality of opportunity, poverty reduction, and redistribution. This was the case in Central America prior to the COVID-19 emergency, albeit with some shortcomings. The goal of shock-responsiveness (resilience) dramatically came to the fore during the pandemic, even if recognized earlier during natural disasters and now more broadly with climate change. Globally and in Central America, SPL systems had a critical role in the response to the COVID-19 emergency
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Aging Economy ; Cognitive Skills ; COVID-19 ; Education and Training ; Labor Markets and Skills
    Abstract: Sri Lanka has confronted and is grappling with a number of exogenous shocks, including the devastating 2004 tsunami; the 2008 global recession; the COVID-19 global pandemic; and, more recently, the ongoing "triple crisis" (fuel, food, fiscal). The country is now at a crossroads. An ongoing process of strengthening skills and improving education will be crucial to Sri Lanka's economic recovery. Sri Lanka is transitioning from a rural-based to a modern, urbanized economy, and better jobs are being created, especially in services. To remain globally competitive, the Sri Lankan workforce must gain the technical competencies and higher-order cognitive skills that meet the needs of local and foreign labor markets. As a result, Sri Lanka will need to transform its current skills development system and processes to align them to emerging jobs; improve their market relevance; and develop an effective, inclusive, and accessible education and training system for skilling, reskilling, and upskilling the stock and flow of the workforce. Enhancing Skills in Sri Lanka for Inclusion, Recovery, and Resilience addresses these urgent issues and provides recommendations for educators and policy makers
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    ISBN: 9783036596518 , 9783036596501
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Keywords: Medicine and Nursing ; Mental health services ; depression ; sense of coherence ; burnout ; COVID-19 ; nurses ; medication adherence ; mental health nurses ; tacit knowledge ; schizophrenia ; sensory processing sensitivity ; environmental sensitivity ; university students ; nursing ; scale ; somatization ; number of diseases ; coping strategies ; sex ; aggression ; alexithymia ; comprehensibility ; quality of life ; family caregivers ; students ; medical ; psychological problem ; undergraduate ; Saudi Arabia ; n/a ; prospect theory ; applied psychology ; health ; decision making ; behavior ; prevention ; multiple sclerosis ; Beck depression inventory ; anxiety ; fatigue ; mediation ; lawyers ; suicidal ideation ; occupational stress ; loneliness ; perceived stress ; mental health ; work overcommitment ; mental health care ; adolescence ; internalizing/externalizing problems ; social skills ; neurodevelopmental disorders ; filmmaking intervention
    Abstract: This reprint entails descriptions of novel issues and challenges for primary mental healthcare regarding both general and vulnerable populations on a global scale. It is intended for health professionals and all who are interested in mental health care at the primary level
    Note: English
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030939632
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIX, 610 p. 189 illus.)
    Series Statement: Contributions to Economics
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Emerging European economies after the pandemic
    Keywords: Economic development. ; Economic history. ; Europe—Economic conditions. ; Economic policy. ; International economic relations. ; COVID-19 ; Visegrad 4 ; Romania ; Bulgaria ; Croatia ; Slovenia ; Sustainable economic growth ; Globalization ; Capital flows ; Innovation ; Capital markets ; EU funds ; Monetary policy ; Public education ; Inequality ; Welfare ; Labour markets ; Social security ; Green economy ; Pension systems ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Osteuropa ; COVID-19 ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Einkommensentwicklung
    Abstract: Convergence to the Centre -- Financial Markets: Banks Capital Markets -- Firm Size, Productivity, EU-Funds and Corruption -- Labour Markets: Structural Characteristics and the Impact of Two Crises -- Transport and Mobility -- Monetary, Macroprudential, and Fiscal Policy -- Green Economy: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability -- Health and Social Security -- Aging and Pension Systems -- Public Education -- Research & Development and Higher Education -- Inequality and Welfare.
    Abstract: This edited volume examines the development path of eight Central and Eastern European countries with an overlapping historical background that joined the European Union between 2004 and 2013, and identifies the main similarities and differences between the countries concerned. Based on wide comparative data analysis of Bulgaria, Croatia, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia, each chapter in the volume provides detailed information about the state of the economy in a specific area preceding the pandemic shock. The book offers a detailed snapshot of the state of the different areas of the economy, starting from the time when the countries concerned came out of the 2008 financial crisis, up to the date when COVID-19 hit. Further, each chapter analyzes the effects of this unprecedented shock on a particular field, which is followed by highlighting the main problems the countries are facing at present and in the near future, together with identifying the available policy options. Finally, before concluding and making general and country-specific policy recommendations, some thoughts will be given to longer-term prospects. More specifically, the question of how the subject area could contribute to avoiding the "middle-income-trap" that this region may be facing will be addressed. The comprehensive approach makes this volume a must-read for scholars and students of economics, as well as policy decision-makers in Europe, interested in a better understanding of the region's economic development.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9783030942939
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVI, 355 p. 69 illus., 57 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Towards a circular economy
    Keywords: Power resources. ; Environmental economics. ; International business enterprises. ; Sustainability. ; Industrial management—Environmental aspects. ; Energy policy. ; Energy and state. ; circular economy ; sustainability ; circularity ; sustainable development ; sustainable development goals ; greener ; business ; international business ; corporate social responsibility ; COVID-19 ; logistic ; supply chain managemnent ; education ; research ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Ressourcenökonomie ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Umweltbezogenes Management ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Circular Economy research: From theory to practice -- Chapter 3: Conceptualization of Circular Economy 3.0: synthesizing the 10Rs hierarchy of value retention options -- Chapter 4: Working with new conceptualization of Circular Economy 3.0 -- Chapter 5: The circular economy: a critique of the concept -- Chapter 6: Waste management and circular economy -- Chapter 7: The Circular Economy and Energy -- Chapter 8: Supply chain and circular economy -- Chapter 9: Public Policy for Circular Economy: The case of the National Strategy of Circular Economy in Colombia -- Chapter 10: Circular economy as mechanism of resilience against COVID-19 -- Chapter 11: Limits to Sustainable Development Goals: Discussing lessons from case studies in (un)sustainable production -- Chapter 12: University contributions to the Circular economy -- Chapter 13: Dissemination of Circular Water Practices in Colombia -- Chapter 14: The Circular Economy – United Kingdom -- Chapter 15: Implementation and scalability of circular practices in the leather tanning industry: evaluation of a Colombian tannery -- Chapter 16: Recycling and Circular Economy in Peru -- Chapter 17: X Economies: Towards Policy Intelligence among Economy Visions and Practices in Europe and Latin America -- Chapter 18: Globalization of Circular economy -- Chapter 19: Closing Remarks -- Index.
    Abstract: This volume presents a transdisciplinary approach to implementing a circular economy in international business. Written by global experts, this book provides a detailed and professional focus on issues that must be improved in order to successfully implement a circular economy in a variety of industries. The book begins with a discussion of the theoretical aspects of circular economy and the challenges of going from theory to practice. The following chapters present case studies on the circular economy in different sectors of international business such as food systems, mineral processing, water management, energy process, waste management, the cement industry, and 3D printing. Issues such as the role of SMEs in the circular economy, and the progress towards circular economy 3.0, and strategies for teaching the circular economy are also discussed. The volume ends with a critique of the concept of circular economy and suggestions for future research avenues. Written with multiple stakeholders in mind, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of economics, sustainability, international business, and management as well as industry professionals and governments working towards establishing a circular economy in their fields and jurisdictions.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9783031103025
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 324 p. 49 illus. in color.)
    Series Statement: Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Villa Mondragone International Economic Seminar ((32nd : : 2021 : Rome, Italy)) Economic challenges for Europe after the pandemic
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Macroeconomics. ; Economic development. ; Economic policy. ; International economic relations. ; Development economics. ; Power resources. ; Environmental economics. ; Covid-19 ; Pandemic ; New normal ; Inclusive growth ; Sustainable development ; Endogenous dynamism ; Green deal ; Digital transformation ; Economic inequality ; Macroeconomic policy ; European Union ; United States ; Fiscal policy ; Resilience strategies ; Global value chains ; Global trade ; Konferenzschrift ; Europa ; COVID-19 ; Pandemie ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Creating an Epistemic Community: The Experience of the Villa Mondragone International Economic Seminar -- Chapter 2. Will the EU Grow Faster Than in the Past Decade After Covid-19? -- Chapter 3. Covid-19 and the Golden Rule of Social Distancing -- Chapter 4. The New European Industrial Policy and the Case of ‘pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology’ Industry -- Chapter 5. Assessing Next Generation EU -- Chapter 6. Globalisation in Europe: Consequences for the Business Environment and Future Patterns in Light of Covid-19 -- Chapter 7. A Framework for a New Nature-based Economic Paradigm -- Chapter 8. Public Policies and Long-run Growth in a Model with Environmental Degradation -- Chapter 9. Distributional Effects of Monetary Policy -- Chapter 10. The Covid-19 Shock and a Fiscal-monetary Policy Mix in a Monetary Union -- Chapter 11. Policy Mix During a Pandemic Crisis: A Review of the Debate on Monetary and Fiscal Responses and the Legacy for the Future -- Chapter 12. Next Generation EU, Green Deal and Sustainable Growth.
    Abstract: This book focuses on the recovery and new normal in a post-Covid scenario, drawing important lessons from the pandemic and proposing new ideas for sustainable development, endogenous dynamism, and inclusive growth. The book presents different ideas and perspectives about the present and the future, reflecting on four main fields of our economic reality: macroeconomics, governments, technology, and society. It discusses important topics for future economic scenarios, beginning with an estimation of the economic consequences of the absence of an equitable distribution of vaccines. Further topics discussed include the government’s debts sustainability, the probability of an inflation/deflation or of a stagflation scenario, as well as the impact of US and European economic policies on economic growth. The book further investigates the economic costs of the pandemic, which have fallen most heavily on those least able to bear them. It examines governments subsidies, which supported people and firms through wage subsidies, unemployment benefits, and other fiscal measures, and discusses the question of whether more investment in health care, education, and other public services will still be needed. In a time of immense change and global challenges, this book is a must-read for scholars, researchers, and students of economics, as well as policy-makers interested in a better understanding of economic growth, energy, environment, migration, development, digital transformation, and demography.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783031066368
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (vi, 300 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022
    Series Statement: Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications
    Series Statement: Springer eBook collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Security, International. ; Politics and war. ; Sicherheitspolitik ; Kollektive Sicherheit ; COVID-19 ; Instrument ; Politische Entscheidung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Militär ; Bündnis ; Verteidigung
    Abstract: This book explores types of disruptions in defence and security, ways to assess disruptions triggered by technological advancements or the lack of legal frameworks; the consequent delays or disruptions to making decisions, creative idea generation and finally the innovative pathways to counter such disruptions. What do disruption, ideation and innovation have in common? How do disruptions, ideas and innovation coexist within defence and security? They all influence and impact decision-making. Disruptions drive decision-making. Ideation raises solutions to resolve the disruptions and innovation brings ideas into life. While disruptions may be common place in the business world, where disruptive technologies displace pre-existing ones; they are less prevalent in defence, even less so within the realm of security. For the last 10 years, there has been talk of disruptive technologies and even adoption of terms such as emerging and disruptive technologies by the largest military alliance—NATO, yet the means to assess these remain elusive. It offers researchers opportunities to assess different types of disruptions, ideate and innovate on scientific grounds to counter disruptions, thereby bolstering the defence and security community’s ability to make decisions better. .
    Note: Tabellen, Literaturverzeichnisse, Literaturhinweise , Understanding the landscape of disruption, Ideation and innovation for defence and security , System reliability : a cold war lesson , Quantum computing : unraveling the hype , Emerging and disruptive technologies and security : considering trade-offs between new opportunities and emerging risks , Human systems exploration for ideation and innovation in potentially disruptive defense and security systems , Total war , The impact of the internet and cyberspace on the rise in terrorist attacks across the US and Europe , Shocks and disruptions in defence and security : how to lead by inspiring innovation through ideation? , Health security and Malaria : a neural network iOS intelligent platform to create and implement seek and destroy integrated larval source management (ILSM) policies , Convergence , Legal principles governing disruptive technologies in policing , Being two steps ahead : the added value of anticipatory intelligence analysis in law enforcement , Fifth generation warfare? : Violent transnational social movements as security disruptors
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030929015
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 1092 Seiten) , Diagramme, Illustrationen
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022
    Series Statement: Economic and financial law & policy – shifting insights & values 7
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Economic and financial law & policy - shifting insights & values
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History. ; Law and the social sciences. ; Law—Europe. ; COVID-19 ; Ursache ; Einflussgröße ; Interesse ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Gesundheitswesen ; Soziales Feld ; Erde
    Abstract: This open access book provides a comprehensive analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of Covid-19. From the end of 2019 until presently, the world has been ravaged by the Covid-19 pandemic. Although the cause of this is (obviously) a virus, the extent to which this virus spread, and therefore the number of infections and deaths, was largely determined by socio-economic factors. From this, it follows that the course of the pandemic varies greatly from one country to another. This observation applies both to countries’ resilience to such a pandemic (which is mainly rooted in the period preceding the outbreak of the virus) and to the way in which countries have reacted to the virus (including the political choices on how to respond). Meanwhile, research has made it clear that the nature of this response (e.g., elimination policy, mitigation policy, and proceeding herd immunity) was, on the one hand, strongly determined by political and ideological factors and, on the other hand, was highly influential in the factors of success or failure in combating the pandemic. The book focuses on the situation in a number of Western regions (notably the USA, the UK, and the EU and its Member States). The author addresses the reasons why in many Western countries both pandemic prevention and response policies to Covid-19 have failed. The book concludes with recommendations concerning the rearrangement of the socio-economic order that could increase the resilience of (Western) societies against such pandemics.
    Note: Open Access , Tabellen, Literaturverzeichnisse, Literaturhinweise , Origin and causes of Covid-19 , Initial (state) response to Covid-19 , Monetary response to and financial implications of Covid-19 , Fiscal policy and state aids , General healthcare , Covid-19 and the sector of the long-term nursing homes , Covid-19’s impact on labour , Covid-19 and schools , Covid-19 vaccines and medicines , Covid-19 and Inequality , Final conclusions
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dampha, Nfamara K Rohingya Refugee Camps and Forest Loss in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh: An Inquiry using Remote Sensing and Econometric Approaches
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Diseases ; Female ; Hydrology ; Income ; Male ; Mental Health ; Population ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Refugees ; Social Cohesion ; Social Demographics ; Social Development ; Water Resources
    Abstract: How do refugee camps impact the natural environment This paper examines the case study of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, a district that hosts nearly 1 million Rohingya refugees in refugee camps. Using spatially explicit data on land-use / land cover and proximity to a camp boundary, the paper quantifies land-use changes across the district over time. To evaluate the extent to which the camps triggered additional forest loss, the analysis calculates total forest loss in the district and uses a difference-in-difference model that compares areas 0-5 kilometers from a camp boundary (treatment) to areas 10-15 kilometers away (control). The findings show that the rate of forest loss intensified near camps relative to the control area. The analysis reveals that areas experiencing camp-stimulated reductions in forest cover are also experiencing faster settlement expansion relative to the control area. Settlement expansion is largely concentrated in areas outside protected areas. This enhanced settlement expansion still occurs when pixels 0-1 kilometer from the camps are omitted, which is evidence that the results are not due to camp settlements expanding beyond the official camp borders. The results suggest that camps stimulate in-migration as Bangladeshis seek new economic opportunities and improved access to resources
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Naeher, Dominik Relevance of the World Bank Group's Early Response to COVID-19: A Cross-Country Sector Analysis
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative Advantage ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Food Security ; Foreign Exchange ; Gini Index ; Health Care Services Industry ; Industry ; Net Open Position ; Quality Health Care ; Small and Medium Enterprise ; SMES
    Abstract: Evaluating the relevance of development interventions is a complex task because many different dimensions must be considered. This study focuses on one particular, quantifiable aspect of relevance and proposes a method for generating data-driven evidence that can be used to assess the relevance of past interventions and guide decisions about future strategic priorities. For the purpose of this study, relevance is defined as the match between the types and scopes of provided support and the types and scopes of support that are most needed in each country. The latter is estimated based on a multidimensional vulnerability score, which is constructed using data on various empirical indicators that have been argued in the economic literature to proxy vulnerability to shocks at the country level. Comparing the vulnerability score with the sector-specific allocation of support yields two empirical measures of relevance, one at the country level and one at the sector level within each country. The proposed method is designed and applied to evaluate the relevance of the World Bank Group's early response to COVID-19. At the same time, many of the modeling insights are more broadly applicable and may also be useful in informing evaluations of development programs beyond the specific application considered here
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bilo, Simon School is Closed: Simulating the Long-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic-Related School Disruptions in Kuwait
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Conflict and Development ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disaster Management ; Economics of Education ; Education ; School Closure ; School Health ; Schools
    Abstract: The schooling disruption caused by COVID-19 in Kuwait is among the longest in the world. Using the similarities between the schooling disruptions due to the Gulf War and the schooling disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this note shows that students in school during the COVID-19 pandemic face significant reductions in the present value of their lifetime income. Furthermore, the findings show that students in higher grades during the pandemic are likely to face larger reductions in lifetime earnings than students in lower grades. Kuwaiti females in secondary school who will become civil service workers face a reduction of close to USD 40,000. The corresponding reduction for males is more than USD 70,000
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Debt Management ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Abstract: Improving debt transparency is critical for promoting debt sustainability and creditworthiness assessments, increasing the accuracy of public debt information, and protecting the interests of a diverse range of stakeholders. The importance of debt transparency, the costs associated with the lack of it, and its benefits, are extensively discussed in recent World Bank literature. One of the key factors that limits debt transparency as it relates to public disclosure and the sharing of public debt-related information, is transaction-level confidentiality and disclosure practices. Challenges to disclosure have become more evident during recent debt distress among borrowing countries, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion in this paper reveals issues that arise from confidentiality and disclosure practices among lenders and borrowers; and highlights how these issues cause information asymmetries and undermine the interests of stakeholders. The paper concludes by proposing concrete and actionable recommendations for the World Bank, IMF and sovereigns
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Indirect Effects of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Vaccine Acceptance
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Non-Pharmacetutical Interventions ; Norms ; Pandemic ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Statistics ; Trust ; Vaccine Acceptance ; Vaccine Hesitancy
    Abstract: The information set from which individuals make their decision on vaccination includes signals from trusted agents, such as governments, community leaders, and the media. By implementing restrictions, or by relaxing them, governments can provide a signal about the underlying risk of the pandemic and indirectly affect vaccination take-up. Rather than focusing on measures specifically designed to increase vaccine acceptance, this paper studies how governments' nonpharmaceutical policy responses to the pandemic can modify the degree of preventive health behavior, including vaccination. To do so, the paper uses repeated waves of a global survey on COVID-19 beliefs, behaviors, and norms covering 67 countries from August 2020 to February 2021. Controlling for the usual determinants, the analysis explores how individuals' willingness to get vaccinated is affected by changes in government restriction measures (as measured by the Oxford Stringency Index). This relationship is mediated by individual characteristics, social norms (social pressure to conform with what most people do), and trust in government institutions. The results point to a complex picture as the implementation of restrictions is associated with increased acceptance in some contexts and decreased acceptance in others. The stringency of government restrictions has significant positive correlations with vaccine acceptance in contexts of weak social norms of vaccine acceptance and lower trust in government. In countries or communities where social norms are tighter and trust in government health authorities is high, vaccine acceptance is high but less sensitive to changes in policies. These results suggest that the indirect effect of government policy stringency is stronger among individuals who report lower trust and weaker social norms of vaccine acceptance
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Equity ; Equity and Development ; Household Income ; Human Capital ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: In 2020, Brazil was about to face socioeconomic disruptions of historical proportions. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has broken several undesirable Brazilian records. First, the pandemic wreaked an enormous direct human toll, sickening millions and causing the death of 195,441 Brazilians in 2020 and 619,056 in 2021. Second, the Brazilian economy experienced its worst contraction in recorded history, with real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth in 2020 at -4.7 percent (compared to the previous record of -4.4 percent in 2015). Third, COVID-related closures and other measures led to a massive, unprecedented exit of workers, with an estimated 10 million people leaving the labor force between the third quarter of 2019 and the third quarter of 2020. Employment opportunities were scarce for those who remained in the labor force, with the unemployment rate standing at 14.6 percent in the third quarter of 2020. Many individuals at the bottom of the income distribution work in precarious jobs and lack a resilient source of income, forcing them to rely on public transfers during the pandemic. The significant progress in Brazilian households' welfare in the 2000-2010 decade responded mainly to labor market dynamics. Between December 2003 and December 2014, formal employment grew on average 5 percent annually, outpacing annual GDP growth of 3.5 percent (Campos and Souen 2017). Increases in the minimum wage (Cord, Genoni, and Rodriguez-Castelan 2015) and a surge in skills (including more highly skilled labor among the vulnerable) contributed positively to the increase in welfare. Still, a significant share of Brazilian workers has remained informal or not protected by the National Social Security System (INSS). When economic shocks hit Brazil, the labor market outcomes of low-income individuals are the first to be affected. Thus, income effects for the poorest are strongly correlated with the rollout of social protection cash transfers. The Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF) decreased its coverage in the years following the 2014 crisis when Brazil's poverty rate was increasing. Meanwhile, the widespread coverage of the Auxilio Emergencial program in 2020 contributed to the decrease of national poverty rates. Other income groups can weather economic shocks much better. People in middle of the income distribution maintain their steady pensions, and the richest Brazilian recover quickly thanks to savings, wealth, and accumulated assets that help them to adapt
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; COVID-19 ; Food Security ; Natural Resources ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Post Conflict Reconstruction
    Abstract: South Sudan is at a crossroads in its recovery, reconstruction, and development. Having gained independence in 2011 after two protracted civil wars, the country twice relapsed into conflict: first in 2013 and again in 2016. While the economy began to recover following the 2018 peace deal, progress has stalled amidst a multitude of crises - including the COVID-19 pandemic, climate shocks, and dwindling oil production. At the same time, the broad-based rise in commodity prices due to the war in Ukraine have on balance affected South Sudan adversely. A decade after independence, South Sudan remains caught in a web of fragility and economic stagnation, with weak institutions, recurring cycles of violence, and ubiquitous poverty. Overall, the conflict is estimated to have cost South Sudan an accumulated loss in aggregate GDP of some USD 81 billion during 2012 - 2018, equivalent to USD 11.6 billion per year on average (80 percent of 2010 GDP). Consequently, South Sudan's real GDP per capita in 2018 was estimated at being one third of the counterfactual estimated for a non-conflict scenario. With the fragile peace deal largely holding despite challenges in implementation, the authorities initiated an ambitious reform program aimed at macroeconomic stabilization and modernization of the young country's public financial management systems. This report discusses South Sudan's economic performance since independence, with a focus on leveraging the country's endowments of natural capital - oil and arable land - to support recovery and resilience. Three messages emerge from this report. First, there is a peace dividend in South Sudan. South Sudan's real GDP per capita in 2018 was estimated at one third of the counterfactual estimated for a non-conflict scenario. Thus, maintaining peace can by itself be a strong driver of growth. Second, with better governance and accountability, South Sudan's oil resources can drive transformation. Third, South Sudan's chronic food insecurity could be reversed with targeted investments to improve the resilience of the agricultural sector
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Business Environment ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Resilience
    Abstract: This Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) comes at a challenging yet opportune juncture for Fiji to rebuild a more diverse and resilient economy amid the lingering impacts of COVID-19. Fiji recorded its strongest period of gross domestic product (GDP) growth (since achieving independence in 1970) in the decade leading up to COVID-19, underpinned by rising productivity and investment, improved political stability, and a booming tourism sector. However, the shocks of COVID-19 and a series of natural disasters, Tropical Cyclone (TC) Harold and TC Yasa, have been devastating for Fiji's economy, bringing widespread production disruptions and job losses. The increasing frequency of these weather events has also complicated Fiji's economic development strategy and plans. Fiji's real GDP declined by 15.2 percent in 2020 and is estimated to have contracted a further 4.0 percent in 2021, with the long-term ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy yet to be fully seen. These shocks have also exacerbated some of Fiji's long-standing structural vulnerabilities, including the economy being vulnerable to repeated climate-related shocks, its lack of sectoral diversification, and sluggish private sector job growth (particularly among youth and women). In this context, the CPSD approach for Fiji to 'build back better' revolves around four key interrelated pillars: (1) unlocking new sectoral sources of growth beyond tourism; (2) strengthening economic and climate resilience; (3) leveraging Fiji's potential as an economic hub in the Pacific region; and (4) creating inclusive employment opportunities
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Business Environment ; COVID-19 ; Emerging Markets ; Energy Sector ; Livestock ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Special Economic Zones
    Abstract: Until the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV2) COVID-19 pandemic and despite the deteriorating security situation, Mali's economic growth averaged five percent since 2014, on par with its long-term potential. Mali's fragile state status has also taken a toll on economic activity and social welfare by reducing access to markets, threatening food security, and degrading human capital indicators. With an increasing debt burden resulting in limited fiscal space to address persistent security risks and to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Mali is compelled to refocus the role of the state and unleash the potential of the private sector to boost productivity growth, to diversify the economy away from a narrow base, and to ensure inclusive economic and social welfare for all Malians. The growth model will be readdressed around energizing investment, creating resilient markets, and building back better for a more resilient recovery via (a) improving the business environment; (b) crowding-in private participation in the delivery of infrastructure and certain public services; (c) ensuring that remaining state-owned enterprises and private firms compete on equal terms - that is, upholding competitive neutrality principles; (d) expanding public-private partnerships in key sectors, through transparent and competitive procurement; and (e) leveraging digital solutions by further enhancing digital infrastructure that would, in turn, increase the uptake of digital financial services and digital platforms for key sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, and digitize government services (e-government)
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Stabilization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Tourism has been, and continues to be, one of the most affected sectors by the pandemic, resulting in negative socio-economic consequences for host communities in destinations as well as for underlying endowments that rely on tourists' expenditure for maintenance and management. The aim of this report is to provide insights regarding the types of interventions governments have already implemented and policy considerations for supporting the recovery and resilience of the tourism sector going forward, particularly in light of structural demand and supply-side transformations precipitated or accelerated by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The report studies the challenges for recovery faced by governments and the sector from the context of preexisting market and government failures that have been exacerbated by the crisis, as well as those emerging from the pandemic. The report includes several key findings and recommendations
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC in Portuguese) is the main source of information for poverty monitoring in Brazil. The PNADC 2020 annual release was published in November 2021. The 2020 survey underwent methodological changes compared to earlier years. Most changes do not affect comparability with previous years. However, there is evidence of significant under-coverage of the "Auxilio Emergencial" (AE) program. While administrative records indicate over 68 million AE recipients, only about 20 million are observed in the survey. This paper describes an approach to impute AE beneficiary status as a way to complement the observed AE status as reported in the survey and to better capture the evolution of income and poverty in Brazil during COVID-19. Incorporating eligibility criteria from the AE (demographic, employment, and income), the method results in 42.2 million AE recipients in the survey - leading to a more reasonable undercoverage rate. Sensitivity analyses find similar results. The adjustments described in this paper are included in the World Bank's poverty and inequality estimates for Brazil 2020 (published in April 2022). The poverty estimates in 2020 are 13.1 percent at the USD 5.50 poverty line and 1.7 percent at the USD 1.90 line. The Gini coefficient is estimated at 0.488
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development
    Abstract: Mongolia made notable strides in reducing poverty from 2010 to 2014, but the pace of poverty reduction slowed significantly after the 2016 economic recession. The trend of declining inequality and inclusive growth seen in the first half of the decade changed course in the latter half. Greater urbanization and narrowing geographical disparities in poverty have meant that the poor have become increasingly concentrated in urban centers, especially Ulaanbaatar. Economic volatility and uncertainty together with restrictions on face-to-face services may have led to an increase in precautionary saving among households, particularly during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An additional issue related to the measurement of consumption in 2020 specifically is the survey-to-survey imputation approach that was used to estimate poverty and the consumption distribution due to changes in the household socio-economic survey (HSES) questionnaire. Finally, despite significant increases, social transfers have had only modest success in reducing poverty due to targeting inefficiencies. The 2020 HSES shows that impacts to employment in 2020 were not significant until the final quarter, with workers in urban areas and in the service sector more likely to be affected. While subsequent surveys will provide a clearer picture of the longer-term impacts of the pandemic, signs of potentially lasting and unequalizing effects have emerged after 2020
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Recovery ; Economic Stabilization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The world economy was on track for a strong, albeit uneven, recovery from COVID-19. However, the war in the Ukraine and supply-chain disruptions exacerbated by shutdowns in China due to the zero-COVID policy are dealing a serious blow to global recovery. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), however, is expected to perform strongly this year. Booming hydrocarbon prices have eased pressure on fiscal balances and public sector debt and has increased current account surpluses in the GCC. Despite efforts by GCC countries, diversification is still below potential. There is progress in the non-oil economy but limited success in non-oil exports. Structural reforms must be continued to help nurture a competitive private sector. There is however an excellent and timely opportunity to diversify further the economy using a green growth strategy. The extra windfall from higher oil prices to the GCC can be used to start new high-growth, green industries that would help the economies of the region grow by an extra 3-6 percent as detailed in the Focus section of this update. The special focus section also emphasizes that there is no inherent long run trade-off between emissions reductions, economic growth, and poverty alleviation. Moving away from fossil fuels towards a greener future should not be seen as a threat but as a tremendous opportunity as the costs of renewable energy have fallen dramatically in recent years. The region already has three record-breaking, low-cost auctions for solar energy supply in Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. The region also has the potential to be a lead producer of green and blue hydrogen. With the right regulations, policies, and investments to support the transition, GCC countries can emerge with stronger, more sustainable economies that generate rewarding jobs for their youth while simultaneously protecting the planet. Finally, this report highlights potential pathways for GCC countries to benefit from and play a leading role in the global transition to a low-carbon economy
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health Indicators ; Health Insurance ; Health Shocks ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources
    Abstract: As the world approaches the third anniversary of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the devastating health, economic, and societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic remain on every continent. COVID-19 underscored how unprepared we are for a public-health emergency of staggering proportions. And yet potentially graver health threats loom. The increasing number of acute infectious diseases combines with trends such as population aging, chronic-disease burdens, and climate change to raise the risk of syndemics-events in which two or more diseases adversely interact with each other and with political and economic conditions of inequality and poverty. The only way to prevent, prepare for, and manage these threats is by building resilient health systems to withstand shocks and improve health outcomes between crises. This report, which is filled with country examples of resilience, shows how strengthening resilience is within every country's reach, even those with low incomes. It describes the key features of resilient systems as integrated systems that are aware of threats; agile in response to evolving needs; absorptive of shocks; adaptive to minimize disruptions; and able to transform after crises, based on lessons learned. The report makes recommendations for countries to operationalize resilience based on a framework that prioritizes investments according to their impact. The most important investments center on risk reduction, including prevention and community preparedness. The second most important investments focus on disease detection, containment, and mitigation to contain outbreaks before they spread widely. The final set focuses on advanced case management and surge response during an epidemic or pandemic, making this the most expensive and least cost-effective tier. The final message of the report is urgency. Investments are needed to save lives and economies - before it is too late
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Debt ; Diseases ; Finances ; Food ; Food Markets ; Fuel ; Pandemic
    Abstract: East Asia and the Pacific does not so far conform to the current narrative of stagflation. The region, with some exceptions, is growing faster and has lower inflation than other regions. And prospects for several countries have improved, as they bounced back from the distress of the Delta wave in a still buoyant global economy. But this rosy picture must not obscure four impediments to inclusive and sustainable growth: disease, deceleration, debt, and distortions. In particular, current policies to contain inflation and debt are distorting the markets for food, fuel and finance in ways that could compromise development goals. In each case, more efficient measures could address current difficulties without undermining longer term objectives
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Semiannual Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Efficiency ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Revenue ; Growth ; Inflation ; Personal Income Tax ; Public Spending
    Abstract: As the COVID+?19 crisis recedes, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is back to work and looking forward. Reported deaths related to the pandemic are low and have plausibly converged to global levels. Yet low vaccination rates in some countries leave them vulnerable to new variants. In most countries, gross domestic product (GDP) and employment have fully recovered their 2019 levels, although forecasted growth rates might be said to be "resiliently mediocre+?: banking systems appear sound, and rising debt burdens are manageable so far, but growth is not expected to exceed the low levels of the 2010 decade. Poverty in terms of income (monetary poverty) has largely receded with the economic recovery, but the longer+?term scars of the pandemic in terms of education and health have planted deep seeds of future inequality. Redressing these problems and undertaking the structural reforms needed to reach higher levels of growth and reduce poverty remain central on the policy agenda. The new and unwelcome entrant in the policy space is inflation. While comparable to advanced country levels and well managed by regional monetary authorities, inflation nonetheless is being propelled by forces that may give it more staying power than originally hoped. Finally, public deficits induced by the pandemic and the need to finance critical government programs and directions have opened a fiscal gap and led to constrained fiscal space. The need to close the fiscal gap, put debt on a sustainable footing, and generate fiscal space to finance necessary physical and social investments has led to a search for new revenues and in particular to pressure to increase income taxes. In looking at any tax hike, concerns center on the possible depressive effects on growth, overall progressivity, and possible incentives for informality. This report presents new evidence on these effects for value added taxes (VAT) and income taxes. It also advocates for steps to cut wasteful government spending and increase government efficiency-both to generate substantial resources and as an entry point to a broader agenda of state modernization and generating public trust
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (95 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Job Creation ; Labor Market ; Pandemic ; Resilience ; Social Insurance ; Staginflation ; Structural Transformation
    Abstract: African economies are facing a series of challenges to their post-pandemic recovery. Economic activity in the region is slowing to 3.3 percent amid global headwinds, including weak global growth and tightening global financial conditions. Elevated inflation rates and resulting policy tightening, as well as the rising risk of debt distress, are also impacting economic activity. While food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa was increasing before the onset of Covid-19, the pandemic and the food and energy crisis have contributed to the recent steep increase in food insecurity and malnutrition. Climate shocks, low productivity in agriculture, lack of infrastructure also contribute to rising food insecurity in the region. The economic fallout from the multiple crises affecting the region has lowered household incomes, increased poverty, widen inequality and heightened food insecurity. This report discusses short-term measures combined with medium- to long-term policy actions that can strengthen African countries' capacity to build resilience and seize opportunities to unlock productivity-enhancing growth while protecting the poor and vulnerable
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Infectious Diseases ; International Economics and Trade ; Pandemic ; Promoting Vaccination ; Protecting Vulnerable People
    Abstract: This case study aims to describe the Republic of Korea's preparedness and response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the resultant impact of the pandemic on the health of its citizens and the economy. Korea has been recording COVID 19-related epidemiological data since January 20, 2020, when the first imported confirmed case of COVID-19 occurred. Since then, Korea has undergone four surge waves, which posed different challenges and cumulative negative impacts. The government implemented and revised social distancing policy measures, as appropriate, to maintain a balance between acceptable risk and disease burden, while promoting vaccination. The fiscal policy also has kept an expansionary stance to cushion the economic effects of the pandemic. The report has four chapters, with subtopics. The Preparedness chapter describes the policy and governance measures, as well as the health care system, that facilitated prompt surveillance and early policy making. The Response chapter describes seven components, including the response of the government, the health system, and the public, to contain COVID-19; vaccination; protecting vulnerable people; innovation through leapfrogging; and measures to contain COVID-19 from a human capital perspective. Each component describes how Korea has dealt with the pandemic. The third chapter emphasizes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the progress of universal health coverage (UHC) and sustainability, and the last chapter discusses lessons learned for the future and for other countries, including best practices and challenges. Korea has been relatively successful in containing the pandemic, reducing its economic impact, and maintaining public trust during the prolonged period. Several factors have contributed to this. The government structure facilitated expedited decision-making and empowered public-private partnership for a timely response, backed by a concrete legal basis and institutional infrastructure. Transparent risk communication and information disclosure, with specific guidelines, allowed redistribution of resources and infection control activities. It is always important to learn from previous experiences to be well prepared for the next crisis. Even if regulations are in place to effectively respond to new infectious diseases, it is necessary to be open to the revisability of the legal framework, depending on the actual situation. Extensive testing and contact tracing combined with flexible social distancing measures are highly effective in containing the spread of infectious diseases and reducing the number of new cases, which in turn helps to alleviate the burden on the health system, until vaccines and medicines are developed and become available. It is important to provide appropriate care for patients, depending on the severity of disease, and to reduce the burden on the health system to minimize mortality. However, it should be borne in mind that policy measures used in Korea such as extensive testing, tracing, and social distancing could not be successful without dedicated health professionals as well as the cooperation of citizens. It is necessary to devise effective communication methods, as the public's perception of the government's briefing and text messages deteriorates during a prolonged pandemic. For policy makers, it is necessary to determine an optimal level of social distancing, not only to save as many lives as possible, but also to ensure the livelihood of the citizens
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Debt ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Public Sector Development ; Unemployment
    Abstract: The Economic Monitor examines four possible factors behind Tunisia's slow recovery. First, the drop in mobility related to the pandemic may have been more harmful in Tunisia. However, mobility in Tunisia has dropped to a similar extent as other countries and it has now returned to pre-pandemic levels following the acceleration in the vaccination campaign since July. If anything, the mobility drop in Tunisia has resulted in a lower reduction in economic activity than in comparator countries as Algeria and Egypt. Second, it could be that the level of public support to the ailing firms and households may have been particularly low. However, at 2.3 percent of GDP, the Covid-19 stimulus package in 2020 was in the same ballpark as other comparators in the region. Third, the structure of the Tunisian economy, particularly its reliance on tourism, may have exposed it to the negative demand shock more than other countries. Indeed hotels, cafe and restaurant and transport are the sectors which have contracted the most since the start of the pandemic. The losses of these sectors explain a significant portion of the negative effects of the crisis in Tunisia, although they do not fully account for such slow recovery
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miguel, Edward A The Syrian Refugee Life Study: First Glance
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Diseases ; Female ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Male ; Mental Health ; Population ; Refugees ; Social Demographics
    Abstract: This paper presents descriptive statistics from the first wave of the Syrian Refugee Life Study (S-RLS), which was launched in 2020. S-RLS is a longitudinal study that tracks a representative sample of 2,500 registered Syrian refugee households in Jordan. It collects comprehensive data on socio-demographic variables as well as information on health and well-being, preferences, social capital, attitudes, and safety and crime perceptions. This study uses these novel data to document the socio-demographic characteristics of Syrian refugees in Jordan, and compare them to those of the representative Jordanian and non-Jordanian populations interviewed in the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey. The findings point to lags in basic service access, housing quality, and educational attainment for the Syrian refugee population, relative to the non-refugee population. The impacts of the pandemic may serve to partially explain these documented disparities. The data also illustrate that most Syrian refugees have not recovered economically from the shock of COVID-19 and that this population has larger gender disparities in terms of income, employment, prevalence of child marriage, and gender attitudes than their non-refugee counterparts. Finally, mental health problems are common for Syrian refugees in 2020, with depression indicated among over 61 percent of the population
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Samaniego, Roberto Scars of Pandemics from Lost Schooling and Experience: Aggregate Implications and Gender Differences through the Lens of COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Female Relative Income ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Pay Gap ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Lost Schooling ; Pandemic Impact ; Returns To Education ; Returns To Experience
    Abstract: Pandemic shocks disrupt human capital accumulation through schooling and work experience. This study quantifies the long-term economic impact of these disruptions in the case of COVID-19, focusing on countries at different levels of development and using returns to education and experience by college status that are globally estimated using 1,084 household surveys across 145 countries. The results show that both lost schooling and experience contribute to significant losses in global learning and output. Developed countries incur greater losses than developing countries, because they have more schooling to start with and higher returns to experience. The returns to education and experience are also separately estimated for men and women, to explore the differential effects by gender of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surprisingly, while the study uncovers gender differences in returns to education and schooling, gender differences in the impact of COVID-19 are small and short-lived, with a loss in female relative income of only 2.5 percent or less, mainly due to the greater severity of the employment shock on impact. These findings might challenge some of the ongoing narratives in policy circles. The methodology employed in this study is easily implementable for future pandemics
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karalashvili, Nona Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Cash Transfers ; Covid Relief Eligibility ; Covid Support Effectiveness ; COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Stabilization ; Export ; Government Support To Firms ; High-Frequency Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness ; Resilience ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability ; Wage Subsidies ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms, as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms' experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation. Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms' workforce, hours of operations, and expectations. Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples, with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias. Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador, mainly through cash transfers, which also helped in terms of permanent workers, with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies. Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support, mostly through fiscal relief, which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more. The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context. Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support, but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific, highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fang, Sheng Firm Resources, Strategies, and Survival and Growth during COVID-19: Evidence from Two-Wave Global Surveys
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Channel Stability ; Coronavirus ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; Covid Control Policies ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Follow-Up Enterprise Survey ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Firm Performance ; Firms Survival and Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Organizational Resources ; Pandemic ; Private Sector Development ; Strategic Change ; World Bank Enterprise Survey
    Abstract: This study examines how firms have made strategic choices and performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the organizational resources and strategic change literature, it uses World Bank Enterprise Surveys and the COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys to examine how different endowments in organizational resources affected firm performance as measured by their survival status and sales growth, and how these resources interact with and affect strategic responses in the supply of inputs, response to changing demand, liquidity management, and innovation. The results indicate that larger firms, firms with foreign or state ownership, and subsidiary companies performed better during the pandemic by more effectively stabilizing supply, managing liquidity, and fostering new product development. Chief executive officers with longer tenure improved survival rates. Firms in richer countries have coped with the pandemic better and stringent government COVID-19 control policies have tended to hurt firms' performance
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bas, Maria How Resilient was Trade to COVID-19?
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Exchange Rate Shock ; Exports ; Global Supply Chain ; Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Frequency Data ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Pandemic ; Production and Export ; Resilience ; Shock ; Transmission Of Shocks ; Transport ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: This paper examines which product supply-side characteristics affect the resilience of traded products to the COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on monthly product-level exports by all countries to the United States, Japan, and 27 European Union countries from January 2018 to December 2020, the paper estimates a difference-in-differences specification for the impact of COVID-19 incidence (deaths per capita) mediated by product characteristics, accounting for when exports reach their destination by relying on product transportation lags. Higher reliance on foreign inputs, China as an input supplier, and unskilled labor and a lower degree of complexity negatively affected exports as a result of COVID-19
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Job Creation ; Labor Market ; Pandemic ; Resilience ; Social Insurance ; Staginflation ; Structural Transformation
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa's recovery from the pandemic is expected to decelerate in 2022 amid a slowdown in global economic activity, continued supply constraints, outbreaks of new coronavirus variants, climatic shocks, high inflation, and rising financial risks due to high and increasingly vulnerable debt levels. The war in Ukraine has exacerbated the already existing tensions and vulnerabilities affecting the continent. Given the sources of growth in the region and the nature of the economic linkages with Russia and Ukraine, the war in Ukraine might have a marginal impact on economic growth and on overall poverty-as this shock affects mostly the urban poor and vulnerable people living just above the poverty line. However, its largest impact is on the increasing likelihood of civil strife as a result of food- and energy-fueled inflation amid an environment of heightened political instability. The looming threats of stagflation require a two-pronged strategy that combines short-term measures to contain inflationary pressures and medium-to-long-term policies that accelerate the structural transformation and create more and better jobs. In response to supply shocks, monetary policy in the region may prove ineffective to bring down inflation and other short-run options may be restricted by the lack of fiscal space. Concessional financing might be key to helping countries alleviate the impact of food and fuel inflation. Over the medium term, avoiding stagflation may require a combination of actionable measures that improve the resilience of the economy by shoring up productivity and job creation. Lastly, ongoing actions to enhance social protection-including dynamic delivery systems for rapid scalability and shock-sensitive financing-could be strengthened further to improve economic resilience against shocks and foster investments in productive assets
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health Care Services Industry ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Medical Education
    Abstract: Major global trends such as economic integration, urbanization, climate change, demographic shifts, digital and technological advances, and rising consumerism will all affect population health and shape the future of medical work. In South Africa, these trends can be harnessed as opportunities, but this will require the government to take a strategic approach and to give its immediate attention to six health workforce issues: (i) the mismatch between the number and the skills of health graduates produced by the health education system and the number and specialties needed for future medical work; (ii) the unsustainable financing system for expensive medical education; (iii) the large numbers of foreign-trained medical graduates whose degrees are not being fully recognized in South Africa; (iv) high vacancy rates in health facilities coinciding with high unemployment and inadequate human resource management; (v) insufficient data on the health workforce; and (vi) the public sector's reluctance to collaborate with the private sector and international health labor. With more large-scale disasters looming, South Africa's experience with the COVID-19 pandemic will provide important lessons for the future of medical work. Based on the findings of this case study, we make recommendations on health education policy and human resource policy. These include (i) investing in high- quality education and aligning investments in health education and medical research with future needs; (ii) looking for innovative ways to finance medical education; (iii) investing in the health workforce on the basis of health workforce planning and future projections of need; (iv) modernizing the human resource management in health facilities and facilitating the use of modern technology; (v) making substantial investments in the collection and analysis of data on the health workforce and using results in workforce planning; and (vi) expanding public-private sector collaboration and developing policies to manage the mobility of the health workforce to and from the private sector and abroad
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Shen, Chang The Impact of COVID-19 on Electricity Generation: An Empirical Investigation
    Keywords: Cooling Degree Days ; Covid Severity ; COVID-19 ; Electric Power ; Electricity Generation ; Electricity Mix ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Fuel Prices ; Heating Degree Days
    Abstract: During the 2020-2022 period, the COVID Pandemic affected, directly or indirectly, every economic sector globally. While the effects on some sectors, such as travel and tourism, were highly visible, those on other sectors, such as utility services, require investigation. Whether COVID-19 affected total electricity generation and the electricity supply mix is an empirical question, which this study attempts to answer using panel data of daily electricity generation between January 2018 and September 2021 from 26 countries. The study finds that a 1-unit increase in the stringency measure of COVID-19 is linked with a 463 MWh decrease in the total daily electricity generation. The study does not find a significant change in the electricity generation mix due to COVID-19 responses, although there is some evidence of some substitution of wind with solar and coal with natural gas
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Curriculum and Instruction ; Education
    Abstract: Phone-Based Formative Assessment refers to the use of mobile phone technology to engage students outside the classroom, assess their learning in real time, and provide timely, constructive feedback. Such assessment is particularly critical to promote learning continuity in the context of COVID-19-related school closures, which have led to the expansion and availability of remote teaching and learning resources
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Insecurity ; Education Reform ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Development prospects in Madagascar continue to be hampered by the country's low growth potential and exposure to frequent, deep, and persistent crises. Following a recession in 2020 that was about three times deeper than in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, an economic recovery started in Madagascar in 2021 but was interrupted in 2022 by a sequence of domestic and international shocks. In addition to these new headwinds, the growth potential of the economy has been negatively impacted during the crisis by a retrenchment in private investment, deteriorating human capital and weakening governance. In this context, growth projections were downgraded to 2.6 percent in 2022 and to an average of 4.4 percent in 2023-2024, with the poverty rate now expected to remain close to 80 percent by 2024. This can only happen if the government kickstarts far-reaching reforms supporting private investment and job creation, better access to basic services and infrastructure, and greater resilience to shocks. Several policy priorities are highlighted as particularly urgent in this Economic Update. This report also highlights the importance of boosting public school performance following the continued deterioration in learning outcomes and advocates for a set of reforms reinforcing teachers' selection and evaluation, salary and school grant management, redress mechanism and local community engagement
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Confidentiality ; COVID-19 ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Social Accountability ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: Launched in January 2015, the Takaful and Karama (T&K) program is among the Arab Republic of Egypt government's cornerstone social protection mitigation measures. It seeks to alleviate the adverse effects of the country's bold economic reforms aimed at addressing longstanding macroeconomic issues. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS) and co-financed by the government and the World Bank, the T&K program is among Egypt's largest investments in human capital development. This case study summarizes the practices of the T&K program GRM to date, including lessons learned. The experiences and achievements of the T&K GRM in Karama's beneficiary assessment phase are specifically highlighted. Section two explores the GRM as part of a broader social accountability approach; section three summarizes the institutional arrangements for grievance resolution; section four discusses key results and trends regarding grievance handling; and section five concludes with a snapshot of achievements, lessons learned, areas of strength and in need of improvement, and the path forward
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Governance ; Gross Domestic Product ; Irrigation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Iraq's economy is gradually emerging from the deep recession caused by the pandemic and the plunge in oil prices in 2020. Higher oil revenues pushed Iraq's overall fiscal and external balances into a surplus in 2021. The turnaround in oil markets has significantly improved Iraq's economic outlook in the medium term. Iraq's fiscal and socio-economic fragilities underscore the urgency of wide-ranging structural reforms by the new government. Iraq's existing food security challenges have intensified with the recent surge in global commodity prices. To plug the food supply gap, Iraq has become increasing reliant on imports for more than half of its food consumption, which has increased the country's exposure to global food price and supply shocks. Subsidies and direct transfers, including recently new measures announced by Government of Iraq (GoI), partly mitigate the impact of rising global prices in the short term. However, achieving food security calls for coordinated efforts to improve domestic production including through raising the efficiency of irrigation water, reducing and rehabilitating soil degradation, improving land management, and implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation measures including the adoption of climate-smart agriculture
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Communicable Diseases ; Conflict and Development ; COVID-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: Global growth slowed markedly in H1 2022. This was due to COVID-19 resurgences at the turn of the year; protracted supply disruptions; reduced macroeconomic support; and substantial negative spillovers from the war in Ukraine. The conflict, which has sparked the largest commodity price shock in 50 years, has exacerbated the increasingly difficult policy tradeoffs between supporting growth and managing price pressures. It has contributed to tightening in global financial conditions, increased financial market volatility and higher borrowing costs, particularly in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs)
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; International Migration ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: People migrate both within and between countries to improve their lives and the lives of families left back home. Evidence is growing on the significant returns to voluntary internal and international migration. Wage differentials incentivize people to cross borders and work abroad. Despite positive welfare effects, internal migration can also strain destination communities, particularly urban areas, which can contribute to negative social externalities. The benefits of internal and international labor migration, especially increasing household incomes and reducing poverty, are likely to outweigh costs. Policies in Ethiopia have focused on the negative aspects of migration, but perceptions are changing. This report expands the understanding of voluntary economic migration in Ethiopia. This report presents a comprehensive picture on migration in Ethiopia by synthesizing previous research and complementing existing evidence with new analysis using more recent data, including the latest available 2021 labor force and migration survey (LMS). This report is structured around two broad sections, which aim to provide a comprehensive picture of voluntary internal and international migration in Ethiopia, as well as a section highlighting broad policy implications. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides an overview of migration in Ethiopia and the latest trends on migration. Chapter three discusses migration motives and effects. Chapter four highlights policy directions to maximize the benefit of migration while minimizing the costs
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Water
    Abstract: Diamonds have been at the center of Botswana's growth miracle for decade - but the urgency to diversify is stronger than ever. Although Botswana's economy has undergone transformation over the past decades, the shift has been largely into non-tradable services, with limited gains in employment, income equality, and export diversification. In addition, Botswana's high vulnerability to climate change, which affects all major sectors of the economy, underscores the need to strengthen Botswana's response to climate factors as a basis for renewed, sustainable growth. A positive growth outlook and steps taken as part of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis response should give the government new impetus to accelerate reforms. Success in diversifying the economy will depend on the decisive implementation of structural measures to increase private sector participation in nonmineral exports and transformative sectors. The dominant role that the government of Botswana still plays in large parts of the economy, particularly through its footprint as a shareholder in companies in the corporate sector, is a critical constraint that inhibits the entry and success of private sector participants. Gaps in infrastructure, access to finance, and skills are additional key constraints to employment and productivity growth. A coordinated approach to financing entrepreneurship and policies to increase uptake of digital finance can help close the gap. Trade barriers are another key cross-cutting constraint for the private sector, and a greener path for the economy can be unlocked by facilitating improved trade in environmental goods and services (EGS). Three key recommendations for the energy sector are as follows. The first recommendation is the fast tracking of instruments to facilitate investment in energy infrastructure development, including independent power producer (IPP) licensing, and procurement guidelines and processes. The second recommendation is the enhancement of the institutional capacity and governance model of the Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA). The third recommendation is the development of credit-enhancement and risk-mitigation strategies and supporting instruments to attract and mobilize private sector investment
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ahmed, Tanima Impacts of COVID-19 on the Income and Mental Well-Being of Cismen, Ciswomen, Transgender, and Non-Binary Individuals: Evidence from the 2020 COVID-19 Disparities Survey
    Keywords: 2020 COVID-19 Disparities Survey ; Consumption ; COVID-19 ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Income ; Lbgti Discrimination ; LBGTI Exclusion ; Mental Distress ; Non-Binary ; Pandemic Impact On Queer Populations ; Poverty Reduction ; Transgender
    Abstract: This paper uses the first round of the 2020 COVID-19 Disparities Survey to examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the income and mental well-being of cismen, ciswomen, transgender, and non-binary individuals. The analysis shows that the pandemic led to high job and income loss expectations among transgender and non-binary individuals. The pandemic has also led to a disproportionate reported decrease in consumption for transgender and non-binary people compared to cismen, potentially related to a high rate of anxiety, loneliness, and depression observed in the group. The results highlight that the disproportionate economic impacts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic might cause further declines in the economic conditions of transgender and non-binary people, thus exacerbating existing vulnerabilities in the community
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tourism and Ecotourism
    Abstract: Small island developing states and small tourism-dependent coastal states have been the most gravely impacted by global climate and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crises and are expected to face even greater economic and social challenges in the years to come. While information and research on sustainable and blue tourism in small island developing states (SIDS) does exist, it is hard to find, difficult to analyze, and challenging to turn into policy guidance. This guidance note is a synthesis of findings from a literature review of the inventory of blue tourism resources, consumer market research, and tourism trend monitoring undertaken by the World Bank global tourism team since the start of COVID-19
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Food Security
    Abstract: Investing in One Health - cross-sectoral, multidisciplinary coordination and collaboration across the human health, animal health, and environmental health sectors - is crucial for maintaining healthy agricultural and food systems and addressing global health security risks. Such action can reduce the threat of future pandemics through upstream preventive actions, early detection, and agile responses to zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases outbreaks, coupled with measures for promoting food safety, including anti-microbial resistance. This regional review, conducted jointly by the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, assesses the socioeconomic impacts of zoonotic diseases and epidemics across the East Asia and Pacific region, providing a background on why emerging infectious diseases are occurring more frequently in this region. This review looks at the benefits of using a risk-based approach, assesses the management of animal and wildlife health and the ability to identify and respond to emerging threats and protect the health, agricultural production, and ecosystem services. It provides recommendations on priority activities to be undertaken, and offers governments and their development partners the evidence and analysis needed to make more and better investments in wildlife systems and animal health to improve global health security
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics
    Abstract: This report estimates the effects of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on learning and earnings in Cambodia, analyzes the country's EdTech readiness and the extent to which EdTech access and use are correlated with learning, and discusses the policy implications of the study findings for enhancing learning and for improving system resilience through EdTech based teaching and learning. More specifically, it first analyzes the state of learning outcomes in Cambodia in the immediate post-COVID period (November 2021) using the government's national learning assessment (NLA) data for grade six students and estimates the declines in learning outcomes experienced by students in this grade between 2016 and 2021 in Khmer and mathematics. Additionally, using a learning loss simulation model developed at the World Bank, it also estimates losses in learning adjusted years of schooling (LAYS) and future earnings of students resulting from pandemic. Second, it analyzes the relationship between the EdTech based distance learning measures implemented at the school level and learning outcomes, as well as the extent to which the country is prepared to systematically integrate and expand the use of EdTech in the education system. And third, it provides recommendations for enhancing learning recovery and learning outcomes, and for addressing gaps in policy provision and implementation to support the scaling up of EdTech for the purpose of improving system resilience
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Corruption ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The speed, reach, and magnitude of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic sent a shockwave around the globe that tested the capacity of Public Finance Management (PFM) systems to support governments' responses to crises. Fiscal transparency was not a foremost priority for decisionmakers during the crisis as they sought to put in place emergency measures with imperfect information and under rapidly changing conditions. This report, which complements existing public budgeting assessments that apply internationally recognized PFM frameworks on a regular basis, presents a comparative analysis focused upon experiences with and lessons about fiscal transparency in three countries in the Western Balkans - Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), North Macedonia and Serbia. It includes examples of good practices that were deployed in various countries within the region and beyond during their response to Covid-19. In doing so, it aims to distil lessons and provide recommendations about what could be done better in preparation for and during future emergency events
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Trade Facilitation ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Rwanda achieved rapid export growth in the decade before the pandemic. In addition, Rwanda has expanded business tourism by promoting the meetings, incentives, conferences/conventions, and events/exhibitions industry. Air transport services was another key export, as a growing number of international airlines are serving Rwanda. However, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic depressed goods and especially, services exports in 2020. Sustained growth in trade will be a key driver for achieving the government's goal of becoming an upper middle-income country by 2035. While exports have increased significantly over the past two decades, Rwanda remains a less open country than the middle-income countries the government aspires to match. Regional integration can not only provide the needed economic scale for Rwandan firms to improve their productivity and competitiveness, but can also serve as a vital training ground for learning to export and produce higher-quality goods The aim of this report is to assess policy options to foster international trade, deepen regional integration, and reinforce the government diversification strategy through services. The first part of this report assesses Rwandan trade performances and trade potential in recent years, with a special emphasis on regional trade, trade in services, and the impact of the COVID-19. The second part of the report assesses the main drivers and challenges to international and regional trade in Rwanda including: i) trade policy, with special emphasis on non-tariff barriers and the African Continental Free Trade Agreement; ii) trade facilitation with special emphasis on Rwanda's trade logistic ambitions; iii) supply side trade constraints at the firm-level; and iv) specific trade challenges to trade in service and data exchanges. The third part of the report discusses potential recommendations
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Credit To Private Sector ; Global Commodity Market Shock ; International Economics and Trade ; Pandemic ; Poverty Reduction ; Promoting Vaccination ; Robust Growth
    Abstract: Kenya's rebound from the pandemic continued in 2022. Driven by broad-based increases in services and industry, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 6.0 percent Year-on-Year (y/y) in the first half (H1) of 2022. However, the agriculture sector contracted by 1.5 percent during thesame period, and with the sector contributing almost one fifth of GDP, its poor performance pulled back GDP growth by 0.3 percentage points. Notwithstanding the strong y/y creases, GDP has seen a marked sequential slowdown since the 2021 third quarter (Q3) as base effect dissipatedand business confidence weakened because of the global commodity market shock, a long regional drought and domestic political uncertainty in the run up to the August 2022 general elections. Business confidence however picked up in the wake of a smooth transition of power following a largely peaceful presidential election. Kenya's growth prospects remain bright; however, emerging shocks are challenging the broad-based rebound. Thebaseline assumes robust growth of credit to private sector, contained COVID-19 infections, and high commodity prices favorable for Kenyan exports to boost Kenya's growth in the medium term. However, the ongoing shocks, including the long drought in arid and semi-arid areas, rising inflation, and tighter global financial conditions, create challenges for Kenya to sustain its recovery
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Domestic Economic Sectors ; Global Economic Headwinds ; Inflation ; International Economics and Trade ; Poor Households ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While recovering from Coronavirus (COVID-19),Cambodia's economy is now facing global economic headwinds. The current account improved in the first half of 2022 as the trade deficit narrowed. Rising global energy, fertilizer and food prices prompted a surge in inflation. Rising inflation is particularly harmful to poor households. To mitigate impacts of the food and oil price shock, the authorities are planning to introduce additional social assistance measures, while extending the existing COVID19 cash transfer program until end-2022. Promoting the domestic economic sectors, focusing on the travel, tourism, and hospitality industries should help partly offset the deterioration of external demand conditions. And successful facilitation of coherent private sector leadership of the sector should help create a "crowding-in" effect, anchored to comprehensive long-term plans, catalyzed by public seed funding. It is equally important to address supply chain constraints, which include high logistics and transportation costs to boost export
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health Promotion ; Wastewater ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Treatment and Quality
    Abstract: Since early 2020, an outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly across the world. Latin America and the Caribbean remains an epicenter of the pandemic, with some of the world's highest death rates. All countries in the region have been impacted, and more than 1.5 million people have died. With its relentless social and economic consequences, COVID-19 threatens to undo recent decades of progress on health outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean and diverts attention from work on remaining health sector challenges. This report explores the value, potential, and challenges of wastewater testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America and the Caribbean, including in areas without a sanitary sewerage system. Providing examples from across the world, the report also outlines what countries should consider in creating a national wastewater surveillance program as part of their broader efforts to control the impacts of COVID-19
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Global economic growth has picked up in 2021 and has now surpassed its pre-pandemic level. The National Bank of Rwanda (NBR) has maintained an accommodative monetary stance and other measures to support the recovery, taking advantage of low inflation. The government's continued fiscal expansion is also providing support to the economy. Regional integration offers significant benefits for Rwanda, including greater potential for scale economies, opportunities for learning to export and produce higher-quality goods, and cooperation to improve trade facilitation. Regional trade will be enhanced by boosting trade with non- East African Community (EAC) members. The African continental free trade area (AfCFTA) can boost growth and trade integration. The development of Rwanda as a regional logistics hub, serving as an intermediating node between the East and Central Africa regions offers prospects to increase revenues and generate efficiency gains through the concentration of logistics services. The white paper on logistics and distribution services strategy for Rwanda, prepared with the support of the World Bank, laid out a two-phase strategy for the rollout of Rwanda as regional logistic hub. This involved: (i) improving the efficiency of Rwanda's role as a land-bridge for re-exports to Goma in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); and (ii) establishing a regional logistics hub in Rwanda linked to a primary multi-modal hub at Kisangani and a secondary multi-modal hub at Kindu
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience ; Sustainability
    Abstract: The world has witnessed unparalleled economic progress in the last three decades. But success is not preordained, and several headwinds threaten this hard fought progress. Inequality is leaving many people and subgroups behind and excluding them from enjoying the benefits of this great economic expansion. More recently, the world has awakened to the reality of a new type of risk. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) struck at a time when the world was healthier and wealthier than ever before. There is little disagreement over the need to enable a recovery that is fairer, safer, and more sustainable. This report describes how these ambitious objectives can be achieved by providing evidence based tools and information to guide countries to spend better and improve policies. It is in this context that this document presents policy guidance to identify and diagnose key development challenges and develop solutions to help countries build better
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Heemann, Markus The Labor Market Implications of Restricted Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: Evidence from Nationally Representative Phone Surveys
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Global Pandemic ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Force Participation ; Law and Development ; Mobility ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic affected people's livelihoods in many ways, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the degree to which recovering mobility levels impacted labor market outcomes in Kenya over the course of the pandemic, starting from May 2020 until June 2021. It uses an instrumental variable approach to identify the causal impacts of mobility reduction induced by policy changes on labor market outcomes. The findings show that a 10 percent recovery of mobility led to a 12 percentage points increase in labor force participation and a 9 percent points increase in household members being employed. At the same time, a 10 percent recovery of mobility caused an increase of 11 wage hours per week (formal and informal). Among the factors influencing self-reported mobility-reducing behavior, trust in the government's ability to deal with the pandemic correlates with less self-reported mobility reduction, while people who knew someone with an infection tend to reduce mobility less. Finally, countrywide policy stringency levels clearly reduce self-reported mobility. Given the demonstrated adverse impacts of reducing mobility on economic indicators, the government should explore options to limit the economic fall-out while protecting citizens from infections, for example, by using partial or geographically constrained lockdowns
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hatayama, Maho Understanding and Predicting Job Losses Due to COVID-19: Empirical Evidence from Middle Income Countries
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Firms ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Job Loss ; Labor Market ; Pandemic Impact ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Social Protections and Labor ; Survey
    Abstract: This paper utilizes firm survey data to understand which formal private sector jobs are most at risk from COVID-19 or similar future crises, based on empirical evidence from two middle-income economies. In particular, it estimates the importance for formal private sector job losses of various COVID-19 pandemic-related labor market shocks and mitigating factors, such as the closure of non-essential industries, workers' ability to perform their jobs from home, infection risks to workers, customers' infection risk, global demand shocks, input supply constraints, employers' financial constraints, and government support, in determining the level and distribution of job losses. This provides an empirical identification of the main risk factors for job loss and a basis for predicting the level and distribution of these losses due to the crisis for permanent formal private sector (PFPS) jobs in core productive manufacturing and service sectors (captured by World Bank Enterprise Surveys) in Jordan and Georgia. Comparing the empirical findings across the two countries, the paper assesses the degree of commonality of these risk factors. Job losses are projected for different groups within the employed population prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 and compared with post-crisis labor force data. The results indicate that in these countries the level of job losses is predominantly due to a reduction in demand rather than a reduction in the supply of labor. Closures, global demand shocks, supply disruptions, and other unexplained demand-side shocks are significant determinants of jobs lost. The sensitivity of employment to closures, supply disruptions, and sales shocks was of similar magnitudes in both countries; however, variation in infection risk was a significant determinant of sales only in Georgia. At the same time, Georgian formal firms were better able to rebound their sales and hire back workers than formal firms in Jordan. Finally, the paper finds no evidence that firms with workers performing tasks that can be performed from home were better able to preserve jobs, given the dominant role of firm-level demand and supply chain shocks
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