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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (4,427)
  • English  (4,427)
  • Graue Literatur  (4,427)
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Material
Language
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    East Lansing, Mich. : Univ. ; 1.1979/80 - 13.1991; N.S. 1.1994 - 10.2003; 11.2004/10,1; 11.2011,2; 12.2012 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0740-9133 , 1535-6574 , 1535-6574
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979/80 - 13.1991; N.S. 1.1994 - 10.2003; 11.2004/10,1; 11.2011,2; 12.2012 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Northeast African studies
    Former Title: Vorg. Ethiopianist notes
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Nordafrika ; Ostafrika ; Regionalkonflikt ; Politischer Prozess ; Regionalentwicklung ; Afrika ; Somalihalbinsel ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Dschibuti ; Kultur ; Dschibuti ; Politik ; Somalia ; Kultur ; Somalia ; Politik ; Sudan ; Kultur ; Sudan ; Politik ; Äthiopien ; Kultur ; Äthiopien ; Politik
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0850-3907 , 2521-9863 , 2521-9863
    Language: English , French
    Dates of Publication: 1.1976,Mai -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa development
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Parallelsacht. ab 4.1979 , Urh. anfangs: Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research in Africa , Beitr. teils engl., teils franz.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Additional Information: In Beziehung stehendes Werk World development indicators online Washington, DC : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 2006 Datenbank
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators CD-ROM
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Welt ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe , Gesehen am 05.12.13 , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
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  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    ISSN: 1020-6450 , 1014-2894 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    Additional Information: 13=1960/77; 18=1960/78; 23=1961/80 usw. von Forest products prices Rome : FAO, 1979 0258-6150
    Additional Information: 14=2 von Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests (ZDB) Technical report of FAO Austria Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests Rome : FAO, 1976
    Additional Information: 140=2000; 147=2005; 163=2010 von Global forest resources assessment Rome : FAO, 2001
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO FAO forestry paper
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Forstwirtschaft ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht
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  • 5
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage | Berkeley, Calif. : Univ. of Calif. Press ; 4.1990 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0888-3254 , 1533-8371 , 1533-8371
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 4.1990 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als East European politics and societies
    Former Title: Vorg. Eastern European politics & societies
    Former Title: East European politics and societies
    Former Title: East European politics & societies
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Politik ; Gesellschaft ; Osteuropa ; Politik ; Geschichte ; Internationale Politik ; Gesellschaft ; Osteuropa Mitteleuropa ; Südosteuropa ; Politik ; Zeitgeschichte ; Internationale Beziehungen ; Gesellschaft ; Osteuropa ; Mitteleuropa ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Osteuropa ; Gesellschaft ; Zeitschrift ; Osteuropa ; Politik ; Zeitschrift
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  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rotterdam : Rozenberg | Amsterdam : Thesis Publ. | [Alblasserdam] : Haveka Publishers ; 1.1990 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1990 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tinbergen Institute research series
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Inhaltl. Gliederung teils in Subseries A: General economics; Subseries B: Business economics
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  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Boston, Mass. | Madison, Wis. ; Nr. 1.1976 -
    ISSN: 0145-2258 , 2163-9108 , 2163-9108
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1976 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als African economic history
    Former Title: Vorg. African economic history review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsgeschichte ; Afrika ; Geschichte ; Interesse ; Landwirtschaft ; Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Urh. teils.: African Studies Center, Boston University
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  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Toruń : Wydawn. UMK | Toruń : Wydawn. Naukowe UMK ; 0.1993(1994); 1.1995 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 1232-8855 , 2300-8717 , 2300-8717
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 0.1993(1994); 1.1995 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern European countryside
    DDC: 630
    Keywords: Agrarökonomik ; Landwirtschaft ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Osteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Index 0/9.1993/2003 in: 10.2004
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  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Washington, DC ; Ed. [1.]2008; 2.2011 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Ed. [1.]2008; 2.2011 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Migration and remittances factbook
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Rücküberweisungen ; Welt ; Emigration and immigration Statistics ; Emigrant remittances Statistics ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Auswanderer ; Überweisung ; Herkunftsland ; Statistik ; Mobilität ; Migration ; Einwanderung ; Auswanderung ; Statistik ; Internationale Migration ; Auswanderer ; Überweisung ; Statistik ; Internationale Migration ; Auswanderer ; Überweisung ; Statistik
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  • 10
    Language: Azerbaijani , English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1994 -
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. Aserbaidschan Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Aserbaidschan Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri
    Former Title: Vorg. Narodnoe chozjajstvo Azerbajdžanskoj SSR
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Statistik ; Aserbaidschan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Text aserbaidschan. u. engl.
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  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Los Angeles : SAGE Publishing | Pfaffenhofen : Afrika-Verl. | Hamburg : Inst. of African Affairs ; [1.]1966 - [7.]1972; 8.1973 -
    ISSN: 0002-0397 , 1868-6869 , 1868-6869
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: 21 cm
    Dates of Publication: [1.]1966 - [7.]1972; 8.1973 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa Spectrum
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Entwicklung ; Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Afrika
    Note: Beteil. Körp. bis 1975: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung; bis 2006: Institut für Afrika-Kunde , Ersch. 3x jährl. , Text teils dt., teils engl., teils franz , Index [1.]/[2.]1966/67 in: [2.]1967; ab 29.1994 Index jeweils in Heft 3 enth.
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  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Paris : L'Harmattan | Tervuren, Belgique : Africa Museum | Bruxelles : Inst. | Tervuren : Institut Africain-CEDAF ; 1/2.1993 -
    ISSN: 1021-9994
    Language: French , Dutch , English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1/2.1993 -
    Additional Information: 1/2=1993 von Inventaire des études africaines en Belgique Bruxelles : CEDAF, 1985
    Former Title: Vorg Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Africaines (Brüssel) Les cahiers du CEDAF
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Belgien ; Länderbericht ; Regionalstudien ; Afrika ; Regionalforschung ; Innenpolitik ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Demokratische Republik Kongo ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Afrika ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ früher: Institut Africain , Das Gesamtwerk gliedert sich in ungezählte Unterreihen
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  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    ISSN: 1020-6450 , 1014-2894 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    Additional Information: 13=1960/77; 18=1960/78; 23=1961/80 usw. von Forest products prices Rome : FAO, 1979 0258-6150
    Additional Information: 14=2 von Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests (ZDB) Technical report of FAO Austria Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests Rome : FAO, 1976
    Additional Information: 140=2000; 147=2005; 163=2010 von Global forest resources assessment Rome : FAO, 2001
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO FAO forestry paper
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Forstwirtschaft ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0304-2243 , 0022-0922 , 0022-0922 , 0022-0922
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1963 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jaitjopjā ṭanātannā marmarā maṣḥet
    Former Title: Vorg. Yuniversiti Kolleǧ (Addis Abeba) Review
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Äthiopistik ; Zeitschrift ; Äthiopien ; Zeitschrift
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Konfliktregelung ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1027-1775 , 1684-4173 , 1684-4173
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1985 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern Africa social science research review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Entwicklungstheorie ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Ostafrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Südafrika ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Ostafrika
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  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    New York, NY : United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States ; 1.2002-6 (2016) [?] ; 2022-
    ISSN: 1992-7622 , 2520-2189 , 2520-2189
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2002-6 (2016) [?] ; 2022-
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Taqrīr at-tanmīya al-insānīya al-ʿarabīya li-l-ʿām ...
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arab human development report ...
    Former Title: The Arab human development report
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Sozialer Indikator ; Lebensqualität ; Humankapital ; Arabische Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Arabien ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Araber ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Araber ; Entwicklung
    Note: Zusatz wechselt , Urh. bis 4.2005: United Nations Development Programme, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development , Teils ohne Zählung; Zählung aus dem Vorwort oder dem Text
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 3.2001/02(2002) -
    Former Title: Vorg. Migration in the CIS
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Russen ; GUS-Staaten ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: 1999 - 2000 nicht ersch.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1863-6896 , 1864-1024 , 1864-1024
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 30 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.2006 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Sonderforschungsbereich Governance in Räumen Begrenzter Staatlichkeit - Neue Formen des Regierens? SFB-Governance working paper series
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig
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  • 21
    Book
    Book
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Language: English
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Understanding civil war
    DDC: 330.9
    Keywords: Bürgerkrieg ; Welt ; Civil war Case studies ; Economic aspects ; War Case studies ; Causes ; Bürgerkrieg ; Civil war - Case studies - Economic aspects ; War - Case studies - Causes ; Graue Literatur ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bürgerkrieg
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0384-2479
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1974 -
    Former Title: Annual report of the Government of the Northwest Territories
    Former Title: Rapport annuel du Gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Quest
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Northwest Territories ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Text engl. u. franz
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  • 23
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1971 -
    ISSN: 1014-6679
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1971 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO legislative study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Etude législative
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Estudio legislativo
    Former Title: Legislative studies
    Former Title: FAO legislative study
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Einige Nr. nicht ersch
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  • 24
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    [Newark, Del] : Depauw Univ. | Greencastle, Ind. ; 1.1968 -
    ISSN: 0024-1989 , 0024-1989
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1968 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liberian studies journal
    DDC: 020
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Liberia ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Späterer Urh.: Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware
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  • 25
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Paris : L'Harmattan | Tervuren, Belgique : Africa Museum | Bruxelles : Inst. | Tervuren : Institut Africain-CEDAF ; 1/2.1993 -
    ISSN: 1021-9994
    Language: French , Dutch , English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1/2.1993 -
    Additional Information: 1/2=1993 von Inventaire des études africaines en Belgique Bruxelles : CEDAF, 1985
    Former Title: Vorg Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Africaines (Brüssel) Les cahiers du CEDAF
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Belgien ; Länderbericht ; Regionalstudien ; Afrika ; Regionalforschung ; Innenpolitik ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Demokratische Republik Kongo ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Afrika ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ früher: Institut Africain , Das Gesamtwerk gliedert sich in ungezählte Unterreihen
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  • 26
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Leiden ; Nr. 1.1980 -
    ISSN: 0924-3534
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1980 -
    Former Title: Working paper
    Former Title: ASC working papers
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 27
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    New York, NY [u.a.] : United Nations ; 1.1996 -
    ISSN: 1020-4563 , 2412-107X
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1996 -
    Series Statement: United Nations publication
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Environmental performance reviews series
    Former Title: Environmental performance reviews
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Welt ; Environmental policy ; Environmental policy International cooperation ; Environmental protection ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 28
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Copenhagen ; Nachgewiesen 1993 -
    ISSN: 0908-6692
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1993 -
    Additional Information: 1996,613=1997 von Økonomiske utsikter i Norden København : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1992
    Additional Information: 1995,630=1996 von Økonomiske udsigter i Norden København : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1993 0906-3668
    Additional Information: Ab 1998 zugl. einzelne Bd. von Ekonomiska utsikter i Norden ... Nordiska konjunkturgruppens redogørelse hösten ... København : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1987
    Additional Information: Einzelne Bd. zugl. Bd. von Nordic Council of Ministers Nordisk Ministerråds sektorarbejde med Europa-spørgsmål København : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1997 1398-1986
    Additional Information: 2000,553=1999 von Nordic Council of Ministers Nordisk Ministerråds sektoraktiviteter med EU-EØS-spørgsmål København : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 2000
    Additional Information: 1994,587=1992/93 von Nordisk arbetsmarknad för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal Köpenhamn : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1994
    Additional Information: 2011,544=2011,1; 2011,570=2 von Nordic economic policy review København, 2011 1904-4526
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als TemaNord
    DDC: 333.7
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0721-5231 , 2701-8431 , 2701-8431
    Language: German , English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1981 -
    Additional Information: Ab 2013 darin Deutsche Gesellschaft für Asienkunde Tätigkeitsbericht der Geschäftsführung für die Jahre ... bis ...
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Asien
    Former Title: Fortsetzung von Deutsche Gesellschaft für Asienkunde Mitteilungen / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Asienkunde e.V
    Former Title: deutsche Zeitschrift für Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Asien ; Asien ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Asien ; Wirtschaft ; Asien ; Kultur ; Asien ; Politik
    Note: 100.2006 als "Special issue" bez , Engl. Körperschaftsbezeichnung erst später mitaufgeführt , Text später engl., dt. , Index Nr. 1/9.1981/1983 in: 10.1984; 10/17.1984/85 in: 18.1986; 22/29.1987/88 in: 30.1989
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  • 30
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Washington, DC : World Bank ; 1981 -
    ISSN: 0252-2942 , 1564-6386 , 0251-5474 , 0251-5474 , 0251-5458 , 1564-6386 , 0251-5474 , 0251-5474 , 0251-5458
    Language: English
    Additional Material: 2004 CD-ROMs als Beil
    Dates of Publication: 1981 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weltbank The World Bank annual report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weltbank Annual report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weltbank Jahresbericht
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weltbank Weltbank-Jahresbericht
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weltbank Rapport annuel / Banque Mondiale
    Former Title: Vorg Weltbank Annual report
    Former Title: The World Bank annual report
    Former Title: World Bank annual report
    Former Title: Annual report
    Former Title: About the World Bank
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Entwicklungsbank ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Graue Literatur ; Jahresbericht ; Zeitschrift ; Bericht ; Weltbank
    Note: Inhaltl. Gliederung 2000 - 2004 in: Vol. 1, Year in review; Vol. 2, Financial statements and appendixes
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    München : Ges. ; Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Associated volumes
    In:  Central and Eastern European online library
    ISSN: 0340-174X , 0340-174X
    Language: German , English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen
    Titel der Quelle: Central and Eastern European online library
    Publ. der Quelle: Frankfurt am Main : Central and Eastern European Online Library GmbH, 2003
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 09.08.2022
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0304-2243 , 0022-0922 , 0022-0922 , 0022-0922
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1963 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jaitjopjā ṭanātannā marmarā maṣḥet
    Former Title: Vorg. Yuniversiti Kolleǧ (Addis Abeba) Review
    DDC: 890
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Äthiopistik ; Zeitschrift ; Äthiopien ; Zeitschrift
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  • 33
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Washington, DC | New York, NY : Oxford Univ. Press ; 1.1978 - 22.1999/2000(2000); [23.]2000/01(2001); 24.2002(2001) -
    ISSN: 0163-5085 , 0271-1745 , 0271-1710 , 0271-1737 , 1564-6394 , 0271-1745 , 0271-1710 , 0271-1737 , 1564-6394
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1978 - 22.1999/2000(2000); [23.]2000/01(2001); 24.2002(2001) -
    Additional Information: Disketten-Beil. World development indicators
    Additional Information: 15.1992 - 18.1995 darin World development indicators
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weltentwicklungsbericht
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rapport sur le développement dans le monde
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Shi jie fa zhan bao gao
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development report
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Weltbank ; Wirtschaftslage ; Soziale Lage ; Entwicklungsindikator ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welt ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Weltwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Sozialer Wandel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Weltbank ; Geschichte 1978- ; Soziokultureller Wandel
    Note: Ungezählte Beil. bis 14.1991: World development indicators
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  • 34
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Los Angeles : SAGE Publishing | Pfaffenhofen : Afrika-Verl. | Hamburg : Inst. of African Affairs ; [1.]1966 - [7.]1972; 8.1973 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0002-0397 , 1868-6869 , 1868-6869
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: 21 cm
    Dates of Publication: [1.]1966 - [7.]1972; 8.1973 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa Spectrum
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Entwicklung ; Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Afrika
    Note: Beteil. Körp. bis 1975: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung; bis 2006: Institut für Afrika-Kunde , Ersch. 3x jährl. , Text teils dt., teils engl., teils franz , Index [1.]/[2.]1966/67 in: [2.]1967; ab 29.1994 Index jeweils in Heft 3 enth.
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  • 35
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Helsinki : Aleksanteri Inst. ; [1].1997 -
    ISSN: 1455-481X
    Language: English , Finnish
    Dates of Publication: [1].1997 -
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1684-4173 , 1027-1775 , 1027-1775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 18.2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern Africa social science research review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Entwicklungstheorie ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Ostafrika ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Gruppe ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Afrika südlich der Sahara Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Soziale Gruppe ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ früher: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa , Gesehen am 25.10.2016
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  • 37
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Bei jing : Zhong guo tong ji chu ban she ; 1981(1982) - 1996; 16.1997 -
    Title: 中国统计年鉴
    Author, Corporation: 中国
    Publisher: 北京 : 中国统计出版社
    ISSN: 0255-6766
    Language: Chinese , English
    Dates of Publication: 1981(1982) - 1996; 16.1997 -
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe China Statistical yearbook of China
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China Zhong guo tong ji nian jian
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China. Guo jia tong ji ju Zhong guo tong ji nian jian
    Former Title: Engl. Ausg. u. darin aufgeg. China China statistical yearbook
    Former Title: Chung-kuo t'ung-chi nien-chien
    Former Title: Statistical yearbook of China
    Former Title: Zhongguo-tongji-nianjian
    RVK:
    Keywords: Statistik ; China ; Gesellschaft ; Binnenwirtschaft ; Volksrepublik China Gesellschaft ; Binnenwirtschaft ; China ; Graue Literatur ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; China ; China ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Jahrbuch ; China
    Note: Anfangs ohne Parallelsacht , Erscheint jährlich , Herausgeber bis 36 (2017): Zhong hua ren min gong he guo guo jia tong ji ju bian , Text chines. u. engl. ab 1994
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  • 38
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Südosteuropa-Ges. ; 15.1975 -
    ISSN: 0340-174X
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 24 cm
    Dates of Publication: 15.1975 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen
    Former Title: Vorg. Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft (Deutschland, Bundesrepublik) Mitteilungen der Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft
    Former Title: Vierteljahresschrift der Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft
    DDC: 940
    RVK:
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Südosteuropa ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Südosteuropa ; Politik ; Gesellschaft ; Südosteuropaforschung
    Note: Ungezählte Beilage: Beiheft , Einzelne Hefte als Sonderausg. oder Sonderh. bez , Ersch. zweimonatl., bis 41.2001 vierteljährl.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, Mass. | Madison, Wis. ; Nr. 1.1976 -
    ISSN: 2163-9108 , 0145-2258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1976 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. African economic history
    Former Title: Vorg.: African economic history review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Urh. teils.: African Studies Center, Boston University
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : SAGE Publishing | Pfaffenhofen : Afrika-Verl. | Hamburg : Inst. of African Affairs | Hamburg : Hamburg Univ. Press ; 1.1966 -
    ISSN: 1868-6869 , 1868-6869 , 0002-0397
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1966 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa Spectrum
    Former Title: Afrika Spectrum
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Politologie ; Soziologie ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Afrika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis 1975: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung; bis 2006: Institut für Afrika-Kunde; bis 30.04.2020: Institut für Afrika-Studien , Erscheint unregelmäßig , Gesehen am 26.02.2020 , Text teils dt., teils engl., teils franz.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London, United Kingdom : IntechOpen
    ISBN: 9781803565460 , 9781803565477
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 170 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Nichtregierungsorganisation ; Nonprofit-Organisation ; Nonprofit-Management ; Nonprofit-Marketing ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welt ; Organizational theory & behaviour ; Graue Literatur ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: This book provides a comprehensive overview of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including their development, structure, marketing, and challenges. It is divided into two sections: “Management Aspects of NGOs in the Area of Development, Marketing and Sourcing”, and “Case Studies of NGOs”. Chapters discuss the development of NGOs and present case studies of NGOs in various countries, including Ethiopia, Bangladesh, South Africa, and others. They also address such topics as NGOs in the healthcare sector, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the humanitarian supply chain, and how NGOs can protect and preserve cultural heritage
    Note: English
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Huneeus, Federico The Distribution of Crisis Credit: Effects on Firm Indebtedness and Aggregate Risk
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Coronavirus ; Kreditrisiko ; Kreditsicherung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Chile ; Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Credit Program ; De Facto Governments ; Democratic Government ; Employment Program ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Governance ; Government ; Guaranteed Loan ; Labor Markets ; Liquidity Support To Bank ; Public Credit ; Research Group ; Return To Capital ; Risk-Sharing Arrangement ; ROC ; Social Protections and Labor ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the distribution of credit during crisis times and its impact on firm indebtedness and macroeconomic risk. Whereas policies can help firms in need of financing, they can lead to adverse selection from riskier firms and higher default risk. The paper analyzes a large-scale program of public credit guarantees in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic using unique transaction-level data on the demand and supply of credit, matched with administrative tax data, for the universe of banks and firms. Credit demand channels loans toward riskier firms, distributing 4.6 percent of gross domestic product and increasing firm leverage. Despite increased lending to riskier firms, macroeconomic risks remain small. Several factors mitigate aggregate risk: the small weight of riskier firms, the exclusion of the riskiest firms, bank screening, contained expected defaults, and the government absorption of tail risk. The empirical findings are confirmed with a model of heterogeneous firms and endogenous default
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Halle/Saale : Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 Seiten, 0,32 MB)
    Series Statement: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology working papers no. 205
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hann, Chris, 1953 - One hundred years of substantivist economic anthropology
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper offers a perspective on the history and epistemological status of economic anthropology, ranging from the contributions of Bronislaw Malinowski in the early 1920s to the state of the field today. The focus is on the substantivist tradition, associated in the history of anthropology primarily with Karl Polanyi. The deep-rooted confusion that results from what he termed the “two meanings of ‘economic’” is already visible in the earlier oeuvre of Bronislaw Malinowski. The substantivist tradition initiated almost unwittingly by Malinowski continues to flourish and is compatible with a variety of theoretical approaches. Tensions will always exist between the relativist, empiricist thrust of substantivist economic anthropology and the allegedly universal reach of the deductive models that dominate in mainstream (neoclassical) economics. These theoretical tensions may in some places acquire a political tinge, but they can always be mitigated through meticulous ethnography. The point is illustrated in this paper with reference to work on property relations in the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    ISBN: 9789286150630
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (ohne Zählung)
    Keywords: Bank ; Bankgeschäft ; Electronic Banking ; Mikrofinanzierung ; Private Equity ; Risikokapital ; Coronavirus ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Graue Literatur
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    ISBN: 9789286149542
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Kommunale Investition ; EU-Staaten ; Graue Literatur
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789286150418 , 9789286150425
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Luxembourg : European Investment Bank
    ISBN: 9789286149900
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Multilateral Development Banks and Development Finance Institutions
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264631632 , 9789264514775 , 9789264180512
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (120 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Getting skills right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Career guidance for adults in a changing world of work
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Career guidance is a fundamental policy lever to help adults successfully navigate a constantly evolving labour market through advice and information on job and training opportunities. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of career guidance services. Many adults have lost their jobs and require assistance navigating their career options in a changing labour market, where firms are likely to accelerate the adoption of digital technologies in the name of pandemic-proofing. But compared to career guidance services for youth, services for adults receive relatively little policy attention, and little is known of how often existing services are used. This report scopes out initiatives in the area of career guidance for adults in OECD countries, drawing lessons on how to strengthen adult career guidance systems in terms of coverage and inclusiveness, provision and service delivery, quality and impact, and governance and funding. The findings of the report build on the information collected through the 2020 Survey of Career Guidance for Adults (SCGA), an online survey of adults’ experience with career guidance.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264909571 , 9789264910423 , 9789264948273
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 312 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Thailand ; Finance and Investment ; Thailand ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Thailand has had a remarkable economic development trajectory over the past 60 years and foreign direct investment (FDI) has been pivotal in this success. Thailand was one of the first movers in opening up to manufacturing FDI and in establishing proactive investment promotion and facilitation policies. While challenges remain in some areas of responsible business conduct, there is strong political will to address them. Thailand aspires to become a high income economy by 2037 by upgrading to a value based green economy. Inward FDI will play a prominent role in achieving this goal but this requires a concerted effort to reform the investment climate to remain an attractive host to foreign investment and to benefit to the full extent from that investment. While the COVID-19 crisis might temporarily delay progress, the policy recommendations in this review draw attention to potential reform priorities to help Thailand fulfil its development ambitions aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and to contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable recovery from the pandemic.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264938687 , 9789264901377 , 9789264957138
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 162 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD rural studies
    Keywords: Bergbau ; Bergbaupolitik ; Schweden (Nord) ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Sweden ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sweden’s northern region, Upper Norrland, is one of the most important mining regions in Europe and has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining. With the largest land surface and the lowest population density in Sweden, Upper Norrland contains two sub regions, Västerbotten and Norrbotten. Both sub regions host the greatest mineral reserves in the country, containing 9 of the country’s 12 active mines and providing 90% of the iron ore in the European Union. Upper Norrland has the potential to become a global leader in environmentally sustainable mining due to its competitive advantages, including a stable green energy supply, high-quality broadband connection, a pool of large mining companies working closely with universities to reduce the emissions footprint across the mining value chain, and a highly skilled labour force. Yet, the region must overcome a number of bottlenecks to support a sustainable future, including a shrinking workforce, low interaction of local firms with the mining innovation process and an increasing opposition to mining due to socio environmental concerns and land use conflicts. This study identifies how Västerbotten and Norrbotten can build on their competitive advantages and address current and future challenges to support a resilient future through sustainable mining.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264367340 , 9789264655584 , 9789264410732
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: TALIS [15]
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Positive, high-achieving students?
    Keywords: Education ; Argentina ; Australia ; Colombia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Georgia ; Malta ; Turkey ; Viet Nam ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The work of teachers matters in many different ways. Not only do they provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in the labour market, but they also help develop the social-emotional skills that are vital for students’ personal development and for their active citizenship. But how do teachers best achieve this? By linking 2018 data from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) with evidence from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) – known as the TALIS-PISA link – this report aims to identify the teacher and school factors that matter most for student achievement and social-emotional development. The report uses a data-driven approach – based on machine learning and standard regression analyses – to identify the dimensions that are most strongly linked with student outcomes, and then combines this with a careful review of theory and previous research to analyse and interpret the findings. These findings provide a rich illustration of the many ways in which teachers and school leaders might influence the success of their students, acting as a tool for educators to reflect upon their own practice. Finally, the report offers several directions for education policy.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Bandzählung kam vom Verlag, im Band selbst nicht zu entnehmen
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / International Transport Forum no. [2021, 01]
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2021/01
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Verkehr ; Periphere Region ; Chile ; Transport ; Chile ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report looks at the policies and programmes Chile has been putting in place over the past few decades to foster the development of public transport in remote communities. In particular, it has been taking a regional approach and encouraging private investment in transport.
    Note: Zählung der Reihe aus OECD iLibrary
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / International Transport Forum no. [2021, 02]
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2021/02
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Transportmanagement ; Insel ; Griechenland ; Transport ; Greece ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report looks at the need for Greece to redesign its inter-island transport system to make it more operational and sustainable. It takes into account the challenges of designing networks for island ecosystems and island clusters, which present even greater difficulties. Specifically, it examines applying the Island Transport Equivalent policy tool to increase island accessibility and growth potential.
    Note: Zählung der Reihe aus OECD iLibrary
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / International Transport Forum no. [2021, 03]
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2021/03
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Luftverkehrspolitik ; Luftverkehr ; Kanada (Nord) ; Arktis ; Transport ; Canada ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines explicit northern and Arctic connectivity policies in Canada, recognising the vital importance of air services in economic and social life. It comments on existing legislation, regulations, policies and programmes of the federal government as well as of Canada’s three northern territories. It also looks at recommendations from past transport policy reviews.
    Note: Zählung der Reihe aus OECD iLibrary
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on fiscal federalism no. 33 (January 2021)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; fiscal federalism ; intergovernmental coordination ; public health services ; subnational governments ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Coronavirus pandemic has put extreme pressure on public health services, often delivered at the local and regional levels of government. The paper focuses on how countries made changes to the configuration of federalism during the first wave of the pandemic. These changes typically have involved the centralisation and decentralisation of certain health-related activities, as well as the creation of new coordination and funding mechanisms. Specific tools that have been used include an enhanced role of the executive branch (“executive federalism”), the use of centres of government for vertical coordination, as well as the introduction of unique state-of-emergency laws. New horizontal coordination arrangements have also emerged with the more decentralised approaches. The strengths, weaknesses and implementation risks of various approaches are analysed using country examples.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264752627 , 9789264967830 , 9789264693623
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 282 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Ernährungspolitik ; Agrarpolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Ernährungssicherung ; Ernährung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Food systems around the world face a triple challenge: providing food security and nutrition for a growing global population; supporting livelihoods for those working along the food supply chain; and contributing to environmental sustainability. Better policies hold tremendous promise for making progress in these domains. This report focuses on three questions. What has been the performance of food systems to date, and what role did policies play? How can policy makers design coherent policies across the triple challenge? And how can policy makers deal with frictions related to facts, interests, and values, which often complicate the task of achieving better policies? Better policies will require breaking down silos between agriculture, health, and environmental policies, and overcoming knowledge gaps, resistance from interest groups, and differing values. Robust, inclusive, evidence-based processes are thus essential to making better policies for food systems.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264725799 , 9789264691575 , 9789264942745
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 233 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Justiz ; Gerichtsbarkeit ; Performance-Messung ; Lettland ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Latvia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Latvia has embarked on an ambitious agenda to tackle the challenges posed by complex types of criminality to public prosecution services, with particular emphasis on economic and financial crimes. This report carries out a benchmark analysis of Latvia’s prosecution practices along with those in ten OECD member countries, international good practices and the experience of globally renowned prosecution experts. It takes stock of the good practices implemented in the prosecution to date, and examines the importance of a broad range of policy aspects that can drive better performance. These include strategic management tools, the use of data and strengthening co-operation across the whole of the justice chain. Finally, it formulates policy recommendations to support Latvia in strengthening the performance of its prosecution services.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9505
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Burns, Andrew Macroeconomic Modeling of Managing Hurricane Damage in the Caribbean: The Case of Jamaica
    Keywords: Hurricanes ; Economic Modeling ; Disaster Risk Management ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes a modeling methodology that embeds climate damages from natural disasters and risk management strategies into a macroeconomic model for Jamaica. The modeled damages take the form of capital destruction, and the risk management strategies considered are (i) adaptation investment in hurricane resilient infrastructure, (ii) commercial disaster insurance for the government, (iii) the formation of a contingency fund, and (iv) lower debt via higher future primary balances to create fiscal space for disaster recovery. Different risk management strategies are compared to a baseline of no risk management. The model behavior is estimated empirically on country-specific data. Hurricane damage and the model results are analyzed in deterministic and probabilistic settings, using the historical distribution of damages for Jamaica
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9506
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Cirera, Xavier Policies to Support Businesses through the COVID-19 Shock: A Firm-Level Perspective
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Firms ; Policies ; Uncertainty ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Relying on a novel dataset covering more than 120,000 firms in 60 countries, this paper con-tributes to the debate about D policies to support businesses through the COVID-19 pandemic. While governments around the world have implemented a wide range of policy support measures, evidence on the reach of these policies, the alignment of measures with firm needs, and their targeting and effectiveness remains scarce. This paper provides the most comprehensive assessment to date of these issues, focusing primarily on the developing economies. It shows that policy reach has been limited, especially for the more vulnerable firms and countries, and identifies mismatches between policies provided and policies most sought. It also provides some indicative evidence regarding mistargeting of policies and their effectiveness in addressing liquidity constraints and preventing layoffs. This assessment provides some early guidance to policymakers on tailoring their COVID-19 business support packages and points to new directions in data and research efforts needed to guide policy responses to the current pandemic and future crises
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 15 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9507
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Mellon, Jonathan Trickle down Tax Morale: A Cross Country Survey Experiment
    Keywords: Tax Morale ; Cross-National Experiment ; Retributive Justice ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Avoidance ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Studies have encouraged pro-social behavior by experimentally manipulating people's views of what others like them tend to do (descriptive norms). These studies positively change behaviors, including charitable giving, littering, organ donation, and tax compliance. This paper argues that these results may be explained by a tendency to reciprocate positive actions and avoid being taken advantage of. The descriptive norm account predicts that positively describing the behavior of ordinary people will be most effective at increasing citizens' willingness to pay taxes, and messages describing the behavior of other groups should be less effective. However, reciprocity theory suggests that highlighting pro-social behavior by groups believed not to contribute their fair share, such as rich people, should be effective because it will reduce the subject's perception that they are being taken advantage of when they pay taxes. These theories are tested in an online experiment in Kenya, Australia, the United States, the Philippines, and South Africa. The findings show that the descriptive norms treatment is ineffective, while the rich people treatment significantly increases tax morale, supporting reciprocity theory. The findings suggest that tax agencies may increase tax compliance by visibly tackling tax avoidance among groups believed to avoid taxes, such as rich citizens
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9510
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Khamis, Melanie The Early Labor Market Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries: Evidence from High-Frequency Phone Surveys
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Employment ; High-frequency phone survey ; Developing countries ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has sharply reduced mobility and economic activity, disrupting the lives of people around the globe. This paper presents estimates on the early impact of the crisis on labor markets in 39 countries based on high-frequency phone survey data collected between April and July 2020. Workers in these countries experienced severe labor market disruptions following the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on simple averages across countries, 34 percent of the respondents reported stopping work, 20 percent of wage workers reported lack of payment for work performed, 9 percent reported job changes due to the pandemic, and 62 percent reported income loss in their household. Stopping work was more prevalent in the industrial and service sectors than in agriculture. Measures of work stoppage and income loss in the high-frequency phone survey are generally consistent with gross domestic product growth projections in Latin America and the Caribbean but not in Sub-Saharan Africa. This suggests that the survey data contribute new and important information on economic impacts in low-income countries
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9511
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Hoekman, Bernard COVID-19, Public Procurement Regimes, and Trade Policy
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; export controls ; trade facilitation ; trade policy ; public procurement ; trade agreements ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyzes a prominent dimension of the initial policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic observed in many countries: the imposition of export restrictions and actions to facilitate imports. Weekly data on the use of trade policy instruments during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic (January-July 2020) are used to assess the relationship between the use of trade policy instruments and attributes of pre-crisis public procurement regulation. Controlling for country size, government effectiveness and economic factors, the analysis finds that use of export restrictions targeting medical products is strongly positively correlated with the total number of steps and time required to complete procurement processes in the pre-crisis period. Membership in trade agreements encompassing public procurement disciplines is associated with actions to facilitate trade in medical products. These findings suggest that future empirical assessments of the drivers of trade policy during the pandemic should consider public procurement systems
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789286150012
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Graue Literatur ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic remind us that we cannot face down our challenges alone—our solutions must be global. The European Investment Bank is at the heart of the push to turn EU policy initiatives into real development solutions on the ground. This report provides insights into our vital projects and initiatives outside the European Union, data on their impact and ideas for the future of development through a series of expert essays
    Note: English
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9508
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Espitia, Alvaro Pandemic Trade: Covid-19, Remote Work and Global Value Chains
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Trade ; Global Value Chains ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the trade effects of Covid-19 using monthly disaggregated trade data for 28 countries and multiple trading partners from the beginning of the pandemic to June 2020. Regression results based on a sector-level gravity model show that the negative trade effects induced by Covid-19 shocks varied widely across sectors. Sectors more amenable to remote work contracted less throughout the pandemic. Importantly, participation in global value chains increased traders' vulnerability to shocks suffered by trading partners, but it also reduced their vulnerability to domestic shocks
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9509
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lautharte, Ildo Incentives for Mayors to Improve Learning: Evidence from State Reforms in Ceara, Brazil
    Keywords: Education Incentives for Mayors ; Results-Based Financing ; Technical Assistance ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Financial incentives for students, teachers, and schools are often used to promote learning. Yet, little is known about whether similar incentives for mayors produce analogous findings. This paper investigates this question by exploring a results-based financing reform in Ceara, Brazil, which redistributes state resources to municipalities based on education performance. Comparing schools on both sides of Ceara's border over key implementation periods, the paper shows that ninthgrade students who were exposed to the results-based financing performed 0.15 standard deviation higher on mathematics and language tests. These impacts increase twofold when Ceara offers technical assistance to municipalities (pedagogical and managerial) and become significant for fifth graders. These gains are seen among students in the top performance quantiles, but reformulating the results-based financing rule to penalize municipalities with more low performers significantly reduces learning gaps. The paper discuss several mechanisms: the selection of school principals, teacher training, the provision and quality of textbooks, curriculum coverage, and school homework
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264490031 , 9789264535565 , 9789264885837
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 179 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Inklusives Wachstum ; Erfolgsfaktor ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In recent years Korea has stepped up efforts to reduce inequalities in recognition that a fairer economic model is also the most sustainable one. In order to support this new policy direction, the OECD has carried out novel analysis of inclusive growth building on its Framework for Policy Action, developed by the OECD to improve the prospects of the groups left behind. The Inclusive Growth Review of Korea applies, for the first time, the Framework at the national level. Using a dashboard of indicators, the Framework presents policy recommendations to sustain and more equitably share the gains of economic growth by investing in people left behind, supporting business dynamism and inclusive labour markets, and building efficient and responsive governments. In addition, the Inclusive Growth Review of Korea finds that digitalisation risks to compound the disparities of Korean labour markets, and calls for renewed efforts to reduce the lack of opportunities for up- and re-skilling of the working-age population (Chapter 2). To improve the business environment, Korea should address the unbalanced growth across sectors and firm size and unequal distribution of productivity gains across population groups (Chapter 3).
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 148
    Keywords: Obesity ; behavioral insights ; food waste labelling ; dietary intake surveys ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital tools and technologies can assist governments to improve consumer health and the sustainability of food systems. These tools can be used to encourage consumers to buy healthy and nutritious foods and foods produced through sustainable farming practices, as well as to reduce asymmetries of food labelling schemes. They also contribute to more effective food data collection systems that can inform policy decisions, including by combining commercial sales information with national dietary intake survey data. Given the diverse approaches to adopting these digital tools, there is scope for cross-country learning. Current use of digital technologies by some governments ‒ from national dietary guideline websites to dedicated mobile apps ‒ can serve as references for other countries that seek to develop their own digital programmes. While these tools offer useful mechanisms for advancing policy objectives, they will need to be carefully designed to maximisetheir effectiveness and regularly evaluated to avoid excess cost and duplication.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 151
    Keywords: Competition ; buyer power ; profit margins ; unfair trading practices ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Concerns about market power and competition in the agri-food sector are widespread, with commentators regularly suggesting that farmers are in a structurally weaker position than other actors, who therefore benefit at their expense. The evidence reviewed in this paper indicates that downstream segments of agri-food chains are indeed typically more concentrated than farm-level production. Nevertheless, while competition problems were found in some instances, the current evidence does not support the claim that stronger actors in the chain systematically abuse their stronger position at the expense of farmers. An in-depth understanding of how value chains are organised is essential, as many widely used indicators provide little relevant information. In many areas, further research would be welcome, as current evidence does not cover all countries and sectors equally well.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264337978
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 61 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; St. Kitts und Nevis ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264995154
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Vereinigte Arabische Emirate ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; United Arab Emirates ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by the United Arab Emirates.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264508422
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Katar ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Qatar ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Qatar.
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / International Transport Forum no. [2021, 04]
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2021/04
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Transport planners see an opportunity in mobile phone data to better map trip destinations and monitor travel demand over time. However, such data require extensive processing to reveal trip details and transport modes. This paper defines quality indicators for reliable trip data collection and examines sensitivity to key parameters. It compares the trip matrices resulting from mobile network data with independent sources. This paper concludes on the strengths and weaknesses of such data in various transport planning tasks.
    Note: Zählung der Reihe aus OECD iLibrary
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / International Transport Forum no. [2021, 07]
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2021/07
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes methods to identify trip details, including the mode of transport for each trip, from smartphone app data and from mobile network data. Use cases include travel demand surveys, travel behaviour gamification, mobility-as-a-service and automated ticketing. In the context of transport planning, the paper examines solutions to protect privacy and to enhance the representativeness of mobile phone data samples. It makes recommendations to overcome the many obstacles involved, in particular the scarcity of annotated training data.
    Note: Zählung der Reihe aus OECD iLibrary
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264876484 , 9789264371026 , 9789264417663
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 135 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Toolkit for Water Policies and Governance compiles policies, governance arrangements and related tools that facilitate the design and implementation of water management practices in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. It is designed to inspire and support countries which have either adhered to, are considering adhering to, or aim to converge towards the OECD standard. The Recommendation was unanimously adopted by the OECD Council in December 2016. The adoption marked the outcome of a two-year consultation process with delegates from ministries active in the fields of agriculture, development assistance, environment, public governance, regional development, and regulatory policy, as well as with relevant stakeholders (the business sector, trade unions, environmental organisations) and the OECD Water Governance Initiative. The Recommendation puts forward an international standard with high-level policy guidance on a range of topics relevant for the management of water resources and delivery of water services. The areas covered include managing water quantity, water risks and disasters, improving water quality, ensuring good water governance as well as sustainable finance, investment and pricing for water services. The practices reported in the toolkit have been compiled by the OECD Secretariat, in close consultation with delegates from adhering countries. Regular updates will be made available.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264455900
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 164 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African studies
    Keywords: Konflikt ; Gewalt ; Netzwerk ; Militärische Intervention ; Politische Instabilität ; Öffentliche Sicherheit ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Conflicts in North and West Africa have become more violent and widespread than in the past. They have also become more difficult to resolve due to the complex relationships between a growing number of belligerents with diverging agendas. Building on a dataset of more than 36 000 violent events over a 23‑year period and three case studies (Lake Chad, Central Sahel and Libya), this report maps conflict networks and the evolution of rivalries and alliances in 21 North and West African countries. It applies an innovative approach, Dynamic Social Network Analysis, to explain the types and evolution of relationships across actors in conflict. Finally, the report analyses the impact of military interventions on the re‑composition of violent groups and the shifting nature of insecurity. This new analysis, based on temporal and spatial approaches contributes to the creation of strategies that will ensure long‑term political stability and serves as a reminder that there is a need for co‑ordinated regional approaches and place‑based policies.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264403154 , 9789264545175 , 9789264315570
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 267 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: How was life? volume II
    Series Statement: How was life?
    Keywords: 1820-2010 ; Lebensqualität ; Wirtschaftslage ; Soziale Lage ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Geschichte ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How was life in 1820, and how has it changed since then? This question, which was at the core of How Was Life? Global Well-being since 1820, published by the OECD in 2014, is addressed by this second volume based on a broader perspective. How Was Life? New Perspectives on Well-being and Global Inequality since 1820, presents new estimates of working hours, biodiversity loss, social spending and GDP (accounting for the 2011 round on purchasing power parities) as well as measures of inequalities in wealth, longevity and educational attainment, gender disparities and extreme poverty. A final chapter synthesises the historical evidence included both in the current and previous volume of How Was Life? through composite measures of the average well-being performance of each country, and of different within-country inequality measures. As was the case for the previous volume, this book combines both a historical and a global perspective, presenting estimates since 1820 for 25 major countries and 8 world regions. While this evidence sometimes relies on partial and limited evidence, each chapter in this book assesses the quality of the data used and identifies areas for further historical research. This second volume of How Was Life? is the product of collaboration between the OECD and the OECD Development Centre, on one side, and a group of economic historians gathered around the CLIO-INFRA and Maddison projects, on the other. The historical evidence included in the report is organised around dimensions of well-being that mirror those used by the OECD in its report How’s Life?
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264317611
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Energy Policy Reviews
    Keywords: 2021 ; Energiepolitik ; Aserbaidschan ; Energy ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Oil and gas continue to dominate Azerbaijan’s economy and provide most of its export and government revenue. While these resources have sharply raised the country’s living standards since the late 1990s and remain plentiful, the long-term outlook for this economic model is uncertain. Oil production is declining and major oil and gas importing countries have pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by mid-century, implying little demand three decades from now for oil or gas without carbon capture and storage. This report assesses the energy sector and related economic challenges facing Azerbaijan. It proposes several ways to respond by increasing the efficiency and diversity of domestic energy supply and use. The overriding recommendation is a gradual transition to competitive markets with significant private sector participation and energy prices that reflect the cost of production. The withdrawal of subsidies should be accompanied by support measures for those most in need. Such a transition would attract new market entrants and new investments, helping to develop Azerbaijan’s significant solar and wind potential, and limiting greenhouse gas emissions. These recommendations are in line with efforts already underway in Azerbaijan. Prompted by the oil price shock in 2014-15, the government has recently drafted proposals for electricity and gas market reforms, as well as laws on energy efficiency and renewable energy. The country’s first specific energy strategy is also nearing completion. The report encourages Azerbaijan to move swiftly to adopt all these proposals and implement them effectively to ensure secure and sustainable energy in the future.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264811447
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Südafrika ; Taxation ; South Africa ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by South Africa.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264945289
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Lettland ; Taxation ; Latvia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Latvia, which is accompanied by a document addressing the implementation of best practices.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264748842
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Ungarn ; Taxation ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Hungary.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264475076
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Israel ; Taxation ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Israel.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789264348653
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Chile ; Taxation ; Chile ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Chile.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264911512
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (103 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Griechenland ; Taxation ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Greece.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264400108
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Türkei ; Taxation ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Turkey.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264598973
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Mexiko ; Taxation ; Mexico ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard of Mexico.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264820050
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Kolumbien ; Taxation ; Colombia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The minimum standard is complemented by a set of best practices. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Colombia, which is accompanied by a document addressing the implementation of best practices.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789264999343
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Indien ; Taxation ; India ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by India.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264350847
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Argentinien ; Taxation ; Argentina ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the stage 2 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Argentina.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264367609 , 9789264906433 , 9789264697300
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 275 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD studies on SMEs and entrepreneurship
    Keywords: KMU ; Digitalisierung ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite potentially tremendous benefits, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag in the digital transformation. Emerging technologies, as diverse as they are, offer a range of applications for them to improve performance and overcome the size-related limitations they face in doing business. However, SMEs must be better prepared, and stakes are high. SMEs make the most of the industrial fabric in many countries and regions, they create jobs (most jobs sometimes) and are the cement of inclusive and sustainable societies. The SME digital gap has increased inequalities among people, places and firms, and there are concerns that the benefits of the digital transformation could accrue to early adopters, further broadening these inequalities. Enabling SME digitalisation has become a top policy priority in OECD countries and beyond. The report looks at recent trends in SME digital uptake, including in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It focuses on issues related to digital security, online platforms, blockchain ecosystems, and artificial intelligence. The report identifies opportunities, risks of not going digital, and barriers to adoption. It looks to concrete policy action taken worldwide to speed the SME transformation and raises a series of considerations to advance the SME digital policy agenda.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264487208 , 9789264995642 , 9789264356665
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Getting skills right
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving the quality of non-formal adult learning
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Erfolgsfaktor ; Europa ; Education ; Employment ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has reiterated the importance of adult learning and career guidance services as many adults have lost their jobs and now require upskilling and reskilling opportunities in order to keep pace with the rapidly evolving world of work. Yet, in order to achieve its positive gains, adult training needs to be of high quality and ensure successful learning experiences for all participants. This report therefore aims at supporting public authorities to enhance quality in the field of non-formal adult learning. It provides an overview of quality assurance systems across Europe, highlighting their implementation features, governance structures and success factors. Based on this analysis, the report develops a Quality Assurance in Adult Learning Decision Tree to support the decision-making process of governments that are planning reforms of their quality assurance systems.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264639294
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Aruba ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Aruba ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Aruba.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264942899
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Grönland ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Greenland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Greenland.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264465879
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 base erosion and profit shifting project
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Barbados ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation ; Barbados ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under Action 14, countries have committed to implement a minimum standard to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of the mutual agreement procedure (MAP). The MAP is included in Article 25 of the OECD Model Tax Convention and commits countries to endeavour to resolve disputes related to the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The Action 14 Minimum Standard has been translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review and monitoring process. The peer review process is conducted in two stages. Stage 1 assesses countries against the terms of reference of the minimum standard according to an agreed schedule of review. Stage 2 focuses on monitoring the follow-up of any recommendations resulting from jurisdictions' Stage 1 peer review report. This report reflects the outcome of the Stage 1 peer monitoring of the implementation of the Action 14 Minimum Standard by Barbados.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264675025 , 9789264830783 , 9789264667877
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 214 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD multi-level governance studies
    Keywords: Dezentralisierung ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Bulgarien ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Bulgaria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Bulgaria has made solid progress in its territorial governance and socio-economic development. Yet, it has not been able to counteract large and increasing territorial disparities. Doing so will require addressing remaining structural challenges that may be limiting further transformation, government performance and regional resilience. It will also depend on shifting from a centrally-designed approach to regional development policy to one that incorporates subnational input and carefully considers regional specificities. Such a shift, coupled with a revitalised multi-level governance model to strengthen regional and municipal governance, could generate more balanced regional development and inclusive growth in Bulgaria. This multi-level governance study considers the avenues Bulgarian national and subnational authorities could take to ensure more place-based regional development and governance. It emphasises a comprehensive, yet incremental, approach to decentralisation and regionalisation reforms to generate more effective and balanced regional development.
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Discussion paper / International Transport Forum no. [2021, 08]
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2021/08
    Keywords: Transport ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Many regions are seeking to improve mobility choices for citizens, both in congested city settings and poorly connected peripheral communities. Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is increasingly presented as a possible solution, yet beyond pilot level there are no examples to date of what a successful implementation of MaaS might look like. This paper reviews pilot studies and ongoing research into the user perspective on MaaS and the lessons learned thus far.
    Note: Zählung der Reihe aus OECD iLibrary
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264946583
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 87 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Keywords: Humankapital ; Qualifikation ; Bildungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Südostasien ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Australia ; Brunei Darussalam ; Cambodia ; Germany ; Indonesia ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Lao People's Democratic Republic ; Malaysia ; Myanmar ; Philippines ; Singapore ; Thailand ; United States ; Viet Nam ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in a rapidly changing world. Recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic will require countries to co-ordinate interventions to help recent graduates find jobs, reactivate the skills of displaced workers and use skills effectively in workplaces. Megatrends such as globalisation, climate change, technological progress and demographic change will continue to reshape work and society. Countries should take action now to develop and use more effectively the skills required for the world of the future and at the same time make their skills systems more resilient and adaptable in the context of change and uncertainty. The OECD Skills Strategy provides countries with a strategic approach to assess their skills challenges and opportunities. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework allowing countries to explore how they can improve i) developing relevant skills, ii) using skills effectively, and iii) strengthening the governance of the skills system. This report applies the OECD Skills Strategy framework to Southeast Asia, providing an overview of the region’s skills challenges and opportunities in the context of COVID-19 and megatrends, and identifying good practices for improving skills outcomes. This report lays the foundation for a more fully elaborated Skills Strategy for Southeast Asia.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris, France] : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264976917
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 251 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: World energy outlook special report
    Keywords: Energieprognose ; Energieversorgung ; Energiewirtschaft ; Indien ; Energy ; India ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The India Energy Outlook 2021 is a new special report from the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook series. The report explores the opportunities and challenges ahead for India as it seeks to ensure reliable, affordable and sustainable energy to a growing population. The report examines pathways out of the crisis that emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as longer-term trends, exploring how India’s energy sector might evolve to 2040 under a range of scenarios. The report is presented as a series of ‘deep dives’ exploring cross-cutting issues, including: The effects of economic growth, urbanisation and industrialisation on India’s fuel and sector-level demand trends. The evolution of mobility, including electrification, in the context of growing urbanisation. The prospects for expanding energy access, especially in rural areas. Flexibility requirements in the power sector under ambitious renewable capacity targets and a significant rise in electricity demand – especially from air conditioners. Challenges and opportunities for clean energy finance, including investments in solar energy and batteries The supply and infrastructure required for an expanded role for natural gas, along with a sector-level assessment of its potential. Impacts of India’s energy policy choices on energy access, air pollution and carbon emissions. India’s growing importance in global energy issues, and the implications of its development trajectory on international energy supply, trade and investment.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264415133 , 9789264667068 , 9789264388758
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 190 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Klimawandel ; Internationale Umweltpolitik ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This guidance provides a tool governments and development co-operation can draw on in their efforts to strengthen the resilience of human and natural systems to the impacts of climate change. It highlights three aspirations to consider when planning and implementing action to build climate resilience (country ownership; inclusiveness; and environmental and social sustainability). The guidance also outlines four mechanisms (governance; sector-level approaches; finance; and monitoring, evaluation and learning) and three enablers (data and information; capacity; and technologies) in support of climate resilience, proposing concrete actions in the form of checklists.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264573871 , 9789264595279 , 9789264763906
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Illicit trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Schweiz ; Governance ; Trade ; Switzerland ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Swiss economy is innovative and knowledge-intensive. Consequently, it relies heavily on intellectual property rights. Swiss industries are also export-oriented and solidly integrated in the global economy. At the same time, the threats of counterfeiting and piracy are growing, and Swiss industries are vulnerable. This report measures the direct economic effects of counterfeiting on Swiss industry and the Swiss government. It estimates the impact of the global trade in fake products that pose as “Swiss made” in terms of lost jobs, forgone profits and lower tax revenues.
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