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  • World Bank  (79)
  • Ravallion, Martin  (22)
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  • Poor  (54)
  • Labor market  (42)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Moving for prosperity : global migration and labor markets (2018)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464812828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Moving for prosperity: global migration and labor markets
    DDC: 331.6/2
    Keywords: Emigration and immigration Economic aspects ; Emigration and immigration Government policy ; Foreign workers ; Labor market ; Labor mobility
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1281-1
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Striving for better jobs : the challenge of informality in the Middle East and North Africa (2014)
    Washington DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821395356 , 9780821395363
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 331
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics) ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9535-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Building the skills for economic growth and competitiveness in Sri Lanka (2014)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464801587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 370.113095493
    Keywords: Economic development ; Labor market ; Vocational education ; Vocational qualifications ; Economic development ; Labor market ; Vocational education ; Vocational qualifications ; Economic development ; Labor market ; Vocational education ; Vocational qualifications
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0158-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sticky feet : how labor market frictions shape the impact of international trade on jobs and wages (2014)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464802638
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 331.12
    Keywords: Business cycles ; Labor market ; Labor mobility ; Wages ; Business cycles ; Labor market ; Labor mobility ; Wages ; Business cycles ; Labor market ; Labor mobility ; Wages ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0263-8
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Back to work : growing with jobs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2014)
    Washington, DC : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821399101
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia reports
    DDC: 331.10947
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Job creation ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Job creation ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Job creation ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9910-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving skills development in the informal sector : strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa (2013)
    Washington, DC : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821399682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 331
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor ; Labor market ; Small business ; Vocational education ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor ; Labor market ; Small business ; Vocational education ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor ; Labor market ; Small business ; Vocational education ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic policy ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9968-2
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The new microfinance handbook : a financial market system perspective (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821389270 , 9780821389287
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 332
    RVK:
    QM 353
    Keywords: Financial institutions ; Microfinance ; Poor Finance, Personal ; Financial institutions ; Microfinance ; Poor Finance, Personal ; Financial institutions ; Microfinance ; Poor ; Mikrofinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8927-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban labor markets in sub-Saharan Africa (2013)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397817 , 9780821397824
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 331.120967
    Keywords: City dwellers Employment ; Labor market ; City dwellers Employment ; Labor market ; City dwellers ; Labor market ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Description / Table of Contents: General introductionPart I. A comparative analysis of urban labour markets in sub-Saharan Africa -- 1. Employment, unemployment and working conditions on the urban labour markets in Africa: main stylised facts -- Part II. Job quality and labour market conditions -- 2. Underemployment and job mismatch in sub-Saharan Africa -- 3. Job satisfaction: a measurement of employment quality compared with aspirations in eight African capitals -- 4. Employment vulnerability and earnings -- Part III. The many dimensions of labour market inequalities -- 5. Education and labour market outcomes in urban West Africa -- 6. Urban labour market segmentation in WAEMU: a distributional approach -- 7. Working at retirement age? a comparison of seven West African capitals -- 8. Domestic work and employment in Africa: what is the trade-off for women? -- 9. Inequality of opportunities on the urban labour market in West Africa -- 10. Decomposing gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African cities -- Part IV. Some key coping mechanisms and private responses -- 11. Why migrating, self-selection and returns to education in the WAEMU -- 12. Returns to returning in West Africa -- 13. The work-school trade-off among West African children: Are household tasks more compatible with school than economic activities? -- 14. General conclusion.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9781-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nepal's investment climate : leveraging the private sector for job creation and growth (2012)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821394656 , 9780821394663
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 330.95496
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor market ; Nepal ; Nepal ; Nepal Economic conditions ; Nepal Economic policy ; Nepal Economic conditions ; Nepal Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9465-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Food prices, nutrition, and the millenium development goals (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821394517 , 0821395238 , 9780821394519 , 9780821395233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xv, 169 p) , col. ill
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary Also available on the Internet
    Keywords: Food prices Government policy ; Food prices ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Poor ; Food prices Government policy ; Food prices ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Poor ; Food prices ; Food prices ; Food security ; Nutrition ; Poor
    Note: Written by staffs of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund , Also available on the Internet.
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9451-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    From right to reality : incentives, labor markets, and the challenge of universal social protection in Latin America and the Caribbean (2012)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821386875 , 9780821386873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 423 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Latin American Development forum series
    DDC: 331.1098
    Keywords: Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Social security ; Social security ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Social security ; Social security ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Social security ; Social security ; Caribbean Area ; Latin America ; Caribbean Area Social policy ; Latin America Social policy ; Caribbean Area Social policy ; Latin America Social policy
    Note: Includes bibliographic references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8687-3
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Household energy access for cooking and heating : lessons learned and the way forward (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821396049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 333.79/13091724
    Keywords: Energy consumption ; Households Energy consumption ; Poor Energy assistance ; Energy consumption ; Households Energy consumption ; Poor Energy assistance ; Energy consumption ; Households ; Poor
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9604-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Living through crises : how the food, fuel, and financial shocks affect the poor (2012)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821389409 , 9780821394601
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: New frontiers of social policy
    DDC: 339.4/6
    Keywords: Cost and standard of living ; Financial crises Social aspects ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 Social aspects ; Poor ; Cost and standard of living ; Financial crises Social aspects ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 Social aspects ; Poor ; Cost and standard of living ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Poor ; Social aspects ; Social aspects
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8940-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Confronting poverty in Iraq : main findings (2011)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821385623 , 9780821385630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 88 p) , ill. (some col.) , 26 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.4/609567
    Keywords: Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Poor ; Poverty ; Iraq ; Iraq Economic conditions ; Iraq Economic conditions
    Note: "Poverty Reduction Strategy High Committee Government of Iraq , Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8562-3
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    More and better jobs in South Asia (2011)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821389126 , 9780821389133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (p. cm)
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: South asia development matters
    DDC: 331.120954
    Keywords: Employment ; Labor market ; Labor policy ; Employment ; Labor market ; Labor policy ; Employment ; Labor market ; Labor policy ; South Asia ; South Asia ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Economic policy ; South Asia Economic conditions ; South Asia Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8912-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender disparities in Africa's labor market (2010)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821380664 , 0821380702 , 9780821380666 , 9780821380703
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxviii, 420 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Africa development forum
    DDC: 331.4/133096
    Keywords: Labor market ; Sex discrimination in employment ; Sexual division of labor ; Labor market ; Sex discrimination in employment ; Sexual division of labor ; Labor market ; Sex discrimination in employment ; Sexual division of labor
    Abstract: "A copublication of the Agence française de développement and the World Bank."--T.p
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Why study gender disparities in Africa's labor markets? , Gender disparities in Africa's labor markets : a cross-country comparison using standardized survey data , Exploring the gender pay gap through different age cohorts : the case of Ethiopia , Gender disparities in the Malagasy labor market , Gender differences in pay in African manufacturing firms , Addressing gender inequality in Ethiopia : trends, impacts, and the way forward , Gender, time use, and labor income in Guinea : micro and macro analyses , How does growth affect labor income by gender? : a structural path analysis for Tanzania , Gender disparities in time allocation, time poverty, and labor allocation across employment sectors in Ethiopia , Domestic work time in Sierra Leone , Gender labor income shares and human capital investment in the Republic of Congo , Income generation and intra-household decision making : a gender analysis for Nigeria
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8066-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in South Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4871
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in South Africa
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unskilled labor ; Labor market ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: "In this paper, the authors use a highly disaggregate general equilibrium model to analyze the feasibility of a wage subsidy to unskilled workers in South Africa, isolating and estimating its potential employment effects and fiscal cost. They capture the structural characteristics of the labor market with several labor categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results on relative prices, wages, and employment to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities in order to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences of the policy. The impact of a wage subsidy on employment, poverty, and inequality in South Africa depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labor are complements in production. The desired results are attainable only if there is sufficient flexibility in the labor market. Although the impact in a low case scenario can be improved by supporting policies that relax the skill constraint and increase the production capacity of the economy especially towards labor-intensive sectors, the gains from a wage subsidy are still modest if the labor market remains very rigid. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4871
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Globalization, wages, and the quality of jobs : five country studies (2009)
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821379348 , 0821379550 , 9780821379349 , 9780821379554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 282 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 331.1209172/4
    Keywords: International trade Social aspects ; Labor Social aspects ; Labor market ; International trade Social aspects ; Labor Social aspects ; Labor market ; International trade ; Labor ; Labor market ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview: the promises and perils of globalization / Raymond Robertson ... [et al.]A review of the globailization literature: implications for employment, wages, and labor standards / Drusilla Brown -- Globalization and working conditions : a framework for county studies / Raymond Robertson -- Globalization and working conditions : evidence from Cambodia / Samsen Neak and Raymond Robertson -- The effect of globalization on working conditions: El Salvador, 1995-2005 -- Globalization and working conditions : evidence from Honduras / Douglas Marcouiller and Raymond Robertson -- Globalization and working conditions: evidence from Indonesia / Raymond Robertson ... [et al.] -- Export processing zones in Madagascar: the impact of the dismantling of clothing quotas on employment and labor standards / Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto, and François Roubaud.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7934-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Attacking inequality in the health sector : a synthesis of evidence and tools (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821374443 , 9780821377406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 308 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 362.1/042
    Keywords: Equality Health aspects ; Health services accessibility ; Poor Cross-cultural studies Medical care ; World health ; Equality Health aspects ; Health services accessibility ; Poor Cross-cultural studies Medical care ; World health ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Developing Countries ; Health Policy ; Health Status Disparities ; Healthcare Disparities ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Equality ; Health services accessibility ; Health aspects ; Poor ; World health ; Medical care ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Cross-cultural studies ; Developing Countries ; Health Policy ; Health Status Disparities ; Healthcare Disparities ; Socioeconomic Factors
    Description / Table of Contents: An unacceptable realityApproaching a complex and persistent problem -- The importance of "listening" -- A menu of pro-poor policies -- Brazil, filling the cracks in universal coverage -- Cambodia: contracting with nongovernmental organizations to serve the poor -- Cambodia: health equity fund for the poor -- Chile: integrated services program for the poor -- Colombia: expanding health insurance for the poor -- India: community-based health care services -- Indonesia: health cards for the poor -- Kenya: expanding immunization reach through campaigns -- The Kyrgyz Republic: health financing reform and the poor -- Mexico: paying the poor to use health services -- Mexico: providing subsidized health insurance to the poor -- Nepal: participatory planning -- Rwanda: community-based health insurance -- Tanzania: social marketing for malaria prevention -- Vigilance.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-294) and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7444-3
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture
    Abstract: At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty
    Keywords: Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines
    Keywords: Armut ; Messung ; Theorie ; Malawi ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas
    Abstract: The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of "relative deprivation" as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a "positional good," and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bailing Out The World's Poorest (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Bailing Out The World's Poorest
    Keywords: Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection
    Abstract: While the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries, and some people, more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. The paper points out some mistakes in past crisis responses and identifies key design features for safety net programs that can help compensate for the likely welfare losses in the short-term while also promoting longer-term recovery
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  • 24
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    Dollar A Day Revisited (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
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  • 25
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    Making work pay in Madagascar : employment, growth, and poverty reduction (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082137530X , 0821375318 , 9780821375303 , 9780821375310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 139 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Poverty
    DDC: 331.109691
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Wages
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-134) and index
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  • 26
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    New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sangraula, Prem New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors provide new evidence on the extent to which absolute poverty has urbanized in the developing world, and the role that population urbanization has played in overall poverty reduction. They find that one-quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas and that the proportion has been rising over time. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate but did little for urban poverty. Over 1993-2002, the count of the
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  • 27
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    How Relevant Is Targeting To The Success of An Antipoverty Program ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin How Relevant Is Targeting To The Success of An Antipoverty Program ?
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting
    Abstract: Policy-oriented discussions often assume that "better targeting" implies larger impacts on poverty or more cost-effective interventions. The literature on the economics of targeting warns against that assumption, but evidence has been scarce. The paper begins with a critical review of the strengths and weaknesses of the targeting measures found in practice. It then exploits an unusually large micro data set for China to estimate aggregate and local-level poverty impacts of the country's main urban antipoverty program. Standard measures of targeting are found to be uninformative, or even deceptive, about impacts on poverty and cost-effectiveness in reducing poverty. In program design and evaluation, it would be better to focus directly on the program's outcomes for poor people than to rely on prevailing measures of targeting
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  • 28
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    Poverty Reduction Without Economic Growth ? : Explaining Brazil's Poverty Dynamics, 1985-2004 (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Poverty Reduction Without Economic Growth ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security ; Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security ; Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security
    Abstract: Brazil's slow pace of poverty reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a low growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Using GDP data disaggregated by state and sector for a twenty-year period, this paper finds considerable variation in the poverty-reducing effectiveness of growth-across sectors, across space, and over time. Growth in the services sector was substantially more poverty-reducing than was growth in either agriculture or industry. Growth in industry had very different effects on poverty across different states and its impact varied with initial conditions related to human development and worker empowerment. The determinants of poverty reduction changed around 1994: positive growth rates and a greater (absolute) elasticity with respect to agricultural growth contributed to faster poverty reduction. But because there was so little of it, economic growth played a relatively small role in accounting for Brazil's poverty reduction between 1985 and 2004. The taming of hyperinflation (in 1994) and substantial expansions in social security and social assistance transfers, beginning in 1988, accounted for a larger share of the overall reduction in poverty
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  • 29
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    The urban unbanked in Mexico and the United States (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3835
    Parallel Title: John, Patrick The urban unbanked in Mexico and the United States
    Keywords: Low-income consumers ; Low-income consumers ; Microfinance ; Microfinance ; Poor ; Poor ; Low-income consumers ; Low-income consumers ; Microfinance ; Microfinance ; Poor ; Poor
    Abstract: "This paper examines the ways in which lower-income households obtain basic financial services in urban communities in Mexico and the United States. And it discusses the efforts that private sector and government organizations are making to lower the cost or improve the quality of those services. The paper summarizes available information on these issues and assesses the rationale and challenges facing the strategies that both countries are using to improve the financial services available to lower-income households, giving particular attention to "unbanked" households, meaning households that do not have deposit accounts with any regulated deposit-taking institution, and also to lower-income households in large urban areas. In comparing the experiences of the two countries, the paper reviews the extent to which lower-income households are unbanked, their use of non-bank financial services, and strategies for improving financial services to the unbanked. The underlying differences between the countries' typical household incomes-national income per capita in Mexico in 2002 was US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/7/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
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    Partially Awakened Giants : Uneven Growth In China And India (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chaudhuri, Shubham Partially Awakened Giants
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper examines the ways in which recent economic growth has been uneven in China and India and what this has meant for inequality and poverty. Drawing on analyses based on existing household survey data and aggregate data from official sources, the authors show that growth has indeed been uneven-geographically, sectorally, and at the household level-and that this has meant uneven progress against poverty, less poverty reduction than might have been achieved had growth been more balanced, and an increase in income inequality. The paper then examines why growth was uneven and why this should be of concern. The discussion is structured around the idea that there are both "good" and "bad" inequalities-drivers and dimensions of inequality and uneven growth that are good or bad in terms of what they imply for both equity and long-term growth and development. The authors argue that the development paths of both China and India have been influenced by, and have generated, both types of inequalities and that while good inequalities-most notably those that reflect the role of economic incentives-have been critical to the growth experience thus far, there is a risk that bad inequalities-those that prevent individuals from connecting to markets and limit investment and accumulation of human capital and physical capital-may undermine the sustainability of growth in the coming years. The authors argue that policies are needed that preserve the good inequalities-continued incentives for innovation and investment-but reduce the scope for bad ones, notably through investments in human capital and rural infrastructure that help the poor connect to markets
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  • 31
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    Disinflation, fiscal sustainability, and labor market adjustment in Turkey (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3804
    Parallel Title: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Disinflation, fiscal sustainability, and labor market adjustment in Turkey
    Keywords: Fiscal policy ; Inflation (Finance) ; Labor market ; Fiscal policy ; Inflation (Finance) ; Labor market
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes the effects of monetary policy and fiscal adjustment on output and unemployment in Turkey. The model on which the analysis is based accounts for rural-urban migration, a large urban informal sector, flexible exchange rates, a dollarized banking system, and interactions between default risk on government liabilities, credibility, and inflation expectations. The short- and long-run effects of a rise in official interest rates and tax increases are analyzed. The results highlight the importance of accounting for the link between default risk and credibility in understanding the real and financial effects of macroeconomic adjustment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
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    Integrated urban upgrading for the poor : the experience of Ribeira Azul, Brazil (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3861
    Parallel Title: Baker, Judy L Integrated urban upgrading for the poor
    Keywords: Community development ; Low-income housing ; Poor ; Community development ; Low-income housing ; Poor
    Abstract: "This study looks at the experience of integrated urban upgrading in a low-income neighborhood of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Infrastructure and social investments have been made in the community through a government program, with community participation playing a major role in the design and implementation. This approach is now perceived to be highly successful in terms of its implementation and positive impact on living conditions, and will provide the basis for a major state-wide program. This paper analyzes the lessons learned from the experience, with implications for scaling up as well as applications for other urban upgrading programs. Among the key issues looked at are: (1) what has worked well with the integrated urban upgrading approach and what has not; (2) how cost-effective the interventions were; (3) institutional arrangements given the multi-sectoral approach; and (4) sustainability issues of financing, tenure security, the prevention of further slum expansion, operations and maintenance, environmental sustainability, and job creation, and how they will impact on the poor over time. Key findings point to the importance of community participation, clear roles and responsibilities in institutional arrangements, the need for strong local government participation, and the high costs and challenges of providing housing for the poor. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
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    Di bao : a guaranteed minimum income in urban China? (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3805
    Parallel Title: Wang, Youjuan Di bao
    Keywords: Guaranteed annual income ; Poor ; Guaranteed annual income ; Poor
    Abstract: "Concerns about incentives and targeting naturally arise when cash transfers are used to fight poverty. The authors address these concerns in the context of China's Di Bao program, which uses means-tested transfers to try to assure that no registered urban resident has an income below a stipulated poverty line. There is little sign in the data of poverty traps due to high benefit withdrawal rates. Targeting performance is excellent by various measures. Di Bao appears to be better targeted than any other program in the developing world. However, all but one measure of targeting performance is found to be uninformative, or even deceptive, about impacts on poverty. The authors find that the majority of the poor are not receiving help, even with a generous allowance for measurement errors. While on paper, Di Bao would eliminate urban poverty, it falls well short of that ideal in practice. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/10/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
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    Export led growth, pro-poor or not? : evidence from Madagascar's textile and apparel industry (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3841
    Parallel Title: Nicita, Alessandro Export led growth, pro-poor or not?
    Keywords: Globalization ; Job creation ; Poor ; Textile industry ; Globalization ; Job creation ; Poor ; Textile industry
    Abstract: "Madagascar's textile and apparel industry has been among the fastest growing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Fueled by low labor costs, a fairly productive labor force, and preferential access to industrial countries, Madagascar's exports of textile and apparel products grew from about US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/7/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 35
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    Regional labor market developments in transition (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3896
    Parallel Title: Huber, Peter Regional labor market developments in transition
    Keywords: Labor market ; Regional economic disparities ; Labor market ; Regional economic disparities
    Abstract: "The author analyzes regional labor market disparities in transition by presenting some data and summarizing existing literature. He finds that large and persistent regional labor market disparities developed in virtually all transition countries and that there is some evidence of polarization. Differences in starting conditions and market access seem to be the major reasons for regional divergence in transition. Furthermore, regional wages are only slightly more flexible than in many European Union labor markets, interregional migration is low, and capital seems to move toward high wage and low unemployment urban centers rather than to the most backward regions. Policy should thus take a long-run perspective on the existing regional disparities, focus on removing barriers to mobility, review existing institutions for implementing regional policy, and aim at a close coordination of regional and labor market policy instruments. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/25/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 36
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    Access to financial services in Colombia : the "unbanked" in Bogota (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3834
    Parallel Title: Manroth, Astrid Access to financial services in Colombia
    Keywords: Financial services industry ; Poor ; Financial services industry ; Poor
    Abstract: "The authors look at the depth of the financial sector in Bogota in terms of the "financial exclusion" of those, particularly poorer citizens, who operate without accounts in formal financial institutions-the unbanked. They begin with a review of the overall decline in financial intermediation from 1998 to 2003, which explains, in part, the high percentage of unbanked-61 percent in a recent household survey in Bogota. The authors next look at the banking system today, concluding that the present challenge is to increase financial intermediation overall, especially with the poor. Their analysis shows that Colombia's banks provide costly services mainly catered toward high-income clients. Existing fees and costs of checking, savings, and loan services average 5-10 percent of a monthly minimum wage, making them hard to afford for low-income clients. The authors also explore the characteristics and impacts of financial exclusion associated with lower and more uncertain incomes, lower education, and closer links to the informal sector. They cite the household survey conducted in Bogota, showing that 70 percent of the unbanked earn less than one minimum wage per month, are three times more likely to be unemployed than the banked, and have lower education levels. The unbanked save and borrow largely in the informal sector, at greater risk and greater cost. At the same time, however, high home ownership rates show that the unbanked have the capacity to build assets, demonstrating that they have "bankable" characteristics. The authors conclude with recommendations for government and for the financial sector to broaden access for the benefit of public and private sectors, and for the unbanked. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/6/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 37
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    Gross worker flows in the presence of informal labor markets : the Mexican experience 1987-2002 (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3883
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Gross worker flows in the presence of informal labor markets
    Keywords: Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Labor market
    Abstract: "This paper applies recent advances in the study of labor market dynamics to a representative developing country with a large informal or unregulated sector, Mexico. It studies quarterly gross flows of workers over a 15-year period that includes two recoveries and recessions, including the celebrated 1995 Tequila crisis. It finds, first, that the formal or modern salaried sector shows the same procyclical job finding rate and mildly countercyclical separation behavior identified in the recent U.S. literature, and relative wage rigidity, both consistent with Shimer (2005a) and Hall (2005). The unregulated informal sector, however, shows reasonable acyclicality in the job finding rate coupled with sharp countercyclical movements in the job separation rate, consistent with standard small firm dynamics and Davis and Haltiwanger (1992 and 1999). This interaction of regulatory coverage and firm sizes, and patterns of gross worker flows thus sheds suggestive light on the roots of countercyclical job finding behavior in the U.S. literature. Second, the patterns of worker transitions between formality and informality correspond to the job-to-job dynamics observed in the United States and not to the traditional idea of informality constituting the inferior sector of a segmented market. That said, the countercyclical job finding in the formal sector combined with the acyclical job finding in informality does lead to the latter absorbing relatively more labor during downturns. Third, aggregate employment dynamics vary across the Tequila crisis and the later 2001 slowdown, suggesting that not only the composition of employment, but the nature of the shocks is important to understanding how the labor market adjusts."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
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    Labor market developments during economic transition (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3894
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Labor market developments during economic transition
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Systemtransformation ; Osteuropa ; Zentralasien ; GUS-Staaten ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Abstract: "The paper reviews labor market developments in the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia. It argues that the scarcity of productive job opportunities and the growing labor market segmentation are the two main labor market problems facing the transition economies. In the European transition economies the lack of jobs has led to persistent open unemployment. In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) it has led to hidden unemployment (underemployment and low productivity employment). Unemployment in the European transition economies is supported by the developed social safety net. In contrast, in the CIS for most workers unemployment is not an affordable option. They either stick to their old, unproductive jobs in unrestructured enterprises, or work in the informal sector, or resort to subsistence agriculture. Thus, underemployment in the CIS is a mirror image of unemployment in the European transition economies. Accordingly, the high employment-to-population ratios in many CIS countries do not necessarily signify favorable labor market performance. Instead they often indicate delayed enterprise restructuring, the maintenance of unsustainable jobs in uncompetitive firms, and the existence of a large informal sector as an employer of last resort. Labor market segmentation has been caused by a sharp increase in earnings differentials and the attendant increase in the incidence of low-paid jobs, by the polarization of regional labor market conditions, and finally by the growth of the informal sector offering casual, low-productivity jobs. Labor market segmentation and accompanying inequalities are more pronounced in the CIS than in the European transition economies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/19/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
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    Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ? : Evidence From Rural China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ?
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The paper revisits the site of a large, World Bank-financed, rural development program in China 10 years after it began and four years after disbursements ended. The program emphasized community participation in multi-sectoral interventions (including farming, animal husbandry, infrastructure and social services). Data were collected on 2,000 households in project and nonproject areas, spanning 10 years. A double-difference estimator of the program's impact (on top of pre-existing governmental programs) reveals sizeable short-term income gains that were mostly saved. Only modest gains to mean consumption emerged in the longer term-in rough accord with the gain to permanent income. Certain types of households gained more than others. The educated poor were under-covered by the community-based selection process-greatly reducing overall impact. The main results are robust to corrections for various sources of selection bias, including village targeting and interference due to spillover effects generated by the response of local governments to the external aid
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  • 40
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    How fair is workfare? : Gender, public works, and employment in rural Ethiopia (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3492
    Parallel Title: Quisumbing, Ma. Agnes R How fair is workfare?
    Keywords: Labor market ; Public works ; Sexual division of labor ; Women Economic conditions ; Labor market ; Public works ; Sexual division of labor ; Women Economic conditions ; Ethiopia Rural conditions ; Ethiopia Rural conditions
    Abstract: "Quisumbing and Yohannes use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994--95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Then they analyze public works data collected in 1997, together with program data collected in 2003. FFW operates in a similar fashion with other labor markets in Ethiopia where female participation is low. Gender differences are important in the participation decision, but operate differently in different types of labor markets. Better-educated women are more likely to participate in the wage labor market, while higher livestock holdings diminish participation more for women. Females with more schooling are also more likely to participate in FFW. Men's and women's participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women's participation relative to men's. This paper--a product of the Gender Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to integrate gender issues into economic policy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/24/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
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    Who bears the cost of Russia's military draft? (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3547
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Who bears the cost of Russia's military draft?
    Keywords: Draft Economic aspects ; Poor ; Draft Economic aspects ; Poor
    Abstract: "The authors use data from a large nationally representative survey in Russia to analyze the distributional and welfare implications of draft avoidance as a common response to Russia's highly unpopular conscription system. They develop a simple theoretical model that describes household compliance decisions with respect to enlistment. The authors use several econometric techniques to estimate the effect of various household characteristics on the probability of serving in the army and the implications for household income. Their results indicate that the burden of conscription falls disproportionately on the poor. Poor, rural households, with a low level of education, are more likely to have sons who are enlisted than urban, wealthy, and better-educated families. The losses incurred by the poor are disproportionately large and exceed the statutory rates of personal income taxes. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/12/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
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    On the contribution of demographic change to aggregate poverty measures for the developing world (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3580
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On the contribution of demographic change to aggregate poverty measures for the developing world
    Keywords: Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Poor ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Poor
    Abstract: "Recent literature and new data help determine plausible bounds to some key demographic differences between the poor and non-poor in the developing world. The author estimates that selective mortality-whereby poorer people tend to have higher death rates-accounts for 10-30 percent of the developing world's trend rate of
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
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    Banking sector crises and inequality (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3659
    Parallel Title: Honohan, Patrick Banking sector crises and inequality
    Keywords: Financial crises ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Financial crises ; Income distribution ; Poor
    Abstract: "An apparent temporary narrowing of income inequality has been observed during several recent banking crises. But it would be a mistake to conclude that such crises don't matter for the poor. For one thing, the correlation is not strong, and the opposite pattern has also been present. Besides, the poor are much less able to absorb a cut in income: safety-net policies are crucial during a downturn even if the gap between rich and poor has temporarily narrowed. More fundamentally, distributional shifts during the crisis may be less important than the fact that underlying financial policy and infrastructures conducive to crisis can also be associated with more unequal societies."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/19/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
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    Trade and employment : stylized facts and research findings (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3676
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard M Trade and employment
    Keywords: Free trade ; International trade ; Labor market ; Wages ; Free trade ; International trade ; Labor market ; Wages
    Abstract: "The substantial literature investigating the links between trade, trade policy, and labor market outcomes-both returns to labor and employment-has generated a number of stylized facts, but many open questions remain. This paper surveys the subset of the literature focusing on trade policy and integration into the world economy. Although in the longer run trade opportunities can have a major impact in creating more productive and higher paying jobs, this literature tends to take employment as given. A common finding is that much of the shorter run impacts of trade and reforms involve reallocation of labor or wage impacts within sectors. This reflects a pattern of expansion of more productive firms-especially export-oriented or suppliers to exporters-and contraction and adjustment of less productive enterprises in sectors that become subject to greater import competition. Wage responses to trade and trade reforms are generally greater than employment impacts, but trade can only explain a small fraction of the general increase in wage inequality observed in both industrial and developing countries in recent decades. A feature of the literature survey is that the focus is almost exclusively on industries producing goods. Given the importance of service industries as a source of employment and determinants of competitiveness, the paper argues that one priority area for future research is to study the employment effects of services trade and investment reforms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/12/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
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    Spatial dynamics of labor markets in Brazil (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3752
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Spatial dynamics of labor markets in Brazil
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Regional disparities ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "There was substantial spatial variation in labor market outcomes in Brazil over the 1990s. In 2000, about one-fifth of workers lived in apparently economically stagnant municipios where real wages declined but employment increased faster than the national population growth rate. More than one-third lived in apparently dynamic municipios, experiencing both real wage growth and faster-than-average employment growth. These areas absorbed more than half of net employment growth over the period. To elucidate this spatial variation, the authors estimate spatial labor supply and demand equations describing wage and employment changes of Brazilian municipios. They use Conley's spatial GMM technique to allow for instrumental variable estimation in the presence of spatially autocorrelated errors. The main findings include: (1) a very strong influence of initial workforce educational levels on subsequent wage growth (controlling for possibly confounding variables such as remoteness and climate); (2) evidence of positive spillover effects of own-municipio growth onto neighbors' wage and employment levels; (3) an exodus from farming areas; (4) relatively elastic response of wages to an increase in labor supply; and (5) evidence of a local multiplier effect from government transfers. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/26/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
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    Openness can be good for growth : the role of policy complementarities (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3763
    Parallel Title: Chang, Roberto Openness can be good for growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Free trade ; Labor market ; Economic development ; Free trade ; Labor market
    Abstract: "The authors study how the effect of trade openness on economic growth depends on complementary reforms that help a country take advantage of international competition. This issue is illustrated with a simple Harris-Todaro model where output gains after trade liberalization depend on the degree of labor market flexibility. In that model, trade protection may ameliorate the problem of underemployment (and underproduction) in sectors affected by labor market distortions. Hence, trade liberalization unambiguously increases per capita income only when labor markets are sufficiently flexible. The authors then present some panel evidence on how the growth effect of openness depends on a variety of structural characteristics. For this purpose, they use a non-linear growth regression specification that interacts a proxy of trade openness with proxies of educational investment, financial depth, inflation stabilization, public infrastructure, governance, labor-market flexibility, ease of firm entry, and ease of firm exit. They find that the growth effects of openness are positive and economically significant if certain complementary reforms are undertaken. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
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    Inequality is bad for the poor (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3677
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Inequality is bad for the poor
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty
    Abstract: "It has been argued that inequality should be of little concern in poor countries on the grounds that (1) absolute poverty in terms of consumption (or income) is the overriding issue in poor countries, and (2) the only thing that really matters to reducing absolute income poverty is the rate of economic growth. The author takes (1) as given but questions (2). He argues that there are a number of ways in which the extent of inequality in a society, and how it evolves over time, influences the extent of poverty today and the prospects for rapid poverty reduction in the future. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
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    Health shocks in China : are the poor and uninsured less protected ? (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3740
    Parallel Title: Lindelow, Magnus Health shocks in China
    Keywords: Health insurance ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical economics ; Poor ; Health insurance ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical economics ; Poor
    Abstract: "Health shocks have been shown to have important economic consequences in industrial countries. Less is known about how health shocks affect income, consumption, labor market outcomes, and medical expenditures in middle- and low-income countries. The authors explore these issues in China. In addition to providing new evidence on the general impact of health shocks, they also extend previous work by assessing the extent of risk protection afforded by formal health insurance, and by examining differences in the impact of health shocks between the rich and poor. The authors find that health shocks are associated with a substantial and significant reduction in income and labor supply. There are indications that the impact on income is less important for the insured, possibly because health insurance coverage is also associated with limited sickness insurance, but the effect is not significant. They also find evidence that negative health shocks are associated with an increase in unearned income for the poor but not the non-poor. This effect is however not strong enough to offset the impact on overall income. The loss in income is a consequence of a reduction in labor supply for the head of household, and the authors do not find evidence that other household members compensate by increasing their labor supply. Finally, negative health shocks are associated with a significant increase in out-of-pocket health care expenditures. More surprisingly, there is some evidence that the increase is greater for the insured than the uninsured. The findings suggest that households are exposed to considerable health-related shocks to disposable income, both through loss of income and health expenditures, and that health insurance offers very limited protection. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/4/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
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    Earnings mobility and measurement error : a pseudo-panel approach (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3745
    Parallel Title: Antman, Francisca Earnings mobility and measurement error
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Labor market ; Social mobility ; Wages ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Labor market ; Social mobility ; Wages
    Abstract: "The degree of mobility in incomes is often seen as an important measure of the equality of opportunity in a society and of the flexibility and freedom of its labor market. But estimation of mobility using panel data is biased by the presence of measurement error and non-random attrition from the panel. This paper shows that dynamic pseudo-panel methods can be used to consistently estimate measures of absolute and conditional mobility in the presence of non-classical measurement errors. These methods are applied to data on earnings from a Mexican quarterly rotating panel. Absolute mobility in earnings is found to be very low in Mexico, suggesting that the high level of inequality found in the cross-section will persist over time. However, the paper finds conditional mobility to be high, so that households are able to recover quickly from earnings shocks. These findings suggest a role for policies which address underlying inequalities in earnings opportunities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
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    Activities, employment, and wages in rural and semi-urban Mexico (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3561
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Activities, employment, and wages in rural and semi-urban Mexico
    Keywords: Academic achievement ; Labor market ; Wages ; Academic achievement ; Labor market ; Wages ; Mexico Rural conditions ; Mexico Rural conditions
    Abstract: "The author addresses the labor markets in rural and semi-urban Mexico. The empirical analyses show that non-farm income shares increase with overall consumption levels and, also, with time. Rural-dwellers in lower quintiles of the consumption distribution tend to earn a larger share of their nonagricultural incomes from wage labor activities. For the poorest, low-productivity wage labor activities are important. The quantile wage regression analysis for rural Mexico shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the wage distribution on monthly wages. The author's findings reveal that education is key to earning higher wages, and that workers in more dispersed rural areas earn less than their peers in semi-urban rural areas (localities with less than 15,000 inhabitants). The rural non-farm sector is heterogeneous and includes a great variety of activities and productivity levels across non-farm jobs. Moreover it can reduce poverty in a couple of distinct but qualitatively important ways in rural Mexico. The analysis of non-farm employment in rural Mexico suggests that the two key determinants of access to employment and productivity in non-farm activities are education and location. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/13/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
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    Reforming the posts : abandoning the monopoly-supported postal universal service obligation in developing countries (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3627
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles Reforming the posts
    Keywords: Poor ; Postal service ; Poor ; Postal service
    Abstract: "The monopoly-supported universal service obligation (USO) is usually defended on the grounds that the monopoly allows for cross-subsidy in letter services that in turn allows universal access to a service of great importance to all. The author argues that letter delivery (as opposed to other services that may be provided by post offices) is not in universal demand in poor countries, that the size of the market in developing countries is such that USOs could not be met under the monopoly model, and that the monopoly carries heavy costs for sector development and consumer welfare. He proposes in the place of the postal USO a competitive approach involving universal access to a range of services that poor people have a need to access. Regarding reform of the incumbent, the author takes a preliminary first cut at examining the statistical relationship between postal performance (as measured by letters per capita allowing for income per capita), trust in the postal service, and postal efficiency, and finds a significant link between the three. The results suggest that reforms that improve postal efficiency and trust in the postal network will improve the performance of the postal network. The author suggests that there may be better uses of cross-subsidy from within the sector and government subsidy from without than supporting the inefficient delivery of a service rarely used by poor people. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
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    Labor market distortions in Côte d'Ivoire : analyses of employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3771
    Parallel Title: Kristensen, Nicolai Labor market distortions in Côte d'Ivoire
    Keywords: Labor market ; Wage differentials ; Labor market ; Wage differentials
    Abstract: "The authors investigate the extent and nature of distortions in the labor market in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire by using quantile regression analysis on employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector. They find that the labor markets in Côte d'Ivoire do not seem to be much distorted. Unions may influence employment through tenure but do not seem to influence wages directly except for vulnerable minorities that seem protected by unions. Establishment-size wage effects are pronounced and highest for white-collar workers. This may be explained by the efficiency wage theory, so that, even in the absence of unions, segmentation and inefficiencies will still be present as long as firms seek to retain their employees by paying wages above the market clearing level. The inefficiency arising from establishment-size wage effects can be mitigated by education. Furthermore, the authors find that the premium to education is highly significantly positive only for higher education, and not for basic education, indicating that educational policies should also focus on higher education. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
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    Trade costs, export development, and poverty in Rwanda (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3784
    Parallel Title: Diop, Ndiame Trade costs, export development, and poverty in Rwanda
    Keywords: Exports ; Poor ; Exports ; Poor ; Rwanda Commerce ; Rwanda Commerce
    Abstract: "For Rwanda, one of the poorest countries in the world, trade offers the most effective route for substantial poverty reduction. But the poor in Rwanda, most of whom are subsistence farmers in rural areas, are currently disconnected from markets and commercial activities by extremely high transport costs and by severe constraints on their ability to shift out of subsistence farming. The constraints include lack of access to credit and lack of access to information on the skills and techniques required to produce commercial crops. The paper is based on information from the household survey and a recent diagnostic study of constraints to trade in Rwanda. It provides a number of indicative simulations that show the potential for substantial reductions in poverty from initiatives that reduce trade costs, enhance the quality of exportable goods, and facilitate movement out of subsistence into commercial activities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/2/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
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    Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3799
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Pending issues in protection, productivity growth, and poverty reduction
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor productivity ; Labor productivity ; Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "This paper selectively synthesizes much of the research on Latin American and Caribbean labor markets in recent years. Several themes emerge that are particularly relevant to ongoing policy dialogues. First, labor legislation matters, but markets may be less segmented than previously thought. The impetus to voluntary informality, which appears to be a substantial fraction of the sector, implies that the design of social safety nets and labor legislation needs to take a more integrated view of the labor market, taking into account the cost-benefit analysis workers and firms make about whether to interact with formal institutions. Second, the impact of labor market institutions on productivity growth has probably been underemphasized. Draconian firing restrictions increase litigation and uncertainty surrounding worker separations, reduce turnover and job creation, and poorly protect workers. But theory and anecdotal evidence also suggest that they, and other related state or union induced rigidities, may have an even greater disincentive effect on technological adoption, which accounts for half of economic growth. Finally, institutions can affect poverty and equity, although the effects seem generally small and channels are not always clear. Overall, the present constellation of labor regulations serves workers and firms poorly and both could benefit from substantial reform. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 12/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
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    Unemployment and the earnings structure in Latvia (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3504
    Parallel Title: Hazans, Mihails Unemployment and the earnings structure in Latvia
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unemployment ; Labor market ; Unemployment ; Latvia Economic conditions ; Regional disparities ; Latvia Economic conditions ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "Latvia has recorded sustained GDP and productivity growth since 1997. Yet unemployment rates, despite gradual decrease, have remained high. Hazans explores the mysteries of unemployment in Latvia. He analyzes labor flows between employment, unemployment, and nonparticipation and finds the following results: * The type of education and the region of residence appear to be the most important determinants of success in finding jobs by the unemployed. * The unemployed from ethnic minorities have lower chances to find a job within a year, other things equal, while the difference between genders is not significant. However, neither ethnicity nor gender seems to matter as far as the transition from employment to unemployment is concerned. * Regional disparities in job destruction seem to be less sizable than disparities in job creation. * The analysis of job search methods by the unemployed indicates that two target groups of state employment policy (young unemployed and long-term unemployed) appear to make relatively little use of the public employment service. The author also looks at the impact of education, age, gender, ethnicity, and regional factors on individual earnings. The relative position of youth and women in Latvian labor market, compared with prime?age men, is less unfavorable than in many other countries. Yet the gender wage gap has increased recently, and the same is true for regional disparities. Beneficiaries of the so-called "new" education system have a relatively high market value, especially with graduates from universities and general secondary schools. Finally, returns to experience seem to be nonexistent for many adult workers without higher education. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, Europe and Central Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to understand labor market dynamics"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/1/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
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    Doha scenarios, trade reforms, and poverty in the Philippines : a computable general equilibrium analysis (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3738
    Parallel Title: Cororaton, Caesar B Doha scenarios, trade reforms, and poverty in the Philippines
    Keywords: Equilibrium (Economics) ; Free trade ; Poor ; Equilibrium (Economics) ; Free trade ; Poor ; Philippines Commercial policy ; Philippines Commercial policy
    Abstract: "Since the early 1980s the Philippines has undertaken substantial trade reform. The current Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations is now likely to bring further reform and shocks to world import prices and export demand. The impact of all these developments on the poor is not very clear and is the subject of intense debate. The authors use a detailed economywide computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to run a series of policy experiments. They find that poverty increases slightly with the implementation of the prospective Doha scenario. These effects are focused primarily among rural households in the wake of falling world prices and demand for the Philippines' agricultural exports. The authors find that the impacts of full liberalization-involving free world trade and complete domestic liberalization-depend strongly on the mechanism the government adopts to offset forgone tariff revenue. If an indirect tax is used, the incidence of poverty falls marginally, but the depth (poverty gap) and severity (squared poverty gap) increase substantially. If, instead, an income tax is used, all measures of poverty increase. In both cases, full liberalization favors urban households, as exports, which are primarily nonagricultural, expand. In separate simulations, the authors discover that free world trade is poverty reducing and favors rural households, whereas domestic liberalization is poverty increasing and favors urban households. Under free world trade, rural households benefit from increasing world agricultural demand. The anti-rural bias of domestic liberalization stems from the fact that import prices fall more for agricultural goods than for industrial goods, as initial import-weighted average tariff rates are higher for the former. In conclusion, the current Doha agreement appears likely to slightly increase poverty, especially in rural areas and among the unemployed, self-employed, and rural low-educated. The Philippines is found to have an interest in pushing for more ambitious world trade liberalization, as free world trade holds out promise for reducing poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/4/2005 , Also available in print.
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    Agricultural growth for the poor : an agenda for development (2005)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821360671 , 082136068X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxvi, 197 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    DDC: 338.1/09172/4
    Keywords: Agricultural assistance ; Agricultural development projects ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and state ; Poor ; Poverty ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Agricultural assistance ; Agricultural development projects ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and state ; Poor ; Poverty ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Agricultural assistance ; Agricultural development projects ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and state ; Poor ; Poverty ; Public-private sector cooperation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-184) and index
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  • 58
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    Service provision for the poor : public and private sector cooperation (2004)
    Washington, D.C : InWEnt
    Details
    ISBN: 082135616X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 162 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: Poor Congresses Developing countries ; Poverty Congresses Developing countries ; Public-private sector cooperation Congresses ; Poor Congresses Developing countries ; Poverty Congresses Developing countries ; Public-private sector cooperation Congresses ; Poor ; Poverty ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Congresses Social policy ; Developing countries Congresses Social policy
    Note: "The articles in this volume were presented at the fifth annual Berlin Workshop, held in July 2002"--P. 1 , Introduction , Making service work for poor people: a scholar's perspective , Why is a World Development Report on making services work for poor people needed? , Poverty in Russia , The role of altruistically motivated organizations in making services work for poor people ; The experience of the private not-for-profit health sector in Uganda , Basic services: a basic right , The Madrasa Early Childhood Programme in East Africa , The role of the private sector ; Evidence from a study of vouchers for private schooling in Colombia , The rural private practicioner , The role of local governments ; Delivering infrastructure: a strategic framework , Employment of farmers and poverty alleviation in China , Incentives and innovations ; Getting health services to the poor: incentives, efficiency, and health system performance , Bolivia's plan for achieving education for all goals , Rushing to help the poor through participation many be self-defeating , Modes of financing ; Tanzania's experience with education , How aid modalities influence the effectiveness of public expenditures in developing countries: a bilateral donor perspective , Financing development , Conclusion: making services work for poor people
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    Unlocking the employment potential in the Middle East and North Africa : toward a new social contract (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082135678X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 262 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: MENA development report
    Series Statement: Orientations in development series
    DDC: 331.12/042/0956
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-251) and index
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  • 60
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    Does infrastructure reform work for the poor? : a case study from Guatemala (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3185
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Does infrastructure reform work for the poor?
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) Government policy ; Poor ; Privatization ; Infrastructure (Economics) Government policy ; Poor ; Privatization
    Note: "January 7, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 61
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    Competing concepts of inequality in the globalization debate (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3243
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Competing concepts of inequality in the globalization debate
    Keywords: Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poor
    Note: "March 17, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 17, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
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    The labor market effects of foreign-owned firms (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3300
    Parallel Title: Almeida, Rita The labor market effects of foreign-owned firms
    Keywords: Corporations, Foreign ; Labor market ; Skilled labor ; Wages ; Corporations, Foreign ; Labor market ; Skilled labor ; Wages
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
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    Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3444
    Parallel Title: Reimer, Jeffrey J Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; International trade ; Poor ; Commercial policy ; International trade ; Poor
    Abstract: "An important area of research in recent years involves assessing the microeconomic implications of macro-level policies--particularly those related to international trade. While a wide range of research methodologies are available for assessing the microeconomic incidence of micro-policies, as well as for assessing the effect of macro-level policies on markets and broad groups of households, there is a gap when it comes to eliciting the disaggregated household and firm level effects of trade policies. Recent research addresses this knowledge gap and the present survey offers an overview of this literature. The preponderance of the evidence from the studies encompassed by this survey points to the dominance of earnings-side effects over consumption-side effects of trade reform. This is problematic, since household surveys are notable for their underreporting of income. From the perspective of the poor, it is the market for unskilled labor that is most important. The poverty effects of trade policy often hinge crucially on how well the increased demand for labor in one part of the economy is transmitted to the rest of the economy by way of increased wages, increased employment, or both. Further econometric research aimed at discriminating between competing factor mobility hypotheses is urgently needed. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the poverty impacts of trade policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
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    Firms, jobs, and employment in Moldova (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3253
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Firms, jobs, and employment in Moldova
    Keywords: Job creation ; Labor market ; Unemployment ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Unemployment
    Note: "March 18, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 19, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
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    Labor market reforms, growth, and unemployment in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3328
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Labor market reforms, growth, and unemployment in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Labor market ; Labor market ; Manpower policy ; Manpower policy ; Labor market ; Labor market ; Manpower policy ; Manpower policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
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    Emerging infrastructure policy issues in developing countries : a survey of the recent economic literature (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3442
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Emerging infrastructure policy issues in developing countries
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor
    Abstract: "Estache reviews the recent economic research on emerging issues for infrastructure policies affecting poor people in developing countries. His main purpose is to identify some of the challenges the international community, and donors in particular, are likely to have to address over the next few years. He addresses six main issues: (1) the necessity of infrastructure in achieving the Millennium Development Goals; (2) the various dimensions of financing challenges for infrastructure; (3) the debate on the relative importance of urban and rural infrastructure needs; (4) the debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure decentralization; (5) what works and what does not when trying to target the needs of the poor, with an emphasis on affordability and regulation challenges; and (6) the importance of governance and corruption in the sector. The author concludes by showing how the challenges identified define a relatively well integrated agenda for both researchers and the international infrastructure community. This paper,a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network,is part of a larger effort in the network to stimulate more analytical assessments of emerging issues in the sector"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/17/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
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    Pro-poor growth : a primer (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3242
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Pro-poor growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Poor ; Economic development ; Poor
    Note: "March 17, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 17, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
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    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 69
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    Location and welfare in cities : impacts of policy interventions on the urban poor (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3318
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Location and welfare in cities
    Keywords: Poor ; Squatter settlements ; Poor ; Squatter settlements
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
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    Indoor air quality for poor families : new evidence from Bangladesh (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3393
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Indoor air quality for poor families
    Keywords: Indoor air pollution ; Poor ; Ventilation ; Indoor air pollution ; Poor ; Ventilation
    Abstract: "Indoor air pollution (IAP) from cooking and heating is estimated to kill a million children annually in developing countries. To promote a better understanding of IAP, the authors investigate the determinants of IAP in Bangladesh using the latest air monitoring technology and a national household survey. The study concludes that IAP is dangerously high for many poor families in Bangladesh. Concentrations of respirable airborne particulates(PM10) 300 ug/m3 or greater are common in the sample, implying widespread exposure to a serious health hazard. Poor households in Bangladesh depend heavily on wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. The econometric results indicate that fuel choice significantly affects indoor pollution levels: Natural gas and kerosene are significantly cleaner than biomass fuels. However, household-specific factors apparently matter more than fuel choice in determining PM10 concentrations. In some biomass-burning households, concentrations are scarcely higher than in households that use natural gas. The results suggest that cross-household variation is strongly affected by structural arrangements cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. The authors' analysis also suggests that poor families may not have to wait for clean fuels or clean stoves to enjoy significantly cleaner air. Within their sample household population, some arrangements are already producing relatively clean conditions, even when "dirty" biomass fuels are used. Since these arrangements are already within the means of poor families, the scope for cost-effective improvements may be larger than is commonly believed. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to identify appropriate policies for the improvement of environmental quality"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
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    Schooling and labor market impacts of a natural policy experiment (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3460
    Parallel Title: Sakellariou, Chris N Schooling and labor market impacts of a natural policy experiment
    Keywords: Education ; Labor market ; Education ; Labor market
    Abstract: "Patrinos and Sakellariou use a nationally representative household survey to estimate returns to schooling in Venezuela from instrumental variables based on a supply-side intervention in the education market. These estimates apply to a subgroup of liquidity-constrained individuals, in the spirit of the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) literature. Returns to schooling estimates which apply to a subgroup of individuals affected by the policy intervention may be more interesting from a policy perspective than the return to the 'average' individual. The authors use an instrument based on the 1980 education reform (the Organic Law of Education) which provided for nine years of compulsory basic education. They also obtain alternative estimates using father's education as an instrument, in an attempt to derive high and low estimates of returns to schooling in Venezuela. The estimates are consistent with recent findings suggesting that the effect of education, at least for certain subgroups affected by a policy intervention, is as large or larger than what is suggested by OLS estimates. This paper--a product of the Education Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to estimate the labor market outcomes of education"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
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    Does strict employment protection discourage job creation : evidence from Croatia (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3104
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Does strict employment protection discourage job creation
    Keywords: Employees Dismissal of ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Employees Dismissal of ; Job creation ; Labor market
    Note: "July 23, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on July 24, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
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    Social protection in a crisis : Argentina's Plan Jefes y Jefas (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3165
    Parallel Title: Galasso, Emanuela Social protection in a crisis
    Keywords: Income maintenance programs ; Poor ; Income maintenance programs ; Poor ; Argentina Economic conditions 1983- ; Argentina Social policy ; Argentina Economic conditions 1983- ; Argentina Social policy
    Note: "November 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on November 6, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
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    Does infrastructure reform work for the poor? : a case study on the cities of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3177
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Does infrastructure reform work for the poor?
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor
    Note: "December 10, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on December 12, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
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    Labor market policies and unemployment in Morocco : a quantitative analysis (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3091
    Parallel Title: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Labor market policies and unemployment in Morocco
    Keywords: Labor market ; Manpower policy ; Unemployment ; Labor market ; Manpower policy ; Unemployment
    Note: "July 2, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on July 3, 2003 , Also available in print.
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    Policy options for meeting the millennium development goals in Brazil : can micro-simulations help? (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2975
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H. G Policy options for meeting the millennium development goals in Brazil
    Keywords: Labor market ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Poverty ; Brazil Economic policy ; Brazil Social policy ; Brazil Economic policy ; Brazil Social policy
    Note: "February 20, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on February 24, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
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    Trade liberalization and labor market adjustment in Brazil (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2982
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Trade liberalization and labor market adjustment in Brazil
    Keywords: Free trade ; Labor market ; Wages ; Free trade ; Labor market ; Wages
    Note: "February 24, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on February 26, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
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    The impact of minimum wages on employment in a low income country : an evaluation using the difference-in-differences approach (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2985
    Parallel Title: Cameron, Lisa Ann The impact of minimum wages on employment in a low income country
    Keywords: Labor market ; Minimum wage ; Labor market ; Minimum wage
    Note: "February 27, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 3, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 79
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    Why is unemployment so high in Bulgaria? (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3017
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Why is unemployment so high in Bulgaria?
    Keywords: Labor market ; Unemployment ; Labor market ; Unemployment
    Note: "April 4, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on April 8, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 80
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    Democracy, public expenditures, and the poor (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3164
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Democracy, public expenditures, and the poor
    Keywords: Democracy ; Expenditures, Public ; Poor ; Democracy ; Expenditures, Public ; Poor
    Note: "November 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on November 6, 2003 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
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    Slovak Republic : living standards, employment and labor market study (2002)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821350811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxvii, 162 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 339.4/6/094373
    Keywords: Labor market ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Poverty ; Labor market ; Poverty ; Slovakia ; Slovakia Economic conditions 1993- ; Slovakia Economic conditions 1993-
    Note: "This report was prepared by a team led by Ana Revenga and Carlos Silva-Jauregui ... "--P. xi , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 82
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    Does eurosclerosis matter? : institutional reform and labor market performance in Central and Eastern Europe (2002)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821350900
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (viii, 61 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia poverty reduction and economic management series
    Series Statement: World Bank technical paper no.519
    DDC: 331.1/0943
    Keywords: European Union ; European Union ; European Union ; European Union ; Labor market Statistics ; Labor market Statistics ; Labor market Statistics ; Labor market Statistics ; European Union ; European Union ; Labor market ; Labor market
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-61)
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  • 83
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    Globalization, growth, and poverty : building an inclusive world economy (2002)
    Washington, DC : Oxford University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0195216083 , 082135048X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 174 p) , col. ill , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank policy research report
    Keywords: Economic development ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic integration ; Poor ; Poverty ; Economic development ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic integration ; Poor ; Poverty ; Economic development ; Globalization ; International economic integration ; Economic aspects ; Poor ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview -- The new wave of globalization and its economic effects -- Improving the international architecture for integration -- Strengthening domestic institutions and policies -- Power, culture, and the environment -- An agenda for action.
    Note: "A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press" -- t.p , "This report was prepared under the supervision of Nicolas Stern, Chief Economist and Senior Vice President. It was written by Paul Collier (Director, Development Research Group) and David Dollar (Research Mamager in the Development Research Group" -- xiii , Includes bibliographical references (p.161-174)
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  • 84
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    Poland's labor market : the challenge of job creation (2001)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821350374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 84 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank country study
    DDC: 331.12/042/09438
    Keywords: Labor market Congresses ; Labor market Congresses ; Labor market ; Poland ; Poland Congresses Economic conditions 1990- ; Poland Congresses Economic conditions 1990-
    Note: "The preliminary findings of this study were first presented to an audience of interested parties in Poland at a conference held in Warsaw on May 9, 2001"--Preface , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 85
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    Attacking extreme poverty : learning from the experience of the International Movement ATD Fourth World (2001)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821349392
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank technical paper no.502
    DDC: 362.5/8/091724
    Keywords: International Movement ATD Fourth World ; International Movement ATD Fourth World ; Human rights ; Poor ; Poverty ; Human rights ; Poor ; Poverty ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Note: "All but one of the chapters of this report were presented in seminars organized by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund from mid 1999 to the end of 2000"--Ackn , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 86
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    Measuring pro-poor growth (2001)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2666
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Measuring pro-poor growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Poor ; Poverty Econometric models ; Poverty ; Economic development ; Poor ; Poverty Econometric models ; Poverty
    Abstract: New tools allow one to study the incidence of economic growth by initial level of income, and to measure the rate of pro-poor growth in an economy. An application is provided using data for China in the 1990s
    Note: "August 2001"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 8-9) , Title from title screen as viewed on Sept. 03, 2002 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
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    Are the poor protected from budget cuts? : theory and evidence for Argentina (2000)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2391
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are the poor protected from budget cuts?
    DDC: 320/.6 s
    Keywords: Government spending policy ; Poor ; Government spending policy ; Poor ; Argentina Social policy ; Argentina Social policy
    Note: "July 2000"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-27)
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  • 88
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    Moldova--poverty assessment (1999)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821344773
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 57 p) , ill., 1 col. map , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 362.5/09476
    Keywords: Poor ; Poverty ; Poor ; Poverty ; Moldova Economic conditions 1991- ; Moldova Economic conditions 1991-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 57)
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  • 89
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    Distributional Outcomes of a Decentralized Welfare Program (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Galasso, Emanuela Distributional Outcomes of a Decentralized Welfare Program
    Keywords: Anti-Poverty ; Community Groups ; Community Organizations ; Conflict ; Food-For-Education ; Income ; Irrigation ; Land Inequality ; Local Farmers ; Local Irrigation Facility ; Participatory Poverty Assessments ; Poor ; Poor Families ; Poor Farmers ; Poor Households ; Poverty Programs ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Families ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Anti-Poverty ; Community Groups ; Community Organizations ; Conflict ; Food-For-Education ; Income ; Irrigation ; Land Inequality ; Local Farmers ; Local Irrigation Facility ; Participatory Poverty Assessments ; Poor ; Poor Families ; Poor Farmers ; Poor Households ; Poverty Programs ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Families ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting
    Abstract: April 2000 - Community-level targeting of antipoverty programs is now common. Do local community organizations target the poor better than the central government? In one program in Bangladesh, the answer tends to be yes, but performance varies from village to village. The authors try to explain why. It is common for central governments to delegate authority over the targeting of welfare programs to local community organizations - which may be better informed about who is poor, though possibly less accountable for getting the money to the local poor - while the center retains control over how much goes to each local region. Galasso and Ravallion outline a theoretical model of the interconnected behavior of the various actors in such a setting. The model's information structure provides scope for econometric identification. Applying data for a specific program in Bangladesh, they find that overall targeting was mildly pro-poor, mostly because of successful targeting within villages. But this varied across villages. Although some village characteristics promoted better targeting, these were generally not the same characteristics that attracted resources from the center. Galasso and Ravallion observe that the center's desire for broad geographic coverage appears to have severely constrained the scope for pro-poor village targeting. However, poor villages tended not to be better at reaching their poor. They find some evidence that local institutions matter. The presence of cooperatives for farmers and the landless appears to be associated with more pro-poor program targeting. The presence of recreational clubs has the opposite effect. Sometimes the benefits of decentralized social programs are captured by local elites, depending on the type of spending being decentralized. When public spending is on a private (excludable) good, and there is no self-targeting mechanism to ensure that only the poor participate, there is ample scope for local mistargeting. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the performance of alternative means of reaching the poor through public programs. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Policies for Poor Areas (RPO 681-39). The authors may be contacted at egalassoworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 90
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    When Is Growth Pro-Poor? : Evidence from the Diverse Experiences of India's States (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin When Is Growth Pro-Poor?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Growth ; Farm Output ; Farm Productivity ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Measures ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Living Standards ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Growth ; Farm Output ; Farm Productivity ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Measures ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Living Standards ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: December 1999 - Nonfarm economic growth in India had very different effects on poverty in different states. Nonfarm growth was least effective at reducing poverty in states where initial conditions were poor in terms of rural development and human resources. Among initial conditions conducive to pro-poor growth, literacy plays a notably positive role. Ravallion and Datt use 20 household surveys for India's 15 major states, spanning 1960-94, to study how initial conditions and the sectoral composition of economic growth interact to influence how much economic growth reduced poverty. The elasticities of measured poverty to farm yields and development spending did not differ significantly across states. But the elasticities of poverty to (urban and rural) nonfarm output varied appreciably, and the differences were quantitatively important to the overall rate of poverty reduction. States with initially lower farm productivity, lower rural living standards relative to those in urban areas, and lower literacy experienced a less pro-poor growth process. This paper - a joint product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group, and the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to better understand the conditions required for pro-poor growth. The authors may be contacted at mravallionworldbank.org or gdatt@worldbank.org
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  • 91
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    Protecting the Poor from Macroeconomic Shocks (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Protecting the Poor from Macroeconomic Shocks
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; Household Income ; Individual Welfare ; Labor Demand ; Labor Policies ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomic Crisis ; Macroeconomic Shocks ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Transfers ; Recessions ; Resource Allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Net ; Safety Nets ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Shock ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Reforms ; Unemployment ; Wage Earners ; Welfare ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Deficits ; Household Income ; Individual Welfare ; Labor Demand ; Labor Policies ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomic Crisis ; Macroeconomic Shocks ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Transfers ; Recessions ; Resource Allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Net ; Safety Nets ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Shock ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Reforms ; Unemployment ; Wage Earners ; Welfare
    Abstract: August 1999 - To minimize the harmful impact on poor people of macroeconomic shocks, sound policies for dealing with crises - and an adequate public safety net - should be in place before a crisis starts. Many developing countries faced macroeconomic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s. The impact of the shocks on welfare depended on the nature of the shock, on initial household and community conditions, and on policy responses. To avoid severe and lasting losses to poor and vulnerable groups, governments and civil society need to be prepared for a flexible response well ahead of the crisis. A key component of a flexibly responsive system is an effective permanent safety net, which will typically combine a workfare program with targeted transfers and credit. Once a crisis has happened, several things should be done: ° Macroeconomic policies should aim to achieve stabilization goals at the least cost to the poor. Typically, a temporary reduction in aggregate demand is inevitable but as soon as a sustainable external balance has been reached and inflationary pressures have been contained, macroeconomic policy should be eased (interest rates reduced and efficient public spending restored, to help offset the worst effects of the recession on the poor). A fiscal stimulus directed at labor-intensive activities (such as building rural roads) can combine the benefits of growth with those of income support for poor groups, for example. ° Key areas of public spending should be protected, especially investments in health care, education, rural infrastructure, urban sanitation, and microfinance. ° Efforts should be made to preserve the social fabric and build social capital. ° Sound information should be generated on the welfare impacts of the crisis. This paper - a joint product of the Poverty Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, and Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to inform policy choices aimed at minimizing the social costs of macroeconomic shocks. The authors may be contacted at fferreiraecon.puc-rio.br, gprennushi@worldbank.org, or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 92
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    Are the Poor Less Well-Insured? : Evidence on Vulnerability to Income Risk in Rural China (1999)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are the Poor Less Well-Insured?
    Keywords: 1997 ; China ; Consumption ; Consumption ; Current Consumption ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Households ; Income ; Income ; Income Risk ; Income Shock ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Martin ; Poor ; Poor Areas ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability ; Wealth Groups ; 1997 ; China ; Consumption ; Consumption ; Current Consumption ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Households ; Income ; Income ; Income Risk ; Income Shock ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Martin ; Poor ; Poor Areas ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability ; Wealth Groups
    Abstract: December 1997 - In rural China, those in the poorest wealth decile are the least well-insured, with 40 percent of an income shock being passed on to current consumption. By contrast, consumption by the richest third of households is protected from almost 90 percent of an income shock. Jalan and Ravallion test how well consumption is insured against income risk in a panel of sampled households in rural China. They estimate the risk insurance models by Generalized Method of Moments, treating income and household size as endogenous. Insurance exists for all wealth groups, although the hypothesis of perfect insurance is universally rejected. Those in the poorest wealth decile are the least well-insured, with 40 percent of an income shock being passed on to current consumption. By contrast, consumption by the richest third of households is protected from almost 90 percent of an income shock. The extent of insurance in a given wealth stratum varies little between poor and nonpoor areas. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand private insurance arrangements in poor rural economies. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Dynamics of Poverty in Rural China (RPO 678-69)
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  • 93
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    India : achievements and challenges in reducing poverty (1997)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821339710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 72 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 362.5/8/0954
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Poor ; Economic assistance ; Poor ; India Economic policy 1991- ; India Economic policy 1991-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [69]-72)
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  • 94
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    Caribbean region : current economic situation, regional issues, and capital flows, 1992 (1993)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082132330X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 169 p) , ill., folded col. map , 27 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 330.9729/052
    Keywords: Environmental policy ; Poor ; Environmental policy ; Poor ; Caribbean Area Economic conditions 1945- ; Caribbean Area Economic policy ; Caribbean Area Economic conditions 1945- ; Caribbean Area Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 95
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    The World Bank's treatment of employment and labor market issues (1992)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821321641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (viii, 64 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank technical paper no.177
    DDC: 331.12/091724
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; Labor market ; Wages ; Labor market ; Wages
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 36)
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  • 96
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    Assistance strategies to reduce poverty (1991)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821319205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank policy paper
    DDC: 338.9/1/091724
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poor ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Poor
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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