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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Participation In Productive Associations Signal Trust And Creditworthiness? : Evidence For Nicaragua (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Angel-Urdinola, Diego F Does Participation In Productive Associations Signal Trust And Creditworthiness?
    Keywords: Collective ; Collective action ; Collective action problem ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Individuals ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Municipality ; Principal-agent ; Principal-agent problems ; Proxy ; Public firms ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unions ; Collective ; Collective action ; Collective action problem ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Individuals ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Municipality ; Principal-agent ; Principal-agent problems ; Proxy ; Public firms ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unions ; Collective ; Collective action ; Collective action problem ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Individuals ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Municipality ; Principal-agent ; Principal-agent problems ; Proxy ; Public firms ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unions
    Abstract: This article studies the extent to which participation in productive associations in Nicaragua contributes to increase individuals' access to social programs and credit services. By participating in productive associations, individuals give a good signal to firms and are rewarded with better transactions and more access to the services they provide, ceteris paribus. Estimates using 2005 data indicate that households that participate in productive associations display higher access to credit and to social programs that promote investment. Additionally, participation in productive associations is weakly associated to more favorable credit outcomes among those households that receive loans, such as lower interest rates and a lower probability of wanting more credit than what was accessible to them
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Market For Retirement Products In Australia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Gordon The Market For Retirement Products In Australia
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Australia introduced a mandatory retirement savings scheme in 1992. This built on pre-existing voluntary occupational plans. The new scheme has been very successful in expanding coverage and mobilizing large financial savings that are equal to close to 100 percent of GDP. However, Australia does not impose restrictions on payout options. The payout phase used to be dominated by lump sum withdrawals, which accounted for 80 percent of benefit payments as recently as 2002. But pension payments increased in recent years and now represent 45 percent of total payments. The vast majority of these pension payments take the form of term annuities and allocated annuities. The latter are similar to phased withdrawals in Chile but run for fixed terms of up to 25 years rather than for lifetime terms. The demand for life annuities and lifetime phased withdrawals is very limited. The paper discusses the factors that have shaped the pattern of demand for retirement products, including the availability of the universal age pension and the effect of clawback provisions, the impact of the high level of home ownership, and the widespread preference of retiring workers for reliance on self-annuitization. The paper also reviews the prudential regulation of superannuation funds and life insurance companies
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration And Education Decisions In A Dynamic General Equilibrium Framework (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien Migration And Education Decisions In A Dynamic General Equilibrium Framework
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: With growing international skilled labor mobility, education and migration decisions have become increasingly inter-related, and potentially have a large impact on the growth trajectories of source countries, through their effects on labor supply, savings, or the cost of education. The authors develop a generic dynamic general equilibrium model to analyze the education-migration nexus in a consistent framework. They use the model as a laboratory to test empirical conditions for the existence of net brain gain, that is, greater domestic accumulation of human capital (in per capita terms) with greater migration of skilled workers. The results suggest that although some structural parameters can favor simultaneously greater human capital accumulation and greater skilled migration - such as high ratio of remittances over domestic incomes, high dependency ratios in migrant households, low dependency ratios in source countries, increasing returns to scale in the education sector, technological transfers and export market access with Diasporas, and efficient financial markets - this does not necessarily mean that greater migration encourages the constitution of greater stocks of human capital in source countries
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bank Competition And Financial Stability : Friends Or Foes? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Competition And Financial Stability
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Theory makes ambiguous predictions about the relationship between market structure and competitiveness of the banking system and banking sector stability. Empirical studies focusing on individual countries provide similarly ambiguous results, while cross-country studies point mostly to a positive relationship between competition and stability in the banking system. Where liberalization and unfettered competition have resulted in fragility, this has been mostly the consequence of regulatory and supervisory failures. The advantages of competition for an efficient and inclusive financial system are strong, and regulatory and supervisory policies should focus on an incentive-compatible environment for banking rather than try to fine-tune market structure or the degree of competition
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds In Australia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thompson, Graeme Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds In Australia
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper examines the development of risk-based supervision of pension funds in Australia. The large number of pension funds has meant that since the inception of pension fund supervision in the early 1990's the regulator has sought to identify high risk funds and focus its attention on these funds. However, the regulator developed a more sophisticated risk-rating model, known as PAIRS/SOARS, in 1992 in order to apply a more disciplined and consistent ratings methodology. Four reasons are given for the move towards more sophisticated risk-based supervision: 1) creation of an integrated supervisor which allowed the use of techniques used in banking and insurance to be adopted for pension fund; 2) the need to better use available supervisory resources; 3) several pension fund failures; and 4) concerns about industry weaknesses. Supervisory techniques used particularly in the banking industry, such as universal licensing, 'fit and proper' assessment, and risk management requirements were adopted for the pension sector between 2004 and 2006. The paper provides an outline of the PAIRS/SOARS risk-rating model which was also adopted. It observes that the approach provides an analytical discipline to risk assessment, strengthens the link between risk assessment and supervisory response, and allows better targeting of supervisory resources
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Linking African Smallholders To High-Value Markets : Practitioner Perspectives On Benefits, Constraints, And Interventions (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Henson, Spencer Linking African Smallholders To High-Value Markets
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains
    Abstract: This paper provides the results of an international survey of practitioners with experience in facilitating the participation of African smallholder farmers in supply chains for higher-value and/or differentiated agricultural products. It explores their perceptions about the constraints inhibiting and the impacts associated with this supply chain participation. It also examines their perceptions about the factors affecting the success of project and policy interventions in this area, about how this success is and should be measured, and about the appropriate roles for national governments, the private sector, and development assistance entities in facilitating smallholder gains in this area. The results confirm a growing 'consensus' about institutional roles, yet suggest some ambiguity regarding the impacts of smallholder participation in higher-value supply chains and the appropriateness of the indicators most commonly used to gauge such impacts. The results also suggest a need to strengthen knowledge about both the 'old' and 'new' sets of constraints (and solutions) related to remunerative smallholder inclusion, in the form of the rising role of standards alongside more long-standing concerns about infrastructure and logistical links to markets
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Exiting A Lawless State (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Exiting A Lawless State
    Keywords: Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Corruption ; Democracy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Lobbying ; Minister ; National Governance ; Politicians ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theft ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Corruption ; Democracy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Lobbying ; Minister ; National Governance ; Politicians ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theft ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Corruption ; Democracy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Lobbying ; Minister ; National Governance ; Politicians ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theft
    Abstract: An earlier paper showed that an economy could be trapped in an equilibrium state in which the absence of the rule of law led to asset-stripping, and the prevalence of asset-stripping led to the absence of a demand for the rule of law, highlighting a coordination failure. This paper looks more carefully at the dynamics of transition from a non-rule-of-law state. The paper identifies a commitment problem as the critical feature inhibiting the transition: the inability, under a rule of law, to forgive theft. This can lead to the perpetuation of the non-rule-of-law state, even when it might seem that the alternative is Pareto-improving
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the cyclical properties of worker flows in Brazil and Mexico, two important developing countries with large unregulated or "informal" sectors. It generates three stylized facts that are critical to the accurate modeling of the sector and which suggest the need to rethink the approaches to date. First, the unemployment rate is countercyclical essentially because job separations of informal workers increase dramatically in recessions. Second, the share of formal employment is countercyclical because of the difficulty of finding formal jobs from inactivity, unemployment and other informal jobs during recessions rather than because of increased separation from formal jobs. Third, flows from formality into informality are not countercyclical, but, if anything, pro-cyclical. Together, these challenge the conventional wisdom that has guided the modeling the sector that informal workers are primarily those rationed out of the formal labor market. They also offer a new synthesis of the mechanics of the cyclical adjustment process. Finally, the paper offers estimates of the moments of worker flows series that are needed for calibration
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages And Unemployment (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Porto, Guido Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages And Unemployment
    Keywords: Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impacts of world agricultural trade liberalization on wages, employment and unemployment in Argentina, a country with positive net agricultural exports and high unemployment rates. In the estimation of these wage and unemployment responses, the empirical model allows for individual labor supply responses and for adjustment costs in labor demand. The findings show that a 10 percent increase in the price of agricultural exports would cause an increase in the Argentine employment probability of 1.36 percentage points, matched by a decline in the unemployment probability of 0.75 percentage points and an increase in labor market participation of 0.61 percentage points. Further, the unemployment rate would decline by 1.23 percentage points (by almost 10 percent). Expected wages would increase by 10.3 percent, an effect that is mostly driven by higher employment probabilities. This indicates that the bulk of the impacts of trade reforms originates in household responses in the presence of adjustment costs, and that failure to account for them may lead to significant biases in the welfare evaluation of trade policy
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deichmann, Uwe Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times
    Abstract: Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh
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  • 11
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    Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers : The Case of Malawi (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Osgood, Daniel E Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence farmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have emerged in recent years to address these threats: the use of seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for example, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for expected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative financial instruments for risk sharing (for example, index-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit for agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have remained entirely separated. This paper explores the integration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot insurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The authors propose a model that adjusts the amount of high-yield agricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season. Simulation results - combining climatic, agricultural, and financial models - indicate that this approach substantially increases production in La Niña years (when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and reduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall often damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are more than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given modeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of wealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for participating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential of this approach for adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa
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  • 12
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    Who Benefits From Promoting Small And Medium Scale Enterprises? : Some Empirical Evidence From Ethiopia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rijkers, Bob Who Benefits From Promoting Small And Medium Scale Enterprises?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Active labor ; Active labor market ; Active labor market programs ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Job creation ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor intensity ; Labor market ; Microfinance ; Self-employment assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Workers ; Access to Finance ; Active labor ; Active labor market ; Active labor market programs ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Job creation ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor intensity ; Labor market ; Microfinance ; Self-employment assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Workers ; Access to Finance ; Active labor ; Active labor market ; Active labor market programs ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Job creation ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor intensity ; Labor market ; Microfinance ; Self-employment assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Workers
    Abstract: The Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Development Program aims to tackle the housing shortage and unemployment that prevail in Addis Ababa by deploying and supporting small and medium scale enterprises to construct low-cost housing using technologies novel for Ethiopia. The motivation for such support is predicated on the view that small firms create more jobs per unit of investment by virtue of being more labor intensive and that the jobs so created are concentrated among the low-skilled and hence the poor. To assess whether the program has succeeded in biasing technology adoption in favor of labor and thereby contributed to poverty reduction, the impact of the program on technology usage, labor intensity, and earnings is investigated using a unique matched workers-firms dataset, the Addis Ababa Construction Enterprise Survey. The data are representative of all registered construction firms in Addis and were collected specifically for the purpose of analyzing the impact of the program. The authors find that program firms do not adopt different technologies and are not more labor intensive than non-program firms. There is an earnings premium for program participants, who tend to be relatively well-educated, which is heterogeneous and highest for those at the bottom of the earnings distribution
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  • 13
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    Assessing The Functioning of Land Rental Markets In Ethiopia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Assessing The Functioning of Land Rental Markets In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although a large theoretical literature discusses the possible inefficiency of sharecropping contracts, the empirical evidence on this phenomenon has been ambiguous at best. Household-level fixed-effect estimates from about 8,500 plots operated by households that own and sharecrop land in the Ethiopian highlands provide support for the hypothesis of Marshallian inefficiency. At the same time, a factor adjustment model suggests that the extent to which rental markets allow households to attain their desired operational holding size is extremely limited. Our analysis points towards factor market imperfections (no rental for oxen), lack of alternative employment opportunities, and tenure insecurity as possible reasons underlying such behavior, suggesting that, rather than worrying almost exclusively about Marshallian inefficiency, it is equally warranted to give due attention to the policy framework within which land rental markets operate
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  • 14
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    Social Transfers, Labor Supply And Poverty Reduction : The Case of Albania (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dabalen, Andrew Social Transfers, Labor Supply And Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ
    Abstract: In 1993, in response to persistent unemployment, and rising poverty and social unrest, the government of Albania introduced an anti-poverty program, namely Ndihma Ekonomike; in 1995 it was extended to all poor households. This paper estimates the separate effects of participation in this income support program and the old-age pension program on objective and subjective measures of household poverty. The analysis uses the nationally representative Albanian Living Standards Measurement Surveys carried out in 2002 and 2005. Using propensity score matching methods, the paper finds that Ndihma Ekonomike households, particularly urban residents, have lower per capita consumption and are more likely to be discontented with their lives, financial situation, and consumption levels than their matched comparators. In contrast, households receiving pensions are not significantly different from their matched comparators in reference to the same set of outcomes. The paper finds that the negative impact of Ndihma Ekonomike participation on welfare is driven by a negative labor supply response among work-eligible individuals. This negative labor response is larger among women and urban residents. In contrast to Ndihma Ekonomike, the receipt of old-age pension income transfers does not significantly impact the labor supply of prime-age individuals living in pension households
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  • 15
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    Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    QB 910
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 16
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    Do The Biggest Aisles Serve A Brighter Future? : Global Retail Chains And Their Implications For Romania (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Javorcik, Beata S Do The Biggest Aisles Serve A Brighter Future?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Dairy ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food products ; Fruit ; Hypermarkets ; Industry ; Information Security and Privac ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Nuts ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supermarket ; Supermarkets ; Surfactants ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Dairy ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food products ; Fruit ; Hypermarkets ; Industry ; Information Security and Privac ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Nuts ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supermarket ; Supermarkets ; Surfactants ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Dairy ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food products ; Fruit ; Hypermarkets ; Industry ; Information Security and Privac ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Nuts ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supermarket ; Supermarkets ; Surfactants
    Abstract: During the past two decades many economies have opened their retail sector to foreign direct investment, yet little is known about possible implications of such liberalization on the economies of developing host countries. Using firm-level data from Romania, this study examines how the presence of global retail chains affects firms in the supplying industries. Applying a difference-in-differences method, the econometric analyses yield the following conclusions. The expansion of global retail chains leads to a significant increase in the total factor productivity in the supplying industries. Their presence in a region increases the total factor productivity of firms in the supplying industries by 15.2 percent and doubling the number of chains leads to a 10.8 percent increase in total factor productivity. However, the expansion benefits larger firms the most and has a much smaller impact on small enterprises. This conclusion is robust to several extensions and specifications, including the instrumental variable approach. These results suggest that the opening of the retail sector to foreign direct investment may stimulate productivity growth in upstream manufacturing and extend our understanding of foreign direct investment in service sectors
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  • 17
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    Human Capital And University-Industry Linkages' Role In Fostering Firm Innovation : An Empirical Study of Chile And Colombia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Marotta, Daniela Human Capital And University-Industry Linkages' Role In Fostering Firm Innovation
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Education ; Email Address ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Program ; Internationalisation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Manufacturing ; Private Sector Development ; R & D ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological Innovation ; Web ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Education ; Email Address ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Program ; Internationalisation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Manufacturing ; Private Sector Development ; R & D ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological Innovation ; Web ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Education ; Email Address ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Program ; Internationalisation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Manufacturing ; Private Sector Development ; R & D ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological Innovation ; Web
    Abstract: A firm's absorptive capacity, human capital and linkages with knowledge institutions have been shown to increase the firm's probability of innovating in OECD economies. Despite its importance for national- and firm-level competitiveness, few papers examine the impact of the same variables for firms innovation in Latin America. This paper investigates the link between firm innovation and its absorption capacity as proxied by the presence of a R&D department, the firm's human capital, and its interaction with research centers and universities. We analyze the case of Chilean and Colombian manufacturing firms using data from innovation surveys. A probit regression model is applied to identify the determinants of innovation activity. We find that collaboration with university and research institutions is associated with an increase in the probability of introducing a new product in Chilean and Colombian firms of 29 and 44 percent, respectively, and it can increase up to 58 percent in the case of Colombian firms interacting with research centers. Moreover, firms whose employees have a higher level of education, or whose managers/supervisors have a higher (perceived) level of knowledge, are more likely to innovate. Although the estimates could be affected by biases and suffer from shortcomings in data, the findings suggest that policies and incentives to increase firm-level human capital and industry-university linkages are important to increase innovation in Latin America
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  • 18
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    License To Sell : The Effect of Business Registration Reform On Entrepreneurial Activity In Mexico (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam License To Sell
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business Registration ; Business entry ; Business in Development ; Business regulation ; Businesses ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Labor Policies ; License ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uses ; Web ; Business Environment ; Business Registration ; Business entry ; Business in Development ; Business regulation ; Businesses ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Labor Policies ; License ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uses ; Web ; Business Environment ; Business Registration ; Business entry ; Business in Development ; Business regulation ; Businesses ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Labor Policies ; License ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uses ; Web
    Abstract: This paper studies the effect of business registration regulation on economic activity using micro-level data. The identification strategy exploits the fact that a recent business registration reform in Mexico was introduced in different municipalities at different points in time. Using panel data from the Mexican employment survey, I find that the reform increased the number of registered businesses by 5 percent in eligible industries. This increase was due to former wage earners opening businesses. Former unregistered business owners were not more likely to register their business after the reform. Moreover, employment in eligible industries went up by 2.8 percent, and people who were previously unemployed or out of the labor force were more likely to work as wage earners after the reform. Finally, the results imply that the competition from new entrants lowered prices by 0.6 percent and decreased the income of incumbent businesses by 3.2 percent
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  • 19
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    Migrant Labor Markets And The Welfare of Rural Households In The Developing World : Evidence From China (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de Brauw, Alan Migrant Labor Markets And The Welfare of Rural Households In The Developing World
    Keywords: Consumption ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household income ; Human Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Public Services ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban migration ; Consumption ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household income ; Human Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Public Services ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban migration ; Consumption ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household income ; Human Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Public Services ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban migration
    Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. The authors find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with out-migration, and increase more for poorer households. The authors also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. The authors do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased migration is associated with two significant changes for poorer households: increases both in the total labor supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita managed by the household. In examining the effect of migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and examining our identification strategy
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  • 20
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    An Empirical Analysis of Mexican Merger Policy (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Avalos, Marcos An Empirical Analysis of Mexican Merger Policy
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A newly created dataset including 239 decisions made by the Mexican Federal Competition Commission on horizontal mergers between 1997 and 2001 is used to estimate the different factors affecting the Commission's resolution. The paper approximates the decision making process using two different discrete choice models. The results indicate that, contrary to the Commission's objective, the presence of efficiency gains increases the probability of a case being issued. The findings also show that factors different from the ones explicitly mentioned by the Commission have a significant effect on the Commission's final decision. In particular, the presence of a foreign company among the would-be merger firms significantly increases the likelihood of observing an allowed merger
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  • 21
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    The Process of Financial Development : A Statistical View From The FSAP Program (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ize, Alain The Process of Financial Development
    Keywords: Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading ; Banks & Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; Income level ; International bank ; Labor Policies ; Moral hazard ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trading
    Abstract: This paper uses a simple statistical approach to exploit some of the wealth of information contained in FSAP reports. The authors classify and count FSAP recommendations along a logical grid that reflects the fabric of financial activity and the ways in which states organize their policies in support of financial development. With some caveats reflecting the inherent limitations of the exercise, this analysis provides a simple monitoring tool to help understand the nature and evolution of the FSAP program. At the same time, it throws light on the nuts and bolts of the process of financial development and its inter-linkages with economic development. While many of the findings conform well to what one would expect, others are more surprising and also potentially more useful for understanding the inner workings of financial development
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  • 22
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    Minority Status And Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das, Maitreyi Bordia Minority Status And Labor Market Outcomes
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Policy and Planning ; Employment ; Employment outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor market ; Labor market outcomes ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Population Policies ; Previous work ; Primary education ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Education ; Educational Policy and Planning ; Employment ; Employment outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor market ; Labor market outcomes ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Population Policies ; Previous work ; Primary education ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Education ; Educational Policy and Planning ; Employment ; Employment outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor market ; Labor market outcomes ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Population Policies ; Previous work ; Primary education ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper uses data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey to understand the employment outcomes of Dalit and Muslim men in India. It uses a conceptual framework developed for the US labor market that states that ethnic minorities skirt discrimination in the primary labor market to build successful self-employed ventures in the form of ethnic enclaves or ethnic labor markets. The paper uses entry into self-employment for educated minority groups as a proxy for minority enclaves. Based on multinomial logistic regression, the analysis finds that the minority enclave hypothesis does not hold for Dalits but it does overwhelmingly for Muslims. The interaction of Dalit and Muslim status with post-primary education in urban areas demonstrates that post-primary education confers almost a disadvantage for minority men: it does not seem to affect their allocation either to salaried work or to non-farm self-employment but does increase their likelihood of opting out of the labor force - and if they cannot afford to drop out, they join the casual labor market. Due to the complexity of these results and the fact that there are no earnings data for self-employment, it is difficult to say whether self-employment is a choice or compulsion and whether builders of minority enclaves fare better than those in the primary market
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  • 23
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    Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation : Productivity And Equity Impacts In China (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The importance of land rental for overall economic development has long been recognized in theory, yet empirical evidence on the productivity and equity impacts of such markets and the extent to which they realize their potential has been scant. Representative data from China's nine most important agricultural provinces illustrate the impact of rental markets on households' economic strategies and welfare, and the productivity of land use at the plot level. Although there are positive impacts in each of these dimensions, transaction costs constrain participation by many producers, thus preventing rental markets from attaining their full potential. The paper identifies factors that increase transaction costs and provides a rough estimate of the productivity and equity impacts of removing them
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  • 24
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    Joseph E. Stiglitz (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Joseph E. Stiglitz
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel Laureate in Economics, helped create the theory of markets with asymmetric information and was one of the founders of modern development economics. He played a leading role in an intellectual revolution that changed the characterization of a market economy. In the new paradigm, the price system only imperfectly solves the information problem of scarcity because of the many other information problems that arise in the economy: the selection over hidden characteristics, the provision of incentives for hidden behaviors and for innovation, and the coordination of choices over institutions
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  • 25
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    Competition And Demographics (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Competition And Demographics
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying
    Abstract: Mainstream economics views demographic changes in the structure of households as of little relevance for the behavior of firms or the functioning of markets. The present paper dispels this view by arguing that changes in the number of non-workers could affect the intensity with which consumers search for best prices and therefore the level of competition. The author also analyzes the relationship between income and competition, which some studies suggest is negative. The author argues that the negative relationship is most likely due to the demographic factors discussed
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  • 26
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    Early Development Economics Debates Revisited (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alacevich, Michele Early Development Economics Debates Revisited
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: Development economics in its early years created the image of a fierce fight between advocates of contrasting theories or approaches- "balanced growth" vs. "unbalanced growth" or "program loans" vs. "project loans." This view has the merit to highlight such conflicts in great detail; yet it fails to take into account the reality of development economics as it was practiced in the field. This paper reassesses these old conflicts by complementing the traditional focus on theoretical debates with an emphasis on the practice of development economics.A particularly interesting example is the debate between Albert Hirschman, one of the fathers of the "unbalanced growth" approach, and Lauchlin Currie, among the advocates of "balanced growth" on how to foster iron production in Colombia in the 1950s. An analysis of the positions held by these two economists shows that they were in fact much less antithetical than is usually held and, indeed, were in some fundamental aspects surprisingly similar. Debates among development economists during the 1950s thus must be explained-at least partially-as the natural dynamics of an emerging discipline that took shape when different groups tried to achieve supremacy-or at least legitimacy-through the creation of mutually delegitimizing systemic theories
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  • 27
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    Bosnia And Herzegovina 2001-2004 : Enterprise Restructuring, Labor Market Transitions And Poverty (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tiongson, Erwin R Bosnia And Herzegovina 2001-2004
    Keywords: Displaced Workers ; Employment ; Informal Sector ; Jobs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Local Labor Markets ; Male Workers ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Displaced Workers ; Employment ; Informal Sector ; Jobs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Local Labor Markets ; Male Workers ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Displaced Workers ; Employment ; Informal Sector ; Jobs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Local Labor Markets ; Male Workers ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of labor market developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina over the period 2001-2004, using the panel Living Standards Measurement Study/Living in Bosnia and Herzegovina survey. The analysis estimates a multinomial logit model of labor market transitions by state of origin (employment, unemployment, and inactivity) following the specification of widely used models of transition probabilities, and analyzes the impact of standard covariates. The results provide strong evidence that there are indeed significant differences in labor market transitions by gender, age, education, and geographic location. Using the panel structure of the multi-topic survey data, the authors find that these transitions are related to welfare dynamics, with welfare levels evolving differently for various groups depending on their labor market trajectories. The findings show that current labor market trends reflecting women's movement out of labor markets and laid-off male workers accepting informal sector jobs characterized by low productivity will lead to adverse social outcomes. These outcomes could be averted if the planned enterprise reform program creates a more favorable business environment and leads to faster restructuring and growth of firms
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  • 28
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    Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds : A Review of International Experience and Preliminary Assessment of the First Outcomes (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of the design and experience of risk-based pension fund supervision in several countries that have been leaders in the development of these methods. The utilization of risk-based methods originates primarily in the supervision of banks. In recent years it has increasingly been extended to other types of financial intermediaries including pension funds and insurers. The trend toward risk-based supervision of pensions is closely associated with movement toward the integration of pension supervision with that of banking and other financial services into a single national authority. Although similar in concept to the techniques developed in banking, the application to pension funds has required modifications, particularly for defined contribution funds that transfer investment risk to fund members. The countries examined provide a range of experiences that illustrate both the diversity of pension systems and approaches to risk-based supervision, but also a commonality of the focus on sound risk management and effective supervisory outcomes. The paper provides a description of pension supervision in Australia, Denmark, Mexico and the Netherlands, and an initial evaluation of the results achieved in relation to the underlying objectives
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  • 29
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    Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Trade Liberalization, Employment Flows, And Wage Inequality In Brazil
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agriculture ; Capital Incomes ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Distribution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Finance ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Industry ; Inequality Measures ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Theory ; Total Factor Production ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Using nationally representative, economywide data, this paper investigates the relative importance of trade-mandated effects on industry wage premia; industry and economywide skill premia; and employment flows in accounting for changes in the wage distribution in Brazil during the 1988-95 trade liberalization. Unlike in other Latin American countries, trade liberalization appears to have made a significant contribution toward a reduction in wage inequality. These effects have not occurred through changes in industry-specific (wage or skill) premia. Instead, they appear to have been channeled through substantial employment flows across sectors and formality categories. Changes in the economywide skill premium are also important
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  • 30
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    Can Sub-Saharan Africa Leap Into Global Network Trade ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Subramanian, Uma Can Sub-Saharan Africa Leap Into Global Network Trade ?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport ; Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport ; Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport
    Abstract: This paper examines opportunities for Sub-Saharan African countries to effectively participate in globalization, particularly given the increasing interest of China and India in Sub-Saharan Africa. How can Sub-Saharan Africa fully engage and gain benefits from global network trade? Over the past 15 years Asia has become Africa's fastest growing export market. Asian countries are much more open to trade than Europe or America. There seems to be no evidence to suggest that this trend will not continue in the near future. The authors acknowledge the numerous caveats in Asia's growing interest in the African continent, not least the "resource curse" of exports that are heavily concentrated on oil, minerals, and raw materials, as well as the fierce competition from Asia's cheap manufactured exports. However, they believe that there is strong evidence to suggest a clear potential for South-South cooperation in trade and investment. Drawing on evidence from their extensive research into international value chains, the authors identify five critical factors for effective participation in global network trade: price, speed-to-market, labor productivity, flexibility, and product quality. Underlying competitive performance of these critical factors are a country's policies and institutions. Effective policies, efficient institutions, and the necessary infrastructure will ensure the best outcome for trading countries. To improve the depth and sustainability of these five critical factors, it is important that developing countries create a supportive policy and institutional framework from the outset
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  • 31
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    Current Challenges In Financial Regulation (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Current Challenges In Financial Regulation
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Financial intermediation and financial services industries have undergone many changes in the past two decades due to deregulation, globalization, and technological advances. The framework for regulating finance has seen many changes as well, with approaches adapting to new issues arising in specific groups of countries or globally. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to review current international thinking on what regulatory framework is needed to develop a financial sector that is stable, yet efficient, and provides proper access to households and firms; and to review the key experiences regarding international financial architecture initiatives, with a special focus on issues arising for developing countries. The paper outlines a number of areas of current debate: the special role of banks, competition policy, consumer protection, harmonization of rules-across products, within markets, and globally-and the adaptation and legitimacy of international standards to the circumstances facing developing countries. It concludes with some areas where more research would be useful
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  • 32
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    Industrial Competitiveness of The Auto Parts Industries In Four Large Asian Countries : The Role of Government Policy In A Challenging International Environment (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (76 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Doner, Richard F Industrial Competitiveness of The Auto Parts Industries In Four Large Asian Countries
    Keywords: Auto Industry ; Auto Production ; Automobile ; Automobile Industry ; Cars ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of Scale ; Industry ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Exports ; Motor Vehicle Production ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Auto Industry ; Auto Production ; Automobile ; Automobile Industry ; Cars ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of Scale ; Industry ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Exports ; Motor Vehicle Production ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Auto Industry ; Auto Production ; Automobile ; Automobile Industry ; Cars ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of Scale ; Industry ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Motor Vehicle ; Motor Vehicle Exports ; Motor Vehicle Production ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: Rationalization and stabilization following the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s combined with the expansion and liberalization of regional and global trade to create significant parts industries in China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea. Conventional policies of stabilization and liberalization, however, cannot fully explain growth patterns. Japan and Korea grew into major players before liberalizing trade and investment, while even after extensive liberalization Indonesia has yet to move from extensive to intensive growth. These anomalies suggest that to explain success in the auto parts industry we need to move beyond liberalization to look at policies and institutions promoting economies of scale, skill formation, quality upgrading, supplier-linkage cooperation, and innovation. In Japan, the regional and global leader, innovative assemblers led industrial development and supported key suppliers, but the government also supported diffusion of quality control techniques and new technology to small and medium enterprises, and encouraged stable employment among core employees. Korea remains weaker on both small and medium enterprise and employment fronts, but government-encouraged consolidation around a small number of business groups, an extended period of protection, and support for export promotion led to economies of scale. Liberalization of foreign investment after the financial crisis helped ameliorate the excessive statism of earlier policies and strengthened the parts industry. In China, liberalization for WTO entry, rapid expansion in demand, and strong support by local governments encouraged a wave of foreign investment in both assembly and parts. In contrast, institutional weaknesses continue to constrain development opportunities in Indonesia
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  • 33
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    Incentives, Supervision, And Sharecropper Productivity (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jacoby, Hanan G Incentives, Supervision, And Sharecropper Productivity
    Keywords: Accounting ; Adverse Selection ; Communities & Human Settlement ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Equity ; Family Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Problems ; Incentives ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Allocation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Accounting ; Adverse Selection ; Communities & Human Settlement ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Equity ; Family Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Problems ; Incentives ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Allocation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Accounting ; Adverse Selection ; Communities & Human Settlement ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Equity ; Family Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Problems ; Incentives ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Allocation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monitoring ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: Although sharecropping has long fascinated economists, the determinants of this contractual form are still poorly understood and the debate over the extent of moral hazard is far from settled. The authors address both issues by emphasizing the role of landlord supervision. When tenant effort is observable, but at a cost to the landlord, otherwise identical share-tenants can receive different levels of supervision and have different productivity. Unique data on monitoring frequency collected from sharetenants in rural Pakistan confirm that, controlling for selection, "supervised" tenants are significantly more productive than "unsupervised" ones. Landlords' decisions regarding the intensity of supervision and the type of incentive contract to offer depend importantly on the cost of supervising tenants
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  • 34
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    The Impact of Remittances On Labor Supply : The Case of Jamaica (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (18 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kim, Namsuk The Impact of Remittances On Labor Supply
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Finding Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; High Wage ; Job ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Finding Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; High Wage ; Job ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Finding Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; High Wage ; Job ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A puzzle in the recently stagnated economy of Jamaica is that high rates of unemployment have persisted even when real wages have been increasing. This paper examines aspects of the labor supply in an effort to understand why high rates of unemployment have existed with increasing real wages. This is a sign of a badly functioning labor market. The cross-sectional analysis suggests that remittances have some impact on labor supply, especially on labor market participation. The pseudo panel data analysis also confirms that remittances have a strong impact on labor participation but not on weekly working hours. Households with remittance income have a higher reservation wage and have reduced the supply of labor by moving out of the labor force
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  • 35
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    Trade Effects of Regional Standards Liberalization : A Heterogeneous Firms Approach (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baller, Silja Trade Effects of Regional Standards Liberalization
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Bilateral Trade ; Competition Policy ; Consumer Protection ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Asymmetric Information ; Bilateral Trade ; Competition Policy ; Consumer Protection ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Asymmetric Information ; Bilateral Trade ; Competition Policy ; Consumer Protection ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Influence ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Negative Externalition ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Abstract: This study investigates trade effects of the regional liberalization of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) in the form of harmonization and mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for testing procedures. The theoretical part of the paper is framed in terms of a heterogeneous firms approach. This paper adds to the existing literature by formalizing the effects of MRAs and harmonization initiatives on bilateral trade flows and by applying this new theoretical framework in the empirical part of the paper. The latter consists of a two-stage gravity estimation and investigates sectoral effects of TBT liberalization on parties to the agreement as well as excluded industrial and developing countries. It finds that MRAs have a strong positive influence on both export probabilities and trade volumes for partner countries. Regarding harmonization, results seem to suggest that the impact on parties to the agreement is negligible, however that on excluded OECD countries is large and positive. Third party developing countries do not seem to benefit from the market integration effect brought about by harmonization in other regions. Overall, effects on the probability that a new firm will export are much more pronounced than effects on the trade volumes of incumbent exporters
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  • 36
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    Regional Disparities In Labor Market Performance In Croatia : The Role of Individual And Regional Structural Characteristics (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Luo, Xubei Regional Disparities In Labor Market Performance In Croatia
    Keywords: Age Groups ; Earning ; Employment Rate ; Employment Service ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Capital ; Job ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Age Groups ; Earning ; Employment Rate ; Employment Service ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Capital ; Job ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Age Groups ; Earning ; Employment Rate ; Employment Service ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Capital ; Job ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The labor market performance in Croatia failed to keep pace with the moderately good overall macroeconomic development in the past few years. Youth, the less well-educated, and women face more difficulties in getting a job with a decent salary. A large part of the difference in regional labor market performance is associated with the difference in the human capital endowment. With a stagnant total employment rate, the large disparities in employment and earnings across individual groups and regions have become one of the concerns for the long-term sustainable development of the economy. Using Labor Force Survey (LFS) data from 2002-04, this paper studies the labor market performance in Croatia at the national and regional levels. The results show that both one's individual characteristics (including age, education and gender) and where he or she works plays a role in his or her employment and earnings. Regional differences in employment and earnings are reduced to a large extent when accounting for differences in individual characteristics. The simulations shed light on the effectiveness of the nationwide education policy and regional specific labor market policy, and suggest that improving human capital endowment and adjusting labor market structure are both important to rebalance regional development and enhance total welfare
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  • 37
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    Firm Innovation In Emerging Markets : The Roles of Governance And Finance (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Firm Innovation In Emerging Markets
    Keywords: Competitor ; Competitors ; Cooperatives ; Corporations ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economy ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Literacy ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Partners ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competitor ; Competitors ; Cooperatives ; Corporations ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economy ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Literacy ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Partners ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competitor ; Competitors ; Cooperatives ; Corporations ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economy ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Literacy ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Partners ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors investigate the determinants of firm innovation in over 19,000 firms across 47 developing economies. They define the innovation process broadly, to include not only core innovation such as the introduction of new products and new technologies, but also other types of activities that promote knowledge transfers and adapt production processes. The authors find that more innovative firms are large exporting firms characterized by private ownership, highly educated managers with mid-level managerial experience, and access to external finance. In contrast, firms that do not innovate much are typically state-owned firms without foreign competitors. The identity of the controlling shareholder seems to be particularly important for core innovation, with those private firms whose controlling shareholder is a financial institution being the least innovative. While the use of external finance is associated with greater innovation by all private firms, it does not make state-owned firms more innovative. Financing from foreign banks is associated with higher levels of innovation compared with financing from domestic banks
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  • 38
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    A Land of Milk And Honey With Streets Paved With Gold : Do Emigrants Have Over-Optimistic Expectations About Incomes Abroad ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David A Land of Milk And Honey With Streets Paved With Gold
    Keywords: Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Millions of people emigrate every year in search of better economic and social opportunities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that emigrants may have over-optimistic expectations about the incomes they can earn abroad, resulting in excessive migration pressure, and in disappointment among those who do migrate. Yet there is almost no statistical evidence on how accurately these emigrants predict the incomes that they will earn working abroad. In this paper the authors combine a natural emigration experiment with unique survey data on would-be emigrants' probabilistic expectations about employment and incomes in the migration destination. Their procedure enables them to obtain moments and quantiles of the subjective distribution of expected earnings in the destination country. The authors find a significant underestimation of both unconditional and conditional labor earnings at all points in the distribution. This underestimation appears driven in part by potential migrants placing too much weight on the negative employment experiences of some migrants, and by inaccurate information flows from extended family, who may be trying to moderate remittance demands by understating incomes
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  • 39
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    The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Castro, Lucio The Impact of Trade With China And India On Argentina's Manufacturing Employment
    Keywords: Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry ; Capital Stock ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Demand ; Distortions ; Econometric Model ; Economic Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Exchange Rate Appreciation ; Exchange Rate Appreciations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Import ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Water Res ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: For many in Latin America, the increasing participation of China and India in international markets is seen as a looming shadow of two "mighty giants" on the region's manufacturing sector. Are they really mighty giants when it comes to their impact on manufacturing employment? The authors attempt to answer this question by estimating the effects of trade with China and India on Argentina's industrial employment. They use a dynamic econometric model and industry level data to estimate the effects of trade with China and India on the level of employment in Argentina's manufacturing sector. Results suggest that trade with China and India only had a small negative effect on industrial employment, even during the swift trade liberalization of the 1990s
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  • 40
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    India's Journey Toward An Effective Patent (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (110 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Abramson, Bruce India's Journey Toward An Effective Patent
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Foreign direct investment ; Industry ; Innovation ; Intellectual Property ; Intellectual property rights ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium enterprises ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development ; Real and Intellectual Property Law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; World Trade ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Foreign direct investment ; Industry ; Innovation ; Intellectual Property ; Intellectual property rights ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium enterprises ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development ; Real and Intellectual Property Law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; World Trade ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Foreign direct investment ; Industry ; Innovation ; Intellectual Property ; Intellectual property rights ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium enterprises ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development ; Real and Intellectual Property Law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; World Trade
    Abstract: The decade following India's accession to the World Trade Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ushered in numerous changes to the country's patent system, culminating in a series of amendments in 2005. But a functioning patent system is more than a statute. This paper discusses the steps that India must still take to develop an effective, functioning patent system capable of attracting foreign direct investment, motivating domestic innovation and education, and filtering its benefits to all elements of Indian society, including the poor and the possessors of traditional knowledge. The analysis combines data studies of historical and recent patenting activity in India and by Indians, interviews with Indian government officials, intellectual property attorneys, industrialists, and researchers, and lessons gleaned from patent systems abroad. It identifies critical needs and concrete steps to meet them. Improving public awareness of the revenue-generating potential of patents will enhance incentives for the participation of individuals and small and medium enterprises in the patent system. Formalizing guidelines for patents derived through government research funds-coupled with needed changes in institutional governance-will enhance prospects for technology transfer from laboratories to commercial markets. Compensation schemes for traditional knowledge will extend the benefits of intellectual property rights to the poorest members of society. This paper's recommendations would help India achieve both a fully functioning patent system and a mechanism for ensuring that poor people living traditional lifestyles receive their share of the social gains that a working innovation system can confer
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  • 41
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    Assessing The Distortions of Mandatory Pensions On Labor Supply Decisions And Human Capital Accumulation : How To Bridge The Gap Between Economic Theory And Policy Analysis (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bodor, Andras Assessing The Distortions of Mandatory Pensions On Labor Supply Decisions And Human Capital Accumulation
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Early retirement ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Supply ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total factor productivity ; Debt Markets ; Early retirement ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Supply ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total factor productivity ; Debt Markets ; Early retirement ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Supply ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total factor productivity
    Abstract: Mandatory pension systems play a major role in individual savings and labor supply decisions. In particular, it is well known that defined benefit pension schemes, which are not actuarially fair, can create incentives for early retirement and therefore reduce labor supply and the stock of human capital in a given country. This is an important policy issue in middle-income countries, with still low participation rates in the labor force, where the "window" opened by the demographic transition is already closed or will close in the near future. In these countries, policies to stimulate private sector growth, competitiveness, and employment creation should be accompanied by policies that increase labor force participation, raising the ratio of active to inactive population and therefore the potential for higher income per capita growth. Unfortunately, the analytical tools developed to assess pension reform options tend to focus on the financial sustainability of the schemes and the adequacy of benefits. Little attention is given in practice to the social costs imposed by distortions on the supply of labor. In part, this is given by the lack of analytical tools that, in the context of limited information regarding individual preferences and behavior, can be used to assess the magnitude of these distortions. This paper develops methodologies that can bridge the gap between economic theory and the practices of pension policy personnel under conditions of deep uncertainty regarding the variables driving individual behavioral responses to policy changes. First, the paper develops an indicator to predict the age-specific retirement probabilities induced by a particular pension system, given heterogeneous individual preferences over risk, consumption, and leisure. The paper then describes how this indicator can be used to project the size of the labor force by gender, age and skill level and therefore the dynamics of human capital accumulation. The integration of these two analytical tools allow us to show the impact of a particular pension reform proposals on the dynamics of labor supply, human capital and, given the dynamics of capital and total factor productivity, economic growth. Furthermore, the paper develops a set of life-cycle income measures for typical individual paths that allow us to measure the contribution of segmented pension schemes to the segmentation of the labor market. The methods are applied to the case of Morocco
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  • 42
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    Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the employment/productivity profile of growth and its sectoral pattern are correlated with poverty reduction. The authors use a sample of 104 short-run growth spells in developing countries, between 1980 and 2001. They also identify some conditions of the labor market and the economic environment that are associated with employment-intensive growth or specific sectoral growth. The results show that, in the short run, although the aggregate employment-rate intensity of growth does not matter for poverty reduction any more than the aggregate productivity intensity of growth, the sectoral pattern of employment growth and productivity growth is important. Employment-intensive growth in the secondary sector is associated with decreases in poverty, while employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with poverty increases. Similarly, productivity-intensive growth in agriculture is associated with decreases in poverty. Although the study does not address causality, coincidence of these phenomena in this large sample of heterogeneous countries and periods suggests that, in the short run, the sectoral productivity and employment pattern of growth may have important implications for poverty alleviation. Therefore, policies for reducing poverty should not overlook the sectoral productivity and employment implications of different growth policies
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  • 43
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    Insurgency And Credible Commitment In Autocracies And Democracies (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Insurgency And Credible Commitment In Autocracies And Democracies
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Armed Conflict ; Citizen ; Citizens ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Emerging Markets ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Natural Resources ; Parliamentary Government ; Policies ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Political Parties ; Population ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Conflict ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper suggests a new factor that makes civil war more likely: the inability of political actors to make credible promises to broad segments of society. Lacking this ability, both elected and unelected governments pursue public policies that leave citizens less well-off and more prone to revolt. At the same time, these actors have a reduced ability to build an anti-insurgency capacity in the first place, since they are less able to prevent anti-insurgents from themselves mounting coups. But while reducing the risk of conflict overall, increasing credibility can, over some range, worsen the effects of natural resources and ethnic fragmentation on civil war. Empirical tests using various measures of political credibility support these conclusions
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  • 44
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    Local Elections And Consumption Insurance : Evidence From Chinese Villages (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yao, Yang Local Elections And Consumption Insurance
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction
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  • 45
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    Jump-Starting Self-Employment ? : Evidence Among Welfare Participants In Argentina (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Galasso, Emanuela Jump-Starting Self-Employment ?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Beneficiaries ; Debt Markets ; Descriptive statistics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexibility ; Impact evaluation ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Nonexperimental methods ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Program implementation ; Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting ; Access to Finance ; Beneficiaries ; Debt Markets ; Descriptive statistics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexibility ; Impact evaluation ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Nonexperimental methods ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Program implementation ; Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting ; Access to Finance ; Beneficiaries ; Debt Markets ; Descriptive statistics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexibility ; Impact evaluation ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Nonexperimental methods ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Program implementation ; Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting
    Abstract: One important concern of governments in developing countries is how to phase out large safety net programs. The authors evaluate the short-run effects of one possible exit strategy-programs that promote self-employment-in Argentina. They provide evidence that a small fraction of beneficiaries were attracted by this program. Overall, potential participants to self-employment are more likely to be female household heads and more educated beneficiaries relative to the average Jefes beneficiaries. Using nonexperimental methods, the authors show that participation in the program does affect the labor supply of participants, by reducing the probability of having an outside job, especially for males, and increasing the total number of hours worked. But the intervention fails to produce on average income gains to participating individuals and households in the short run. The fact that a small subset of former welfare beneficiaries are attracted to the program, coupled with the fact that only a subset of participants (younger and more educated beneficiaries, and with previous self-employment experience) benefited from participation has important implications for this intervention to represent a viable exit strategy from welfare
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  • 46
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    Government Expenditures On Education, Health, And Infrastructure : A Naive Look At Levels, Outcomes, And Efficiency (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Trujillo, Lourdes Government Expenditures On Education, Health, And Infrastructure
    Keywords: Accountability ; Allocation ; E-Business ; Expenditure levels ; Fiscal adjustment ; Government Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Programs ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public expenditures ; Public sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total expenditure ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accountability ; Allocation ; E-Business ; Expenditure levels ; Fiscal adjustment ; Government Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Programs ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public expenditures ; Public sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total expenditure ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accountability ; Allocation ; E-Business ; Expenditure levels ; Fiscal adjustment ; Government Expenditures ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Programs ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public expenditures ; Public sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total expenditure ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: All interested parties seem to agree that it is important to be able to monitor public sector performance at the sectoral level, but most current work based on multi-country databases does not lend itself to country-specific conclusions. This is due to a large extent to major data limitations both on sectoral expenditures and on sectoral outcomes. This paper discusses the related issues and shows what we can do with the current data inspite of the drastic limitations. The main conclusions of the paper are that any efforts to assess country-specific performances in relative terms are likely to be difficult in view of the data problems. A rough sense of performance across sectors can be estimated for groups of countries, allowing some modest benchmarking exercises. These estimates show that low-income countries generally lag significantly behind higher-income countries. Efficiency has improved during the 1990s in energy and education but has not improved significantly in transport
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  • 47
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    Corruption, Business Environment, And Small Business Fixed Investment In India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Honorati, Maddalena Corruption, Business Environment, And Small Business Fixed Investment In India
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Price elasticity of demand ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax rates ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Price elasticity of demand ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax rates ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Debt ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal cost ; Price elasticity of demand ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax rates ; Wage rates
    Abstract: This paper estimates a structural dynamic business investment equation and an error correction model of fixed assets growth on a sample of predominantly small and mid-size manufacturers in India. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are all significant factors in industrial growth in the country. The estimated effects of labor regulation, power shortages and access to finance on the rate of business investment all vary by states' levels of industrial development and. Perhaps more importantly, they also depend on a fourth institutional factor, namely, corruption. The rate of fixed investment is significantly lower where power shortages are more severe and labor regulation is stronger over the full sample, but each of these impacts is also greater for businesses self-reportedly affected by corruption. Although access to finance does not seem to influence the rate of investment for most firms, there is evidence that investment decisions are constrained by cash flow in enterprises that are unaffected by corruption or power shortages. There are nuances to this story as we take into account regional specificity, but the key result always holds that labor regulation, power shortages and access to finance influence the rate of fixed investment in ways that depend on the incidence of corruption. In interpreting this finding, we would like to think of corruption as a proxy for the quality of property rights institutions in the sense of Acemoglu and Johnson (2005). On the other hand, we regard labor regulation and the financial environment of small businesses in India as instances of what Acemoglu and Johnson (2005) call 'contracting institutions'. The analysis finds that the interaction between corruption and other aspects of the institutional environment of fixed investment decisions could be seen consistent with the Acemoglu-Johnson view that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions
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  • 48
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    Exports and Productivity : Comparable Evidence For 14 Countries (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Exports and Productivity
    Keywords: Buyers ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Export Market ; Export Markets ; International Comparison ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Web ; Buyers ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Export Market ; Export Markets ; International Comparison ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Web ; Buyers ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Export Market ; Export Markets ; International Comparison ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Web
    Abstract: The authors use comparable micro level panel data for 14 countries and a set of identically specified empirical models to investigate the relationship between exports and productivity. The overall results are in line with the big picture that is by now familiar from the literature: Exporters are more productive than non-exporters when observed and unobserved heterogeneity are controlled for, and these exporter productivity premia tend to increase with the share of exports in total sales; there is strong evidence in favour of self-selection of more productive firms into export markets, but nearly no evidence in favour of the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. The authors document that the exporter premia differ considerably across countries in identically specified empirical models. In a meta-analysis of their results the authors find that countries that are more open and have more effective government report higher productivity premia. However, the level of development per se does not appear to be an explanation for the observed cross-country differences
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  • 49
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    Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes : An Application To Informality (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes
    Keywords: Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers ; Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers ; Informal Labor Market ; Informal Sector ; Job Turnover ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Younger Workers
    Abstract: This paper discusses a set of statistics for examining and comparing labor market dynamics based on the estimation of continuous time Markov transition processes. It then uses these to establish stylized facts about dynamic patterns of movement using panel data from Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The estimates suggest broad commonalities among the three countries, and establish numerous common patterns of worker mobility among sectors of work and inactivity. As such, we offer some of the first comparative work on labor dynamics. The paper then particularly focuses on the role of the informal sector, both for its intrinsic interest, and as a case study illustrating the strengths and limits of the tools. The results suggest that a substantial part of the informal sector, particularly the self-employed, corresponds to voluntary entry although informal salaried work may correspond more closely to the standard queuing view, especially for younger workers
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  • 50
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    Corruption, The Business Environment, And Small Business Growth In India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Honorati, Maddalena Corruption, The Business Environment, And Small Business Growth In India
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates ; Access to Finance ; Credit rationing ; Econometrics ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Productivity growth ; Property rights ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Wage rates
    Abstract: This paper estimates a dynamic business growth equation on a sample of small-scale manufacturers. The results suggest that excessive labor regulation, power shortages, and problems of access to finance are significant influences on industrial growth in India. The expected annual sales growth rate of an enterprise is lower where labor regulation is greater, power shortages are more severe, and cash flow constraints are stronger. The effects of each of the three factors on business growth seem also to depend on a fourth element, namely, corruption. Specifically, labor regulation affects the growth only of enterprises for which corruption is not a factor in business decisions. By contrast, power shortages seem to be a drag on the growth only of enterprises self-reportedly held back by corruption. Lastly, sales growth is constrained by cash flow only in businesses that are not affected by labor regulation, power shortages, or corruption. The analysis uses corruption as a proxy for the quality of "property rights institutions" and considers labor regulation and small business financing as instances of "contracting institutions." The findings on the interaction between corruption and other aspects of business environment then seems to indicate that the quality of property rights institutions exerts more abiding influence on economic outcomes than the quality of contracting institutions. Moreover, there might also be a hierarchy among contracting institutions in their effect on manufacturing growth
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  • 51
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    Structure And Performance of The Services Sector In Transition Economies (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fernandes, Ana M Structure And Performance of The Services Sector In Transition Economies
    Keywords: Accounting ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Employment ; Human capital ; Insurance ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Skilled labor ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological innovations ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accounting ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Employment ; Human capital ; Insurance ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Skilled labor ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological innovations ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Accounting ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Employment ; Human capital ; Insurance ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity growth ; Skilled labor ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological innovations ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper examines the structure and performance of the services sector in Eastern European and Central Asian countries during 1997-2004. Services represent an increasing share of total value added and employment with the major sub-sectors being wholesale trade, retail trade, inland transport, telecommunications, and real estate activities. A clear divide separates EU-5 countries from South Eastern European countries and Ukraine in terms of services labor productivity. Although a large gap in productivity also separates EU-8 countries from EU-15 countries, that gap was reduced from 1997 to 2004 as most services sub-sectors experienced fast productivity growth. High skill intensive sub-sectors and information and communications technology producers and users have exhibited higher productivity levels and growth rates relative to other sub-sectors since 2000. The author finds a positive effect of services liberalization on the productivity growth of services sub-sectors. The author also finds a positive and significant effect of services liberalization in both finance and infrastructure on the productivity of downstream manufacturing
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  • 52
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    Labor Market Policy In Developing Countries : A Selective Review of The Literature And Needs For The Future (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (79 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fields, Gary S Labor Market Policy In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Earning ; Informal Sector ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Policies ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Minimum Wage ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sound labor market policy ; Wage Policy ; Earning ; Informal Sector ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Policies ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Minimum Wage ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sound labor market policy ; Wage Policy ; Earning ; Informal Sector ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Policies ; Labor Market Policy ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Minimum Wage ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sound labor market policy ; Wage Policy
    Abstract: This paper presents a selective overview of the literature on modeling labor market policies in developing countries. It considers welfare economics, theoretical models, and empirical evidence to highlight the three general features needed in future research on labor market policy in developing countries. The author identifies desirable research components (welfare economics, theoretical modeling, and empirical modeling) and pitfalls in the literature (inappropriate use of productivity, reliance on wrong kinds of empirical studies, lack of cost-benefit analysis, attention to only a subset of the goods and bads, and fallacy of composition). The paper concludes with suggested topics and methods for future research. The author states that sound labor market policy requires sound labor market models. The paper makes a case for developing policy based on explicit evaluation criteria, specific theoretical models, and comprehensive empirical evidence
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  • 53
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    Limited Access Orders in the Developing World : A New Approach to the Problems of Development (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: North, Douglass C Limited Access Orders in the Developing World
    Keywords: Collective ; Corporate Law ; Corporations ; Disability ; E-Business ; Individuals ; Institutional structures ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Monopoly ; Political parties ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Societies ; Society ; Union ; Collective ; Corporate Law ; Corporations ; Disability ; E-Business ; Individuals ; Institutional structures ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Monopoly ; Political parties ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Societies ; Society ; Union ; Collective ; Corporate Law ; Corporations ; Disability ; E-Business ; Individuals ; Institutional structures ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Limited ; Monopoly ; Political parties ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Societies ; Society ; Union
    Abstract: The upper-income, advanced industrial countries of the world today all have market economies with open competition, competitive multi-party democratic political systems, and a secure government monopoly over violence. Such open access orders, however, are not the only norm and equilibrium type of society. The middle and low-income developing countries today, like all countries before about 1800, can be understood as limited access orders that maintain their equilibrium in a fundamentally different way. In limited access orders, the state does not have a secure monopoly on violence, and society organizes itself to control violence among the elite factions. A common feature of limited access orders is that political elites divide up control of the economy, each getting some share of the rents. Since outbreaks of violence reduce the rents, the elite factions have incentives to be peaceable most of the time. Adequate stability of the rents and thus of the social order requires limiting access and competition-hence a social order with a fundamentally different logic than the open access order. This paper lays out such a framework and explores some of its implications for the problems of development today
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  • 54
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    Beyond Legal Origin And Checks And Balances : Political Credibility, Citizen Information, And Financial Sector Development (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Beyond Legal Origin And Checks And Balances
    Keywords: Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The existing literature emphasizes and contrasts the role of political checks and balances and legal origin in determining the pace of financial sector development. This paper expands substantially on one aspect of this debate: the fact that government actions that promote financial sector development, whether prudent financial regulation or secure property and contract rights, are public goods and sensitive to political incentives to provide public goods. Tests of hypotheses emanating from this argument yield four new conclusions. First, two key determinants of those incentives-the credibility of pre-electoral political promises and citizen information about politician decisions-systematically promote financial sector development. Second, these political factors, along with political checks and balances, operate in part through their influence on the security of property rights, an argument asserted but not previously tested. Third, contrary to findings elsewhere in the literature, the political determinants of financial sector development are significant even in the presence of controls for legal origin. Finally, and again in contrast to the literature, the evidence here suggests that legal origin primarily proxies for political phenomena. Legal origin is a largely insignificant determinant of financial sector development when those phenomena are fully taken into account
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  • 55
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    The Causes of Civil War (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Reynal-Querol, Marta The Causes of Civil War
    Keywords: Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Nations ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Police ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Rebels ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Nations ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Police ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Rebels ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor ; Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor Policies ; Nations ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Police ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Private Sector Development ; Property rights ; Rebels ; Rule of law ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The dominant hypothesis in the literature that studies conflict is that poverty is the main cause of civil wars. We instead analyze the effect of institutions on civil war, controlling for income per capita. In our set up, institutions are endogenous and colonial origins affect civil wars through their legacy on institutions. Our results indicate that institutions, proxied by the protection of property rights, rule of law and the efficiency of the legal system, are a fundamental cause of civil war. In particular, an improvement in institutions from the median value in the sample to the 75th percentile is associated with a 38 percentage points' reduction in the incidence of civil wars. Moreover, once institutions are included as explaining civil wars, income does not have any effect on civil war, either directly or indirectly
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  • 56
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    Consumption Risk, Technology Adoption, And Poverty Traps : Evidence From Ethiopia (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Consumption Risk, Technology Adoption, And Poverty Traps
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Assets ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Decision making ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Income ; Inefficiency ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Product markets ; Profitability ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sunk costs ; Transactions costs ; Wealth ; Agriculture ; Assets ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Decision making ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Income ; Inefficiency ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Product markets ; Profitability ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sunk costs ; Transactions costs ; Wealth ; Agriculture ; Assets ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Decision making ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Income ; Inefficiency ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Product markets ; Profitability ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sunk costs ; Transactions costs ; Wealth
    Abstract: Much has been written on the determinants of input and technology adoption in agriculture, with issues such as input availability, knowledge and education, risk preferences, profitability, and credit constraints receiving much attention. This paper focuses on a factor that has been less well documented-the differential ability of households to take on risky production technologies for fear of the welfare consequences if shocks result in poor harvests. Building on an explicit model, this is explored in panel data for Ethiopia. Historical rainfall distributions are used to identify the counterfactual consumption risk. Controlling for unobserved household and time-varying village characteristics, it emerges that not just ex-ante credit constraints, but also the possibly low consumption outcomes when harvests fail, discourage the application of fertilizer. The lack of insurance causes inefficiency in production choices
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  • 57
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    Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maloney, William Human capital, trade liberalization, and income risk
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Foreign competition ; Free Trade ; Human Capital ; Income ; Incomplete Markets ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Labor Policies ; Lowering trade barriers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade policy ; Wages
    Abstract: Using data from Mexico, the authors study empirically the link between trade policy and individual income risk and the extent to which this varies across workers of different human capital (education) levels. They use longitudinal income data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in different manufacturing sectors in Mexico between 1987 and 1998, a period in which the Mexican economy experienced substantial changes in trade policy. In a second step, they use the variations in trade policy across different sectors and over time to estimate the link between trade policy and income risk for workers of varying education levels. The authors' findings are as follows. The level of openness of an economy is not found to be related to income risk for workers of any type. Furthermore, changes in trade policy (that is, trade policy reforms) are not found to have any effect on the risk to income faced by workers with either low or high levels of human capital. But workers with intermediate levels of human capital are found to experience a statistically and economically significant increase in income risk immediately following liberalization of trade. The findings thus point to an interesting non-monotonicity in the interaction between human capital, income risk and trade policy changes
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  • 58
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    Economy-Wide And Distributional Impacts of An Oil Price Shock On The South African Economy (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Economy-Wide And Distributional Impacts of An Oil Price Shock On The South African Economy
    Keywords: Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is renewed concern about how external shocks will affect growth and poverty in developing countries. This paper describes a macro-micro framework for examining the structural and distributional consequences of a significant external shock-an increase in the world price of oil-on the South African economy. The authors merge results from a highly disaggregative computable general equilibrium model and a micro-simulation analysis of earnings and occupational choice based on socio-demographic characteristics of the household. The model provides changes in employment, wages, and prices that are used in the micro-simulation. The analysis finds that a 125 percent increase in the price of crude oil and refined petroleum reduces employment and GDP by approximately 2 percent, and reduces household consumption by approximately 7 percent. The oil price shock tends to increase the disparity between rich and poor. The adverse impact of the oil price shock is felt by the poorer segment of the formal labor market in the form of declining wages and increased unemployment. Unemployment hits mostly low and medium-skilled workers in the services sector. High-skilled households, on average, gain from the oil price shock. Their income rises and their spending basket is less skewed toward food and other goods that are most affected by changes in oil prices
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  • 59
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    Are All Labor Regulations Equal ? : Assessing The Effects of Job Security, Labor Dispute, And Contract Labor Laws In India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Pages, Carmen Are All Labor Regulations Equal ?
    Keywords: Contract Labor ; Employment ; Job Security ; Jobs ; Labor Laws ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulations ; Labor Standards ; Labor share ; Labour ; Labour Bureau ; Social Protections and Labor ; Workers ; Contract Labor ; Employment ; Job Security ; Jobs ; Labor Laws ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulations ; Labor Standards ; Labor share ; Labour ; Labour Bureau ; Social Protections and Labor ; Workers ; Contract Labor ; Employment ; Job Security ; Jobs ; Labor Laws ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulations ; Labor Standards ; Labor share ; Labour ; Labour Bureau ; Social Protections and Labor ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper studies the economic effects of legal amendments on different types of labor laws. It examines the effects of amendments to labor dispute laws and amendments to job security legislation. It also identifies the effects of legal amendments related to the most contentious regulation of all-Chapter Vb of the Industrial Disputes Act-which stipulates that firms with 100 or more employees cannot retrench workers without government authorization. The analysis finds that laws that increase job security or increase the cost of labor disputes substantially reduce registered sector employment and output but do not increase the labor share. Labor-intensive industries, such as textiles, are the hardest hit by laws that increase job security while capital-intensive industries are most affected by higher labor dispute resolution costs. The paper concludes that widespread and increasing use of contract labor may have brought some output and employment gains but did not make up for the adverse effects of job security and dispute resolution laws
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  • 60
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    Do Overlapping Property Rights Reduce Agricultural Investment ? : Evidence From Uganda (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Do Overlapping Property Rights Reduce Agricultural Investment ?
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands ; Agriculture ; Classification ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conservation ; Economic growth ; Fruits ; Labor Policies ; Land management ; Land ownership ; Land use ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Plots ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Wetlands ; Wetlands
    Abstract: The need for land-related investment to ensure sustainable land management and increase productivity of land use is widely recognized. However, there is little rigorous evidence on the effects of property rights for increasing agricultural productivity and contributing toward poverty reduction in Africa. Whether and by how much overlapping property rights reduce investment incentives, and the scope for policies to counter such disincentives, are thus important policy issues. Using information on parcels under ownership and usufruct by the same household from a nationally representative survey in Uganda, the authors find significant disincentives associated with overlapping property rights on short and long-term investments. The paper combines this result with information on crop productivity to obtain a rough estimate of the magnitudes involved. The authors make suggestions on ways to eliminate such inefficiencies
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  • 61
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    The Vanishing Farms ? : The Impact of International Migration On Albanian Family Farming (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Miluka, Juna The Vanishing Farms ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Demographic changes ; Development policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Resource allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Demographic changes ; Development policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Resource allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Demographic changes ; Development policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Resource allocation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural areas ; Rural development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of international migration on technical efficiency, resource allocation and income from agricultural production of family farming in Albania. The results suggest that migration is used by rural households as a pathway out of agriculture: migration is negatively associated with the allocation of both labor and non-labor inputs in agriculture, while no significant differences can be detected in terms of farm technical efficiency or agricultural income. Whether the rapid demographic changes in rural areas triggered by massive migration, possibly combined with propitious land and rural development policies, will ultimately produce the conditions for more viable, high-return agriculture attracting larger investments remains to be seen
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  • 62
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    Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts In Southern India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts In Southern India
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Reserve ; Federal Reserve Bank ; Federal Reserve System ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policies ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Microinsurance ; Private Sector Development ; Risk Factors ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Using 40 years of historical rainfall data, this paper estimates a distribution for payouts on rainfall insurance policies offered to farmers in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2006. The authors find that the contracts primarily protect households against extreme tail events; half the expected value of indemnities paid by the insurance are generated by only 2 percent of rainfall realizations. Contract payouts are significantly correlated cross-sectionally, and also inversely associated with real GDP growth. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the potential benefits of insurance to households, the risks facing a financial institution underwriting rainfall insurance contracts, and pricing
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  • 63
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    The Determinants of Rising Informality In Brazil : Evidence From Gross Worker Flows (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano The Determinants of Rising Informality In Brazil
    Keywords: Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker ; Business cycles ; Drivers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor costs ; Labor force ; Labor legislation ; Labor market ; Labor markets ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Worker
    Abstract: This paper studies gross worker flows to explain the rising informality in Brazilian metropolitan labor markets from 1983 to 2002. This period covers two economic cycles, several stabilization plans, a far-reaching trade liberalization, and changes in labor legislation through the Constitutional reform of 1988. First, focusing on cyclical patterns, the authors confirm that for Brazil, the patterns of worker transitions between formality and informality correspond primarily to the job-to-job dynamics observed in the United States, and not to the traditional idea of the informal queuing for jobs in a segmented market. However, the analysis also confirms distinct cyclical patterns of job finding and separation rates that lead to the informal sector absorbing more labor during downturns. Second, focusing on secular movements in gross flows and the volatility of flows, the paper finds the rise in informality to be driven primarily by a reduction in job finding rates in the formal sector. A small fraction of this is driven by trade liberalization, and the remainder seems driven by rising labor costs and reduced flexibility arising from Constitutional reform
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  • 64
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    Analyzing The Impact of Legislation On Child Labor In Pakistan (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fasih, Tazeen Analyzing The Impact of Legislation On Child Labor In Pakistan
    Keywords: Account ; Adolescents ; Child Labor ; Child Labor ; Children and Youth ; Conditions For Children ; Exploitative Labor ; Labor Policies ; School Attendance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Unemployment ; Urban Development ; Wages ; Working Children ; Youth ; Youth and Government ; Account ; Adolescents ; Child Labor ; Child Labor ; Children and Youth ; Conditions For Children ; Exploitative Labor ; Labor Policies ; School Attendance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Unemployment ; Urban Development ; Wages ; Working Children ; Youth ; Youth and Government ; Account ; Adolescents ; Child Labor ; Child Labor ; Children and Youth ; Conditions For Children ; Exploitative Labor ; Labor Policies ; School Attendance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Unemployment ; Urban Development ; Wages ; Working Children ; Youth ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper exploits a natural experiment approach to identify the impact of legislation (Employment of Children Act 1991) in Pakistan on participation of children in the labor markets. The law prohibits employment of children less than 14 years of age in sectors other than agriculture or household enterprises. With micro-data, making use of regression discontinuity data design, the study finds some evidence that the Employment of Children Act 1991 helped in reducing the employment of children immediately after its implementation
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  • 65
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    Skills Shortages And Training In Russian Enterprises (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lukyanova, Anna Skills Shortages And Training In Russian Enterprises
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational achievements ; Educational attainment ; Formal education ; Formal education system ; Higher education ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Primary Education ; Quality of education ; Returns to education ; Schooling ; Service training ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational achievements ; Educational attainment ; Formal education ; Formal education system ; Higher education ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Primary Education ; Quality of education ; Returns to education ; Schooling ; Service training ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational achievements ; Educational attainment ; Formal education ; Formal education system ; Higher education ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Primary Education ; Quality of education ; Returns to education ; Schooling ; Service training ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In the transition to a market economy, the Russian workforce underwent a wrenching period of change, with excess supply of some industrial skills coexisting with reports of skills shortages by many enterprises. This paper uses data from the Russia Competitiveness and Investment Climate Survey and related local research to gain insight into the changing supply and demand for skills over time, and the potential reasons for reported staffing problems and skills shortages, including labor turnover, compensation policies, and the inhibiting effects of labor regulations. It discusses in-service training as an enterprise strategy for meeting staffing and skills needs, and presents evidence on the distribution, intensity, and determinants of in-service training in Russia. It investigates the productivity and wage outcomes of in-service training, and the supportive role of training in firms' research and development and innovative activities. A final section concludes with some policy implications of the findings
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  • 66
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    Indian Manufacturing : A Slow Sector In A Rapidly Growing Economy (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ural, Beyza P Indian Manufacturing
    RVK:
    QG 830
    RVK:
    QR 520
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization
    Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of productivity in Indian manufacturing industries during the period 1988-2000. Using two-digit industry level data for the Indian states, we find evidence of imperfect interindustry and interstate labor mobility as well as misallocation of resources across industries and states. Trade liberalization increases productivity in all industries across all states, and productivity is higher in the less protected industries. These effects of protection and trade liberalization are more pronounced in states that have relatively more flexible labor markets. Similar effects are also found in the case of employment, capital stock and investment. Furthermore, labor market flexibility, independent of other policies, has a positive effect on productivity. Importantly, per capita state development expenditure seems to be the strongest and the most robust predictor of productivity, employment, capital stock and investment. Industrial delicensing increases both labor productivity and employment but only in the states with flexible labor market institutions. Even after controlling for delicensing, the analysis shows that trade liberalization has a productivity-enhancing effect. Finally, trade liberalization benefits most the export-oriented industries located in states with flexible labor-market institutions
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  • 67
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    Export Structure And Growth : A Detailed Analysis For Argentina (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Torrado, Monica Parra Export Structure And Growth
    Keywords: Agribusiness and Markets ; Competitiveness ; Devaluation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; GDP ; Income ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Productivity ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Law ; Value added ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agribusiness and Markets ; Competitiveness ; Devaluation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; GDP ; Income ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Productivity ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Law ; Value added ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Agribusiness and Markets ; Competitiveness ; Devaluation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; GDP ; Income ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Productivity ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Law ; Value added ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: This paper examines recent changes in the structure of Argentine exports and the implications for future growth. The authors find that the current export structure of Argentina is not conducive to future growth because it is dominated by low-productivity goods that tend to be exported by low-income countries. The productivity content of Argentine exports has increased recently although, as of 2004, these changes have been relatively minor. The authors identify products with characteristics similar to those currently exported by Argentina and which are more likely to foster growth because they would shift the structure of exports more the efficiency frontier. Those products include chemicals and primary products with some degree of value added, including partly processed meat, fish and grains. If economic growth is to be fostered by developing new export products and by increasing the value added of existing exports, there will be a need for sector-specific analysis to address possible market failures. The analysis should focus on issues such as the provision of public goods needed for production (including infrastructure, but also complex intangibles such as sector-specific legislation), possible impediments to effective coordination, sector-specific and economy wide externalities, or barriers to information. This last source of potential market failure is critical to a successful policy framework for exports and growth
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  • 68
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    Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation In Rural India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation In Rural India
    Keywords: Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: This paper describes the contract design and institutional features of an innovative rainfall insurance policy offered to smallholder farmers in rural India, and presents preliminary evidence on the determinants of insurance participation. Insurance takeup is found to be decreasing in basis risk between insurance payouts and income fluctuations, increasing in household wealth and decreasing in the extent to which credit constraints bind. These results match with predictions of a simple neoclassical model appended with borrowing constraints. Other patterns are less consistent with the "benchmark" model; namely, participation in village networks and measures of familiarity with the insurance vendor are strongly correlated with insurance takeup decisions, and risk-averse households are found to be less, not more, likely to purchase insurance. We suggest that these results reflect household uncertainty about the product itself, given their limited experience with it
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  • 69
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    Enterprises, Workers, And Skills In Urban Timor-Leste (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: O'Keefe, Philip Enterprises, Workers, And Skills In Urban Timor-Leste
    Keywords: Basic Literacy ; Economic Volatility ; Employment ; Female Labor ; Female Labor Force ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Firm Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Creation ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Particip ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Basic Literacy ; Economic Volatility ; Employment ; Female Labor ; Female Labor Force ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Firm Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Creation ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Particip ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Basic Literacy ; Economic Volatility ; Employment ; Female Labor ; Female Labor Force ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Firm Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Creation ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Particip ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Like many low-income countries, Timor-Leste faces challenges in providing employment for and increasing the skills of its labor force-challenges made more acute by high fertility rates, a very young population, and the capacity constraints of a new nation. However, there is limited information for policymakers to formulate appropriate policies. The paper presents findings of the first urban enterprise survey in independent Timor-Leste. It explores several aspects of the Timorese urban labor market, including the profile of formal and informal enterprises, their behavior in terms of employment and wage-setting practices, and constraints on firm growth. It also presents findings on the skills and training needs of urban employers, and constraints faced in overcoming skills shortages. It finds a highly informal urban enterprise scene, where even "formal" enterprises are largely micro-enterprises. While there has been considerable action in terms of new firm creation since independence, there is already surprisingly low job creation or destruction. This is driven by a number of constraints inside and outside the labor market. With respect to wages, the impacts of the informal minimum wage policy inherited from the interim international administration suggest the need for caution in future wage policy development. While employers identify many skills gaps, basic literacy, numeracy, and language skill needs dominate, and employers appear to value short courses and less formal modes of skills training to address their needs. The paper concludes with suggestions for addressing the key constraints identified
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  • 70
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    Labor Regulation And Employment In India's Retail Stores (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Labor Regulation And Employment In India's Retail Stores
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulation ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor laws ; Labor regulations ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Workers ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulation ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor laws ; Labor regulations ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Workers ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulation ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor laws ; Labor regulations ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: A new dataset of 1,948 retail stores in India compiled by the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys shows that 27 percent of the stores report labor regulations as a problem for their business. Using these data we analyze the effect of labor regulation on employment at the store level. We find that stricter labor regulation has a strong negative effect on employment. Our estimates show that labor reforms are likely to increase employment by 22 percent of the current level for an average store
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  • 71
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    Do Workers In Chile Choose Informal Employment? : A Dynamic Analysis of Sector Choice (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Packard, Truman G Do Workers In Chile Choose Informal Employment?
    Keywords: Income security ; Informal Employment ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Economics ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Safety Net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Workers ; Income security ; Informal Employment ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Economics ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Safety Net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Workers ; Income security ; Informal Employment ; Informal sector ; Jobs ; Labor Economics ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Safety Net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Differentials ; Workers
    Abstract: The degree to which a labor market is segmented and jobs in the formal sector of the economy are rationed is critical to the analysis of coverage of social insurance and pensions. Using unique panel data spanning the 1998-99 contraction in Chile, the author finds little evidence that self-employment is the residual sector of a dualistic labor market, as is often depicted in the literature. Data on transitions between sectors show that self-employment is not a free-entry sector, and that entrepreneurs can be "pushed" out of self-employment just as others are pushed out of formal employment during economic downturns. But employment without a contract does exhibit many of the features of the free-entry, employment safety net depicted in the dualistic literature. An annex to this paper presents supportive evidence from static analysis of selection-corrected wage differentials and a comment on the drawbacks of this approach
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  • 72
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    An Emerging Agricultural Problem In High-Performing Asian Economies (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hayami, Yujiro An Emerging Agricultural Problem In High-Performing Asian Economies
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Policies to tax farmers in low-income countries and policies to subsidize them in high-income countries have been identified as a major source of the disequilibrium of world agriculture. Recently, as many high-performing economies in Asia advanced from the low-income to the middle-income stage through successful industrialization, they have been confronted with the problem of a widening income gap between farm and non-farm workers corresponding to rapid shifts in comparative advantage from agriculture to manufacturing. In order to prevent this disparity from culminating in serious social and political instability, policies have been reoriented toward supporting the income of farmers. At the same time, governments in middle-income countries must continue to secure low-cost food for the urban poor who are still large in number. The need to achieve the two conflicting goals under the still weak fiscal capacity of governments tends to make agricultural policies in the middle-income stage tinkering and ineffective. Greater research inputs in this area are called for in order to prevent the growth momentum of high-performing economies in Asia from being disrupted by political crises
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  • 73
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    Do Remittances Have A Flip Side ? : A General Equilibrium Analysis of Remittances, Labor Supply Responses, And Policy Options For Jamaica (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Do Remittances Have A Flip Side ?
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; General Equilibrium ; High Unemployment ; Information ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; General Equilibrium ; High Unemployment ; Information ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; General Equilibrium ; High Unemployment ; Information ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Econometric analysis has established a negative relationship between labor supply and remittances in Jamaica. The authors incorporate this ex-post evidence in a general equilibrium model to investigate economywide effects of increased remittance inflows. In this model, remittances reduce labor force participation by increasing the reservation wages of recipients. This exacerbates the real exchange rate appreciation, hurting Jamaica's export base and small manufacturing import-competing sector. Within the narrow margins of maneuver of a highly indebted government, the authors show that a revenue-neutral policy response of a simultaneous reduction in payroll taxes and increase in sales taxes can effectively counteract these potentially negative effects of remittances
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  • 74
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    Youth Unemployment, Labor Market Transitions, And Scarring : Evidence From Bosnia And Herzegovina, 2001-04 (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tiongson, Erwin R Youth Unemployment, Labor Market Transitions, And Scarring
    Keywords: Age Groups ; Average Unemployment ; Educational Attainment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Market Experiences ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Age Groups ; Average Unemployment ; Educational Attainment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Market Experiences ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Age Groups ; Average Unemployment ; Educational Attainment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Market Experiences ; Labor Market Outcomes ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Relatively little is known about youth unemployment and its lasting consequences in transition economies, despite the difficult labor market adjustment experienced by these countries over the past decade. The authors examine early unemployment spells and their longer-term effects among the youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where the labor market transition is made more difficult by the challenges of a post-conflict environment. They use panel data covering up to 4,800 working-age individuals over the 2001 to 2004 period. There are three main findings from their analysis. First, youth unemployment is high-about twice the national average-consistent with recent findings from the BiH labor market study. Younger workers are more likely to go into inactivity or unemployment and are also less likely to transition out of inactivity, holding other things constant. Second, initial spells of unemployment or joblessness appear to have lasting adverse effects on earnings and employment ("scarring"). But there is no evidence that the youth are at a greater risk of scarring, or suffer disproportionately worse outcomes from initial joblessness, compared with other age groups. Third, higher educational attainment is generally associated with more favorable labor market outcomes. Skilled workers are less likely to be jobless and are less likely to transition from employment into joblessness. But there is evidence that the penalty from jobless spells may also be higher for more educated workers. The authors speculate that this may be due in part to signaling or stigma, consistent with previous findings in the literature
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  • 75
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    Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies : Is There More To Come? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mitra, Pradeep Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper decomposes changes in inequality, which has in general been increasing in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, both by income source and socio-economic group, with a view to understanding the determinants of inequality and assessing how it might evolve in the future. The empirical analysis relies on a set of inequality statistics that, unlike "official data", are consistent and comparable across countries and are based on primary records from household surveys recently put together for the World Bank study "Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1998-2003" [World Bank (2005b)]. The increase in inequality in transition, as predicted by a number of theoretical models, in practice differed substantially across countries, with the size and speed of its evolution depending on the relative importance of its key determinants, viz., changes in the wage distribution, employment, entrepreneurial incomes and social safety nets. Its evolution was also influenced by policy. This diversity of outcomes is exemplified on the one hand for Central Europe by Poland, where the increase in inequality has been steady but gradual and reflects, inter alia, larger changes in employment and compensating adjustments in social safety nets and, on the other for the Commonwealth of Independent States by Russia, where an explosive overshooting of inequality peaked in the mid-1990s before being moderated through the extinguishing of wage arrears during its post-1998 recovery. The paper argues that the process of transition to a market economy is not complete and that further evolution of inequality will depend both on (i) transition-related factors, such as the evolution of the education premium, a bias in the investment climate against new private sector firms which are important vehicles of job creation and regional impediments to mobility of goods and labor, as well as increasingly (ii) other factors, such as technological change and globalization. The paper also contrasts key features of inequality in Russia in the context of other transition economies with trends in inequality observed in China where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a steep increase in inequality. It argues that the latter's experience is, to a large extent, a developmental, rather than a transition-related phenomenon deriving from the rural-urban divide and is, therefore, of limited relevance for predicting changes in inequality in Russia
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  • 76
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    Trade Reforms And Welfare : An Ex-Post Decomposition of Income In Vietnam (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin Trade Reforms And Welfare
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully
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  • 77
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    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 1. Basic Theory (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Parrachino, Irene Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Kooperatives Spiel ; Umweltökonomik ; Theorie ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Amenities ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Equity ; Expectations ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Models ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Amenities ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Equity ; Expectations ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Models ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Amenities ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Equity ; Expectations ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Models ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Game theory provides useful insights into the way parties that share a scarce resource may plan their use of the resource under different situations. This review provides a brief and self-contained introduction to the theory of cooperative games. It can be used to get acquainted with the basics of cooperative games. Its goal is also to provide a basic introduction to this theory, in connection with a couple of surveys that analyze its use in the context of environmental problems and models. The main models (bargaining games, transfer utility, and non-transfer utility games) and issues and solutions are considered: bargaining solutions, single-value solutions like the Shapley value and the nucleolus, and multi-value solutions such as the core. The cooperative game theory (CGT) models that are reviewed in this paper favor solutions that include all possible players and ignore the strategic stages leading to coalition building. They focus on the possible results of the cooperation by answering questions such as: Which coalitions can be formed? And how can the coalitional gains be divided to secure a sustainable agreement? An important aspect associated with the solution concepts of CGT is the equitable and fair sharing of the cooperation gains
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  • 78
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    An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (98 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lindbeck, Assar An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs. The author also studies the consequences of the economic reforms for the previous social arrangements in the country, which were tied to individual work units-agriculture communes, collective firms, and state-owned enterprises. He continues with the social development during the reform period, reflecting a complex mix of social advances, mainly in terms of poverty reduction, and regresses for large population groups in terms of income security and human services, such as education and, in particular, health care. Next, the author discusses China's future policy options in the social field, whereby he draws heavily on relevant experiences in industrial countries over the years. The future options are classified into three broad categories: policies influencing the level and distribution of factor income, income transfers including social insurance, and the provision of human services
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  • 79
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    Estimating The Returns To Education : Accounting For Heterogeneity In Ability (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony Estimating The Returns To Education
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Accounting ; Bank ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Income ; Information ; Interest ; Investment ; Investments ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Low-Income ; Low-Income ; Lower Income ; Primary Education ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Typically estimates of the benefits of education investments show average private rates of return for the average individual. The average may not be useful for policy. An examination of the distribution of the returns across individuals is needed. The few studies that have examined these patterns focus on high-income countries, showing investments to be more profitable at the top of the income distribution. The implication is that investments may increase inequality. Extending the analysis to 16 East Asian and Latin American countries the authors observe mixed evidence in middle-income countries and decreasing returns in low-income countries. Such differences between countries could be due to more job mobility in industrial countries, scarcity of skills, or differential exposure to market forces
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  • 80
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    Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services : Issues And Options (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) corporate governance challenges and suggests options to address them. It first points out the importance of corporate governance for IIFS, where it would require a distinct treatment from conventional corporate governance and highlights three cases of distress of IIFS. It then dwells on prevailing corporate governance arrangements addressing IIFS' needs to ensure the consistency of their operations with Islamic finance principles and the protection of the financial interests of a stakeholders' category, namely depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. It raises the issues of independence, confidentiality, competence, consistency, and disclosure that may bear on pronouncements of consistency with Islamic finance principles. It also discusses the agency problem of depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. The paper argues for a governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements and relies significantly on transparency and disclosure of market relevant information
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  • 81
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    Governance And Private Investment In The Middle East And North Africa (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (65 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Nabli, Mustapha Kamel Governance And Private Investment In The Middle East And North Africa
    Keywords: Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of the low level of private investment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with special emphasis on the role of governance. Based on the existing literature, the authors categorize what types of governance institutions are more detrimental to entrepreneurial investments. They then estimate a simultaneous model of private investment and governance quality where economic policies concurrently explain both variables. The empirical results show that governance plays a significant role in private investment decisions. This result is particularly true in the case of "administrative quality" in the form of control of corruption, bureaucratic quality, investment-friendly profile of administration, and law and order, as well as for "political stability." Evidence in favor of "public accountability" seems, however, less robust. The estimations also stress that structural reforms-such as financial development and trade openness-and human development affect private investment decisions directly, and/or through their positive impact on governance. These findings bring new empirical evidence on the subject of private investment in the developing world and in MENA countries in particular
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  • 82
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    Do Institutions Matter More For Services ? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Do Institutions Matter More For Services ?
    Keywords: Accountability ; Bank ; Bribe ; Children and Youth ; Civil Law ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Government ; Judicial Independence ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Framework ; Legal Frameworks ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium ; Police ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bank ; Bribe ; Children and Youth ; Civil Law ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Government ; Judicial Independence ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Framework ; Legal Frameworks ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium ; Police ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bank ; Bribe ; Children and Youth ; Civil Law ; Corruption ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Governance ; Government ; Judicial Independence ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Legal Framework ; Legal Frameworks ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Medium ; Police ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Recent empirical research has focused on the role of institutions in overall economic performance. This paper examines the impact of institutions on the relative performance of the service sector. Through cross-country level and growth regressions it establishes the following stylized fact: countries with better institutions have relatively larger and more dynamic service sectors. It suggests that regulatory and contract enforcing institutions play a key role in the development of service sectors because these sectors enter into a more complex web of transactions with the rest of the economy and are more prone to market failure due to asymmetric information
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  • 83
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    Informality Trends And Cycles (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V Informality Trends And Cycles
    Keywords: Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper studies the trends and cycles of informal employment. It first presents a theoretical model where the size of informal employment is determined by the relative costs and benefits of informality and the distribution of workers' skills. In the long run, informal employment varies with the trends in these variables, and in the short run it reacts to accommodate transient shocks and to close the gap that separates it from its trend level. The paper then uses an error-correction framework to examine empirically informality's long- and short-run relationships. For this purpose, it uses country-level data at annual frequency for a sample of industrial and developing countries, with the share of self-employment in the labor force as the proxy for informal employment. The paper finds that, in the long run, informality is larger in countries that have lower GDP per capita and impose more costs to formal firms in the form of more rigid business regulations, less valuable police and judicial services, and weaker monitoring of informality. In the short run, informal employment is found to be counter-cyclical for the majority of countries, with the degree of counter-cyclicality being lower in countries with larger informal employment and better police and judicial services. Moreover, informal employment follows a stable, trend-reverting process. These results are robust to changes in the sample and to the influence of outliers, even when only developing countries are considered in the analysis
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  • 84
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    Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues : 2. Application To Natural And Environmental Resources (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zara, Stefano Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Keywords: Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of natural and environmental resources. With an increase in the level of competition over environmental and natural resources, the incidents of disputes have been at the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of common pool resources such as fisheries and forests, and cases of environmental pollution such as acid rain, flow, and stock pollution. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce environmental and natural resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. CGT applications to international fishery disputes are especially useful in that they have been making headway in policy-related agreements among states and regions of the world. Forest applications are more local in nature, but of great relevance in solving disputes among communities and various levels of governments
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  • 85
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    Incomplete Contracts And Investment : A Study of Land Tenancy In Pakistan (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mansuri, Ghazala Incomplete Contracts And Investment
    Keywords: Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: When contracts are incomplete, relationship-specific investments may be underprovided due to the threat of opportunistic expropriation or holdup. The authors find evidence of such underinvestment on tenanted land in rural Pakistan. Using data from households cultivating multiple plots under different tenure arrangements, they show that land-specific investment is lower on leased plots. This result is robust to the possible effects of asymmetric information in the leasing market. Greater tenure security also increases land-specific investment on leased plots. Moreover, variation in tenure security appears to be driven largely by heterogeneity across landlords, suggesting that reputation may be important in mitigating the holdup problem
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  • 86
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    How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ? : Evidence From Around The World (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fares, Jean How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ?
    Keywords: Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper uses a new standardized micro database for a large set of developing countries to (1) describe the patterns of labor market outcomes for youth, and (2) explain the contributions of supply and demand factors to youth outcomes. The paper shows that youth face various difficulties in transitioning to work. This is reflected in their relatively higher unemployment rate, higher incidence of low paying or unpaid work, and a large share of youth who are neither working nor in school. This is especially true for young girls who are found outside the labor market, some engaged in home production. Finally, the paper also finds that cross-country estimates show that changes in the youth relative cohort size is unlikely to have a large effect on how youth are faring in the labor market
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  • 87
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    Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers' income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men
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  • 88
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    Development And The Interaction of Enforcement Institutions (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dhillon, Amrita Development And The Interaction of Enforcement Institutions
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Asymmetric Information ; Competitiveness and Competition Policies ; Consumers ; Cred Economic Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Expected Utility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Incentives ; Influence ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Costs ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors examine how institutions that enforce contracts between two parties-producers and consumers-interact in a competitive market with one-sided asymmetric information and productivity shocks. They compare an informal enforcement mechanism, reputation, the efficacy of which is enhanced by consumers investing in "connectedness," with a formal mechanism, legal enforcement, the effectiveness of which can be reduced by producers by means of bribes. When legal enforcement is poor, consumers connect more with one another to improve informal enforcement. In contrast, a well-connected network of consumers reduces producers' incentives to bribe. In equilibrium, the model predicts a positive relationship between the frequency of productivity shocks, bribing, and the use of informal enforcement, providing a physical explanation of why developing countries often fail to have efficient legal systems. Firm-level estimations confirm the partial equilibrium implications of the model
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  • 89
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    Promoting Innovation in Developing Countries : A Conceptual Framework (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aubert, Jean-Eric Promoting Innovation in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Capabilities ; Capability ; Communications ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Education ; Emerging ; Globalization ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Policies ; Innovation Policy ; Innovations ; Institutions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Marketing ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Capabilities ; Capability ; Communications ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Education ; Emerging ; Globalization ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Policies ; Innovation Policy ; Innovations ; Institutions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Marketing ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Capabilities ; Capability ; Communications ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Education ; Emerging ; Globalization ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Policies ; Innovation Policy ; Innovations ; Institutions ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Marketing ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry
    Abstract: The author provides a conceptual framework for approaching the promotion of technological innovation and its diffusion in developing countries. Innovation climates in developing countries are, by nature, problematic, characterized by poor business and governance conditions, low educational levels, and mediocre infrastructure. This raises particular challenges for the promotion of innovation. The latter should be understood as the diffusion of technologies-and related practices-which are new to a given context (not in absolute terms). What matters first is to provide the necessary package of support-technical, financial, commercial, legal, and so on-with flexible, autonomous agencies adapting their support and operations to the different types of concerned enterprises. Facilitating and responding to the emergence of grass-root needs at the local level is also essential. Support to entrepreneurs and local communities should be primarily provided in matching grant forms to facilitate the mobilization of local resources and ownership. It is of primary importance to pay the greatest attention to country specificities, not only in terms of development level, size, and specialization, but also in terms of administrative and cultural traditions. At the global level, major issues need also to be considered and dealt with by appropriate incentives and regulations: the role of foreign direct investment in developing countries' technological development, conditions of technologies' patenting and licensing, the North-South research asymmetry, and brain drain trends
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  • 90
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    China's Employment Challenges and Strategies after the WTO Accession (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zeng, Douglas Zhihua China's Employment Challenges and Strategies after the WTO Accession
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although China has made impressive progress in economic development and improving social well-being, it is facing many daunting challenges while transforming toward a knowledge and service-based economy and further opening up to international competition after its WTO accession in the context of knowledge revolution. One of the biggest challenges is how to create 100–300 million new jobs in the coming decade to absorb the millions of laid-offs, rural emigrants, and newly added labor force. China has been successful in building high-technology parks and information and communications technology (ICT) industries, but they are limited in terms of employment generation, while most of the traditional labor-intensive industries are losing competitiveness due to low productivity. To combat the unprecedented employment challenge, China must implement a systemic and sustained strategy, which may consist of the following policy thrusts: encouraging the private sector; promoting small and medium enterprises; expanding the service sector; reforming the state-owned enterprises; strengthening the social security system; improving labor market flexibility; and establishing mass retraining programs. This paper—a product of the Knowledge for Development Division, World Bank Institute—is part of a larger effort in the institute to provide country-focused knowledge services for client countries
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  • 91
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    Business Environment, Clustering, And Industry Location : Evidence From Indian Cities (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lall, Somik V Business Environment, Clustering, And Industry Location
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: How do differences in the local business environment influence location of industry within countries? How do the benefits of a good business environment compare with those from good market access and agglomeration economies from industry clustering? The authors examine these questions by analyzing location decisions of individual firms. Using data from a recently completed survey of manufacturing firms in India, they find that both the local business environment and agglomeration economies significantly influence business location choices across cities. In particular, excessive regulation of labor and of other industrial activities reduces the probability of a business locating in a city. The authors ' findings imply that in order to attract industrial activity, smaller or remoter cities need to offer even more attractive policy concessions or reforms to offset the effects of their relatively adverse (economic) geography. Their methodology pays special attention to the identification of agglomeration economies in the presence of unobserved sources of natural advantage
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  • 92
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    Product Market Regulation And Macroeconomic Performance : A Review of Cross-Country Evidence (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schiantarelli, Fabio Product Market Regulation And Macroeconomic Performance
    Keywords: Competition ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Demand Elasticity ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Market Reform ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Demand Elasticity ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Market Reform ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Demand Elasticity ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Market Reform ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory Regimes ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the recent empirical contributions that use cross-country data to study the effects of product market regulation and reform on a country's macroeconomic performance. After a brief review of the theoretical literature and of relevant micro-econometric evidence, the paper discusses the main data and methodological issues related to empirical work on this topic. It then critically evaluates the cross-country evidence on the effects of product market regulation on mark-ups, firm dynamics, investment, employment, innovation, productivity, and output growth. The paper concludes with a summary of lessons learned from the econometric results
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  • 93
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    The Doha Round, Poverty, And Regional Inequality In Brazil (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreira The Doha Round, Poverty, And Regional Inequality In Brazil
    Keywords: Bank ; Calculations ; Commodities ; Commodity ; Consumer ; Consumer Behavior ; Currency ; Demand ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Increase ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Developmen ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Calculations ; Commodities ; Commodity ; Consumer ; Consumer Behavior ; Currency ; Demand ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Increase ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Developmen ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Calculations ; Commodities ; Commodity ; Consumer ; Consumer Behavior ; Currency ; Demand ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Income Increase ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Developmen ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses the potential effects of the Doha round of trade negotiations on poverty and income distribution in Brazil, using an applied general equilibrium (AGE) and micro-simulation model of Brazil tailored for income distribution and poverty analysis. Of particular importance is the fact that the representative household hypothesis is replaced by a detailed representation of households. The model distinguishes 10 different labor types and has 270 different household expenditure patterns. Income can originate from 41 different production activities (which produce 52 commodities), located in 27 different regions in the country. The AGE model communicates to a micro-simulation model that has 112,055 Brazilian households and 263,938 adults. Poverty and income distribution indices are computed over the entire sample of households and persons, before and after the policy shocks. Model results show that even important trade policy shocks, such as those applied in this study, do not generate dramatic changes in the structure of poverty and income distribution in the Brazilian economy. The simulated effects on poverty and income distribution are positive, but rather small. The benefits are concentrated in the poorest households
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  • 94
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    Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries : Comparative Analysis Using Continuous Time Markov Processes (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Labor Market Dynamics In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers ; Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers ; Business Cycle ; Disguised Unemployment ; Employment Spell ; Estimated Parameters ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Job Creation ; Job Destruction ; Job Destruction Rate ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Adjustment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment Spells ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: The authors study the dynamics of three developing country labor markets using recent advances in the estimation of continuous time Markov processes. They first examine the flows of workers among five states: three types of paid labor, unemployment, and out of the labor force. The authors find a high degree of commonality in patterns of worker flows among the three countries and attempt to compare the flexibility of the markets by examining an index of overall mobility. Second, they seek to establish whether the issues of advanced country labor markets apply to developing country markets or whether the latter constitute a different phylum. Paralleling the mainstream literature on the role of being out of the labor force as discouraged unemployment, the authors then identify some common stylized facts about the role of the informal self-employed and salaried sectors and to what degree they serve as a holding pattern versus a desirable alternative to formal sector work. In the process, the authors identify very strong differences in mobility patterns between men and women and attempt to shed some light on whether these differences arise from discrimination or perhaps instead the constraints imposed by household responsibilities. Finally, they study labor market adjustment across the business cycle in Mexico and identify patterns of job creation and destruction among the three paid sectors and confirm the mainstream view of the role of out of the labor force as a procyclical phenomenon
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  • 95
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    The Cost of Compliance With Product Standards For Firms In Developing Countries : An Econometric Study (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maskus, Keith E The Cost of Compliance With Product Standards For Firms In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Capital ; Competitiveness ; Cost Functions ; Damages ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Fixed Costs ; Inputs ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Production ; Production Costs ; Public Sector Regulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tariff Barr ; Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Capital ; Competitiveness ; Cost Functions ; Damages ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Fixed Costs ; Inputs ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Production ; Production Costs ; Public Sector Regulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tariff Barr ; Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Capital ; Competitiveness ; Cost Functions ; Damages ; Econometric Models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Fixed Costs ; Inputs ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Production ; Production Costs ; Public Sector Regulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tariff Barr
    Abstract: Standards and technical regulations exist to protect consumer safety or to achieve other goals, such as ensuring the interoperability of telecommunications systems, for example. Standards and technical regulations can, however, raise substantially both start-up and production costs for firms. Maskus, Otsuki, and Wilson develop econometric models to provide the first estimates of the incremental production costs for firms in developing nations in conforming to standards imposed by major importing countries. They use firm-level data generated from 16 developing countries in the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Survey Database. Their findings indicate that standards do increase short-run production costs by requiring additional inputs of labor and capital. A 1 percent increase in investment to meet compliance costs in importing countries raises variable production costs by between 0.06 and 0.13 percent, a statistically significant increase. The authors also find that the fixed costs of compliance are nontrivial-approximately
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  • 96
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    Advances In Negotiation Theory : Bargaining, Coalitions, And Fairness (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Carraro, Carlo Advances In Negotiation Theory
    Keywords: Bargaining ; Bargaining Power ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equity ; Externalities ; Finance ; Game Theory ; Incentives ; Information ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Multiple Equilibrian ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bargaining ; Bargaining Power ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equity ; Externalities ; Finance ; Game Theory ; Incentives ; Information ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Multiple Equilibrian ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bargaining ; Bargaining Power ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equity ; Externalities ; Finance ; Game Theory ; Incentives ; Information ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Multiple Equilibrian ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Bargaining is ubiquitous in real life. It is a major dimension of political and business activities. It appears at the international level, when governments negotiate on matters ranging from economic issues (such as the removal of trade barriers), to global security (such as fighting against terrorism) to environmental and related issues (such as climate change control). What factors determine the outcomes of such negotiations? What strategies can help reach an agreement? How should the parties involved divide the gains from cooperation? With whom will one make alliances? The authors address these questions by focusing on a noncooperative approach to negotiations, which is particularly relevant for the study of international negotiations. By reviewing noncooperative bargaining theory, noncooperative coalition theory, and the theory of fair division, they try to identify the connections among these different facets of the same problem in an attempt to facilitate progress toward a unified framework
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  • 97
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    Global Impacts Of Doha Trade Reform Scenarios On Poverty (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Global Impacts Of Doha Trade Reform Scenarios On Poverty
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare ; Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare ; Agriculture ; Base Year ; Benchmark ; Constant Returns To Scale ; Consumers ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Real Income ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Trade Reforms ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Uruguay Round ; Utility ; WTO ; Wages ; Welfare
    Abstract: The authors illustrate some of the potential consequences of the World Trade Organization's Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations on incomes and poverty globally. Using the global LINKAGE model to generate changes in domestic and international prices that have a direct impact on factor incomes and consumer prices, they estimate the change in real income at the poverty line that would accompany various reform scenarios. When accompanied by additional information about the elasticity of poverty with respect to income, this provides an estimate of the change in poverty by country. Under most liberalization scenarios considered, unskilled wages rise more than average incomes, but the estimated impact on global poverty is modest, especially if developing countries are unwilling to undertake much reform
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  • 98
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    Wage Determination in Northeast Brazil (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (87 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Wage Determination in Northeast Brazil
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources ; Income Distribution ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Occupation ; Open Unemployment ; Paid Workers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Real Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Union Membership ; Wage Determination ; Wage Distribution ; Worker ; Workers ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources ; Income Distribution ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Occupation ; Open Unemployment ; Paid Workers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Real Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Union Membership ; Wage Determination ; Wage Distribution ; Worker ; Workers ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources ; Income Distribution ; Informal Sector ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Occupation ; Open Unemployment ; Paid Workers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Real Wages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Union Membership ; Wage Determination ; Wage Distribution ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the labor markets in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceará, and the Northeast region of Brazil. The findings show a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics on monthly wages across the wage distribution. That is, the magnitude of the affect of a wage determinant is different depending on whether the worker is placed in the lower, median or top of the wage distribution. The findings reveal that education is key. Basic schooling matters for all four geographical areas and across the income distribution. However, poor workers are awarded lower returns than their richer peers and in Bahia and Ceará, the poor do not obtain any returns to basic schooling. Furthermore, the impact of 5-8 or 9-11 years of education is larger than that of 1-4 years of completed education. The returns obtained by a median worker are higher in Ceará and Pernambuco than in Bahia. Finally, completed tertiary education offers thelargest returns of all levels of education; the median worker receives a premium of 105, 249, and 216 percent in Ceará, Pernambuco, and Bahia, respectively. Hence, one direct policy implication is to increase the quality of education, in particular in poorer neighborhoods. Experience impacts positively on wages and it is increasing with age until workers reach 50 years of age. However, returns to experience are falling significantly across the wage distribution. For the poor and younger generations, experience contributes more to wages than education. The occupation of workers is important for wage determination; all workers in the included occupational groups are paid more than workers engaged in agricultural activities. Workers employed as technicians or administrators obtain the highest returns. The white/non-white wage disparity reveals that white workers are paid 17 percent more than their non-white co-workers, taking into account other characteristics. Gender disparities are large in the Northeast and heterogeneous across the wage distribution. The time spent in the current state impacts adversely on wages. That is, those that have stayed earn, on average, less than the newcomers. There are no considerable differences between male and female workers. Union membership has a positive impact on workers wages
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  • 99
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    China's Pattern of Growth : Moving To Sustainability And Reducing Inequality (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (13 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kuijs, Louis China's Pattern of Growth
    Keywords: Accounting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Employment Growth ; Incentives ; Income ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Movements ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Employment Growth ; Incentives ; Income ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Movements ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Employment Growth ; Incentives ; Income ; Investment ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Movements ; Labor Policies ; Labor Productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors study the sources and pattern of China's impressive economic growth over the past 25 years and show that key issues currently of concern to policymakers-widening inequality, rural poverty, and resource intensity-are to a large extent rooted in China's growth strategy, and resolving them requires a rebalancing of policies. Using both macroeconomic level and sector data and analyses, the authors extend the growth accounting framework to decompose the sources of labor productivity growth. They find that growth of industrial production, led by a massive investment effort that boosted the capital/labor ratio, has been the single most important factor driving GDP and overall labor productivity growth since the early 1990s. The shift of labor from low-productivity agriculture has been limited, and, hence, contributed only marginally to overall labor productivity growth. The productivity gap between agriculture and the rest of the economy has continued to widen, leading to increased rural-urban income inequality. Looking ahead, the authors calibrate two alternative scenarios. They show that continuing with the current growth pattern would further increase already high investment and saving needs to unsustainable levels, lower urban employment growth, and widen the rural-urban income gap. Instead, reducing subsidies to industry and investment, encouraging the development of the services industry, and reducing barriers to labor mobility would result in a more balanced growth with an investment-to-GDP ratio that is consistent with the medium-term saving trend, faster growth in urban employment, and a substantial reduction in the income gap between rural and urban residents
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  • 100
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    Taking Stock of Risk Management Techniques for Sovereigns (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Taking Stock of Risk Management Techniques for Sovereigns
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commodity Prices ; Creditworthiness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Risk ; Global Capital ; Global Capital Markets ; Instruments ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Financial Institution ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews the current state of affairs and thinking on external risk management for developing countries. It tries to identify the reasons behind the limited risk management by sovereigns. Perverse incentives arising from a too generous international safety net, limited access to international financial markets by developing countries arising from low creditworthiness, a limited supply of financial risk management tools suited to developing countries, and a poor supply of skills have inhibited risk management. Another constraint has been the limited attention given to the strategic objectives for risk management. Going forward, the paper identifies actions by international financial markets, countries and international financial institutions that can help improve risk management
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